1.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
3.
Yellowknife Airport
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Yellowknife Airport is located in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. The airport is part of the National Airports System, and is operated by the Government of the Northwest Territories, the airport has regular scheduled passenger service and a number of freight services. In 2007, the terminal handled 527,000 passengers, in 2008 the airports passenger terminal underwent an expansion to the departure/check in section, roughly doubling the size of the terminal. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency, CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police G Division maintains a hangar for its air section just south of the passenger terminal. It is adjacent to a used by the Royal Canadian Air Force to house the CC-138 Twin Otter and other utility aircraft operated by 440 Squadron. Canadian NORAD Region Forward Operating Location Yellowknife is located south-west of the airstrip and it was built for forward deployment of the CF-18 Hornet in times of conflict. It also has a CC-138 permanently based at the airport for search, the airport has its own fire and rescue service. The department has 10 firefighters, but requires two or three fire fighters on shift to operate a single crash tender. Ambulance and additional fire response is provided by the Yellowknife Fire Department
4.
Yellowknife
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Yellowknife is the capital and only city, as well as the largest community in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on the shore of Great Slave Lake, approximately 400 km south of the Arctic Circle. The current population is ethnically mixed, of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories, five are spoken in significant numbers in Yellowknife, Dene Suline, Dogrib, South and North Slavey, English, and French. In the Dogrib language, the city is known as Sǫ̀mbakè, the Yellowknife settlement is considered to have been founded in 1934, after gold was found in the area, although commercial activity in the present-day waterfront area did not begin until 1936. Yellowknife quickly became the centre of activity in the NWT. As gold production began to wane, Yellowknife shifted from being a town to a centre of government services in the 1980s. However, with the discovery of diamonds north of Yellowknife in 1991, traditionally, First Nations people of Yellowknives Dene culture had occupied this region, by the 1930s they had a settlement on a point of land on the east side of Yellowknife Bay, Dettah. The current municipal area of Yellowknife was occupied by prospectors who ventured into the region in the mid-1930s, blakeney, made the first discovery of gold in the Yellowknife Bay area in 1898. The discovery was viewed as unimportant in those days because of the Klondike Gold Rush, in the late 1920s, aircraft were first used to explore Canadas Arctic regions. Samples of uranium and silver were uncovered at Great Bear Lake in the early 1930s, in 1933 two prospectors, Herb Dixon and Johnny Baker, canoed down the Yellowknife River from Great Bear Lake to survey for possible mineral deposits. They found gold samples at Quyta Lake, about 30 km up the Yellowknife River, the following year, Johnny Baker returned as part of a larger crew to develop the previous gold finds and search for more. Gold was found on the east side of Yellowknife Bay in 1934, when government geologists uncovered gold in more favourable geology on the west side of Yellowknife Bay in the fall of 1935, a small staking rush occurred. From 1935 to 1937, one prospector and trapper named Winslow C, Ranney staked in the area between David Lake and Rater Lake with few commercial results. The nearby hill known as Ranney Hill is his namesake and a hiking destination today. Although Con Mine was the most impressive gold deposit and its development created the excitement that led to the first settlement of Yellowknife in 1936–1937, Some of the first businesses were Corona Inn, Weaver & Devore Trading, Yellowknife Supplies and post office, and the Wildcat Cafe. Con Mine entered production on September 5,1938, the population of Yellowknife quickly grew to 1,000 by 1940, and by 1942, five gold mines were in production in the Yellowknife region. However, by 1944, gold production had ground to a halt as men were needed for the war effort, an exploration program at the Giant Mine property on the north end of town had suggested a sizable gold deposit in 1944. This new find resulted in a massive post-war staking rush to Yellowknife and it also resulted in new discoveries at the Con Mine, greatly extending the life of the mine
5.
Northwest Territories
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The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 and its estimated population as of 2016 is 44,291. Yellowknife became the capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission. The Northwest Territories are bordered by Canadas two other territories, Nunavut to the east and Yukon to the west, and by the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to the south. The name is descriptive, adopted by the British government during the era to indicate where it lay in relation to Ruperts Land. It is shortened from North-Western Territory, in Inuktitut, the Northwest Territories are referred to as ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ, beautiful land. There was some discussion of changing the name of the Northwest Territories after the splitting off of Nunavut, one proposal was Denendeh, as advocated by the former premier Stephen Kakfwi, among others. One of the most popular proposals for a new name – one to name the territory Bob – began as a prank, in the end a poll conducted prior to division showed that strong support remained to keep the name Northwest Territories. This name arguably became more appropriate following division than it had been when the territories extended far into Canadas north-central and it possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has an area of 1,183,085 km2. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island and its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m. The Northwest Territories extends for more than 1,300,000 km2 and has a large climate variant from south to north, the southern part of the territory has a subarctic climate, while the islands and northern coast have a polar climate. Summers in the north are short and cool, with highs in the mid teens Celsius. Winters are long and harsh, daytime highs in the mid −20 °C, extremes are common with summer highs in the south reaching 36 °C and lows reaching into the negatives. In winter in the south, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −40 °C, in the north, temperatures can reach highs of 30 °C, and lows can reach into the low negatives. In winter in the north it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −50 °C, thunderstorms are not rare in the south. In the north they are rare, but do occur. Tornadoes are extremely rare but have happened with the most notable one happening just outside Yellowknife that destroyed a communications tower, the Territory has a fairly dry climate due to the mountains in the west
6.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Charter airline
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Air charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft as opposed to individual aircraft seats. Some air charters brokers have been given authority to sell seats on private jets with mixed success. Some air charter companies offer a variety of aircraft, such as helicopters. Charter jet categories include turbo props, light jets, mid-size jets, super mid-size jets, heavy jets, long-range jets, there are an estimated 15,000 business jets available for charter in the worldwide fleet. The US market is the largest and the European market is the second largest, with growing activity in the Middle East, Asia, the changing landscape of air taxi and air charter. Media related to Charter airlines at Wikimedia Commons
9.
Arctic
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The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska, Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places, the Arctic region is a unique area among Earths ecosystems. For example, the cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold, in recent years, Arctic sea ice decline has been caused by global warming. Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice, zooplankton and phytoplankton, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals, plants, Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic. The word Arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός, near the Bear, northern, there are a number of definitions of what area is contained within the Arctic. The area can be defined as north of the Arctic Circle, the southern limit of the midnight sun. The Arctics climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers and its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50 cm. High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall, average winter temperatures can be as low as −40 °C, and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C. Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures, the Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. Due to the migration of the planets isotherms, the Arctic region is currently shrinking. Perhaps the most spectacular result of Arctic shrinkage is sea ice loss, there is a large variance in predictions of Arctic sea ice loss, with models showing near-complete to complete loss in September from 2040 to some time well beyond 2100. About half of the models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100. Arctic life is characterized by adaptation to short growing seasons with long periods of sunlight, Arctic vegetation is composed of plants such as dwarf shrubs, graminoids, herbs, lichens and mosses, which all grow relatively close to the ground, forming tundra. As one moves northward, the amount of available for plant growth decreases considerably. Colder summer temperatures cause the size, abundance, productivity and variety of plants to decrease, trees cannot grow in the Arctic, but in its warmest parts, shrubs are common and can reach 2 m in height, sedges, mosses and lichens can form thick layers. In the coldest parts of the Arctic, much of the ground is bare, non-vascular plants such as lichens and mosses predominate, along with a few scattered grasses, herbivores on the tundra include the Arctic hare, lemming, muskox, and caribou. They are preyed on by the owl, Arctic fox, Grizzly bear
10.
Great Slave Lake
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The Great Slave Lake is the second-largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada, the deepest lake in North America at 614 metres, and the tenth-largest lake in the world. It is 469 km long and 20 to 203 km wide and it covers an area of 27,200 km2 in the southern part of the territory. Its given volume ranges from 1,070 km3 to 1,580 km3, the lake shares its name with the Slavey First Nations. Towns situated on the lake include, Yellowknife, Hay River, Behchoko, Fort Resolution, Lutselke, Hay River Reserve, Dettah, along the south shore, east of Hay River is the abandoned Pine Point Mine and the company town of Pine Point. North American Aboriginal Peoples were the first settlers around the lake after the retreat of glacial ice, each culture has left a distinct mark in the archaeological record based on type or size of lithic tools. Great Slave Lake was put on European maps during the emergence of the fur trade towards the northwest from Hudson Bay in the mid 18th century, the name Great Slave came from the Slavey Indians, one of the Athapaskan tribes living on its southern shores at that time. The name was influenced by Cree disdain for this rival tribe, as the French explorers dealt directly with the Cree traders, the large lake was referred to as Grand lac des Esclaves which was eventually translated into English as Great Slave Lake. British fur trader Samuel Hearne explored Great Slave Lake in 1771 and crossed the frozen lake, in 1897-1898, the American frontiersman Charles Buffalo Jones traveled to the Arctic Circle, where his party wintered in a cabin that they had constructed near the Great Slave Lake. In the 1930s, gold was discovered on the North Arm of Great Slave Lake, in 1960, an all-season highway was built around the west side of the lake, originally an extension of the Mackenzie Highway but now known as Yellowknife Highway or Highway 3. On January 24,1978, a Soviet Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite, named Kosmos 954, built with a nuclear reactor fell from orbit. Pieces of the nuclear core fell in the vicinity of Great Slave Lake, 90% of the nuclear debris was recovered by a joint Canadian Armed Forces and United States Armed Forces military operation called Operation Morning Light. The Hay, Slave and Taltson Rivers are its chief tributaries and it is drained by the Mackenzie River. Though the western shore is forested, the east shore and northern arm are tundra-like, the southern and eastern shores reach the edge of the Canadian Shield. Along with other such as the Great Bear and Athabasca. The East Arm of Great Slave Lake is filled with islands, the Pethei Peninsula separates the East Arm into McLeod Bay in the north and Christie Bay in the south. The lake is at least partially frozen during an average of eight months of the year, the main western portion of the lake forms a moderately deep bowl with a surface area of 18,500 km2 and a volume of 596 km3. This main portion has a depth of 187.7 m. South of Great Slave Lake, in a corner of Wood Buffalo National Park, is the Whooping Crane Summer Range
11.
Summit Air
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In the Northwest Territories, their bases include Yellowknife and Norman Wells. They also operate out of the United Kingdom and Indonesia, Summit Air started in Atlin, British Columbia in 1987. In January 2001, the base of operations was moved to Yellowknife, the Ledcor Group of Companies became a partner on June 1,2009. In August 2012 Summit acquired Arctic Sunwest Charters and all aircraft operated by Arctic Sunwest Charters were re-branded as Summit, in January 2015 the airline acquired an Avro RJ85 aircraft which is being operated by Summit for First Air for use on services from Yellowknife and Edmonton. A second Avro RJ85 has since been ordered, as of March 2015, Summit Air has the following aircraft registered with Transport Canada. All aircraft are listed under 8199400 Canada Inc, in addition Transport Canada lists a Cessna 207 registered to Summit Air with a cancelled certificate. Summit Air official site Canadian Company Capabilities
12.
Transport Canada
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Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing regulations, policies and services of transportation in Canada. It is part of the Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities portfolio, the current Minister of Transport is Marc Garneau. Transport Canada has its offices in Ottawa, Ontario, the Department of Transport was created in 1935 by the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King in recognition of the changing transportation environment in Canada at the time. He created a National Harbours Board and Trans-Canada Air Lines, the Department of Transport Act came into force November 2,1936. Transport Canada emerged from this process as a department focused on policy, in 2004, Transport Canada introduced non-passenger screening to enhance both airport and civil aviation security. Transport Canadas headquarters are located in Ottawa, at Place de Ville, each inspector with delegated power from the Minister of Transport receives official credentials to exercise their power, as shown on the right. These inspectors are public officers identified within the Criminal Code of Canada, the Motor Vehicle Safety Act was established in 1971 in order to create safety standards for cars in Canada. The department also acts as the governments funding partner with provincial transport ministries on jointly-funded provincial transportation infrastructure projects for new highways. On June 26,2013, the Fair Rail Freight Service Act became law which was a response to the Rail Freight Service Review’s Final Report, Transport Canada is responsible for the waterways inside and surrounding Canada. As was certain regulatory aspects of Emergency Response Transport Canadas role in aviation seems to be the most detailed, until 1996, Transport Canada was responsible for both regulation of aviation and the operation of air traffic services, as well as the operation of most major airports. This change was controversial because NAV CANADA began charging for services that were funded through general tax revenue. In 2005, the United States was discussing a similar delegation of the FAAs air traffic services to a government corporation. During the 1990s, Transport Canada also began privatizing the operation of large airports, in 2003, Transport Canada launched its Electronic Collection of Air Transportation Statistics program to collect passenger and cargo data in real-time from air carriers flying in Canada. ECATS will expand into the field of aviation during 2008. Transport Canada also collects data on all accidents and incidents, no matter how minor, Transport Canada continues to be responsible for licensing pilots and other aviation specialists as well as registering and inspecting aircraft. It is also responsible for the safety certification and continuous safety oversight of most forms of commercial operations, the Canadian Aviation Regulations are also under Transport Canada control. Transport Canadas Civil Aviation Directorate or is Canadas civil aviation authority and it existed since 1936 when civil aviation was transferred from the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence. de Havilland Canada Dash 7-150IR. In September 2009, the CBCs Fifth Estate produced a report Riding on Risk, the story was sparked by a lost memory stick which was found by a journalism student
13.
Aircraft maintenance engineer (Canada)
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In Canada an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer is a person who is Transport Canada licensed to sign the maintenance release of certified aircraft. The applicant for an AME licence must be at least 21 years of age, Aircraft Maintence Engineers must complete a training course at a TC Approved Training Organization, which are mostly Canadian vocational colleges. There are also approved distance learning courses, a period of apprenticeship prior to writing the licensing examinations is required. Upon successful completion they are granted an AME licence, which is valid for six years, AMEs retain their recency by completing maintenance or related work. These persons are individually licensed by the Canadian Federal Government through TC and are known as aircraft maintenance engineers or AMEs, not all aircraft maintenance releases require the signature of an AME in Canada. For work on Canadian aircraft conducted outside Canada a person licensed by state that has a bilateral agreement with TC may sign. In the case of aircraft the owner may sign and for owner-maintenance category aircraft the owner may sign if they are also a licensed pilot. In Canada ultralight aircraft, hang gliders and paragliders as well as model aircraft do not require signatures for release to return to flight. In the case of aircraft parts maintained on the bench persons authorized by an Approved Maintenance Organization may also sign the release, however, the maintenance release for the subsequent installation of such parts into an aircraft may only be made by the holder of an AME licence. Canada does not have a system that requires the person who performs aircraft maintenance to hold a license. Canada requires that the person who certifies the work has inspected it for accuracy, the Canadian AME license allows the holder to both perform AND to certify their own maintenance work, or to certify the maintenance work performed by an unlicensed person. A certificate. The US has focused on the performance of work, while Canada, the AME licence may be endorsed with one or more ratings. These are, Non-turbojet aircraft, under 12,566 lb max takeoff weight, all aircraft not included in M1, excluding balloons, but including all airframes, engines, propellers, components, structures and systems of those aircraft. Note, Holders of BOTH M1 and M2 licence also have privileges of both the E and S licenses. Some systems require specialized training and the holder must be current. Where proof of age cannot be provided by means of a document referred to in any of subparagraphs to, except as provided in CAR566.07, an applicant shall successfully complete basic training applicable to the rating as indicated in Appendix A. As proof of training, the applicant shall provide a certificate of completion of an acceptable aircraft maintenance training course. Where the applicant is seeking experience credit for the training, the certificate shall be issued pursuant to CAR403.08 Approved Training Organizations, applicable training may have been obtained by means of distance learning courses or traditional college
14.
Hangar
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A hangar is a closed building structure to hold aircraft, spacecraft or tanks in protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but other such as wood. The word hangar comes from Middle French hanghart, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *haimgard, from *haim, hangars are used for protection from the weather, direct sunlight, maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft on airfields, aircraft carriers and ships. The Wright brothers stored and repaired their aircraft in a wooden hangar constructed in 1902 at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina for their glider, after completing design and construction of the Wright Flyer in Ohio, the brothers returned to Kill Devil Hill only to find their hangar damaged. They repaired the structure and constructed a new workshop while they waited for the Flyer to be shipped, bleriot was in a race to be the first man to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air aircraft and set up his headquarters in the unused shed. In Britain, the earliest aircraft hangars were known as aeroplane sheds and these were built in 1910 for the Bristol School of Flying and are now Grade II* Listed buildings. Examples of the latter survive at Farnborough, Filton and Montrose airfields, during World War I, other standard designs included the RFC General Service Flight Shed and the Admiralty F-Type of 1916, the General Service Shed and the Handley Page aeroplane shed. Airship hangars or airship sheds are generally larger than conventional aircraft hangars, most early airships used hydrogen gas to provide them with sufficient buoyancy for flight, so their hangars had to provide protection from stray sparks to keep the gas from exploding. Hangars that held several airships were at risk from chain-reaction explosions, for this reason, most hangars for hydrogen-based airships were built to house only one or two such craft. During the Golden Age of airship travel from 1900, mooring masts and sheds were constructed to build, steel rigid airship hangars are some of the largest in the world. Hangar 1, Lakehurst, is located at Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst, the structure was completed in 1921 and is typical of airship hangar designs of World War I. The site is best known for the Hindenburg disaster, when on May 6,1937, Hangar No.1 at Lakehurst was used to build and store the American USS Shenandoah. The hangar also provided service and storage for the airships USS Los Angeles, Akron, Macon, as well as the Graf Zeppelin and the Hindenburg. The largest hangars ever built include the Goodyear Airdock measuring 1, 175x325x211 feet, the Goodyear Airdock, is in Akron, Ohio and the structure was completed on November 25,1929. The Airdock was used for the construction of the USS Akron and her sister ship, Hangar One at Moffett Federal Field, is located in Mountain View, California. The structure was completed in 1931, the US Navy established more airship operations during WWII. As part of this ten lighter-than-air bases across the United States were built as part of the defense plan. Hangars at these bases are some of the worlds largest freestanding timber structures, an alternative to the fixed hangar is a portable shelter that can be used for aircraft storage and maintenance
15.
Beechcraft Model 99
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The Beechcraft Model 99 is a civilian aircraft produced by the Beechcraft. It is also known as the Beech 99 Airliner and the Commuter 99, designed in the 1960s as a replacement for the Beechcraft Model 18, it first flew in July 1966. It received type certification on May 2,1968, and 62 aircraft were delivered by the end of the year, in 1984, the Beechcraft 1900, a pressurized 19-passenger airplane, was introduced as the follow-on aircraft. Nearly half the Beech 99s in airline service are now operated as freighters by Ameriflight,99 Airliner, Twin-engined Commuter and cargo transport aircraft,10,400 lb max takeoff weight, accommodation for a crew of two and up to 15 passengers. Powered by two 550-hp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 turboprop engines,99 Executive, Executive transport version of the 99 Airliner. 99A Airliner, Same as the 99 Airliner, but powered by two Pratt & Whitney PT6A-27 engines flat-rated at 550 hp, a99A Airliner, One of a kind, 99A Airliner without wing center section tanks, this aircraft has been scrapped. B99 Airliner, Improved version,10,900 lb max takeoff weight, B99 Executive, Executive transport version of the B99 Airliner.7 ft² Empty weight,5,533 lb Loaded weight, <.10400 lb l 10900 lb,11300 lb > Max. Takeoff weight,10,400,10,900, or 11,300 lb – see above Powerplant,2 × Pratt & Whitney PT6A-20, -27. nets background of the 99
16.
Beechcraft King Air
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The Beechcraft King Air family is part of a line of utility aircraft produced by Beechcraft. The King Air was the first aircraft in its class and has been in production since 1964. It has outsold all of its competitors combined. The Model 90 King Air was conceived as the Model 120 in 1961, in May 1963, Beechcraft began test flights of the proof-of-concept Model 87, a modified Queen Air with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-6 engines. On 14 July, Beech announced a new type, and a month later began accepting orders for the King Air, after 10 months of test flying, in 1964 the Model 87 was delivered to the United States Army as the NU-8F. On 24 January, the first definitive prototype, by now designated Model 65-90 and also fitted with PT6A-6 engines, flew for the first time. The first production aircraft was delivered on October 8, and by the end of the month,152 aircraft had been ordered, by years end, in 1966, after 112 65-90s were completed, production switched to the Model 65-A90 with PT6A-20 engines. As a measure of the popularity,206 65-A90s were built in less than two years when production switched to the Model B90, the first of these rolling off the production line in 1968. Military versions built during these years included the 65-A90-1, 65-A90-2, 65-A90-3 and these were produced for the US Army which designated them U-21s of various sub-models, many were fitted out for electronic battlefield surveillance. A total of 162 of these were built between 1967 and 1971, the broadly similar Model E90 was introduced the following year, with PT6A-28 engines, the two were produced in parallel. Further refinement of the 90 series resulted in the Model F90, the F-models featured the T-tail of the Model 200 King Air mated to the fuselage and wings of the E90, with PT6A-135 engines of 750 shp driving four-bladed propellers. The F90 prototype flew on 16 January 1978 and 203 production versions followed between 1979 and 1983, when the F90 was superseded by the F90-1. The F90 prototype was re-engined with Garrett AiResearch TPE-331 engines to test the feasibility of a Model G90, the Model C90-1 entered production in 1982 after 507 C90s and 347 E90s had been built, and featured PT6A-21 engines and improvements to the pressurization system. The C90-1 was soon followed by the Model C90A, which featured the engine cowlings of the F90-1. The C90A received an increase in MTOW in 1987, being certified to 10,100 lb, the C90A model was in production until 1992, by which time 235 had been built, all but 74 with the increased MTOW. Only two C90As were built in 1992, the Model C90B followed that year with airframe improvements, four-bladed propellers and this model also had PT6A-21s, the first production C90B was fitted with the 10, 000th PT6 engine delivered to Beechcraft. A total of 456 C90Bs and C90SEs were delivered by the production of these models ended in late 2005. In July 2005, during the Oshkosh Airshow, Beechcraft introduced the C90GT, the C90GT was fitted with 750 shp PT6A-135As, flat rated to the same 550 shp as the earlier King Airs
17.
De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
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The de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver is a single-engined, high-wing, propeller-driven, STOL aircraft developed by de Havilland Canada, primarily known as a bush plane. It is used for cargo and passenger hauling, aerial application, the United States Army purchased several hundred, nine DHC-2s are still in service with the U. S. Air Force Auxiliary for search and rescue. A Royal New Zealand Air Force Beaver supported Sir Edmund Hillarys expedition to the South Pole, over 1,600 Beavers were produced until 1967 when the original assembly line shut down. Due to its success, the Royal Canadian Mint commemorated the Beaver on a special edition Canadian quarter in November 1999, after the war, de Havilland Canada management turned to the civilian market for work, aware that military contracts were unlikely to guarantee business. Almost without variation, the pilots asked for extra power and STOL performance, in a design that could be easily fitted with wheels. When de Havilland engineers noted that this would result in poor cruise performance, the doors were also made wide enough to allow for a 44 Imperial gallon drum to be rolled up into the aircraft. On September 17,1946, de Havilland officially put together a team consisting of Fred Buller, Dick Hiscocks, Jim Houston and W. Jakimiuk. At the time de Havilland Canada was still a British-owned company and this limited power, so the wing area was greatly increased in order to maintain STOL performance. When Pratt & Whitney Canada offered to supply war-surplus 450 hp Wasp Jr engines at a low price, the result was unbeatable STOL performance for an aircraft of its size. After much testing and with adjustments and improvements, the airplane was ready for the sales circuit. Since de Havilland Canada aircraft were all named after animals, it was decided that the new plane was much like the hard-working beaver. The first flight of the DHC-2 Beaver was in Downsview, Ontario by Second World War flying ace Russell Bannock on August 16,1947, the first production aircraft was delivered to the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, a design partner, in April 1948. Initial sales were slow, perhaps two or three a month but as the plane was demonstrated sales started to improve, a key event in the Beavers history occurred the next year, when the US Army started looking for a new utility aircraft to replace their Cessnas. The competition quickly boiled down to the Beaver and the Cessna 195 but the Beaver outperformed the 195 and with the outbreak of the Korean War, soon orders increased from around the world. When production finally ceased in 1967,1,657 DHC-2 Beavers had been built, the Beaver was designed for flight in rugged and remote areas of the world. Its short takeoff and landing capability made it ideal for areas normally only accessible by canoe or foot, because it often flies to remote locations, often in cold climates, its oil reservoir filler is located in the cockpit and oil can be filled in flight. A series of upgrades to the design were incorporated. One major customer introduced the use of flat steps replacing the earlier tubes, in 1987, the Canadian Engineering Centennial Board named the DHC-2 one of the top ten Canadian engineering achievements of the 20th century
18.
Amphibious aircraft
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This article discusses fixed-wing amphibious aircraft. For rotary-wing amphibious aircraft, see Amphibious helicopter, an amphibious aircraft or amphibian is an aircraft that can take off and land on both land and water. Some amphibians are fitted with reinforced keels which act as skis, many amphibian aircraft are of the flying boat type. While these impose weight and drag, amphibious aircraft also face the possibility of getting hit when operating from a runway. A common solution is to make them retractable as those found on the Consolidated Catalina however these are heavier than fixed floats. Some aircraft may have the tip floats removed for extended use from land and these are not built to take the impact of the aircraft landing on them. An occasional problem with amphibians is with ensuring the wheels are in the position for landing. In normal operation, the uses a checklist, verifying each item. Since amphibians can land with them up or down though, the pilot must take care to ensure they are correct for the chosen landing place. Landing wheels up on land may damage the keel, while landing wheels down on water will almost always flip the aircraft upside down, Amphibious aircraft are heavier and slower, more complex and more expensive to purchase and operate than comparable landplanes but are also more versatile. Even if they cannot hover or land vertically, for jobs they compete favorably with helicopters. This makes an amphibious aircraft, such as the Grumman Albatross, the most notable being the Short Sunderland which carried out many anti-submarine patrols over the North Atlantic on sorties of 8 –12 hours duration. The Grumman Corporation, late-comers to the game, introduced a pair of light utility amphibious aircraft - the Goose, however, their military potential could not be ignored, and many were ordered by the US Armed forces and their allies during World War II. Not coincidentally, the Consolidated Catalina was redeveloped from being a flying boat into an amphibian during the war. Development of amphibians continues in Russia with the jet engined Beriev Be-200, italy, bordering the Mediterranean and Adriatic has had a long history of waterborne aircraft going back to the first Italian aircraft to fly. While most were not amphibians, quite a few were, including the Savoia-Marchetti S. 56A, although successful, flying boat amphibians like it ultimately proved less versatile than floatplane amphibians and are no longer as common as they once were. Many today are homebuilts, by necessity as the demand is too small to justify the costs of development, Amphibious helicopter Amphibious vehicle List of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft Floatplane Flying boat Seaplane Tigerfish Aviation Unmanned aerial vehicle
19.
De Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo
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The de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo is a short takeoff and landing utility transport, a turboprop aircraft developed from the earlier piston-powered DHC-4 Caribou. The aircraft has extraordinary STOL performance and is able to take off in much shorter than even most light aircraft can manage. The Buffalo arose from a 1962 United States Army requirement for a STOL transport capable of carrying the payload as the CH-47A Chinook helicopter. De Havillands design, the DHC-5 Buffalo, was chosen as the winner of the United States Army competition in early 1963, with four DHC-5s, the first of these aircraft made its maiden flight on 9 April 1964. All four aircraft were delivered in 1965, the Buffalo carrying nearly twice the payload as the Caribou while having better STOL performance, the prototype CV-7A was exhibited by the manufacturer at the 1965 Paris Air Show wearing US Army markings. Company data claims a takeoff distance over a 50 ft obstacle of 1,210 ft at 41,000 lb, in the early 1980s, de Havilland Canada attempted to modify the Buffalo for civilian use. The aircraft was to be branded as the Transporter, after loss of the demonstration aircraft at the 1984 Farnborough Airshow, the project was abandoned. In the early 1970s, a NASA C-8A Buffalo was fitted with a short-span Boeing wing incorporating split-flow turbofan engines based on the Rolls-Royce Spey, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, NASA used another C-8A Buffalo in the Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft program. Its experimental wing was designed, fabricated and installed by Boeing, instead of the standard engines, this aircraft was powered by four prototype Avco Lycoming YF102 high-bypass turbofan engines mounted above the wing to take advantage of the Coandă effect. In 1980, this aircraft participated in carrier trials aboard USS Kitty Hawk, in December 2008, Viking Air indicated their intention to put the Buffalo series back into production at their home factory in Victoria, British Columbia or in Calgary, Alberta. The new production Buffalo features Pratt & Whitney Canada PW150 turboprops, the Royal Canadian Air Force first acquired 15 DHC-5A designated as CC-115 for tactical transports. These were initially operated at CFB St Hubert, QC by No.429 Squadron in a tactical role as part of Mobile Command. In 1970, the Buffalo aircraft were transferred to a transport and rescue role with No.442 Squadron, No.413 Squadron, No.426 Squadron also flew the aircraft for training. Some were leased back or loaned back to the factory for trials, three of the aircraft were also deployed on UN missions to the Middle East with No.116 Transport Unit until 1979. They had a paint scheme which was retained while they were serving in domestic transport with 424 Sqn in between deployments. On 9 August 1974, Canadian Forces CC-115 Buffalo 115461 was shot down by a Syrian surface-to-air missile and this represents the single biggest loss of Canadian lives on a UN mission as well as the most recent Canadian military aircraft to be shot down. In 1975, the Buffalo dropped its tactical role and was converted to domestic search and rescue. The initial paint scheme for the SAR converted aircraft were white, the previous drab paint and white paint were eventually replaced with the distinctive yellow and red scheme commonly seen today
20.
De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
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In addition, the Twin Otter has been popular with commercial skydiving operations, and is used by the United States Army Parachute Team and the United States Air Forces 98th Flying Training Squadron. Development of the began in 1964, with the first flight on May 20,1965. The availability of the 550 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-20 turboprop in the early 1960s made the concept of a more feasible. The first six aircraft produced were designated Series 1, indicating that they were prototype aircraft, the initial production run consisted of Series 100 aircraft, serial numbers seven to 115 inclusive. In 1968, Series 200 production began with serial number 116, all Series 1,100, and 200 aircraft and their variants were fitted with the 550-shaft-horsepower PT6A-20 engines. In 1969, the Series 300 was introduced, beginning with serial number 231, both aircraft performance and payload were improved by fitting more powerful PT6A-27 engines. This was a 680 hp engine that was flat-rated to 620 hp for use in the Series 300 Twin Otter. The Series 300 proved to be the most successful variant by far, with 614 Series 300 aircraft, on February 24,2006, Viking purchased the type certificates from Bombardier Aerospace for all the out-of-production de Havilland Canada aircraft. The ownership of the certificates gives Viking the exclusive right to new aircraft. On July 17,2006, at the Farnborough Air Show, on April 2,2007, Viking announced that with 27 orders and options in hand, it was restarting production of the Twin Otter, equipped with more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 engines. As of November 2007,40 firm orders and 10 options had been taken, zimex Aviation of Switzerland received the first new production aircraft, serial number 845, in July 2010. By mid-2014, Viking had built 55 new aircraft at its Calgary facility, the production rate as of summer 2014 was about 24 aircraft per year. In April 2015, Viking announced a reduction of the rate to 18 aircraft per year. On June 17,2015, Viking further announced a partnership with a Chinese firm, the group will purchase 50 aircraft and become the exclusive representatives for new Series 400 Twin Otters in China. Twin Otters could be delivered directly from the factory with floats, skis, or tricycle landing gear fittings, making them adaptable bush planes for remote, areas including Canada and the United States, had much of the demand. Many Twin Otters still serve in the far north, but they can also be found in Africa, Australia, Asia, Antarctica and their versatility and maneuverability have made them popular in areas with difficult flying environments such as Papua New Guinea. In Norway, the Twin Otter paved the way for the network of short-field airports, the Twin Otter showed outstanding reliability, and remained in service until 2000 on certain routes. Widerøe of Norway was, at one time, the worlds largest operator of Twin Otters, during one period of its tenure in Norway, the Twin Otter fleet achieved over 96,000 cycles per year
21.
Combi aircraft
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Combi aircraft typically feature an oversized cargo door, as well as tracks on the cabin floor to allow the seats to be added or removed quickly. Typically, configured for passenger and cargo duty, the passenger compartment is pressurized to a higher pressure, to prevent fumes from cargo entering the passenger area. One U. S. air carrier that flew propeller-driven combi aircraft was Northwest Airlines, the round trip routing for this flight which was operated once a week was New York-Chicago-Seattle-Anchorage-Tokyo. The DC-7C was configured with all seating in the passenger cabin. By 1966, Northwest was operating jet service with Boeing 707-320C aircraft between the U. S. and Asia. Another U. S. airline that operated combi aircraft was Braniff International. C, - Nashville - Memphis - Dallas Love Field, Seattle - Portland - Dallas Love Field, and Denver - Dallas Love Field. An Asian operator of aircraft was Royal Brunei Airlines flying Boeing 737-200QC aircraft. In 1983, Royal Brunei was operating nonstop service with the 737 between its home base of Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei and Bangkok, Hong Kong and Singapore. A long time user of combi aircraft is KLM which is known as KLM Royal Dutch airlines. KLMs DC-8 combi aircraft featured all coach service with no first class cabin, the airline currently operates Boeing 747-400 combi aircraft. Other European airlines operating combi aircraft in the past included Air France, including Anchorage, Boston, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, New York JFK Airport, Philadelphia and San Francisco. In both cases, Anchorage was used as a stop by the Air France and Lufthansa combi services on the polar route between Europe and Japan. In addition, Sabena was operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 combis at this time as well, there was also a combi version of the successor to the DC-10 being the McDonnell Douglas MD-11C which was operated by Alitalia. During the early 1990s, Garuda Indonesia Airlines was operating Boeing 747 combis between Jakarta and Los Angeles via Honolulu, Air Marshall Islands was a somewhat exotic combi aircraft operator flying a Douglas DC-8-62CF jetliner in mixed passenger/freight operations. Air Marshall Islands is still currently in existence flying regional turboprops, nowadays, many airlines have converted their combis into full passenger service or full freighter service for the potential of more profitable operations. Alaska Airlines previously operated Boeing 727-100C aircraft which were capable of combi operations. Wien was the customer for the combi version of the B737-200. First Air continues to operate combi aircraft at the present time including Boeing 737-200 and 737-400 jetliners as well as the ATR-42 turboprop, other combi operators in Canada in the past included CP Air and Pacific Western with both airlines flying Boeing 727-100 and Boeing 737-200 combi aircraft
22.
Floatplane
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A floatplane is a type of seaplane, with one or more slender pontoons mounted under the fuselage to provide buoyancy. By contrast, a flying boat uses its fuselage for buoyancy, either type of seaplane may also have landing gear suitable for land, making the vehicle an amphibious aircraft. Since World War II and the advent of helicopters, advanced aircraft carriers and land-based aircraft and this, coupled with the increased availability of civilian airstrips, have greatly reduced the number of flying boats being built. These floatplanes have found their niche as one type of plane, for light duty transportation to lakes. They may operate on a basis, provide scheduled service, or be operated by residents of the area for private. Floatplanes have often been derived from land-based aircraft, with fixed floats mounted under the fuselage instead of retractable undercarriage, attaching floats to a landplane also allows for much larger production volumes to pay for the development and production of the small number of aircraft operated from water. Additionally, on all but the largest seaplanes, floatplane wings usually offer more clearance over obstacles, such as docks, a typical single engine flying boat is unable to bring the hull alongside a dock for loading while most floatplanes are able to do so. Floats inevitably impose extra drag and weight, rendering floatplanes slower and less manoeuvrable during flight, with a rate of climb. Some early twin float designs had additional wingtip stabilizing floats, by comparison, dual floats restrict handling, often to waves as little as one foot in height. However, twin float designs facilitate mooring and boarding, and – in the case of torpedo bombers – leave the free to carry a torpedo. Popular Science, February 1945, pp. 134–135
23.
Tundra tire
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A tundra tire is a large low-pressure tire used on light aircraft to allow operations on rough terrain. A common variant of tundra tire is the bushwheel, low-pressure tires provide greater cushioning and enable aircraft to land on rough surfaces, unsuitable for normal tires. Bushwheels are a modification for backcountry aircraft. The tundra-style tire has been invented at different times and places. S. Patent 1,877,360, for its inventor, Alvin J. Musselman — which was introduced to the American public in the late summer of 1929. Phipps then went on to air transportation to much of the Canadian high arctic region. He later established his own airline, Atlas Aviation, which operated a fleet of De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters on balloon tires, using the tires, Atlass DHC-6s established airline service to such remote communities as Resolute, Nunavut and Grise Fiord, Nunavut. In the United States and particularly in Alaska, tundra tires of various designs were often installed under local field approvals by Federal Aviation Administration inspectors and these approvals were usually granted on the basis of visual inspections and did not include flight testing. Starting in April 1995 the FAA carried out flight test experiments to determine whether the tundra tires were a contributing factor. The tests used a Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub equipped in sequence with five different sets of tires, including standard factory tires, the PA-18 was operated at different weights and center-of-gravity positions. In the air, the use of tundra tires reduced top speed, rate of climb, angle of climb, range, useful load and stall warning buffet margins. The tests did not indicate that tundra tires raise stall speed, but did find that, due to increased drag in turns, if the pilot counteracts this tendency with rudder and stalls the aircraft, the airplane will rapidly enter a spin. The FAA also limited tundra tires to 35 in in diameter, until the end of the 20th century tundra tires were mostly used by bush operators flying in remote areas. In the early part of the 21st century many sales of tires have been to recreational pilots
24.
Bombardier Dash 8
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The Bombardier Dash 8 or Q-Series, previously known as the de Havilland Canada Dash 8 or DHC-8, is a series of twin-engine, medium-range, turboprop airliners. Introduced by de Havilland Canada in 1984, they are now produced by Bombardier Aerospace, over 1,000 Dash 8s of all models have been built. The Dash 8 was developed from the de Havilland Canada Dash 7, with the Dash 8, DHC focused on improving cruise performance and lowering operational costs. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100, the aircraft has been delivered in four series. Models delivered after 1997 have cabin noise suppression and are designated with the prefix Q, production of the Series 100 ceased in 2005, and the Q200 and Q300 in 2009. In the 1970s, de Havilland Canada had invested heavily in its Dash 7 project, concentrating on STOL and short-field performance, however, only a handful of air carriers employed the Dash 7, as most regional airlines were more interested in operational costs than short-field performance. In 1980, de Havilland responded by dropping the short-field performance requirement and its favoured engine supplier, Pratt & Whitney Canada, developed the new PW100 series engines for the role, more than doubling the power from its PT6. Originally designated the PT7A-2R engine, it became the PW120. When the Dash 8 rolled out on April 19,1983, certification of the PW120 followed in late 1983. First flight was on June 20,1983, and the airliner entered service in 1984 with NorOntair, in 1984, Piedmont Airlines, formerly Henson Airlines, was the first US customer for the Dash 8. The Dash 8 design has better performance than the Dash 7, is less expensive to operate. The Dash 8 has the lowest cost per mile of any regional airliner of its era. In April 2008, Bombardier announced that production of the classic versions would be ended, a total of 671 Dash 8 classics were produced, the last one was delivered to Air Nelson in May 2008. The payload is increased by 2,000 pounds and the maintenance check intervals are increased,800 hours from 600 for an A-check and 8,000 hours from 6,000 for a C-check. Bombardier proposed development of a Q400 stretch with two segments, called the Q400X project, in 2007. In response to this project, as of November 2007, ATR was studying a 90-seat stretch, as of July 2010, Bombardiers vice president, Phillipe Poutissou, made comments explaining the company was still studying the prospects of designing the Q400X and talking with potential customers. At the time, Bombardier was not as committed to the Q400X as it had been previously, as of February 2012, Bombardier was still studying the issue, but as of 2011, the launch date is no longer targeted for the 2014 range. At least a three-year delay was envisioned, in October 2012, a joint development deal with a government-led South Korean consortium was revealed, to develop a 90-seater turboprop regional airliner, targeting a 2019 launch date
25.
Piper PA-31 Navajo
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The Piper PA-31 Navajo is a family of cabin-class, twin-engined aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft for the general aviation market, most using Lycoming engines. It was also license-built in a number of Latin American countries, targeted at small-scale cargo and feeder liner operations and the corporate market, the aircraft was a success. It continues to prove a popular choice, but due to decreased demand across the general aviation sector in the 1980s. At the request of company founder William T. Piper, Piper began development of a six- to eight-seat twin-engined corporate and commuter transport aircraft in 1962 under the project name Inca. The type, now designated the PA-31 and looking like a scaled-up Twin Comanche, was announced in late 1964 after its first flight on 30 September that year. As testing proceeded two cabin windows were added to each side of the fuselage and the engines moved further forward, the PA-31-300 was the next model, certified by the FAA in June 1967. This model was the one of the PA-31 series not to have turbocharged engines. A pair of 300 hp Lycoming IO-540-M1A5 engines were fitted to the PA-31-300, following the introduction of the PA-31-300 the turbocharged model began to be known unofficially as the PA-31-310. The PA-31-300 was only produced in 1968 and 1969 and had the smallest production total for any PA-31 series model, the next member of the family was also Pipers first pressurized aircraft, the PA-31P Pressurized Navajo, certified in late 1969. Development of the PA-31P had begun in January 1966, before the FAA had awarded the PA-31 a Type certificate, MTOW was greatly increased at 7,800 lb. Also known unofficially as the PA-31P-425, the PA-31P was produced from 1970 to 1977, in 1971 Piper introduced improvements to the PA-31 model. The fuselage was lengthened by 2 ft 0 in, allowing for up to ten seats in total, variants of the Lycoming TIO-540 developing 350 hp were fitted to the Chieftain, with an opposite-rotation LTIO-540 installed on the right-hand wing, MTOW was increased to 7,000 lb. The Chieftains introduction was delayed by a flood at Pipers factory at Lock Haven, Pennsylvania caused by Hurricane Agnes, in 1974 Piper used a Navajo B as the basis for developing a new model, the PA-31-325 Navajo C/R. The Navajo C/R had lower-power versions of the engines of the Chieftain. After certification of the PA-31-325 in May 1974, production commenced in the 1975 model year, the Navajo B was also superseded in the 1975 model year, by the Navajo C version of the PA-31 model. Piper established its T1000 Airliner Division in May 1981 at its Lakeland, there were two aircraft in the T1000 series. The T1020, or more accurately the PA-31-350T1020 was a PA-31-350 Chieftain optimized for and it featured reduced fuel capacity compared to the standard Chieftain, with the 40 US gal auxiliary fuel tanks in each wing of the Chieftain not fitted to the T1020. It also had reduced baggage capacity and up to eleven seats, the first T1020 was delivered in December 1981
26.
Avalon Rare Metals
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Avalon Advanced Materials Inc. is a Canadian mineral development company with a primary focus on the rare metals and minerals, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Avalon specializes in niche market metals and minerals with growing demand in new technology, avalon’s principal assets are its 100% owned Nechalacho Project, Separation Rapids, East Kemptville, Nova Scotia, Miramichi, Lilypad Lakes, and Warren Township. Avalon is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol AVL, avalon’s Nechalacho Rare Earth Elements Deposit, located 100 km southeast of Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The Nechalacho Deposit contains the more valuable HREE such as europium, terbium, Avalon completed a Feasibility Study in April 2013, focused on defining high-grade, HREE-rich resources in the large Basal Zone of the deposit. On July 29,2013, the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board completed its Report of Environmental Assessment and recommended approval of the Nechalacho Project. On November 4,2013, the Federal government approved the Project, allowing the Company to proceed with formal applications for the land use permits. Avalon is currently monitoring the rare earths market and new research into rare earth extraction techniques that can reduce operating costs and capital costs. Renewed work on the project is contingent upon recovery in demand and pricing for rare earths, in 2012, Avalon completed an Accommodation Agreement with the Deninu Kue First Nation. In February 2014, the signed a Participation Agreement with the Northwest Territory Metis Nation. Avalon is also developing a lithium deposit, located 70 km north of Kenora in Ontario, Canada. The Separation Rapids property is host to a large “complex-type pegmatite, the strike length of the deposit is over 1.5 km and the width ranges from 10 to 70 metres. The mineralized zone is exposed at surface in a low dome-shaped hill. This part of the deposit will be amenable to mining by low-cost quarrying methods. The East Kemptville Tin-Indium Project is located approximately 45 km northeast of Yarmouth, Avalon completed a seven-hole confirmation drilling program in September 2014. Avalon has made social responsibility, health and safety and environmental stewardship its cornerstones of development, in 2011, Avalon produced its first full corporate sustainability report, entitled Journey to a Sustainable Future, prepared within the framework of the GRI version G3.1. A2016 Sustainability Report Minerals for Transitioning Economies was released in November 2016, in 2011, Avalon established its University Student Outreach Initiative to build and enhance the talent pools needed to design, improve and operate future facilities. Given the limited rare metals course material in Canadian universities, Avalon has partnered with several institutions to promote knowledge of metals within university curriculum. Avalon has also sponsored students to participate in conferences and provided research initiatives, cultivating the next generation of engineers
27.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
28.
Royal Canadian Air Force
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The Royal Canadian Air Force is the air force of Canada. Its role is to provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower, the RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces. Lieutenant-General Michael J. Hood, CMM CD, is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force, the RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command. The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search, the RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was incorporated in 1923 and granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V, in 1968 the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy, and the Canadian Army, as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces. Air units were split between several different commands, Air Defence Command, Air Transport Command, Mobile Command, Maritime Command, in 1975 some commands were dissolved, and all air units were placed under a new environmental command called simply Air Command. Air Command reverted to its name of the Royal Canadian Air Force in August 2011. The Royal Canadian Air Force has served in the Second World War, the Korean War, as a NATO member, the force maintained a presence in Europe during the second half of the 20th century. The Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 as the successor to a short-lived two-squadron Canadian Air Force formed during the First World War in Europe. John Scott Williams, MC, AFC, was tasked in 1921 with organizing the CAF, the new Canadian Air Force was a branch of the Air Board and was chiefly a training militia that provided refresher training to veteran pilots. Many CAF members also worked with the Air Boards Civil Operations Branch on operations that included forestry, in 1923, the CAF became responsible for all flying operations in Canada, including civil aviation. In 1924, the Canadian Air Force, was granted the royal title, most of its work was civil in nature, however, in the late 1920s the RCAF evolved into more of a military organization. After budget cuts in the early 1930s, the air began to rebuild. By the end of the war, the RCAF had become the fourth largest allied air force, after the war, the RCAF reduced its strength. In 1950, the RCAF became involved with the transport of troops and supplies to the Korean War, however, members of the RCAF served in USAF units as exchange officers and several flew in combat. Both auxiliary and regular air defence squadrons were run by Air Defence Command, at the same time, the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line and the DEW Line radar stations, largely operated by the RCAF, were built across Canada because of the growing Soviet nuclear threat. In 1957, Canada and the United States created the joint North American Air Defense Command, coastal defence and peacekeeping also became priorities during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1968 the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force and this initiative was overseen by then Liberal Defence Minister, Paul Hellyer
29.
Air Nunavut
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Air Nunavut is an airline based in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada. It is the local and Inuit-owned air carrier in the eastern Arctic, operating MEDEVAC and charter services throughout Canadas Arctic, northern Quebec. Its main base is Iqaluit Airport, the airline was established and started charter operations in 1989 as Air Baffin. Scheduled services were inaugurated in May 1992, the airline also has two main base of operations. Oshawa Airport and Iqaluit Airport Three Falcon 10s operate out of the Oshawa Airport under the company name SmoothAir Charter. The Beechcraft King Air 200s remain in Iqaluit servicing the surrounding communities
30.
Air BC
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Air BC was an airline headquartered in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. It is now part of Air Canada Jazz and this regional airline primarily flew turboprop aircraft but also operated jets as well as an Air Canada Connector carrier on behalf of Air Canada via a code share feeder agreement. A combined fleet emerged, including STOL capable de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters with some Twin Otters being operated as float planes, in 1983, STOL capable DHC-7 Dash 7 turboprop aircraft were delivered and then in 1986 DHC-8 Dash 8-100 turboprops were acquired. In 1987, Air Canada purchased 85% of Air BC, Air BC entered the jet age in 1988 with British Aerospace BAe 146-200 aircraft which was the only jetliner type ever operated by the air carrier. In 1994, the airline was operating British Aerospace Jetstream 31 propjets as part of their Air Canada Connector code share feeder services, stretched DHC-8 Dash 8-300 turboprop aircraft were introduced as well. In March 1995, Air Canada purchased the shares of Air BC. In January 2001, a newly merged carrier called Air Canada Regional Inc was established, a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada, this company combined the individual strengths of five regional airlines – Air BC, Air Nova, Air Ontario, Air Alliance and Canadian Regional Airlines. Consolidation of these five companies was completed in 2002 and was marked by the launch of a new name and brand, Air Canada Jazz. Air BC served the following destinations in the fall of 1991 in Canada and the U. S. according to the Air BC - Air Canada Connector November 3,1991 system timetable route map
31.
Air Club International
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Air Club International Ltd. was a Canadian charter airline that operated from 1993 to 1998. The carriers first airplane was an A310-300 acquired via Airbus Leasing and used for routes towards Europe, later, the airline obtained additional A310 aircraft and, late in January 1995, began using a Boeing 747-200 leased from Japan Airlines from its Vancouver base. As part of a contract with Air India, Air Club operated flights from India to several international destinations, between seasons, Air Club also operated different contractual flights for various organizations. Air Club ceased operations in 1998 and returned the aircraft to the lessors. Amsterdam Berlin London Paramaribo Paris Glasgow Vancouver Frankfurt/Main 4 Airbus A3102 Boeing 747-200 Air Club International at Airliners. net Air Club International at timetableimages. com
32.
Air Labrador
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Labrador Airways Limited, operating as Air Labrador, is a regional airline based in Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Its main base is Goose Bay Airport, with a hub at Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon Airport. Its motto is The Spirit of Flight, since then the base of the company has moved to Goose Bay. It was purchased in 1983 by Provincial Investments Inc. owned by Roger Pike, along with associate company, Air Labrador was owned by the Pike Family, but then taken over by Philip Earle in 2010. Air Labrador conducted a flight in the 1990s with a Santa Claus visit on board while it taxied the tarmac. In March 2009, the announced they were ceasing flight service to Montreal due to financial trouble. Airline service ended in Newfoundland in May 2009, two months after announcing the shut down of Montreal operations, the airline now continues to fly within Labrador and Quebec, as well as St. Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador. On February 3,2012, the announced that the Nunatsiavut Government bought a 51% share in Air Labrador
33.
Air Mikisew
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Air Mikisew was an airline based in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. It operated scheduled services in the Fort McMurray/Fort Chipewyan region. Its main base was the Fort McMurray Airport, Mikisew is the Cree word for eagle. The airline was established as Contact Airways in 1960 with a Class 4C operating license and it was sold in the 1960s and later became wholly owned by the Mikisew Cree First Nation in 1995. It had 63 employees as of at March 2007 and it was awarded the Fort McMurray Business of the Year award in 2005. The airline was grounded in 2010 and permanently closed by 2011, air Mikisew provided scheduled flights between Fort Chipewyan, Fort McMurray, and Edmonton. It also provided aero-medical flights for the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo area and charter flights throughout western Canada
34.
Air Nova
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Air Nova was an airline based in Enfield, Nova Scotia, Canada that became part of Air Canada Regional in 2001. In 2002 the merger of Air BC, Air Ontario, Air Nova and Canadian Regional Airlines was finalised with the launch of a new name, Air Nova was established in July 1986 with two de Havilland Canada Dash 8 aircraft flying services to five destinations in Atlantic Canada. Further Dash 8s were acquired as the airline became successful and British Aerospace 146 jets were introduced as routes opened up in Canada, in the spring of 1999 Air Alliance and Air Nova consolidated under the Air Nova name. After the consolidation of Air Alliance, Air Nova served 28 destinations throughout Eastern Canada, Air Nova was a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada. 24 de Havilland Canada Dash 8-1005 BAe 146-2005 Beechcraft 1900D Air Nova archived website
35.
Air Ontario
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Air Ontario Inc. was a regional Canadian airline headquartered in London, Ontario. In 2002 Air Ontario became Air Canada Jazz, Great Lakes Airlines was formed in 1958, becoming Air Ontario Ltd. in 1983 and Air Ontario Inc. in June 1987 when James Plaxton purchased Great Lakes Airlines prior to its bankruptcy. Route expansion from Toronto Island Airport nonstop to both Montreal and Ottawa soon followed, along with the addition of new routes into the United States, in January 2001, a newly merged carrier called Air Canada Regional Inc. was established. A wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada, this combined the individual strengths of four regional airlines—Air BC, Air Nova, Air Ontario. Consolidation of these four companies was completed in 2002 and was marked by the launch of a new name and brand—Air Canada Jazz. The Convair 580 was initially operated in Air Canada Connector service along with the Dash 8 while the F28 was the jet aircraft type ever flown by Air Ontario. S. On 1 November 1988, Douglas C-47A C-FBJE crashed into Pikangikum Lake on a cargo flight from Red Lake Airport to Pikangikum Airport. Two of the three people on board were killed, some of the survivors were able to escape from the plane on their own but the others were carried to safety. The accident happened because the APU did not work, so the crew had to keep one of the running at Dryden. Air Ontario Air Ontario history page at Air Canada Jazz
36.
Air Satellite
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Air Satellite was an airline based in Baie-Comeau, Quebec, Canada. It operated scheduled, charter passenger and cargo services, as well as supplying aviation fuel, ground services and aircraft maintenance and its main base was Baie-Comeau Airport, with hubs at Rimouski Airport, Sept-Îles Airport, Havre Saint-Pierre Airport and Quebec Airport. The airline was established in 1968 and started operations in May 1968 and it was founded by Jean Fournier and Real Poulin as a flying school. The acquisition of related companies led to the launch into passenger. The crash was one cause for the airlines diminished success, which led to its sale in 2007 to Exact Air. The Air Satellite fleet consisted of the aircraft in August 2007,2 Raytheon Beech King Air 1003 Cessna 4021 Cessna 310 Air Satellite Media related to Air Satellite at Wikimedia Commons
