1.
Willis Tower
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The Willis Tower, built as and still commonly referred to as Sears Tower, is a 108-story,1, 450-foot skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The building is considered an achievement for its architect Fazlur Kahn. The Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States, more than one million people visit its observation deck each year, making it one of Chicagos most popular tourist destinations. The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the towers space, the buildings official address is 233 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicagos Loop. Sears asked its counsel, Arnstein, Gluck, Weitzenfeld & Minow to suggest a location. This latter site was decided upon, and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained, the next step was to acquire the property, a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm, headed by Andrew Adsit, began buying the property parcel by parcel. Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property. Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square tubes, all nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, at the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes end, the remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor. The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khans bundled tube structure and this innovative design was structurally efficient and economic, at 1,450 feet, it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building, yet cost much less per unit area. This structural system would prove influential in skyscraper construction. It has been used in most supertall buildings since then, including the worlds tallest building, to honor Khans contributions, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him for the lobby of the Willis Tower. The latter floor areas had to be designed to a plate, with a high window-space to floor-space ratio, to be attractive. Smaller floorplates required a structure to yield sufficient square footage. The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration to protect air traffic, the financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company. It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts, Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design, and the first steel was put in place in April 1971
2.
Architecture of the United States
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The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the countrys history of over four centuries of independence and former British rule. Architecture in the United States is as diverse as its multicultural society and has shaped by many internal and external factors. As a whole it represents a rich eclectic and innovative tradition, the oldest surviving nonimported structures on the territory that is now known as the United States were made by the Ancient Pueblo People of the four corners region. The Tiwa speaking people have inhabited Taos Pueblo continuously for over 1000 years, the related Chacoan civilization built extensive public architecture in northwestern New Mexico from CE700 –1250 until drought forced them to relocate. Other Native American architecture is known from traditional structures, such as houses, wigwams, tipis. Images by Theodor de Bry of local Algonquian villages Pomeiooc and Secoton in what later became coastal North Carolina survive from the late 16th century. Artist and cartographer John White stayed at the short-lived Roanoke Colony for 13 months and recorded over 70 watercolor images of people, plants. The remote location of the Hawaiian Islands from North America gave ancient Hawaii a substantial period of precolonial architecture, early structures reflect Polynesian heritage and the refined culture of Hawaii. Post-contact late-19th-century Hawaiian architecture shows various influences such as the Victorian, Georgian. When the Europeans settled in North America, they brought their architectural traditions, the oldest buildings in America have examples of that. Construction was dependent upon the available resources, wood and brick are the most common elements of English buildings in New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and coastal South. The colonizers appropriated the territories and sites for new forts, dwellings, missions, churches, Spanish colonial architecture was built in Florida and the Southeastern United States from 1559 to 1821. The conch style is represented in Pensacola, Florida, adorning houses with balconies of wrought iron, as appears in the mostly Spanish-built French Quarter of New Orleans, fires in 1788 and 1794 destroyed the original French structures in New Orleans. Many of the present buildings date to late-18th-century rebuilding efforts. The two earliest continuously occupied European settlements in the United States are St. Augustine, Florida founded in 1565 and Santa Fe, the Castillo de San Marcos fort 1672–1695 is St. Augustines oldest surviving structure. It and the California missions are the vestiges of 17th-century Spanish colonial architecture in the present day United States. Spanish exploration of the North American deserts, the present day Southwestern United States, the conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado crossed this region in search of the mythical cities of gold. Instead they found the ancient culture and architecture of the Pueblo people, the Pueblo people built dwellings of adobe, a sun-dried clay brick, with exposed wooden ceiling beams
3.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
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Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
5.
Great Chicago Fire
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The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to early Tuesday, October 10,1871. The fire killed up to 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles of Chicago, Illinois, and left more than 100,000 residents homeless. The fire started at about 9,00 p. m. on October 8, the shed next to the barn was the first building to be consumed by the fire, but city officials never determined the exact cause of the blaze. There has, however, been much speculation over the years, the most popular tale blames Mrs. OLearys cow, who allegedly knocked over a lantern, others state that a group of men were gambling inside the barn and knocked over a lantern. Still other speculation suggests that the blaze was related to fires in the Midwest that day. The fires spread was aided by the use of wood as the predominant building material in a style called balloon frame. More than two thirds of the structures in Chicago at the time of the fire were made entirely of wood, with most of the houses, all of the citys sidewalks and many roads were also made of wood. In 1871, the Chicago Fire Department had 185 firefighters with just 17 horse-drawn steam engines to protect the entire city. The initial response by the department was quick, but due to an error by the watchman, Matthias Schaffer. These factors combined to turn a small barn fire into a conflagration, when firefighters finally arrived at DeKoven Street, the fire had grown and spread to neighboring buildings and was progressing towards the central business district. Firefighters had hoped that the South Branch of the Chicago River, all along the river, however, were lumber yards, warehouses, and coal yards, and barges and numerous bridges across the river. As the fire grew, the southwest wind intensified and became superheated, causing structures to catch fire from the heat, around 11,30 p. m. flaming debris blew across the river and landed on roofs and the South Side Gas Works. With the fire across the river and moving rapidly towards the heart of the city, about this time, Mayor Roswell B. Mason sent messages to nearby towns asking for help. When the courthouse caught fire, he ordered the building to be evacuated, at 2,30 a. m. on the 9th, the cupola of the courthouse collapsed, sending the great bell crashing down. Some witnesses reported hearing the sound from a mile away, as more buildings succumbed to the flames, a major contributing factor to the fire’s spread was a meteorological phenomenon known as a fire whirl. As overheated air rises, it comes into contact with cooler air and these fire whirls are likely what drove flaming debris so high and so far. Such debris was blown across the branch of the Chicago River to a railroad car carrying kerosene. The fire had jumped the river a second time and was now raging across the north side
6.
Chicago Water Tower
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The Chicago Water Tower is a contributing property and landmark in the Old Chicago Water Tower District. It is located at 806 North Michigan Avenue along the Magnificent Mile shopping district in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois in a small park, the tower was constructed to house a large water pump, intended to draw water from Lake Michigan. It is the second-oldest water tower in the United States, after the Louisville Water Tower in Louisville, the Chicago Water Tower now serves as a Chicago Office of Tourism art gallery known as the City Gallery in the Historic Water Tower. It features the work of photographers and artists. The tower, built in 1869 by architect William W. Boyington from yellowing Joliet limestone, is 154 feet tall, inside was a 138-foot high standpipe to hold water. In addition to being used for firefighting, the pressure in the pipe could be regulated to control water surges in the area, together with the adjacent Chicago Avenue Pumping Station, it drew clean water from water cribs in Lake Michigan. The tower gained prominence after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, while some incorrectly believe that the tower was the only building to survive the fire, a few other buildings in the burned district survived along with the tower. The tower was the public building in the burned zone to survive. In the years since the fire, the tower has become a symbol of old Chicago, in 1918, when Pine Street was widened, the plans were altered in order to give the Water Tower a featured location. The tower has undergone two renovations, the first took place during a three-year period, 1913–1916. At that time many of the blocks were replaced. The second renovation occurred in 1978 and this renovation consisted mostly of interior changes with only minor changes made to the exterior of the building. In 2014, the park the tower is sited in was named for former Chicago mayor Jane Byrne. The structure has not been universally admired, oscar Wilde said it looked like a castellated monstrosity with pepper boxes stuck all over it, although he did admire the arrangement and movement of the pumping machinery inside. The Water Towers castle-like style inspired the design of many White Castle restaurant buildings, the Tower was named an American Water Landmark in 1969. In 2004, the tower was featured in the finale of The Amazing Race 6, Chicago architecture Water tower Water Tower Place City Gallery in the Historic Water Tower - City of Chicago
7.
Bungalow
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A bungalow is a type of building, originally from Bengal region in South Asia, but now found throughout the world. Across the world, the meaning of the word bungalow varies, common features of many bungalows include verandas and being low-rise. In Australia, the California bungalow was popular after the First World War, some portable classrooms are called bungalows. The term originated in India, deriving from the Gujarati બંગલો baṅgalo, meaning Bengali and this Asian architectural form and design originated in the countryside of Bengal region in South Asia. Such houses were small, only one story and detached. The term was first found in English from 1696, where it was used to describe bungales or hovells in India for English sailors of the East India Company, later developers began to use the term for smaller houses. Bungalows are very convenient for the homeowner in that all living areas are on a single-story, a bungalow is well suited to persons with impaired mobility, such as the elderly or those in wheelchairs. Neighbourhoods of only bungalows offer more privacy than similar neighbourhoods with two-story houses, with bungalows, strategically planted trees and shrubs are usually sufficient to block the view of neighbours. They are a very cost-effective way of living, on the other hand, even closely spaced bungalows make for quite low-density neighbourhoods, contributing to urban sprawl. In Australia, bungalows have broad verandas and as a result are often excessively dark inside, on a per unit area basis, bungalows are more expensive to construct than two-story houses, because a larger foundation and roof area is required for the same living area. The larger foundation will often translate into larger lot size requirements, although the footprint of a bungalow is often a simple rectangle, any foundation is theoretically possible. For bungalows with brick walls, the windows are positioned high. This architectural technique avoids the need for special arches or lintels to support the wall above the windows. The developer Richard Stanton built in Federation Bungalow style first in Haberfield, New South Wales, the first Garden Suburb, beecroft, Hornsby and Lindfield contain many examples of Federation Bungalows built between 1895 and 1920. From about 1910 until 1930, the California Bungalow style was popular in Australia. The style seems to have first been imported in Sydney and then throughout the Australian states. In South Australia, the suburb of Colonel Light Gardens contains many well-preserved bungalow developments, in the rural areas of Bangladesh, it is often called “Bangla Ghor”. The Bungalow style houses are very popular in the rural Bengal
8.
Greystone (architecture)
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Greystones are a style of residential building most commonly found in Chicago, Illinois. As the name suggests, the buildings are typically grey in color and were most often built with Bedford Limestone quarried from South Central Indiana, the building style first began to appear in the 1890s and continued through 1930s with two major approaches in design. The first style, between 1890 and 1905, was Romanesque in nature with arches and cornices, the second style was predominately built in a Neo-classical design incorporating smoother limestone blocks featuring columns and bay windows. Most of the homes were built in the North Lawndale neighborhood. Regardless of their size, they were built with the limestone facade facing the street to take advantage of the limited size of standard Chicago lots 25 by 125 feet. The term greystone is also used to refer to buildings in Montreal, Quebec and it refers to the grey limestone facades of many buildings, both residential and institutional, constructed between 1730 and 1920. There are many different styles of greystones, with the City of Chicago defining most attributes for the style for landmark status
9.
Logan Square Boulevards Historic District
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The Logan Square Boulevards Historic District is a linear historic district in the Logan Square community area of North Side, Chicago. It encompasses 2.5 miles of the Chicago boulevard system, the district includes sections of Logan Boulevard, Kedzie Avenue, and Humboldt Boulevard. It also includes two parks, Logan Square and Palmer Square, which connect the boulevards, grassy medians run down the center of the boulevards, the medians and the two squares both provided recreational areas for residents and drew development to the area. Logan Square also includes the Illinois Centennial Monument, which was erected in 1918 to celebrate Illinois centennial, the boulevards pass through residential areas and are lined with homes in a variety of architectural styles. Some of the most common designs are sandstone Romanesque houses, gray stone Victorian houses, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20,1985. It was named a Chicago Landmark on November 1,2005
10.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
11.
Chicago Loop
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The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the citys 77 designated community areas, the Loop is home to Chicagos commercial core, City Hall, and the seat of Cook County. In the late century, cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area. In what is now the Loop, on the bank of the Chicago River, near todays Michigan Avenue Bridge. It was the first settlement in the sponsored by the United States. Other research has concluded that the Loop was not used as a proper noun until after the 1895–97 construction of the Union elevated railway loop, Loop architecture has been dominated by skyscrapers and high-rises since early in its history. Some of the buildings in this district were instrumental in the development of towers. Chicagos street numbering system – dividing addresses into North, South, East, Chicago is still the nations rail transportation hub and passenger lines once reached seven Loop-area stations by the 1890s. Transfers from one to the other was a business for taxi drivers until the long-distance lines gave way to Amtrak in the 1970s with the majority of trains concentrated at Chicago Union Station. This area abounds in shopping opportunities, including the Loop Retail Historic District and it includes Chicagos former Marshall Fields department store location in the Marshall Field and Company Building, the original Sullivan Center Carson Pirie Scott store location. Chicagos Downtown Theatre District is also found within this area, along with numerous restaurants, Chicago has a famous skyline which features many of the tallest buildings in the world as well as the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Chicagos skyline is spaced out throughout the area, giving it a graceful beautiful appearance. Chicagos third tallest building, the Aon Center, is located just south of Illinois Center, the complex is at the east end of the Loop, east of Michigan Avenue. Two Prudential Plaza is also located here, just to the west of the Aon Center, the Loop contains a wealth of outdoor sculpture, including works by Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Marc Chagall, Magdalena Abakanowicz, Alexander Calder, and Jean Dubuffet. Chicagos waterfront, which is almost exclusively recreational beach and park areas from north to south, the area also hosts the annual music festival Lollapalooza which features popular alternative rock, heavy metal, EDM, hop hop and punk rock artists. Trips down the Chicago River, including tours, by commercial boat operators are great favorites with both locals and tourists alike. The Loop is the seat of Chicagos government and it is also the government seat of Cook County, Illinois and houses an office for the governor of the State of Illinois. The century old City Hall/County Building houses the chambers of the Mayor, City Council, across the street, the Richard J. Daley Center accommodates a famous Picasso sculpture and the state law courts
12.
Sacred architecture
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Many cultures devoted considerable resources to their sacred architecture and places of worship. Religious and sacred spaces are amongst the most impressive and permanent monolithic buildings created by humanity, conversely, sacred architecture as a locale for meta-intimacy may also be non-monolithic, ephemeral and intensely private, personal and non-public. Sacred, religious and holy structures often evolved over centuries and were the largest buildings in the world, while the various styles employed in sacred architecture sometimes reflected trends in other structures, these styles also remained unique from the contemporary architecture used in other structures. With the rise of Abrahamic monotheisms, religious buildings increasingly became centres of worship, prayer, the Western scholarly discipline of the history of architecture itself closely follows the history of religious architecture from ancient times until the Baroque period, at least. Sacred geometry, iconography, and the use of sophisticated semiotics such as signs, symbols, Sacred and/or religious architecture is sometimes called sacred space. Architect Norman L. Koonce has suggested that the goal of sacred architecture is to make transparent the boundary between matter and mind, flesh and the spirit, meanwhile, Richard Kieckhefer suggests that entering into a religious building is a metaphor for entering into spiritual relationship. Sacred architecture spans a number of ancient architectural styles including Neolithic architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture, ancient religious buildings, particularly temples, were often viewed as the dwelling place, the temenos, of the gods and were used as the site of various kinds of sacrifice. Ancient tombs and burial structures are examples of architectural structures reflecting religious beliefs of their various societies. The Temple of Karnak at Thebes, Egypt was constructed across a period of 1300 years, ancient Egyptian religious architecture has fascinated archaeologists and captured the public imagination for millennia. Around 600 BCE the wooden columns of the Temple of Hera at Olympia were replaced by stone columns, with the spread of this process to other sanctuary structures a few stone buildings have survived through the ages. Greek architecture preceded Hellenistic and Roman periods, since temples are the only buildings which survive in numbers, most of our concept of classical architecture is based on religious structures. The Parthenon which served as a building as well as a place for veneration of deity, is widely regarded as the greatest example of classical architecture. Indian architecture is related to the history and religions of the time periods as well as to the geography, the diversity of Indian culture is represented in its architecture. Indian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and technologies from West, Central Asia, buddhist architecture developed in South Asia beginning in the third century BCE. Two types of structures are associated with early Buddhism, viharas and stupas, an existing example is at Nalanda. The initial function of the stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of the Buddha, the earliest existing example of a stupa is in Sanchi. In accordance with changes in practice, stupas were gradually incorporated into chaitya-grihas. These reached their highpoint in the first century BCE, exemplified by the cave complexes of Ajanta, the pagoda is an evolution of the Indian stupa that is marked by a tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Nepal and other parts of Asia
13.
Polish Cathedral style
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The Polish Cathedral architectural style is a North American genre of Catholic church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England. These monumentally grand churches are not necessarily cathedrals, defined as seats of bishops or of their dioceses, Polish Cathedral churches generally have large amounts of ornamentation in the exterior and interior, comparable only to the more famous Churrigueresque or Spanish Baroque style. The decorations used reflect the tastes of the Polish immigrants to regions in both the symbols and statuary of saints prominently displayed throughout. Additionally there is a proclivity towards ornamentation drawn from the Renaissance. These churches exhibit a mixture of traits from numerous past eras characteristic of Europe. Skerrett says Polish churches surpassed other immigrants’ churches in size and their style promoted the immigrants vision of Polish identity. Kantowicz writes in The Archdiocese of Chicago, A Journey of Faith, The preference of the Polish League for Renaissance, stanislaus Kostka in Chicago now serve African-American or Latino constituencies while others have been closed by their Archbishops as no longer economically viable. The churches are major tourist attractions in Chicago, with tours devoted exclusively to them, in May 1980 the Chicago Architecture Foundations ArchiCenter held an exhibit on these treasures titled Chicagos Polish Churches. These ornate temples were built by the working poor in these regions in the era spanning the period from the end of the American Civil War until the end of World War II. These stylistically exaggerated churches were criticized by many of Chicagos Protestant elites as ostentatious in comparison with the style in vogue for Protestant houses of worship. Catholic Church authorities such as John Lancaster Spalding, the first Bishop of Peoria, the need for identity was evident in the unique architecture of the Polish Cathedral Style. It was often associated with the order of the Congregation of the Resurrection, in addition to the architectural stylings of the Renaissance. Both in scale and scope, these edifices were attempts to contradict the marginal status in which the Polish immigrants found themselves, the construction of these churches greatly influenced the development of neighborhoods that surrounded them. Eclecticism Eclecticism in art Jozef Mazur, Polish-American painter and stained-glass artist Tadeusz Żukotyński, Polish Catholic fine art painter and mural artist Sr
14.
Field Museum of Natural History
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The Field Museum of Natural History, also known as The Field Museum, is a natural history museum in Chicago, and is one of the largest such museums in the world. Additionally, the Field Museum maintains an exhibition program of traveling shows as well as in-house produced topical exhibitions. The professional staff maintains collections of over 24 million specimens and objects that provide the basis for the scientific research programs. These collections include the range of existing biodiversity, gems, meteorites, fossils, as well as rich anthropological collections. The Field Museum and its collections originated from the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, during the period from 1943 to 1966, the museum was known as the Chicago Natural History Museum. In 1921, the Museum moved from its location in Jackson Park to its present site on Chicago Park District property near downtown. By the late 1930s the Field emerged as one of the three museums in the United States, the other two being the American Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of Natural History. The Field Museum is part of Chicago’s lakefront Museum Campus that includes the John G. Shedd Aquarium, in 2015, it became public that an employee had defrauded the museum of $900,000 over a seven-year period to 2014. The Hall of Jades focuses on Chinese jade artifacts spanning 8,000 years, the Underground Adventure gives visitors a bugs-eye look at the world beneath their feet. Visitors can see what insects and soil look like from that size, while learning about the biodiversity of soil, inside Ancient Egypt offers a glimpse into what life was like for ancient Egyptians. Twenty-three human mummies are on display as well as many mummified animals, the exhibit features a tomb that visitors can enter, complete with 5, 000-year-old hieroglyphs. There are also many interactive displays, for children and adults, as well as a shrine to the cat goddess Sekhmet and her kinder, less hostile form. A popular feature of the exhibit is the replica of the chapel in the tomb of Unis-Ankh, evolving Planet follows the history and the evolution of life on Earth over 4 billion years, from the first organism to present-day life. Visitors can see how mass extinctions in Earth’s history helped shape all the organisms, there is also an expanded dinosaur hall, with dinosaurs from every era, as well as interactive displays. The Ancient Americas displays 13,000 years of human ingenuity and achievement in the Western Hemisphere, in this large permanent exhibition visitors can learn the epic story of the peopling of these continents, from the Arctic to the tip of South America. Working Laboratories DNA Discovery Center, Visitors can watch real scientists extract DNA from a variety of organisms, Museum goers can also speak to a live scientist through the glass every day and ask them any questions about DNA. McDonalds Fossil Prep Lab, The public can watch as paleontologists prepare real fossils for study, the Regenstein Pacific Conservation Laboratory,1, 600-square-foot conservation and collections facility. Visitors can watch as conservators work to preserve and study anthropological specimens from all over the world, other exhibitions include sections on Tibet and China, where visitors can view traditional clothing
15.
One Museum Park
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One Museum Park is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It was designed by Chicago-based architecture firm Pappageorge Haymes, Ltd. and is located in the Near South Side community area. One Museum Park is the tallest building in the Central Station development, the tallest building on the side of Chicago. It is also the second tallest all-residential building in Chicago after the The Legacy at Millennium Park, Museum Park is a complex of multiple residential towers within the Central Station development at the southern edge of Grant Park, across Lake Shore Drive from Chicagos Museum Campus. Construction of One Museum Park was followed by the 54-story The Grant, directly to the west at the corner of Roosevelt Road, the building is zoned to schools in the Chicago Public Schools
16.
Shedd Aquarium
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Shedd Aquarium is an indoor public aquarium in Chicago, Illinois in the United States that opened on May 30,1930. The aquarium contains 32,000 animals, and was for some time the largest indoor aquarium in the world with 5,000,000 US gallons of water, Shedd Aquarium was the first inland aquarium with a permanent saltwater fish collection. Located on Lake Michigan, it is surrounded by Museum Campus Chicago, which it shares with the Adler Planetarium and it contains 1500 species including fish, marine mammals, birds, snakes, amphibians, and insects. The aquarium received awards for best exhibit from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums for Seahorse Symphony in 1999, Amazon Rising in 2001, Shedd Aquarium was the gift of retail leader John G. Shedd, a protégé of Marshall Field, to the city of Chicago. Although Shedd only lived long enough to see the architects first drawings for the aquarium, his widow, Mary R. Shedd, the aquarium cost $3,000,000 to build, and initially included 132 exhibit tanks. Groundbreaking took place on November 2,1927, and construction was completed on December 19,1929, as one of the first inland aquariums in the world, the Shedd had to rely on a custom-made railroad car, the Nautilus, for the transport of fish and seawater. In 1930,20 railroad tank cars made eight round trips between Key West and Chicago to transport 1,000,000 US gallons of seawater for the Shedds saltwater exhibits, in 1933, Chicago hosted its second worlds fair, the Century of Progress. The Aquarium was located north of the fairgrounds, and the museum gained exposure to a large international crowd. In 1971, Shedd Aquarium added one of its most popular exhibits and that same year, the aquarium acquired its first research vessel, a 75-foot boat for exploring the Caribbean, manned by a crew to conduct field research and collect specimens. In 1985, this boat was replaced with the current vessel. In 1987, Shedd Aquarium was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, Ted A. Beattie has been the president and CEO of the aquarium since 1994. Coughlin will be taking over duties as President and CEO of the company in the Spring of 2016, there are several permanent exhibits at Shedd, Waters of the World, Caribbean Reef, Amazon Rising, Wild Reef, and the Abbott Oceanarium. The oldest galleries in the aquarium feature exhibits on oceans, rivers, islands and lakes, species on exhibit include Haraldmeiers mantella, a giant Pacific octopus, Gymnarchus, blue iguana, starfish, seahorses, and alligator snapping turtle. The Caribbean Reef exhibit was built in 1971, on the site of the very first exhibit. A feature of this exhibit is a diver interacts with the animals while talking with the people. A part of the exhibit is a 90, 000-US-gallon circular tank that allows for maximum walk-around viewing and it was one of the first habitats to display schooling fish. It is also home to the green sea turtle, Nickel, as well as bonnethead sharks, stingrays. The tank is near the center of the first floor and it is adjacent to Amazon Rising and Waters of the World, and above Wild Reef
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Hilton Chicago
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The Hilton Chicago is a large centrally-located luxury hotel in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The hotel is a Chicago landmark that overlooks Grant Park, Lake Michigan, and it is the third-largest hotel in Chicago by number of guest rooms, however, it has the largest total meeting and event space of any Chicago hotel. The hotel has housed every president of the United States since its opening in 1927, the hotel, designed in the Beaux-Arts architecture style, originally opened in 1927 as the Stevens Hotel, across Balbo Street from the older Blackstone Hotel. At the time, the Stevens was the largest hotel in the world, the hotel was developed by James W. The Stevens featured 3,000 guest rooms, cost approximately $30 million to construct, the Stevens housed its own bowling alley, barber shop, rooftop miniature golf course, movie theater, ice cream shop, and drug store. The first registered guest was Vice President Charles G. Dawes, the Great Depression ruined the Stevens family, and the State of Illinois charged the hotels owners with financial corruption. As with four out of five American hotels during the Great Depression, the government took the hotel into receivership, and by the late 1930s, it was valued at only $7 million. The youngest heir of the Stevens family was seven years old when the hotel opened and his legacy as John Paul Stevens would be to serve as a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1942, the U. S. Army purchased the Stevens Hotel for $6 million for use as barracks, the Stevens housed over 10,000 air cadets during this time, who utilized the Grand Ballroom as their mess hall. In January 1944, the War Department closed a deal to sell the property for $4.91 million to a bricklayer turned private businessman named Stephen Healy, as World War II drew to a close, Conrad Hilton purchased the hotel from Healy in February 1945. The board of directors changed the name of the hotel, branding it after Conrad Hilton himself in November 1951, Conrad continued to use his Hollywood connections to entice film stars, politicians and royalty to the hotel. Among improvements made to the hotel was the installation of an ice stage in the Boulevard Room Supper Club which began featuring elaborate ice shows in 1948. In approximately 1960, among the shows was Jinx the skating chimp, the Hilton Center was added to the building in 1962, featuring a three-level structure containing expanded exhibit space, the Continental Ballroom and the International Ballroom. During the 1968 Democratic National Convention, the streets outside the Conrad Hilton Hotel were the scene of a battle between Chicago police and antiwar demonstrators, some protesters escaped into the hotel, along with tear gas and stink bombs. The Conrad Hilton hotel was aging and in the 1970s, its demolition was considered, however, in 1984, the hotel closed for over a year for what was then the most expensive hotel renovation ever undertaken, at $185 million. The hotels 3,000 guest rooms were rebuilt into 1,544 larger, the reborn hotel glittered and helped to sustain a revival period in Chicagos South Loop neighborhood. The newly renamed Chicago Hilton and Towers was reopened on October 1,1985, in 1998, under a new initiative by Hilton Hotels Corporation, the Hilton name was placed first in branding, and the Chicago Hilton and Towers became simply Hilton Chicago. Under general manager John G. Wells, the hotel continues its record of having hosted every U. S. president since it opened in 1927
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The Blackstone Hotel
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The Renaissance Blackstone Hotel is located on the corner of Michigan Avenue and Balbo Street in the Michigan Boulevard Historic District in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. This 290-foot 21-story hotel was built from 1908 to 1910 and designed by Marshall, on May 29,1998, the Blackstone Hotel was designated as a Chicago Landmark. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 8,1986 and it is also a historic district contributing property for the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. The hotel is famous for hosting celebrity guests including numerous U. S. presidents, the hotel is known for contributing the term smoke-filled room to political parlance. The hotel fell into disrepair that necessitated closure in 2000 and subsequent renovation and it reopened on March 6,2008 after a $128-million renovation and is managed by the Renaissance Hotels division of Marriott International. The hotel and the adjacent Blackstone Theatre were built on the site of Timothy Blackstones mansion by John and Tracy Drake, sons of Blackstones former business partner, John and Tracy Drake also developed the Drake Hotel. Their father had been a director of Blackstones Chicago and Alton Railroad, at the time of the opening, the hotel and theatre were located at the southern edge of the Chicago Theatre District at Michigan Avenue and Hubbard Court. The original construction was capitalized at $1.5 million, including a $600,000 to $750,000 bond issue by the Drake Hotel Company, in the 1920s, the Drake Hotel Company undertook some financing arrangements which included extending their debt to construct the Drake Hotel. They used the Blackstone Hotel as collateral for one loan in 1927, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 rippled into the hotel industry, leaving the Chicago Title and Trust Company with 30 Chicago hotels in receivership and causing the Drakes to default in 1932. The hotel ended up belonging to Metropolitan Life, which held the mortgage, metLife leased the Blackstone to hotelier Arnold Kirkeby in 1936, and Kirkeby bought the hotel outright in 1941. Kirkeby sold the hotel to Sheraton Hotels in the 1954 and it was renamed the Sheraton-Blackstone Hotel, the hotel endured troubles in the 1960s and 1970s as the neighborhood surrounding the hotel declined. Sheraton sold the hotel to a group of businessmen in 1971. In 1995, the Blackstone was sold to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the Blackstone Hotel has been dubbed The Hotel of Presidents. It was once considered one of Chicagos finest luxury hotels, the hotel has a special room designed for use by presidents which was separated from the rest of the hotel by hollowed out walls in which the Secret Service could operate. Washington became the hotels first African American guest, in 1920, Warren G. Harding was selected as the Republican candidate for the presidency at the Blackstone. Although the convention was being held at the Chicago Coliseum, a group of Republican leaders met at the Blackstone on the night of June 11 to come to a consensus. When Raymond Clapper of United Press reported on the decision-making process, the phrase entered American political parlance to denote a political process which is not open to scrutiny. During Kennedys visit he was informed of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the hotel closed in 2000 after Occupational Safety and Health Administration building inspectors found safety problems during a 1999 inspection
19.
FOUR40
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FOUR40 is a 515 ft tall skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. It was completed in 1985 and has 40 floors, skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the building, which is tied with 401 East Ontario as the 78th tallest building in Chicago. FOUR40 houses the Chicago Stock Exchange, the highly acclaimed restaurant Everest and a boutique hotel are located on the top floor. List of tallest buildings in Chicago Ibata, David, one Financial Place, The new Rolls-Royce of office towers
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311 South Wacker Drive
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311 South Wacker Drive in Chicago, USA, is a post-modern 65-story skyscraper completed in 1990. At 961 feet tall, it is the seventh tallest building in Chicago and it was once the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world. Until 2015,311 South Wacker was also the tallest building in the world only by its street address. The lower level of the garden was designed for a possible connection via underground passageway to Chicago Union Station. The building also contains three levels of underground parking, the building contains both retail and commercial tenants. The lobby is a two-level 85-foot -tall glass-ceilinged winter garden and it used to have palm trees, still has a fountain, and is supported by a steel structure influenced by the Chicago L tracks and bridges. It was envisioned as a link or pedestrian station serving as a connection from the nearby Union Station through a disused streetcar tunnel under the South Branch of the Chicago River. Raymond Kaskeys bronze sculpture Gem of the Lakes looks over the garden from the Wacker entrance, the top of the building is a 105-foot -tall translucent cylinder, surrounded by four other smaller cylinders, which was inspired by the massing of the Tribune Tower. This makes it among the most visible Chicago skyscrapers at night, the five cylinders on top are lit at night by 1,852 fluorescent tubes, and a lantern at the top changes colors for various holidays and special events. 311 South Wacker is surrounded to the northwest by an area, commonly used as a lounging and public lunch area during warm months. This park is used to host local farmer markets, musical events, to the southwest is a parking lot. This land was originally to be occupied by two towers that were never developed due to office market conditions
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Chicago Board of Trade Building
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The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It stands at 141 W. Jackson Boulevard at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon, built in 1930 and first designated a Chicago Landmark on May 4,1977, the building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2,1978. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16,1978, in 2012, the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors, including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company. The current structure is known for its art deco architecture, sculptures and large-scale stone carving, an aluminum, three-story art deco statue of Ceres, goddess of agriculture, caps the building. The building is a sightseeing attraction and location for shooting movies. On April 3,1848, the Board of Trade opened for business at 101 South Water Street, when 122 members were added in 1856, it was moved to the corner of South Water and LaSalle Streets. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed this building, in 1882 construction began of the CBOTs new home, which opened at the current location on May 1,1885. The building was designed by William W. Boyington, best known today for his work on the Chicago Water Tower and it faced Jackson Street with 180 ft feet of frontage, and was built from structural steel and granite taken from the Fox Island quarry near Vinalhaven, Maine. With a rear of enameled brick, it was 10 stories tall and featured a tower 320 ft tall containing a clock and 4,500 pounds bell. The interiors were finished in mahogany and frescoed and it was also the first building in the city to exceed 300 ft in height and at the time was the tallest building in Chicago. The building attracted tourists, visitors, and protesters, the building, on which two million dollars had been lavished in the midst of an economic depression, was denounced by the anarchists as. The crowning symbol of all that was hateful in the property system. The procession were cheered by thousands of spectators, viewing galleries were opened to the public for the first time in honor of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. In 1895, the tower was removed and the tallest building in Chicago record was then held by the 302 ft tall Masonic Temple Building. Built on caissons surrounded by muck, the house was rendered structurally unsound in the 1920s when construction began across the street on the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. The 1885 building was demolished in 1929, and the exchange temporarily moved to Van Buren and Clark while a new building was constructed at the LaSalle. The 1885 allegorical architectural sculptures of 35 ft Industry and Agriculture, in 1925, the Chicago Board of Trade commissioned Holabird & Root to design the current building. The general contractors Hegeman & Harris built it for $11.3 million and it serves as the southern border for the skyscrapers hugging LaSalle Street and is taller than surrounding structures for several blocks
22.
Congress Plaza Hotel
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The Congress Plaza Hotel is located on South Michigan Avenue across from Grant Park in Chicago at 520 South Michigan Avenue. After opening for business in 1893, for the Worlds Columbian Exposition and its 11 story edifice was originally designed by architect Clinton J. Warren as an annex to the Auditorium Theater across the street. The two buildings were linked by an underground passage called Peacock Alley. In 1902 and then in 1907, the firm of Holabird & Roche oversaw the design, in June,1912, Theodore Roosevelt stayed at the Congress Plaza when the 1912 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago. Roosevelt, who at time was seeking the Republican nomination for President. In October 1916, US President Woodrow Wilson passed the hotel as part of his visit to the city, over a hundred protestors from the National Womens Party demonstrated in favor of womens suffrage with a silent protest. In 1940, Louis Grell, a Chicago-based artist, was commissioned to paint thirteen murals for the lunettes that are an architectural feature surrounding the grand lobby, the murals were various popular scenes around Chicago at the time. Lady Liberty was found in one holding the Chicago River Y on her lap. Today glass covers the thirteen lunettes where the murals could be hiding, Grell also painted a large white Peacock that was mounted above the bar next to Peacock Alley. Each wall had a main central Greek/Roman mural, however, Grell decorated the wall with various patterns of flora. Taos Society of Artists painter, E. Martin Hennings painted the murals inside the Florentine Room around 1918. The hotel closed for a period in World War II and was used as a school by the U. S. Army Air Forces. It reopened for use in time for the summer political conventions of 1944. At this time, John J. Mack was president of the Michigan-Congress Hotel Corporation, events that have been held at the hotel include the 1963 Prohibition Party National Convention August 23,1963. The hotel is not affiliated with any national chain and it is owned by a Syrian national, Albert Nasser Shayo, who purchased the property in 1987. On 15 June 2003, about 130 members of UNITE HERE Local 1 went on strike to protest a proposed seven percent wage cut. On 16 June 2007, Barack Obama, then running for the presidency, briefly stood by the line and promised to return as president. The strike, one of the worlds longest, ended May 30,2013 after nearly 10 years, no concessions were given by management
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111 South Wacker Drive
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111 South Wacker Drive is an office tower located in Chicago. Completed in 2005 at 681 feet, the 51 story blue-glass structure is one of the tallest in the city and it sits on the site of the former U. S. Gypsum Building, one of the tallest buildings in Chicago to be demolished, designed by Lohan Caprille Goettsch Architects, the building is noted for its unique parking ramp. The ramps cyclical form creates a dramatic sloped ceiling for the main lobby underneath. The ramps corkscrew design is reflected outside as well, the pavement follows the lines set inside. The building is noteworthy for its sustainable design, becoming the first-ever project to be certified LEED-CS Gold by the U. S. Green Building Council. The original design called for a more extreme building and this 35 story,638 foot tower would utilize many of the existing caissons of the former U. S. The bulk of the building would be supported by a 120-foot base and 20 large diagonal braces connected from the corners of the base to the bottom of the office structure, the effect would have been a nearly symmetrical shape and a building that seemingly looked unstable. The minimalistic lobby would have been enclosed in glass and left space for a plaza with artwork. The plan was abandoned with the current design chosen instead. Tenants in the building include Deloitte, RR Donnelley, Harbor Funds, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, Bloomberg, Grippo & Elden LLC, Houlihan Lokey, and Locke Lord LLP. Shelbourne Development, the firm behind the Chicago Spire, had 6, 700-square-foot of office space on the 50th floor but vacated their offices in 2010 due to a dispute over $27,600 in unpaid rent
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Franklin Center (Chicago)
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The Franklin Center is a 60-story supertall skyscraper completed in 1989 as the AT&T Corporate Center to consolidate the central region headquarters of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. It stands at a height of 1,007 ft and contains 1,700,000 sq ft in the Loop neighborhood of downtown Chicago. It is located two blocks east of the Chicago River and northeast of the Willis Tower with an address of 227 West Monroe Street. In the Loop community area of downtown Chicago, the supertall building is the tallest constructed in Chicago in the last quarter of the 20th century. It is the 5th tallest building in Chicago and the 13th tallest in the United States and it contains office and retail space and a 350-space garage. Tishman Speyer acquired the property in 2004 and renamed the adjacent USG Building as Franklin Center in 2007 after USG relocated its offices, the name was later applied to the entire complex. A1982 consent decree split the American Telephone & Telegraph Company monopoly into several entities with local service providers becoming part of a Regional Bell Operating Company, in the decade that followed, AT&T erected new buildings across the country including the AT&T Building in New York City. April 5,1985, AT&T issued a request for proposals that produced eleven respondents, Stein and Co. the winning realtor, sought Skidmore, Owings and Merrill as designers for the purpose of distinguishing a proposal from the nearby Willis Tower. AT&T employees began to occupy the office space April 3,1989, the building was built under a self-imposed comprehensive minority contracting and affirmative action package that met the citys 1985 30% hiring rule for public sector projects. Chicago mayor Harold Washingtons administration had passed an edict that 30% of the work for public sector projects be set aside for minority, in a show of support for this rule, Stein & Co. and AT&T adopted the rule for their private development. Designed by Adrian D. Smith of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the buildings form features setbacks at the 15th, 30th and 45th floors. Designed in the architectural style, it is a granite-clad steel-framed building resting on pile foundations. The structure is characterized by vertical lines, spiked roof pinnacles, granite cladding. The granite is a red color at the base. Above the 5th floor, the lighter rose-beige granite is protected by silk-screened aluminum panels, the building relies on Gothic detailing to showcase verticality. The buildings verticality evokes images of 1920s buildings, and the sturdiness of the structure is reminiscent of the Chicago Board of Trade Building, in addition to its design, the building relies on its location at the farthest corner from the Willis Tower to set it apart. The Otis elevators are spanned by a series of neo-deco light bands extending wall to wall, the building boasts two public lobbies and a mezzanine-level lobby. The lobbies are among the most lavish in Chicago, and they are all decorated with patterned marble floors and walls, bronze, gold-leaf oak trim, and stylized lighting fixtures
25.
Kluczynski Federal Building
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The Kluczynski Federal Building is a modernist skyscraper in the downtown Chicago Loop located at 230 South Dearborn Street. The 45-story structure was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and it is 562 feet tall and stands on the site previously occupied by the Chicago Federal Building by the architect Henry Ives Cobb. It was named in honor of U. S, Kluczynski, who represented Illinoiss 5th congressional district from 1951 to 1975 after his death that year. This is one of three buildings by van der Rohe in the Federal Center Plaza complex, the others are the US Post Office, the Kluczynski Building is constructed of a steel frame and contains 1,200,000 sq ft of space. The exterior is sheathed in bronze-tinted glass set into bright aluminum frames, beneath the windows are steel spandrel panels painted flat black and windows are separated horizontally by steel mullions of projecting steel I-beams also painted black. The two-story lobby is recessed allowing for a colonnade or pilotis to encircle the building at street level, the interior walls and floors of the lobby are covered in granite which entends to the plaza. The lobby contains several commemorative tablets which were removed from the previous building, the entire complex is based on a 28 ft grid pattern so that seams of the granite pavers in the plaza extend into the building lobbies and up the sides to create unity among the three structures. The Center resembles Mies earlier Toronto-Dominion Centre and was expanded in 1991 with the addition of the 28-story Metcalfe Federal Building to the south across Jackson Boulevard, alexander Calders sculpture Flamingo, a 53-foot red steel sculpture, was unveiled on the plaza October 24,1974. The sculpture was conserved and restored in 1998, the plaza is also the site of a weekly farmers market during the spring and summer seasons, open to the community. S. Senators from Illinois, Richard Dick Durbin and Tammy Duckworth, following his election as president on November 4,2008, Barack Obama set up transitional offices in the building, prompting heightened security measures in the surrounding area
26.
Auditorium Building (Chicago)
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The Auditorium Building in Chicago is one of the best-known designs of Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler. Completed in 1889, the building is located at the northwest corner of South Michigan Avenue and Congress Street. The building, which when constructed was the largest in the United States and the tallest in Chicago, was designed to be a complex, including offices, a theater. As a young apprentice, Frank Lloyd Wright worked on some of the interior design, the Auditorium Theatre is part of the Auditorium Building and is located at 50 East Congress Parkway. The theater was the first home of the Chicago Civic Opera and it currently hosts the season performances of the Joffrey Ballet. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 17,1970 and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975, and was designated a Chicago Landmark on September 15,1976. In addition, it is a historic district contributing property for the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District, since 1947, the Auditorium Building has been part of Roosevelt University. He was said to have wanted to make culture accessible to the working classes of Chicago. The building was to include a block and a first class hotel. Peck persuaded many Chicago business tycoons to go on board with him, including Marshall Field, Edson Keith, Martin A. Ryerson, Charles L. Hutchinson, the association hired the renowned architectural firm of Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan to design the building. At the time, a young Frank Lloyd Wright was employed at the firm as draftsman, and he may have contributed to the design. The Auditorium was built for a syndicate of businessmen to house a large opera house, to provide an economic base it was decided to wrap the auditorium with a hotel. Hence Adler & Sullivan had to plan a complex multiple-use building, fronting on Michigan Avenue, overlooking the lake, was the hotel while the offices were placed to the west on Wabash Avenue. The entrance to the auditorium is on the south side beneath the tall blocky eighteen-story tower, the rest of the building is a uniform ten stories, organized in the same way as Richardsons Marshall Field Wholesale Store. The Auditorium is a heavy, impressive structure externally, and was striking in its day when buildings of its scale were less common. When completed, it was the tallest building in the city, one of the most innovative features of the building was its massive raft foundation, designed by Adler in conjunction with engineer Paul Mueller. The soil beneath the Auditorium consists of blue clay to a depth of over 100 feet. Adler and Mueller designed a floating mat of crisscrossed railroad ties, topped with a layer of steel rails embedded in concrete
27.
Field Building (Chicago)
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The building was designated a Chicago Landmark February 9,1994. The construction of the Field Building was completed 1934 as a 535 feet 45-storey skyscraper on the bounded by South Clark Street, South LaSalle Street. The architect was the firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White and it is considered the last major office building erected in Chicago prior to the Great Depression/World War II construction hiatus which ended with the building of One Prudential Plaza in 1955. Many of the latest innovations such as high-speed elevators and air conditioning were incorporated into the building’s design, the lobby features a multi-level arcade between LaSalle and Clark Streets allowing pedestrians to walk between the two streets and access the retail space without exiting the building. The elevator indicator panel and mailbox in the lobby are in a design which resembles the building’s exterior shape. The building rises from a base that covers the entire site. The exterior of the first story is faced in polished black granite, windows are framed with polished aluminum or monel metal and have black and polished aluminum spandrel panels. The entrances on the east and west facades rise the height of the base and are also framed in black granite. Five pilasters faced in white Yule marble separate the bays containing revolving doors provide access to the lobby. The upper stories are sheathed in limestone with windows grouped vertically, the 45-story rectangular tower is centered on the base and buttressed by a shorter 22-story tower at each of its four corners. Several buildings occupied this site until construction commenced in 1931, the worlds first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, occupied the western portion facing LaSalle and Adams Streets. Much of the rentable area was occupied by the LaSalle Bank. In 2007, LaSalle Bank was sold by its European owner ABN AMRO to Bank of America and the buildings name changed to the Bank of America Building. In August 2008, the Bank sold the building to AmTrust, mechanical spaces are located at the 25th and 45th floor levels. The 43rd and 44th floors house executive dining rooms for use by the bank and selected other tenants, the west side of the ground floor is utilized by Bank of America for retail banking, with the east side rented to merchants. The rest of the floors consist of office space. As was customary in the 1930s, the building does not have a 13th floor, Yule marble Notes Information and drawing on SkyscraperPage
28.
CNA Center
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CNA Center is a 600-ft, 44-story high-rise building located at 333 South Wabash Avenue in the Loop Community Area of Chicago. It was designed by the firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White and was completed in 1972, as of 2014, CNA occupied 65 percent of the tower. Other occupants included The Chicago Housing Authority and United Way, the shorter red building was later restored to its original gray tone in 1999. The two buildings remain joined at the floor, CNAs Conference Center uses space on that floor. In 1999, a fragment of a window fell from the building. Windows had been cracking at the building ever since it had built in 1975. CNA Financial, a property company, later paid $18 million to settle the resultant lawsuit. All of the windows were replaced in an expensive retrofit. A computer program is used to calculate which windows need to be activated to create the proper message, CNA Center Lighted Window Message Archive Informative site
29.
Citadel Center
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Citadel Center is a 580 ft tall skyscraper at 131 S. Dearborn St. Chicago, Illinois 60603, designed by Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill. The 44th tallest building in Chicago was completed in 2003 and has 39 floors, a limited-edition cast of the Winged Victory of Samothrace, one of the worlds most famous sculptures, is the showpiece of the main lobby. It was the first building in Chicago to use a pressurized plenum system. This allowed for air to be pumped in through the floors for individuals to control their climates using floor diffusers, citadel Holland & Knight Perkins Coie Seyfarth Shaw Chase Sprout Social List of tallest buildings in Chicago Sources Emporis
30.
Metropolitan Tower (Chicago)
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The Metropolitan Tower, owned by Metropolitan Properties of Chicago, is a skyscraper located at 310 S. Residences range in size from 1,200 square feet to 4,000 square feet. Penthouses feature 360 degree city views and private elevators, prices run from $300,000 for a 762 square feet one-bedroom unit to $1.365 million for a 1,932 square feet three-bedroom. The Metropolitan Tower is also home for a branch of Chase Bank, designed by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, the Metropolitan Tower was named the Straus Building when completed in 1924. The Straus Building and the Chicago Temple Building were the first to take advantage of the 1923 zoning ordinance, before then, the Metropolitan Tower was at one time called the Continental National Insurance Company Building. From 1980 to 2004 it was called the Britannica Building when that company was its tenant and this U-shaped building, standing at 475 feet in height, fronts Chicagos Michigan Avenue and Grant Park. The beehive is supported by four limestone bisons, because of this ornament, the building is sometimes referred to as the Beehive Building. Just beneath the beehive are four carillon bells ranging in weight from 1,500 to 7,000 pounds, at one time, the bells chimed the well-known Cambridge Quarters on the quarter-hours. The base has been altered from its design, rectangular window openings replaced giant arches on Michigan Avenue. At one time, the floor was the Straus Tower Observatory. In 2009, the Metropolitan Tower won a Best Adaptive Reuse award from the Friends of Downtown, the towers crown has many symbols for characteristics the company wanted to portray. The pyramid symbolized longevity and permanence and the beehive stood for industry, when first installed, the beehive also contained four directional beacons, a metaphor for the companys global reach. The pyramid is supported by the four bisons, a symbol for the American West. Ironically, the firm failed during the Great Depression and closed fewer than ten years after lighting the beacon, the Metropolitan Tower is located a block from the entrance to the Art Institute and is within two blocks of stations for all downtown CTA train lines. The Symphony Center, Millennium Park, Harold Washington Library, the south end of the Magnificent Mile shopping district is less than a mile away. Dozens of fine restaurants and other eateries are in the neighborhood, Metropolitan Tower appears in front of Chase Tower in the diagram below
31.
Chase Tower (Chicago)
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Chase Tower, located in the Chicago Loop area of Chicago at 10 South Dearborn Street, is a 60 story skyscraper completed in 1969. At 850 feet tall, it is the eleventh tallest building in Chicago, the tallest building inside the Chicago L Loop elevated tracks, Chase Bank has its U. S. and Canada commercial and retail banking headquarters here. The building is also the headquarters of Exelon, the building and its plaza occupy the entire block bounded by Clark, Dearborn, Madison, and Monroe streets. Before the building was constructed, the Morrison Hotel, on its site, was demolished in 1965. The building first opened in 1969 as First National Plaza, when constructed, it was the headquarters of First Chicago Corporation. In 1998, it became the headquarters for Bank One Corporation, chases retail bank division is based in the tower. Since May 2005 the National Public Radio show Wait Wait, dont Tell Me. is taped on Thursday nights before a live audience at the Chase Auditorium under the plaza. Design architects for the construction were C. F, murphy Associates, Stanislaw Z. Gladych and Perkins and Will. The ground floor is home to the largest Chase Bank branch in Chicago with 22 ATMs
32.
Three First National Plaza
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Three First National Plaza is a 57-story office tower in Chicago located at 70 West Madison Street. Completed in 1981, the building is one of the tallest in Chicago at 767 feet, the 1,439, 369-square-foot building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in a sawtooth shape to minimize obstructions it might cause to nearby buildings. The design also allows for thirteen corner offices on lower floors, the exterior façade is clad in Carnelian granite and features 10-foot-wide bay windows suggestive of traditional Chicago school architecture. Three First National Plazas nine-story atrium used to contain Large Internal-External Upright Form, the sculpture was removed and sold in 2016 following a remodel of the lobby. The building features pedway access, and was connected to Chase Tower by a second-story skywalk
33.
Railway Exchange Building (Chicago)
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It was designed by Frederick P. Dinkelberg of D. H. Burnham & Company in the Chicago style. Dinkelberg was also the designer to Daniel Burnham for the Flatiron Building in New York City. The building is recognizable by the large Motorola logo on the roof and it is also notable for the round, porthole-like windows along the cornice. The center of the features a lightwell, which was covered with a skylight in the 1980s. The formal entrance to the building is located on Jackson Boulevard, the impressive entrance is believed to have been required by Daniel Burnham, head of the architectural firm and the buildings main stockholder. The firm moved its offices to the floor, and Burnhams descendants continued ownership in the building until 1952. The building is organized as a classicization of John Wellborn Roots Rookery, a street level two-story enclosed court designed in a symmetrical Beaux-Arts style was surmounted by an open lightwell which was surrounded by a ring of offices. By the formal arched entrance on Jackson Boulevard, a staircase led to shops. White-glazed terracotta sheaths the exterior façade and interior court and the lightwell is lined with white-glazed brick, classical designs were used for the ornamental dentils, balusters, and column capitals. In July 2012, the Santa Fe sign was replaced with an illuminated Motorola sign when Motorola Solutions began a lease on one floor of the building, the Santa Fe letters were given to the Illinois Railway Museum. After a four year restoration, the sign was put on display at the museum in 2016, the building is significant as a historic site because Daniel Burnham and his staff made the 1909 Plan of Chicago in a penthouse on the northeast corner of the roof. The Santa Fe Building was originally built as an exchange for the Santa Fe railway. Burnham & Company had offices on the 14th floor, the building was purchased by the University of Notre Dame in 2006. The universitys Mendoza College of Business began holding classes there in 2008, the Chicago Architecture Foundation installed a 320 square-foot model of Chicago in the buildings atrium in 2009. It is updated annually to reflect changes in the downtown area. In 2011, Anacostia Rail Holdings moved its headquarters to the Railway Exchange Building. The Santa Fe Building appears in front of Three First National Plaza in the image below, Early skyscrapers Santa Fe Building - Hamilton Partners The Santa Fe Building - emporis. com Gold, historic Santa Fe Building proper site for benefit
34.
One South Dearborn
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One South Dearborn is a 571 ft tall skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. It was constructed from 2003 to 2005 and has 39 floors, deStefano Keating Partners designed the building, which is the 47th tallest in Chicago. The current anchor tenant is Sidley Austin LLP, which moved into One South Dearborn in November 2005 from Bank One Plaza, list of tallest buildings in Chicago Emporis Skyscraperpage Official website
35.
Mid-Continental Plaza
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Mid-Continental Plaza is a 583 ft tall skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. It was completed in 1972 and has 49 floors, shaw and Associates designed the building, which is the 52nd tallest building in Chicago. It was originally planned as two 40-story black glass towers, the top 10 floors have been converted to condominiums called The Park Monroe. List of tallest buildings in Chicago Emporis Skyscraperpage The Park Monroe
36.
Buckingham Fountain
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Buckingham Fountain is a Chicago landmark in the center of Grant Park. Dedicated in 1927, it is one of the largest fountains in the world, built in a rococo wedding cake style and inspired by the Latona Fountain at the Palace of Versailles, it is meant to allegorically represent Lake Michigan. It operates from April to October, with regular water shows, during the winter, the fountain is decorated with festival lights. The fountain is considered Chicagos front door, since it resides in Grant Park, the fountain itself represents Lake Michigan, with four sets of sea horses symbolizing the four states—Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan and Indiana—that border the lake. The fountain was designed by beaux arts architect Edward H. Bennett, the statues were created by the French sculptor Marcel F. Loyau. The design of the fountain was inspired by the Bassin de Latone, the fountain was donated to the city by Kate Buckingham in memory of her brother, Clarence Buckingham, and was constructed at a cost of $750,000. The fountains official name is the Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain, Kate Buckingham also established the Buckingham Fountain Endowment Fund with an initial investment of $300,000 to pay for maintenance. Buckingham Fountain was dedicated on August 26,1927, many tourists and Chicagoans visit the fountain each year. The fountain operates daily 8,00 a. m. to 11,00 p. m. from mid-April through mid-October, water shows occur every hour on-the-hour and last 20 minutes. During shows, the center jet shoots up vertically to 150 feet, the last show begins at 10,00 p. m. nightly. The fountain is constructed of Georgia pink marble and contains 1,500,000 U. S. gallons of water, during a display, more than 14,000 U. S. gallons per minute are pushed through its 193 jets. The bottom pool of the fountain is 280 ft in diameter, the basin is 103 ft, the middle basin is 60 ft. The lip of the basin is 25 ft above the water in the lower basin. The fountains pumps are controlled by a Honeywell computer which was located in Atlanta. The fountains security system is monitored from Arlington Heights, in 1994, the fountain received a $2.8 million restoration to its three smallest basins which developed leaks due to Chicagos harsh winters. The latest renovation project on Buckingham Fountain began in September 2008 and this three-phase project will modernize aging internal systems in the fountain and restore deteriorated features. Funding is a combination from the Buckingham endowment, city and park district funds, Phase I was dedicated April 3,2009. This phase included permeable pavers to surround the fountain and this replaced the crushed stone that was used since the fountain was constructed
37.
Richard J. Daley Center
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The Richard J. Daley Center, also known by its courtyard Daley Plaza and named after longtime mayor Richard J. Daley, is the premier civic center of the City of Chicago in Illinois. Situated on Randolph and Washington Streets between Dearborn and Clark Streets, the Richard J. Daley Center is considered one of Chicagos architectural highlights. The main building was designed in the architectural style by Jacques Brownson of the firm C. F. Murphy Associates. At the time it was the tallest building in Chicago, originally known as the Chicago Civic Center, the building was renamed for Mayor Daley on December 27,1976, seven days after his death. The 648-foot, thirty-one story building features Cor-Ten, a self-weathering steel, Cor-Ten was designed to rust, actually strengthening the structure and giving the building its distinctive red and brown color. The Daley Center has 30 floors, and is the tallest flat-roofed building in the world with fewer than 40 stories, the building also houses office space for both the city and Cook County, of which the City of Chicago is its seat of government. The windows are steel and bronze/white tinted. Daley Plaza is the adjacent to the building, occupying the southern half of the block occupied by the building. The plaza is dominated by an untitled Cor-ten steel 50-foot sculpture by Pablo Picasso, completed in 1967, it was a gift to the City of Chicago from the artist. Though controversial for its form, it quickly became a Chicago landmark. The plaza also features a fountain and an eternal flame memorial to the dead from World War I, World War II, the Korean War. The plaza serves as a location for civic functions including weekly farmers markets in the summer, regular ethnic festivals. The plaza was used extensively in the scenes of the 1980 film The Blues Brothers. The interior of the building, as well as the plaza, the Picasso, farhad Khoiee-Abbasi, a public protester, is a frequent fixture at the northwest corner of the plaza, near City Hall. Khoiee-Abbasi has been photographed many times, with his well-dressed appearance, his odd signs. Adjacent to the Richard J. Daley Plaza is the landmark Chicago City Hall, directly south of the Daley Center is the Cook County Administration Building which is full of office space for County employees. Block 37 containing 108 North State Street is to the east, Daley Center on Emporis Daley Plaza Eternal Flame
38.
Legacy at Millennium Park
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The Legacy at Millennium Park is a 72-story skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States, located along S. Wabash Avenue, near E. Monroe Street. At 822 feet, it is the thirteenth-tallest building in Chicago, the slender residential tower and mixed-use podium, designed by the architectural firm Solomon, Cordwell, Buenz, contains 360 luxury condominium units and 460 parking spaces. The building preserves the historic masonry and terracotta facades of the Chicago Landmark Jewelers Row District along Wabash Avenue, the buildings narrow design is intended to maximize vantage points to Lake Michigan and Millennium Park from all residences in the tower
39.
University Club of Chicago
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The University Club of Chicago is a private social club located at 76 East Monroe Street at the corner of Michigan Avenue & Monroe Street in downtown Chicago, Illinois. The primary requirement of admission remains a college or university degree, the clubs first home was on the third and fourth floors of the Henning & Speed Building at 22 West Madison Street. The second club home was a building at 30 North Dearborn. The first committee on literature and art was established in 1895, honored guests included Admiral George Dewey and Winston Churchill. The clubs present building, begun in 1907 and completed in 1909, is a landmark designed by notable architect Martin Roche. At a cost of over $1,100,000, it was one of the most important club buildings of its day, the clubs centerpiece, Cathedral Hall, was based by Roche on Crosby Hall in London. According to one writer, There are other historically great interiors in town, Auditorium Theater of Adler & Sullivan, the club has played a key role in the development of squash in Chicago and the U. S. including hosting the annual Windy City Open each year. List of American gentlemens clubs Notes Sources Bruegmann, Robert in association with the Chicago Historical Society, the Architects and the City, Holabird and Roche of Chicago, 1880-1918. Chicago, an extraordinary guide Wolfe, Gerald R. Chicago, In, ISBN 0-07-071390-1 Financial Times University Club of Chicago website
40.
LaSalle-Wacker Building
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The LaSalle-Wacker Building, at 221 North LaSalle Street, is a 41-story skyscraper at the north end of the LaSalle Street canyon in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Originally planned as a 37-story building, the developer bought an L-shaped building aside original lot, clad in limestone and granite, the Holabird and Root-designed structure serves as an office building. When built, the beacon on the top of the building could be seen from as far as 200 miles, as with other buildings in Chicago, the structure is upwardly lit at night with moonlight, and the peak of building is typically lit in cobalt blue. The building was used as a backdrop in the 2005 movie Batman Begins, WFMT, Americas first radio superstation, maintained studios in the building from 1954 until 1995
41.
300 North LaSalle
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The building contains 1.3 million square feet of space to include offices, retail shops, restaurants, and public spaces, as well as three levels of underground parking. Due to its location on the bank of the Chicago River. The tower previously received Gold certification under the LEED for Core & Shell Rating System, the building was sold from the Hines companies on July 29,2010, to KBS REIT II, Inc. a Southern California real estate investment fund. As of July 29,2010, the building was 93% leased to 24 tenants, kirkland & Ellis, Chicagos biggest law firm, is the anchor tenant and leases floors in the low-rise and mid-rise sections of the building
42.
77 West Wacker Drive
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77 West Wacker Drive, previously the United Building, is an office building in the Loop, Chicago. Finished in 1992, the rises to a height of 668 ft with around 944,000 square feet of interior space. The building, with 50 floors, was designed by Ricardo Bofill and it was formerly known as the RR Donnelley Building when the RR Donnelley printing company was the primary tenant. RR Donnelley moved its headquarters to a different location in May 2005. The deal included naming rights to the building and this was the world headquarters of Chicago-based United Airlines and its parent company, United Continental Holdings. It also served as the headquarters for United Continental subsidiary Continental Airlines until its certificate was merged with United on November 30,2011, archer Daniels Midland moved its headquarters to the building in August 2014 from Decatur, Illinois. The building has a newsletter called FOCUS, published by Prime Group Realty Trust, brokers who were familiar with the lease negotiations stated that Sears was trying to keep Keck, Mahin & Cate in the building. Keck, Mahin & Cate decided to move into 77 West Wacker, in 1991, RR Donnelley leased 215,000 square feet on floors 9 through 19 for its world headquarters, and Kemper Securities leased 150,000 square feet. With the lease deals concluded,77 West Wacker had 86% of its tenant space occupied, jerry C. Davis of the Chicago Sun-Times said that the remaining space would be too small for some prospective tenants. Davis added that the leases to RR Donnelley and Kemper significantly altered the complexion of the office market. In 2004, RR Donnelley signed a letter of intent to move out of 77 West Wacker, during the same year, McGuireWoods extended its lease by 8 years, changing the end date from December 31,2010 to December 31,2018. In addition, McGuireWoods expanded its space, effective February 1,2004. The company gained an extra 65,756 square feet of space in addition to its existing 67,819 square feet, as a result of the lease expansion of McGuireWoods, as of February 2004,77 West Wacker was 92. 2% leased. In 2004, the lease of the firm Jones Day of 138,764 square feet in 77 West Wacker was extended by 15 years, with the end date changed from September 30,2007 to September 30,2022. In 2006, Microsoft extended the term of its lease and expanded its space to 12,391 square feet. During the same year, Greenberg Traurig agreed to expand its lease by 22,565 square feet, in 2006, United Airlines agreed to move its 350 executives and some staff members from its Elk Grove Township campus to 77 West Wacker. On August 13,2012, United Continental Holdings announced its intention to again relocate its world headquarters. The company vacated their current offices at 77 W. Wacker with the future of the building left unknown
43.
Pittsfield Building
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The building was designated as a Chicago Landmark on November 6,2002. The property, in the Jewelers Row Landmark District, was developed by heirs of Marshall Field, and is named after Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where Marshall Field obtained his first job. The nearby Burnham Center, at the intersection of Clark Street and Washington Street, was named the Conway Building after Conway. Marshall Field III presented the property as a gift to the Field Museum of Natural History in honor of the museums 50th anniversary, the museum held the property until September 1960 when the museum sold it. Designed by Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, the structure combines both art deco and Gothic detailing, while complying with a 1923 zoning ordinance which mandated skyscrapers setbacks. The interior of the features a five-story atrium, lined by balconies and shops. Alter Group, a Skokie, Illinois-based real estate developer has acquired the thirteenth through twenty-first floors of the building plans for dormitory conversion at a cost of $23 million. Morgan Reed Group who acquired the building for $15 million in 2000 continues to own the remaining portions of the building. The building is used mostly by doctors, dentists and jewelers, Chicago architecture Chicago Landmark List of tallest buildings in Chicago
44.
Leo Burnett Building
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The Leo Burnett Building, located on 35 West Wacker Drive at North Dearborn Street in the Chicago Loop, is a 50 story,635 foot tall skyscraper above the Chicago Rivers Main Stem on the southern bank. When built in 1989, it was the 12th tallest structure in Chicago and it was designed by Kevin Roche-John Dinkeloo and Associates and Shaw & Associates. It is a design made with granite, masonry, glass, steel. The windows are divided by stainless steel bars, which is typical of Chicago windows and it houses advertising agency Leo Burnett Worldwide, owned by Publicis, from which it derives its name. The building is home to the law firm of Winston and Strawn. Media services agency Starcom Worldwide, also owned by Publicis, has its headquarters located in the building, RR Donnelley moved its corporate headquarters to this location in May 2015
45.
The Heritage at Millennium Park
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The Heritage at Millennium Park, located at 130 N. Garland Court in Chicago, Illinois is a mixed-use tower. Completed in 2005, with a height of 631 feet and 57 floors and it is the 36th-tallest building in Chicago. In what is becoming common practice with newer buildings, the Heritage preserves and makes use of the façades of four existing buildings in its base. The Heritage is located directly to the west of Millennium Park, with unobstructed views of Millennium Park, parts of Grant Park and it is directly opposite the Marshall Field and Company Building on Wabash Avenue. It has an indoor pool, health club, dog run, party room, rooftop deck. The tower is included in the extensive downtown underground pedway system, in addition to condominiums, the Heritage also contains ground floor retail space. It was said that Mayor Richard M. Daley was considering moving to the tower, according to the 2000 census,16,388 people live in the Loop. The median sale price for real estate was $710,000 in 2005 according to Forbes. The average sale price at the Heritage in 2006 was $1.283 million according to data from the MLS, the building bears a slight resemblance to One Rincon Hill in San Francisco which was designed by the same architectural firm
46.
Crain Communications Building
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Crain Communications Building is a 49-story,582 foot skyscraper located at 150 North Michigan Avenue in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was also known as the Smurfit–Stone Building and the Stone Container Building and was called the Associates Center. Construction began in 1983 and was completed in 1984, the building, noted for its unusually slanted facade, was designed by Sheldon Schlegman of A. Epstein and Sons. The building has 41 floors of tenant space and the two spires at the top cover the roof and HVAC equipment. Although the building looks as though it is split down the middle, at times, its slanted roof—which has been likened to a skyscraper slashed with a knife—displays local sports slogans on its face, such as GO BEARS and GO SOX. It also displayed VOTE2008 during the 2008 election day rally at Grant Park, at the time of its construction the Crain Communications Building was considered to be a smart building, with sophisticated environmental and security controls. Three years after its completion, the played a role in the Touchstone Pictures film Adventures in Babysitting. The building is modeled in EAs SimCity 4, as well as being destroyed in the film Transformers, Dark of the Moon and in the videogame Command & Conquer. The building name was changed to the Crain Communications Building in March 2012 and it is popularly referred to as the Diamond Building or the Vagina Building. Crain Communications Consulate General of Sweden Chicago Wells Fargo Insurance Services United Airlines previously maintained an office in this building. List of tallest buildings in Chicago Crain Communications Building at Emporis
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Chicago skyline guide travel guide from Wikivoyage
