1.
Symphony Hall, Birmingham
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Symphony Hall is a 2,262 seat concert venue in Birmingham, England. It was officially opened by the Queen in June 1991, although had been opened on April 15,1991 and it is home to the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and hosts around 270 events a year. It was completed at a cost of £30 million, the halls interior is modelled upon the Musikverein in Vienna and the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. A particularly innovative feature is the halls acoustic flexibility and it has a reverberation chamber behind the stage and extending high along the sides, adding 50% to the halls volume, the doors to which can be remotely opened or closed. The U-shaped reverberation chamber area has a volume of 12,700 cubic metres, there is an acoustic canopy which can be raised or lowered above the stage. Dampening panels can be extended or retracted to ensure that the sound of the space is perfectly matched to the scale and style of the music to be performed, there are also reverse fan walls at the rear of the hall which provide further reflections of sound. All the walls and the ceiling are 200 millimetres thick and are made of concrete, the hall is built only 30 metres from a covered railway line. To prevent the transmission of vibrations, the hall is mounted on rubber cushions, the hall is also shielded from heavy traffic on Broad Street by double skins of concrete. Large, low-speed air ducting cuts the ventilation noise, in 2001, a 6000-pipe symphony organ was installed, designed and built by Johannes Klais Orgelbau in Bonn and specially tailored to the halls reverberation chambers. This is now the largest mechanical organ in the UK. List of concert halls Official website Klais pipe organ
2.
Acoustical engineering
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Acoustical engineering is the branch of engineering dealing with sound and vibration. It is the application of acoustics, the science of sound and vibration, Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound. One goal of engineering can be the reduction of unwanted noise. Unwanted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well-being, reduce attainment by pupils in schools, acoustic engineers usually possess a bachelors degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics or another engineering discipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires a degree with significant scientific. Acoustic engineers might work in consultancy, specializing in particular fields, such as architectural acoustics. Acousticians are also involved in researching and understanding sound scientifically, some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy. In most countries, a degree in acoustics can represent the first step towards professional certification, after completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of Chartered Engineer, the listed subdisciplines are loosely based on the PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America. Aeroacoustics is concerned with how noise is generated by the movement of air, for instance via turbulence, aeroacoustics plays an important role in understanding how noise is generated by aircraft and wind turbines, as well as exploring how wind musical instruments work. Audio signal processing is the manipulation of audio signals using analog. Perceptual coding in MP3 and Opus, and to understand the content of the signal, audio engineers develop and use audio signal processing algorithms. Architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a building, architectural acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Bioacoustics usually concerns the study of sound production and hearing in animals. This branch of acoustic engineering deals with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound systems, sound reproduction, environmental acoustics work is usually done by acoustic consultants or those working in environmental health. Recent research work has put an emphasis on soundscapes, the positive use of sound. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music, noise control is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution by reducing noise at its source, by inhibiting sound propagation using noise barriers or similar, or by the use of ear protection. Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of providing noise control, noise control engineering applied to cars and trucks is known as noise, vibration, and harshness
3.
Wallace Clement Sabine
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Wallace Clement Sabine was an American physicist who founded the field of architectural acoustics. He graduated from Ohio State University in 1886 at the age of 18 before joining Harvard University for graduate study, Sabine was architectural acoustician of Bostons Symphony Hall, widely considered one of the two or three best concert halls in the world for its acoustics. Sabines career is the story of the birth of the field of architectural acoustics. In 1895, acoustically improving the Fogg Lecture Hall, part of the recently constructed Fogg Art Museum, was considered a task by the senior staff of the physics department at Harvard. The assignment was passed down until it landed on the shoulders of a physics professor. Although considered a popular lecturer by the students, Sabine had never received his Ph. D. Sabine tackled the problem by trying to determine what made the Fogg Lecture Hall different from other, acoustically acceptable facilities. In particular, the Sanders Theater was considered acoustically excellent, for the next several years, Sabine and a group of assistants spent each night moving materials between the two lecture halls and testing the acoustics. On some nights they would borrow hundreds of seat cushions from the Sanders Theater, once the measurements were taken and before morning arrived, everything was quickly replaced in both lecture halls, in order to be ready for classes the next day. His formula, if all units are SI, is T = V A ⋅0.25 seconds, while optimal lecture hall acoustics featured reverberation times of slightly under 1 second. Regarding the Fogg Museum lecture room, Sabine noted that a word remained audible for about 5.5 seconds. Listeners thus contended with a high degree of resonance and echo. Using what he discovered, Sabine deployed sound absorbing materials throughout the Fogg Lecture Hall to cut its reverberation time and reduce the echo effect. This accomplishment cemented Wallace Sabines career, and led to his hiring as the consultant for Bostons Symphony Hall. His acoustic design was successful and Symphony Hall is generally considered one of the best symphony halls in the world, the unit of sound absorption, the sabin, was named in his honor. F. Sanders Theatre Wallace Clement Sabine at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
4.
Harvard Art Museums
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The Harvard Art Museums are part of Harvard University and comprise three museums, the Fogg Museum, the Busch-Reisinger Museum, and the Arthur M. The three museums that constitute the Harvard Art Museums were initially integrated into an institution under the name Harvard University Art Museums in 1983. The word University was dropped from the name in 2008. In 2008, the Harvard Art Museums historic building at 32 Quincy Street, in a view of the front facade, the glass roof and other expansions are mostly concealed, largely preserving the original appearance of the building. The renovation adds six levels of galleries, classrooms, lecture halls, the new building was opened in November 2014. The museum was housed in an Italian Renaissance-style building designed by Richard Morris Hunt. In 1925, the building was replaced by a Georgian Revival-style structure on Quincy Street, designed by Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch, and Abbott. The Fogg Museum is renowned for its holdings of Western paintings, sculpture, decorative arts, photographs, prints, particular strengths include Italian Renaissance, British Pre-Raphaelite, and French art of the 19th century, as well as 19th- and 20th-century American paintings and drawings. Central to the Foggs holdings is the Grenville L. Winthrop Collection, flemish Renaissance paintings — Master of Catholic Kings, Jan Provoost, Master of Holy Blood, Aelbert Bouts, and Master of Saint Ursula. Italian Renaissance period paintings — Fra Angelico, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Gherardo Starnina, Cosme Tura, Giovanni di Paolo, French Baroque period paintings — Nicolas Poussin, Jacques Stella, Nicolas Regnier, and Philippe de Champaigne. Dutch Master paintings — Rembrandt, Emanuel de Witte, Jan Steen, Willem Van de Velde, Jacob Van Ruisdael, Salomon van Ruysdael, Jan van der Heyden, william James spoke at its dedication. Its holdings include significant works of Austrian Secession art, German expressionism, 1920s abstraction, other strengths include late medieval sculpture and 18th-century art. It has sculpture by Alfred Barye, Kathe Kollwitz, George Minne, from 1921 to 1991, the Busch-Reisinger was located in Adolphus Busch Hall at 29 Kirkland Street. In 1991, the Busch-Reisinger moved to the new Werner Otto Hall, designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates, kuno Francke, 1903-1930 Charles L. Kuhn, 1930-1968 Peter Nisbet Lynette Roth The Arthur M. Sackler Museum opened in 1985. The museum building, which was designed by British architect James Stirling, was named for the donor, Arthur M. Sackler, a psychiatrist, entrepreneur. The museum also housed offices for the History of Art and Architecture faculty, as of 2016, the old Sackler Museum building houses the History of Art and Architecture Department and the Media Slide Library. The ancient Mediterranean and Byzantine collections comprise significant works in all media from Greece, Rome, Egypt, strengths include Greek vases, small bronzes, and coins from throughout the ancient Mediterranean world. The building is remarkable for the creative virtuosity with which its functions are accommodated while suggesting a monumentality that belies actual dimensions, Stirling was lucky to have as a client the director of the Fogg, Seymour Slive, who understood this achievement immediately
5.
Symphony Hall, Boston
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Symphony Hall is a concert hall located at 301 Massachusetts Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts. Designed by McKim, Mead and White, it was built in 1900 for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the hall was designated a U. S. National Historic Landmark in 1999 and is a pending Boston Landmark. It was then noted that Symphony Hall remains, acoustically, among the top three concert halls in the world, and is considered the finest in the United States. Symphony Hall was inaugurated on October 15,1900, after the Orchestras original home was threatened by road-building, admired for its lively acoustics from the time of its opening, the hall is often cited as one of the best sounding classical concert venues in the world. The hall is modeled on the second Gewandhaus concert hall in Leipzig, the Hall is relatively long, narrow, and high, in a rectangular shoebox shape like Amsterdams Concertgebouw and Viennas Musikverein. It is 18. 6m high,22. 9m wide, stage walls slope inward to help focus the sound. With the exception of its floors, the Hall is built of brick, steel. Side balconies are very shallow to avoid trapping or muffling sound, conductor Herbert von Karajan, in comparing it to the Musikverein, stated that for much music, it is even better. Because of its slightly lower reverberation time, in 2006, due to years of wear and tear, the original concert stage floor was replaced at a cost of $250,000. In order to any change to the sound of the hall. These included tongue-in-groove, three-quarter inch, hard maple boards, a compressed wool underlayment and hardened steel cut nails, the vertical grain fir subfloor from 1899 was in excellent shape and was left in place. The nails used in the new floor were hand cut using the size and construction as the originals. Beethovens name is inscribed over the stage, the musicians name that appears in the hall since the original directors could agree on no other name. The halls leather seats are the ones installed in 1900. The hall seats 2,625 people during Symphony season and 2,371 during the Pops season, sixteen replicas of Greek and Roman statues line the upper level of the halls walls. Ten are of subjects, and six of historical figures. All are of plaster cast by P. P. Caproni, the Symphony Hall organ, a 4, 800-pipe Aeolian-Skinner was designed by G. Donald Harrison, installed in 1949, and autographed by Albert Schweitzer. It replaced the halls first organ, built in 1900 by George S. Hutchings of Boston, the Hutchings organ had fallen out of fashion by the 1940s when lighter, clearer tones became preferred
6.
Roof
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A roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain or snow, the word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain, a verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of a garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, a roof may also provide additional living space, for example a roof garden. Old English hrof roof, ceiling, top, summit, heaven, sky, also figuratively, highest point of something, there are no apparent connections outside the Germanic family. English alone has retained the word in a sense, for which the other languages use forms corresponding to OE. In many parts of the ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing material for centuries. Other roofing materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM rubber, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon fabric, TPO, and wood shakes and shingles. The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support and how the space is bridged. The pitch is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to highest point, most US domestic architecture, except in very dry regions, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern construction such as drainpipes may remove the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of tradition. So the pitch is dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially to do with practicalities. Some types of roofing, for example thatch, require a steep pitch in order to be waterproof, other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In regions where there is rain, an almost flat roof with a slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes also remove the need for a sloping roof, a person that specializes in roof construction is called a roofer. The shape of roofs differs greatly from region to region, the main factors which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and the materials available for roof structure and the outer covering. The basic shapes of roofs are flat, mono-pitched, gabled, hipped, butterfly, there are many variations on these types. Roofs constructed of sections that are sloped are referred to as pitched roofs
7.
Eaves
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The eaves are the edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and, normally, project beyond the side of a building. The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may be decorated as part of an architectural style. Eaves is derived from Old English efes meaning edge, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, eaves is both the singular and plural form of the word. However, the Merriam-Webster website lists the word as eave and states that it is used in plural. The word was used before the 12th century in the form efes, the primary function of the eaves is to keep rain water off the walls and to prevent the ingress of water at the junction where the roof meets the wall. The eaves may also protect a pathway around the building from the rain, prevent erosion of the footings, the eaves overhang may also shelter openings to ventilate the roof space. Aesthetic, traditional or purely decorative considerations may prevail over the functional requirements of the eaves. At the gables the eaves may extend beyond the end wall by projecting the purlins and are usually capped off by bargeboards to protect the wall. Eaves must be designed for wind speeds as the overhang can significantly increase the wind loading on the roof. Chhajja Eavesdrip Eavesdropping Gargoyle Lookout Rainhead Soffit Media related to Eaves at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Wall
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A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provides shelter or security. an earthen wall or rampart set with palisades, a row or line of stakes, a wall, a rampart, fortification. While the Latin word murus means a stone wall. English uses the word to mean an external wall and the internal sides of a room. Many languages distinguish between the two, in German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer, in Spanish between pared and muro. The word wall originally referred to defensive walls and ramparts, building walls purposes are to support roofs, floors and ceilings, enclose a space as part of the building envelope, along with a roof to give buildings form, and to provide shelter and security. In addition, the wall may house various types of such as electrical wiring or plumbing. Wall construction falls into two categories, framed walls or mass-walls. In framed walls the load is transferred to the foundation through posts, framed walls most often have three or more separate components, the structural elements, insulation, and finish elements or surfaces. There are three basic methods walls control water intrusion, moisture storage, drained cladding, or face-sealed cladding, moisture storage is typical of stone and brick mass-wall buildings where moisture is absorbed and released by the walls of the structure itself. Sometimes ventilation is provided in addition to the plane such as in rainscreen construction. Face-sealed also called barrier wall or perfect barrier cladding relies on maintaining a leak-free surface of the cladding, examples of face sealed cladding are the early exterior insulation finishing systems, structural glazing, metal clad panels, and corrugated metal. In architecture and civil engineering, curtain wall refers to a facade that is not load-bearing but provides decoration, finish, front, face. Mullion walls are a system that carries the load of the floor slab on prefabricated panels around the perimeter. A partition wall is a wall that separates rooms, or divides a room, partition walls are usually not load-bearing. Partition walls are constructed of materials, including steel panels, bricks, blocks of clay, terra-cotta, concrete. Some partition walls are made of sheet glass, glass partition walls are a series of individual toughened glass panels mounted in wood or metal framing. They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track, the system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold. A timber partition consists of a framework, supported on the floor or by side walls
