1.
Yellowknife
–
Yellowknife is the capital and only city, as well as the largest community in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on the shore of Great Slave Lake, approximately 400 km south of the Arctic Circle. The current population is ethnically mixed, of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories, five are spoken in significant numbers in Yellowknife, Dene Suline, Dogrib, South and North Slavey, English, and French. In the Dogrib language, the city is known as Sǫ̀mbakè, the Yellowknife settlement is considered to have been founded in 1934, after gold was found in the area, although commercial activity in the present-day waterfront area did not begin until 1936. Yellowknife quickly became the centre of activity in the NWT. As gold production began to wane, Yellowknife shifted from being a town to a centre of government services in the 1980s. However, with the discovery of diamonds north of Yellowknife in 1991, traditionally, First Nations people of Yellowknives Dene culture had occupied this region, by the 1930s they had a settlement on a point of land on the east side of Yellowknife Bay, Dettah. The current municipal area of Yellowknife was occupied by prospectors who ventured into the region in the mid-1930s, blakeney, made the first discovery of gold in the Yellowknife Bay area in 1898. The discovery was viewed as unimportant in those days because of the Klondike Gold Rush, in the late 1920s, aircraft were first used to explore Canadas Arctic regions. Samples of uranium and silver were uncovered at Great Bear Lake in the early 1930s, in 1933 two prospectors, Herb Dixon and Johnny Baker, canoed down the Yellowknife River from Great Bear Lake to survey for possible mineral deposits. They found gold samples at Quyta Lake, about 30 km up the Yellowknife River, the following year, Johnny Baker returned as part of a larger crew to develop the previous gold finds and search for more. Gold was found on the east side of Yellowknife Bay in 1934, when government geologists uncovered gold in more favourable geology on the west side of Yellowknife Bay in the fall of 1935, a small staking rush occurred. From 1935 to 1937, one prospector and trapper named Winslow C, Ranney staked in the area between David Lake and Rater Lake with few commercial results. The nearby hill known as Ranney Hill is his namesake and a hiking destination today. Although Con Mine was the most impressive gold deposit and its development created the excitement that led to the first settlement of Yellowknife in 1936–1937, Some of the first businesses were Corona Inn, Weaver & Devore Trading, Yellowknife Supplies and post office, and the Wildcat Cafe. Con Mine entered production on September 5,1938, the population of Yellowknife quickly grew to 1,000 by 1940, and by 1942, five gold mines were in production in the Yellowknife region. However, by 1944, gold production had ground to a halt as men were needed for the war effort, an exploration program at the Giant Mine property on the north end of town had suggested a sizable gold deposit in 1944. This new find resulted in a massive post-war staking rush to Yellowknife and it also resulted in new discoveries at the Con Mine, greatly extending the life of the mine
Yellowknife
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Skyline of downtown Yellowknife
Yellowknife
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Looking southwest, across Yellowknife from the Bush Pilots Monument
Yellowknife
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Yellowknife in the mid twentieth century
Yellowknife
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April 28, 2012 on Yellowknife Bay. The surface melt begins to make transportation more difficult to and from the houseboats near Jolliffe Island.
2.
Northwest Territories
–
The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 and its estimated population as of 2016 is 44,291. Yellowknife became the capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission. The Northwest Territories are bordered by Canadas two other territories, Nunavut to the east and Yukon to the west, and by the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to the south. The name is descriptive, adopted by the British government during the era to indicate where it lay in relation to Ruperts Land. It is shortened from North-Western Territory, in Inuktitut, the Northwest Territories are referred to as ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ, beautiful land. There was some discussion of changing the name of the Northwest Territories after the splitting off of Nunavut, one proposal was Denendeh, as advocated by the former premier Stephen Kakfwi, among others. One of the most popular proposals for a new name – one to name the territory Bob – began as a prank, in the end a poll conducted prior to division showed that strong support remained to keep the name Northwest Territories. This name arguably became more appropriate following division than it had been when the territories extended far into Canadas north-central and it possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has an area of 1,183,085 km2. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island and its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m. The Northwest Territories extends for more than 1,300,000 km2 and has a large climate variant from south to north, the southern part of the territory has a subarctic climate, while the islands and northern coast have a polar climate. Summers in the north are short and cool, with highs in the mid teens Celsius. Winters are long and harsh, daytime highs in the mid −20 °C, extremes are common with summer highs in the south reaching 36 °C and lows reaching into the negatives. In winter in the south, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −40 °C, in the north, temperatures can reach highs of 30 °C, and lows can reach into the low negatives. In winter in the north it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −50 °C, thunderstorms are not rare in the south. In the north they are rare, but do occur. Tornadoes are extremely rare but have happened with the most notable one happening just outside Yellowknife that destroyed a communications tower, the Territory has a fairly dry climate due to the mountains in the west
Northwest Territories
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Ice road on
Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, 2009
Northwest Territories
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Flag
Northwest Territories
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Proclamation concerning the admission of
Rupert's Land and the North-West Territories to Canada
Northwest Territories
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Captain
John Henry Lefroy winter 1843/44
3.
2016 Arctic Winter Games
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The 2016 Arctic Winter Games, officially known with the slogan Join — Feel — Jump, is a winter multi-sport event which took place in Nuuk, Greenland, between 6–12 March 2016. The elected host city was announced on 14 September 2012 by the Arctic Winter Games International Committee in Whitehorse, Yukon, the Arctic Winter Games is the worlds largest multisport and cultural event for young people of the Arctic. The Games is a biennial celebration of circumpolar sports and culture held for a week. AWG celebrates sports, social interaction and culture, the Games contributes to creating an awareness on cultural diversity, and develops athletes to participate in the competitions with the focus on fair play. The Games binds the Arctic countries together and includes games such as Arctic sports. Over 2,000 athletes from nine teams participated in the games, the Arctic Winter Games celebrates culture and creates in the participants an awareness of cultural similarities and dissimilarities. Cultural exchange and social interaction are important parts of the Games, each participating country or region contributes with performances in dance, song, music, plays, or art. These cultural events reflect the traditional as well as the cultures of the Arctic. The Government of Greenland, the Municipality of Sermersooq and the community of Greenland are the owners. Led by a General Manager, the operations and the practical work are handled by the AWG2016 Secretariat. In September 2013, Maliina Abelsen was appointed as head of the Nuuk 2016 Organizing Committee, 2016s mascot is a Seal named Kuluk. Out of 228 different suggestions for the naming of the mascot competition,15 sport disciplines are scheduled in the 2018 Arctic Winter Games program. The 4 skiing sports are alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing and snowboarding, the 2 racquet sports are badminton and table tennis. Team members also receive a pin in recognition of their accomplishment
2016 Arctic Winter Games
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Nuuk 2016 Arctic Winter Games official emblem
4.
Sermersooq
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Sermersooq is a new municipality in Greenland, operational from 1 January 2009. It is home to Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, and is the most populous municipality in the country and it is the second largest municipality in the world by area, after Qaasuitsup. In the south, it is flanked by the Kujalleq municipality, in the northwest, the municipality is bordered by the Qeqqata municipality, and further north by the Qaasuitsup municipality. The latter border however runs north-south through the center of the Greenland ice sheet −, in the north the municipality is bordered by the Northeast Greenland National Park. In the east, near the settlement of Ittoqqortoormiit, the municipal shores straddle the Kangertittivaq fjord, the southeastern shores are bordered by the Anorituup Kangerlua fjord of the Irminger Sea in the North Atlantic Ocean. There are also flights between Nuuk and Paamiut Airport on the west coast. Kalaallisut, the West Greenlandic dialect is spoken in the towns, danish is also in use in the bigger towns. Tunumiit oraasiat, the East Greenlandic dialect, is spoken on the eastern coast
Sermersooq
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Clockwise from top left:
Nuuk,
Kulusuk,
Tasiilaq,
Kangertittivaq
5.
Greenland
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Greenland is an autonomous constituent country within the Danish Realm between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for more than a millennium. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century, Greenland is the worlds largest island. Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica. With a population of about 56,480, it is the least densely populated country in the world, the Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland, connecting the various cities and settlements. Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada, Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century, and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century. The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century, soon after their demise, beginning in 1499, the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island, naming it Terra do Lavrador. In the early 18th century, Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again, to strengthen trading and power, Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island. Greenland was settled by Vikings more than a thousand years ago, Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland, discovering North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached Caribbean islands. Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians, Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262, the Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century. Thus, the two kingdoms resources were directed at creating Copenhagen, Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved. Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814, and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark, in 1973, Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark. However, in a referendum in 1982, a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985, Greenland contains the worlds largest and most northernly national park, Northeast Greenland National Park. Greenland is divided into four municipalities - Sermersooq, Kujalleq, Qaasuitsup and it also retains control of monetary policy, providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK3.4 billion, which is planned to diminish gradually over time. Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources, the capital, Nuuk, held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games. At 70%, Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world, the early Viking settlers named the island as Greenland. In the Icelandic sagas, the Norwegian-born Icelander Erik the Red was said to be exiled from Iceland for manslaughter, along with his extended family and his thralls, he set out in ships to explore an icy land known to lie to the northwest. After finding an area and settling there, he named it Grœnland
Greenland
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Kingittorsuaq Runestone from
Kingittorsuaq Island (
Middle ages).
Greenland
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Flag
Greenland
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The last written records of the
Norse Greenlanders are of a marriage in 1408 in the
church of Hvalsey —today the best-preserved Nordic ruins in Greenland.
Greenland
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A 1747 map based on Egede's descriptions and misconceptions.
6.
List of Governors of Alaska
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The Governor of Alaska is the chief executive of the State of Alaska. Eleven people have served as governor of the State of Alaska over 13 distinct terms, though Alaska had over 30 civilian, only two governors, William Allen Egan and Bill Walker, were born in Alaska. Two people, Egan and Wally Hickel, have elected to multiple non-consecutive terms as governor. Hickel is also noted for a third party win in American politics. The longest-serving governor of the state was Egan, who was elected three times and served nearly 12 years, the longest-serving territorial governor was Ernest Gruening, who served 13½ years. The current governor is Bill Walker, who took office on December 1,2014, Alaska was purchased by the United States from the Russian Empire in 1867, with formal transfer occurring on October 18,1867, which is now celebrated as Alaska Day. Prior to then, it was known as Russian America or Russian Alaska, controlled by the governors, the Department of the Treasury then took control, with the Collector of Customs as the highest ranking federal official in the territory. In 1879, the U. S. Navy was given jurisdiction over the department, some believe the first American administrator of Alaska was Polish immigrant Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski. However, the Anchorage Daily News was unable to find any information to support this claim. On May 17,1884, the Department of Alaska was redesignated the District of Alaska, the governor was appointed by the President of the United States. The District of Alaska was organized into Alaska Territory on August 24,1912, Governors continued to be appointed by the President of the United States. During World War II, parts of the Aleutian Islands were occupied by Imperial Japan from June 5,1942, Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3,1959. Governors are allowed to succeed themselves once, having to wait four years after their term in a row before being allowed to run again. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor assumes the title of governor, the original constitution of 1956 created the office of secretary of state, which was functionally identical to a lieutenant governor, and was renamed to lieutenant governor in 1970. Many Republicans were unhappy with the choice of Arliss Sturgulewski as their partys candidate for governor in the 1990 election, however, he never held the AIPs secessionist ideals, and switched back to the Republican Party eight months before his term ended. Five of Alaskas governors have served other high offices, including one Cabinet member, three were members of the U. S. Congress, although only two represented Alaska. As of January 2017 there are seven living former governors of Alaska, the most recent death of a former governor was that of Mike Stepovich on February 14,2014. The most recently serving governor to die was Wally Hickel on May 7,2010, list of Governors of Alaska by time in office Timeline of Alaska General Constitution Specific Office of the Governor of Alaska
List of Governors of Alaska
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Incumbent
Bill Walker since December 1, 2014
List of Governors of Alaska
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Seal of Alaska
List of Governors of Alaska
List of Governors of Alaska
7.
Wally Hickel
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Walter Joseph Wally Hickel was an American businessman and politician. Hickel served as the second and eighth Governor of Alaska and he later served a full term as governor from 1990 to 1994 under the banner of the Alaskan Independence Party, thus far the partys most significant electoral achievement. Born in Ellinwood, Kansas in 1919, he grew up on his parents Dust Bowl tenant farm during the Great Depression near Claflin, Hickel relocated to Alaska in 1940, going into the local real estate industry. By 1947, Hickel had formed a construction company. While some fellow Republicans in the Alaska Territory opposed statehood, Hickel joined Democrats in calls for joining the Union during the late 1940s, congress and within the Eisenhower Administration to speak about Alaskan statehood. Thanks in part to his efforts, Hickels debates with Congressional leaders led to enough initially hesitant Republicans voting in favor of the Alaska Statehood Act in 1958. Hickel was elected as Alaskas second governor in the 1966 state general elections, defeating his Democratic rival, Hickel, a moderate Republican and environmentalist, did not push for heavy oil exploitation. In 1968, Hickel appointed Ted Stevens to the United States Senate to replace the recently deceased Bob Bartlett, like his predecessor Egan, Hickel sought to improve relations with Alaskan Natives in seeking resolutions on Native land claims. A group of Native Americans from Interior Alaska, including Morris Thompson and Don and Jules Wright, played roles in his 1966 campaign. Richard Nixons election as U. S. President in late 1968 led to an offer to Hickel from the President-elect to serve in the United States Cabinet as Interior Secretary, initially, Hickel declined the cabinet offer. Nixon replied that his decision was final, Hickel would recall years later that he cried afterward and announced that he would be resigning from the governorship to go to Washington. Hickels nomination was met with what he wrote was a newspaper smear campaign of false and crazy accusations that he had a corrupt. Opposition to his nomination was led by influential columnists Drew Pearson, newspapers opposing his nomination included the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. In the Senate, his confirmation was opposed by, among others, Democratic senators Walter Mondale, sierra Club director David Brower testified in opposition to Hickel. The Senate nevertheless confirmed his nomination on 23 January 1969, Hickels centrist voice inside the Nixon Administration eventually led to confrontations with the President. That dissent garnered worldwide attention, and on November 25,1970. Days before he lost the office, Hickel had told CBS60 Minutes that he would not quit under pressure, Hickels undersecretaries, such as Leslie Glasgow, who was in charge of Fish, Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources, were also dismissed. After less than two years in Washington, Glasgow returned to Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, where he was a professor with expertise in the study of wildlife in the marshes
Wally Hickel
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The Nixon cabinet poses for a photograph, days after Nixon's inauguration as president. Hickel is slightly left of center.
Wally Hickel
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Wally Hickel
Wally Hickel
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The Hotel Captain Cook in December 2008, looking westerly from the corner of Fifth Avenue and I Street. Hickel's office was located on the second floor, immediately to the right of the camera position.
Wally Hickel
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Wally Hickel and his wife, Ermalee Hickel, outside the
Egan Center in
Anchorage in 2008.
8.
Alaska
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Alaska is a U. S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas–the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous, approximately half of Alaskas residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaskas economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy. The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30,1867, the area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11,1912. It was admitted as the 49th state of the U. S. on January 3,1959, the name Alaska was introduced in the Russian colonial period when it was used to refer to the peninsula. It was derived from an Aleut, or Unangam idiom, which refers to the mainland of Alaska. Literally, it means object to which the action of the sea is directed, Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U. S. state on continental North America and it is technically part of the continental U. S. but is sometimes not included in colloquial use, Alaska is not part of the contiguous U. S. often called the Lower 48. The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system. Alaskas territorial waters touch Russias territorial waters in the Bering Strait, as the Russian Big Diomede Island, Alaska has a longer coastline than all the other U. S. states combined. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles, over twice the size of Texas, Alaska is larger than all but 18 sovereign countries. Counting territorial waters, Alaska is larger than the area of the next three largest states, Texas, California, and Montana. It is also larger than the area of the 22 smallest U. S. states. Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States, as such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest and it contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaskas largest city. The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital transportation link throughout the area. The Interior is the largest region of Alaska, much of it is uninhabited wilderness, Fairbanks is the only large city in the region
Alaska
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Denali is the highest peak in North America.
Alaska
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Flag
Alaska
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Grizzly bear fishing for
salmon at
Brooks Falls, part of
Katmai National Park and Preserve.
Alaska
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Augustine Volcano erupting on January 12, 2006
9.
Commissioners of the Northwest Territories
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The Commissioner of the Northwest Territories is the Government of Canada’s representative in Northwest Territories and the territorys chief executive officer. Earlier commissioners were mostly deputy ministers in various ministries, the commissioner must follow any instructions of the Cabinet or the relevant federal minister, currently the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs. Since 1980, the territories have had self-government, with the choosing a government leader or premier. John Havelock Parker Daniel Joseph Marion Glenna Hansen Tony Whitford George Tuccaro On 24 October 2011 Gerald W. Kisoun was appointed Deputy Commissioner and it was extended for a second three years and is due to expire 10 December 2017. With the resignation of Tuccaro as commissioner and no new appointee Kisoun carries out the responsibilities, lieutenant-Governors of Northwest Territories Office of the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories Official Handbook for Commissioners of the Territories
Commissioners of the Northwest Territories
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Flag of the Office:
10.
Yukon
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Yukon is the smallest and westernmost of Canadas three federal territories. The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada, Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukons only city. The territory was split from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and was named the Yukon Territory, though officially bilingual, the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages. At 5,959 m, Yukons Mount Logan, in Kluane National Park and Reserve, is the highest mountain in Canada, most of Yukon has a subarctic climate, characterized by long cold winters and brief warm summers. The Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate, notable rivers include the Yukon River, after which the territory was named, as well as the Pelly, Stewart, Peel, White and Tatshenshini rivers. Long before the arrival of Europeans, central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people, sites of archeological significance in Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human occupation in North America. The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon, the volcanic eruption of Mount Churchill in approximately 800 AD in what is now the U. S. Coastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks, European incursions into the area only began early in the 19th century with the fur trade, followed by missionaries. By the 1870s and 1880s gold miners began to arrive and this drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force, just in time for the start of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897. The increased population coming with the gold led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories. Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea and its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains. Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake, the southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large, long and narrow glacier-fed alpine lakes, most of which flow into the Yukon River system. The larger lakes include Teslin Lake, Atlin Lake, Tagish Lake, Marsh Lake, Lake Laberge, Kusawa Lake, bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake, with the greater part of its area within Yukon. Canadas highest point, Mount Logan, is in the territorys southwest, Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukons southwest are in Kluane National Park and Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other national parks include Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in the north, other watersheds include the Mackenzie River, the Peel Watershed and the Alsek–Tatshenshini, and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea. The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast, notable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce. Many trees are stunted because of the growing season and severe climate. The capital, Whitehorse, is also the largest city, with about three-quarters of the population, the second largest is Dawson City, which was the capital until 1952
Yukon
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Downtown
Whitehorse along the
Yukon River
Yukon
–
Flag
Yukon
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Mount Logan from the southeast
Yukon
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Yukon welcome sign
11.
Commissioner of Yukon
–
This is a list of Yukon Commissioners from 1897 to the present. The offices of Commissioner and Administrator were abolished in 1918, office replaced by the Gold Commissioner who was responsible to the federal Minister of the Interior. The positions of Gold Commissioner and Comptroller were combined in 1932 with the Comptroller being the title for the chief executive, the title was changed to Controller in 1936. In 1948, the title of chief executive again became Commissioner. By the 1960s, the Commissioner had formed a committee that included some members of the elected Territorial Council. Beginning in 1978, Yukon had party government with a Government Leader, at that time, the government leader added a fifth elected member to the committee, which became an executive council. See also, List of premiers of Yukon As of November 2010, seven former commissioners are alive, Commissioners, Gold Commissioners and Controllers of the Yukon Territory. Official Handbook for Commissioners of the Territories
Commissioner of Yukon
Commissioner of Yukon
–
Coat of Arms
Commissioner of Yukon
Commissioner of Yukon
12.
Canada Games
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The Canada Games is a high-level multi-sport event with a National Artists Program held every two years in Canada, alternating between the Canada Winter Games and the Canada Summer Games. Athletes are strictly amateur only, and represent their province or territory, the Games were first held in 1967 in Quebec City as part of Canadas Centennial celebrations. For the first time in Canadas history,1,800 athletes from 10 provinces, under the Games motto Unity through Sport, these first Canada Winter Games paved the way to what is now Canadas largest multi-sport competition for young athletes. The governing body for the Canada Games is the Canada Games Council, in 2015, for the first time, there was also a local host First Nation, Lheidli Tenneh. Funding for the games comes from the levels of government together with donations. A considerable portion of the work during the games is performed by local volunteers, held every two years, alternating between summer and winter, the Canada Games are a key event in the development of Canadas young athletes. With the Canada Games poised as a key step in the development of Canadas future stars, Canada Games athletes are Canadas next generation national, international, the Canada Games and their lasting legacies continue to be the catalyst for the growth of sport and recreation across Canada. Since 1967, over 75,000 athletes have participated in the Games with hundreds of thousands having engaged in try-outs, over 100,000 coaches, officials and volunteers have been directly involved in the planning and staging of the Games. Cumulatively, $250 million has been invested in the Canada Games, the 2009 Canada Summer Games were hosted by the entire province of Prince Edward Island. The most recent games took place in Prince George, British Columbia, since their inception in 1967, the Canada Games have played a prominent role in developing some of Canadas premier athletes. The Games have acted as a stone for many of Canadas celebrated athletes. The Canada Games Council is the body for the Canada Games. * The host cities have not been chosen for the games after 2019, sports for the 2013 Canada Games in Sherbrooke, Quebec. The winter games include some sports not associated with winter, sports for the 2015 Canada Games in Prince George, British Columbia. For per Games medal standings see List of Canada Games, Quebec Games Western Canada Summer Games Official site
Canada Games
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The 2001 Canada Games in London, Ontario
13.
Nuuk
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Nuuk is the capital and largest city of Greenland and the municipality of Sermersooq. It is the seat of government and the countrys largest cultural, the major cities closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. Johns in Canada and Reykjavík in Iceland. Nuuk contains almost a third of Greenlands population, and also has the tallest building in Greenland, Nuuk is the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality. In January 2016, it had a population of 17,316, Nuuk is the Kalaallisut word for cape. It is so named because of its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the shore of the Labrador Sea. Its latitude, at 64°10 N, makes it the worlds northernmost capital, in 2012 the buses transported more than 2 million passengers around the city of Nuuk. The site has a history of habitation. For a long time it was occupied by the Dorset culture around the settlement of Kangeq. The Nuuk area was inhabited by Viking explorers in the 10th century. Inuit and Norsemen both lived with little interaction in this area from about 1000 until the disappearance of the Norse settlement for uncertain reasons during the 15th century. At that time, Greenland was formally still a Danish colony under the united Dano-Norwegian Crown, paarsss colonists consisted of mutinous soldiers, convicts, and prostitutes and most died within the first year of scurvy and other ailments. In 1733 and 1734, an epidemic killed most of the native population as well as Egedes wife. Hans Egede went back to Denmark in 1736 after 15 years in Greenland, Godthaab became the seat of government for the Danish colony of South Greenland, while Godhavn was the capital of North Greenland until 1940 when the administration was unified in Godthaab. This became the nucleus for present-day Nuuk as many Greenlanders from the southeastern coast left their territory to live at the mission station, around 1850, Greenland and especially the area around Nuuk were in crisis. The Europeans had brought diseases and a culture that conflicted with the ways of the native Greenlanders, many Greenlanders were living in poverty. In 1853, Hinrich Johannes Rink came to Greenland and perceived the Greenlanders had lost much of their culture, in response, in 1861, he started the Atuagagdliutt, Greenlands first newspaper, with a native Greenlander as editor. This newspaper based in Nuuk later became significant for the Greenlandic identity, during World War II, there was a reawakening to Greenlandic national identity. Greenlanders shared a language and assembled a council under Eske Bruns leadership in Nuuk
Nuuk
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Nuussuaq district of Nuuk with the
Sermitsiaq mountain in the background
Nuuk
–
The statue of Hans Egede in Nuuk.
Nuuk
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Left: Satellite view. Right: Aerial view of Nuuk
14.
Iqaluit
–
Iqaluit /iˈkæluːɪt/ ih-KAL-oo-it is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut, its largest community, and its only city. Until 1987, the city was known as Frobisher Bay, after the bay on the coast of which the city is situated. In 1999, Iqaluit became the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories, before this event, Iqaluit was an insignificant city and not well-known outside of the Canadian Arctic or Canada, with population and economic growth highly limited. As of the 2016 census the population was 7,740, Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada. Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut, Iqaluit has been a traditional fishing place used by Inuit for thousands of years, hence the name Iqaluit, which means place of many fish. In 1942 an American air base was built there, intended to provide a stop-over, Iqaluits first permanent resident was Nakasuk, an Inuk guide who helped American Air Force planners to choose a site with a large flat area suitable for a landing strip. The wartime airstrip was known as Crystal Two and was part of the Crimson Route, for the history of the air base, see Frobisher Bay Air Base. The Hudsons Bay Company moved its south Baffin operations to the valley of Niaqunngut, officially called Apex. The population of Frobisher Bay increased rapidly during the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line in the mid-1950s, in 1957,489 of the towns 1,200 residents were reported to be Inuit. After 1959, the Canadian government established permanent services at Frobisher Bay, including full-time doctors, the Inuit population grew rapidly in response, as the government encouraged Inuit to settle permanently in communities with government services. Naval Radio Station Frobisher Bay, callsign CFI, was established in July 1954 as a result of the closure of NRS Chimo, Station CFI was part of the Supplementary Radio network. Because of its remoteness and size, it was expensive to operate. Advancing technology eventually forced the closure of CFI in 1967, in 1964, the first elections were held for a community council, and in 1979 for the first mayor. The founding of the Gordon Robertson Educational Centre, now Inuksuk High School, at the time of its founding, it was the sole high school operating in more than one-seventh of Canadian territory. On 1 January 1987, the name of the municipality was changed from Frobisher Bay to Iqaluit – aligning official usage with the name that the Inuit population had always used. In December 1995, Iqaluit was selected to serve as Nunavuts future capital in a territory-wide referendum, on 19 April 2001, it was redesignated as a city. Iqaluit was designated by Canada as the host city for the 2010 meeting of the G7 finance ministers, the meeting strained the northern communications technology infrastructure. 1576 – Englishman Martin Frobisher sails into Frobisher Bay believing he has found the route to China, First Anglican/Episcopalian church service in North America
Iqaluit
–
Iqaluit ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ Frobisher Bay
Iqaluit
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The
Royal Canadian Mounted Police on parade in Iqaluit,
Canada Day 1999
Iqaluit
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Legislative Assembly of Nunavut building in Iqaluit
Iqaluit
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View of Iqaluit from Joamie Hill
15.
Nunavut
–
Nunavut is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canadas political map since the incorporation of the province of Newfoundland, Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Its vast territory makes it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world, the capital Iqaluit, on Baffin Island in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay and it is Canadas only geo-political region that is not connected to the rest of North America by highway. Nunavut is the largest in area and the second least populous of Canadas provinces and territories. One of the worlds most remote, sparsely settled regions, it has a population of 35,944, mostly Inuit, spread over an area of just over 1,750,000 km2, Nunavut is also home to the worlds northernmost permanently inhabited place, Alert. A weather station farther down Ellesmere Island, Eureka, has the lowest average temperature of any Canadian weather station. Nunavut means our land in Inuktitut, Nunavut covers 1,877,787 km2 of land and 160,935 km2 of water in Northern Canada. This makes it the fifth largest subnational entity in the world, if Nunavut were a country, it would rank 15th in area. It also shares borders with Greenland and the provinces of Quebec, Ontario. Nunavuts highest point is Barbeau Peak on Ellesmere Island, the population density is 0.019 persons/km2, one of the lowest in the world. By comparison, Greenland has approximately the area and nearly twice the population. Nunavut experiences a climate in most regions, owing to its high latitude. In more southerly continental areas very cold climates can be found. The region now known as Nunavut has supported an indigenous population for approximately 4,000 years. Most historians identify the coast of Baffin Island with the Helluland described in Norse sagas, the materials were collected in five seasons of excavation at Cape Tanfield. Scholars determined that these provide evidence of European traders and possibly settlers on Baffin Island and they seem to indicate prolonged contact, possibly up to 1450. So you have to consider the possibility that as remote as it may seem, the ore turned out to be worthless, but Frobisher made the first recorded European contact with the Inuit
Nunavut
–
Niungvaliruluit (”pointer like a window“)
inuksuk, Foxe peninsula,
Baffin Island
Nunavut
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Flag
Nunavut
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Inuit women at Ashe Inlet, 1884.
Nunavut
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Inuit village near
Frobisher Bay, 1865
16.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
17.
Denmark
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Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
Denmark
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The gilded side of the
Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age.
Denmark
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Flag
Denmark
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The
Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.
Denmark
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Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by
Harald Bluetooth.
18.
Northern Alberta
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Northern Alberta is a region located in the Canadian province of Alberta. Its primary industry is oil and gas, with heavy oil reserves being exploited at the Athabasca oil sands. Mostly natural gas is extracted in Peace region and Chinchaga-Rainbow areas in the west, Northern Alberta encompasses census divisions 16,17,18, and 19. The region consists of parkland in the south, grading to boreal forest. Other major rivers are Wapiti, Smoky, Hay, Chinchaga, Petitot Rivers in the west, Wabasca River in the center and Firebag, the Caribou Mountains are an elevated plateau in the relatively flat Albertan north which provide core habitat for an endangered woodland caribou herd. This area is conserved by the Caribou Mountains Wildland Park, the adjacent Wood Buffalo National Park is Canadas largest protected area. Highway 43 and Highway 2 pass through the southwest of the region, other important routes are the Mackenzie Highway and Bicentennial Highway in the northwest, the Northern Woods and Water Route in the south-east and Highway 63 in the east. Grande Prairie Airport, Peace River Airport, and Fort McMurray Airport are regional air transportation hubs, Northern Albertas health region is controlled by Alberta Health Services. Paul, Lesser Slave Lake, and Peace River
Northern Alberta
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Northern Alberta
19.
Nunavik
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Nunavik comprises the northern third of the province of Quebec, Canada in Kativik, part of the Nord-du-Québec region. Covering a land area of 443,684.71 km2 north of the 55th parallel, Nunavik means great land in the local dialect of Inuktitut and the Inuit inhabitants of the region call themselves Nunavimmiut. Until 1912, the region was part of the District of Ungava of the Northwest Territories, negotiations for regional autonomy and resolution of outstanding land claims took place in the 2000s. The seat of government would be Kuujjuaq, negotiations on better empowering Inuit political rights in their land are still ongoing. A flag for Nunavik was proposed by Nunavik artist and graphic designer Thomassie Mangiok during an April 2013 Plan Nunavik consultation in Ivujivik, the proposal was announced in the meeting and then through Nunatsiaq News, the explanation of design was also made available on YouTube. Nunavik is a vast territory, larger than the U. S. state of California and it lies in both the Arctic and subarctic climate zones. All together, about 12,000 people live in Nunaviks communities, Nunavik is separated from the territory of Nunavut by Hudson Bay to the west and Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay to the north. Nunavik shares a border with the Côte-Nord region of Quebec and the Labrador region of the province of Newfoundland, the Ungava Peninsula forms the northern two-thirds of the region. Nunavik has fourteen villages, the vast majority of residents are Inuit. The village population ranges from 2,375 to 195, there is a year-round air link to all villages and seasonal shipping in the summer and autumn. Parts of the interior of southern Nunavik can be reached using several trails which head north from Schefferville, there are three meteor craters in Nunavik, Pingualuit crater, Couture crater, and La Moinerie crater. The climate of Nunavik is a severe one dominated by the long, since this moderation exists in summer when the surrounding sea thaws, even those temperatures are subdued. Inukjuak for example has summer highs averaging just 13 °C with January highs of −21 °C and this is exceptionally cold for a sea-level settlement more than 1/3 from the North Pole en route to the Equator. Annual temperatures are up to 15 °C colder than marine areas of Northern Europe on similar parallels, areas less affected by summertime marine moderation have somewhat warmer temperatures and unlike the west coast, features marginal taiga due to summers being warmer than 10 °C in mean temperatures. Federal government geopolitical manoeuvrings forced several Inuit families to leave Nunavik in the 1950s, eight Inuit families from Inukjuak were relocated after being promised homes and game to hunt, but the relocated people discovered no buildings and very little familiar wildlife. Eventually, the Inuit learned the local beluga whale migration routes and were able to survive in the area, in 1993, the Canadian government held hearings to investigate the relocation program. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples issued a report the year entitled The High Arctic Relocation. The government paid $10 million CAD to the survivors and their families, the whole story is told in Melanie McGraths The Long Exile, A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic
Nunavik
–
Kuujjuamiuq or "people of
Kuujjuaq "
20.
Quebec
–
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
Quebec
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The arrival of
Samuel de Champlain, the father of
New France, on the site of
Quebec City.
Quebec
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Flag
Quebec
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Michel's falls on
Ashuapmushuan River in
Saint-Félicien,
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean.
Quebec
–
View of
Jacques-Cartier River from Andante mountain.
21.
Sami people
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The Sami people are an indigenous Finno-Ugric people inhabiting the Arctic area of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of far northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The Sami are the indigenous people of Scandinavia recognized and protected under the international conventions of indigenous peoples. Sami ancestral lands are not well-defined and their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. Traditionally, the Sami have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including fishing, fur trapping. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding, currently about 10% of the Sami are connected to reindeer herding, providing them with meat, fur, and transportation. 2,800 Sami people are involved in herding on a full-time basis. For traditional, environmental, cultural, and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved only for Sami people in regions of the Nordic countries. The Sámi are often known in other languages by the exonyms Lap, Lapp, some Sami regard these as pejorative terms, while others do not. Finn was the originally used by Norse speakers to refer to the Sami, as attested in the Icelandic Eddas. As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using Finn exclusively to refer to inhabitants of Finland, Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries were referred to as Kvens to distinguish them from the Sami Finns. Ethnic Finns are a group from Sami. In fact, Saxo never explicitly connects the Sami with the two Laplands, there is another suggestion that it originally meant wilds. In Finland and Sweden, Lapp is common in names, such as Lappi, Lappeenranta and Lapinlahti in Finland. As already mentioned, Finn is an element in Norwegian place names. In the North Sámi language, láhppon olmmoš means a person who is lost, Sámi refer to themselves as Sámit or Sápmelaš, the word Sámi being inflected into various grammatical forms. It has been proposed that Sámi, Häme, and perhaps Suomi are of the origin and ultimately borrowed from the Baltic word *žēmē. The Baltic word is cognate with Slavic земля, which means land. The Sámi institutions—notably the parliaments, radio and TV stations, theatres, etc. —all use the term Sámi, including when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, or English
Sami people
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A Sami family in
Norway around 1900
Sami people
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Sámi flag
Sami people
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A Sami man and child in Finnmark, Norway, circa 1900
Sami people
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Sami people, in Norway, 1928
22.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
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Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a federal subject of Russia. Its administrative center is the town of Salekhard, and its largest city is Noyabrsk, the Nenets people are an indigenous tribe that have long survived in this region. Their prehistoric life involved subsistence hunting and gathering, including the taking of polar bears, yamalo-Nenetsky Avtonomny Okrug is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. On December 10,1930, Yamal National Okrug was formed based on Ural Oblast, Source, Russian Federal State Statistics Service Source The Nenets make up 5. 9% of the population, preceded by ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and followed by Tatars. Other prominent ethnic groups include Belarusians, Khants, Azerbaijanis, Bashkirs, Komi, due to the areas oil and natural gas wealth, it is one of the few places in Russia where the ethnic Russian population is growing. According to a 2012 survey 42, in addition, 14% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious, 8% is atheist, and 0. 8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. Yamalo-Nenetsky Avtonomny Okrug is Russias most important source of natural gas, the region also accounts for 12% of Russias oil production. The region is of utmost importance to Russias largest company Gazprom, novatek – the countrys second largest gas producer – is also active in the region, with its headquarteres located in Tarko-Sale. List of Chairmen of the Legislative Assembly of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Законодательное Собрание Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа, Закон №119-ЗАО от17 ноября2010 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Красный Север, спецвыпуск №147/1,20 ноября2010 г. «Устав Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа», в ред, Закона №140-ЗАО от21 декабря2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа», Вступил в силу15 января1999 г. Опубликован, Красный Север,15 января1999 г
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
23.
Russia
–
Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
Russia
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Kievan Rus' in the 11th century
Russia
–
Flag
Russia
–
The
Baptism of Kievans, by
Klavdy Lebedev
Russia
–
Sergius of Radonezh blessing
Dmitry Donskoy in
Trinity Sergius Lavra, before the
Battle of Kulikovo, depicted in a painting by
Ernst Lissner
24.
Whitehorse, Yukon
–
Whitehorse is the capital, largest, and only city of Yukon and the largest city in northern Canada. It was incorporated in 1950 and is located at kilometre 1426 on the Alaska Highway in southern Yukon, Whitehorses downtown and Riverdale areas occupy both shores of the Yukon River, which originates in British Columbia and meets the Bering Sea in Alaska. The city was named after the White Horse Rapids for their resemblance to the mane of a horse, near Miles Canyon. Because of the location in the Whitehorse valley, the climate is milder than comparable northern communities such as Yellowknife. At this latitude winter days are short and summer days have up to about 19 hours of daylight, Whitehorse, as reported by Guinness World Records, is the city with the least air pollution in the world. Archeological research south of the area, at a location known as Canyon City, has revealed evidence of use by First Nations for several thousand years. The surrounding area had seasonal camps and Frederick Schwatka, in 1883. Before the Gold Rush, several different tribes passed through the area seasonally, the discovery of gold in the Klondike in August,1896, by Skookum Jim, Tagish Charlie and George Washington Carmack set off a major change in the historical patterns of the region. Early prospectors used the Chilkoot Pass, but by July 1897, by June 1898, there was a bottleneck of stampeders at Canyon City, many boats had been lost to the rapids as well as five people. Samuel Steele of the North-West Mounted Police said, why more casualties have not occurred is a mystery to me, on their way to find gold, stampeders also found copper in the copper belt in the hills west of Whitehorse. The first copper claims were staked by Jack McIntyre on July 6,1898, a small settlement was developing at Canyon City but the completion of the railway to Whitehorse in 1900 put a halt to it. The White Pass and Yukon Route narrow-gauge railway linking Skagway to Whitehorse had begun construction in May 1898, construction began again at the north end of Bennett lake to Whitehorse. It was only in June–July 1900 that construction finished the difficult Bennett lake section itself, by 1901, the Whitehorse Star was already reporting on daily freight volumes. That summer there were four trains per day, in 1920 the first planes landed in Whitehorse and the first air mail was sent in November 1927. The entire 2,500 km project was accomplished between March and November 1942, the Canadian portion of the highway was only returned to Canadian sovereignty after the war. The Canol pipeline was constructed to supply oil to the north with a refinery in Whitehorse. In 1950 the city was incorporated and by 1951, the population had doubled from its 1941 numbers, on April 1,1953, the city was designated the capital of the Yukon Territory when the seat was moved from Dawson City after the construction of the Klondike Highway. On March 21,1957, the name was changed from White Horse to Whitehorse
Whitehorse, Yukon
–
Downtown Whitehorse and Yukon River, June 2008
Whitehorse, Yukon
–
View of
Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport and downtown (July 1990).
Whitehorse, Yukon
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Whitehorse, Yukon in Autumn of 2008.
Whitehorse, Yukon
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Whitehorse Cadet Summer Training Centre opened in July, 1984 at Boyle Barracks, a compound previously occupied by the Wolf Creek Juvenile Corrections Centre, located between the subdivisions of Wolf Creek and Mary Lake.
25.
Anchorage, Alaska
–
Anchorage is a unified home rule municipality in the U. S. state of Alaska. All together, the Anchorage metropolitan area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough, had a population of 401,635 in 2016. Anchorage is located in the portion of Alaska at the terminus of the Cook Inlet on a peninsula formed by the Knik Arm to the north. The city limits span 1,961.1 square miles encompass the urban core. Due to its location on the globe, being almost equidistant from New York City, Tokyo, Anchorage has been named an All-America City four times, in 1956,1965, 1984–85, and 2002, by the National Civic League. It has also named by Kiplinger as the most tax-friendly city in the United States. Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century, in 1867, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from Imperial Russia for $7.2 million. His political rivals lampooned the deal as Sewards folly, Sewards icebox, by 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm. Alaska became a United States territory in 1912, Anchorage, unlike every other large town in Alaska south of the Brooks Range, was neither a fishing nor mining camp. The area surrounding Anchorage lacks significant economic metal minerals, a number of Denaina settlements existed along Knik Arm for years. By 1911 the families of J. D. Bud Whitney, jack Brown, and his bride, Nellie, in 1912 to have lived in the Ship Creek valley in the 1910s prior to the large influx of settlers. The city grew from its choice as the site, in 1914, under the direction of Frederick Mears. The area near the mouth of Ship Creek, where the headquarters was located. A town site was mapped out on higher ground to the south of the tent city, greatly noted in the years since for its order and rigidity compared with other Alaska town sites. In 1915, territorial governor John Franklin Alexander Strong encouraged residents to change the name to one that had more significance. In the summer of year, residents held a vote to change the citys name. However, the government ultimately declined to change the citys name. Anchorage was incorporated on November 23,1920, construction of the Alaska Railroad continued until its completion in 1923
Anchorage, Alaska
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Anchorage skyline and
Bootleggers Cove as photographed from
Point Woronzof Park on an April evening.
Anchorage, Alaska
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The tent city (called "The White City" in the handwritten caption) in Ship Creek, photographed by Alberta Pyatt on July 1, 1915.
Anchorage, Alaska
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Panorama of Anchorage, May 1, 1916
Anchorage, Alaska
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Fourth Avenue in 1953, looking east from near I Street. Just ten years before, the retail area shown in the foreground was mostly an industrial area, housing lumber yards and similar uses.
26.
Schefferville
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Schefferville is a town in the Canadian province of Quebec. Schefferville is in the heart of the Naskapi and Innu territory in northern Quebec and it is located within the Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality and has an area of 25.11 square kilometres. Schefferville completely surrounds the community of Matimekosh and it abuts the small community of Lac-John Reserve. Both communities are First Nations reserves and it is also close to the Naskapi reserved land of Kawawachikamach. The isolated town is not connected to the road network but is accessible by airplane via the Schefferville Airport or by train. Schefferville is the terminus of Tshiuetin Rail Transportation with service to Sept-Îles. McGill University operates the McGill Subarctic Research Station in Schefferville, Schefferville was established as a town by the Iron Ore Company Of Canada in 1954 to support the mining of rich iron ore deposits in the area. The original settlement was called Burnt Creek and was located some miles to the north of the current location of the town of Schefferville. At the time of the founding, Innu from Maliotenam and Naskapi from Fort Chimo were resettled to Schefferville to assist with geological exploration work. Following many years of neglect and destitute poverty, in 1968 parts of the town were set aside for them as a reserve, by 1972, housing units had been built, and most of the Naskapi and Innu moved to this new site, known today as Matimekosh Reserve. For some years in the late 1950s, NORAD operated a station in Schefferville as part of the Mid-Canada Line. At its peak in the late 1960s, Schefferville counted some 5,000 residents, but iron ore mining ceased there in 1982, on orders from the then president of the Iron Ore Company, Brian Mulroney, who later became Prime Minister of Canada. Most of the 4,000 or so non-aboriginal occupants left, in 1986, the town even ceased to exist as an incorporated legal entity, but this decision was reversed in 1990. Some houses and public facilities were demolished, while parts of the infrastructure were added to the Matimekosh Reserve. Many of the houses in the town are used by companies in the iron industry to house their staff. At the Canada 2011 Census, Schefferville had a population of 213 inhabitants, in comparison, Matimekosh had a population of 540 and Lac-John,21. The town counted 110 private dwellings occupied by usual residents out of a total of 178, many Naskapi first nation people mostly live in the village of Kawawachikamach, northwest of Schefferville. They are mostly Anglican and Protestant and speak English as their second language, the other first nation, residing mainly in Schefferville and Matimekosh, are Innu who are largely Roman Catholic and speak French as their second language
Schefferville
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Schefferville
Schefferville
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Schefferville/Matimekosh Montagnais centre
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Hay River, Northwest Territories
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Hay River, known as the Hub of the North, is a town in the Northwest Territories, Canada, located on the south shore of Great Slave Lake, at the mouth of the Hay River. The town is separated into two sections, a new town 60°48′45″N 115°47′20″W and an old town 60°51′13″N 115°44′19″W with the Hay River/Merlyn Carter Airport between them, the town is in the South Slave Region, and along with Fort Smith is one of the two regional centres. The area has been in use by First Nations, known as the Long Spear people and this first settlement was established by Chief Chiatlo and a group of people by the building of log cabins and bringing dairy cows. This was followed in 1893 by the Anglican Mission, at the request of Chief Chiatlo in 1893 with the Roman Catholic Mission and the Hudsons Bay Company arriving later. A school, health centre and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police followed, in 1948 the Government of Canada built a gravel road, now the Mackenzie Highway, from Grimshaw, Alberta to Hay River making it the first community in the NWT to be linked with southern Canada. The settlements role as terminus of all-season trucking, and the establishment of a fishing industry. In 1959, the Northern Transportation Company Limited located their base in Hay River and over the years developed the facilities. By 1964, as part of the Pine Point Mine development, the railway, through Canadian National Railway in Edmonton, makes Hay River the northernmost point in Canada, and all of North America, which is connected to the continental railway system. The Alaska Railroad is located farther north but is orphaned from the network, in 1978, Hay River along with, the now abandoned, Pine Point hosted the fifth Arctic Winter Games. The community has a hospital, the H. H. Williams Memorial Hospital, a womans shelter/transition house, a dental clinic. The RCMP detachment has eight members and the South Mackenzie Correctional Centre is located here. There are two stores in Hay River, including the Northern Store, branches of both the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and the Royal Bank of Canada and both TRU Hardware and Home Hardware. There is also a museum detailing the history of Hay River, airlines servicing Hay River include the locally based Buffalo Airways, who provide scheduled flights to Yellowknife as well as charter services and a courier service throughout the north. First Air provides scheduled services to Yellowknife with connections elsewhere, northwestern Air Lease also offers scheduled service to Edmonton and Fort Smith. Other companies offering services in Hay River include Landa Air, Carter Air Services, Denendeh Helicopters. Religious services include a Catholic church, an Anglican/Grace United church, a Baptist church, a Pentecostal church, there is also a Jehovahs Witness Kingdom Hall along the highway coming into town. On the Katlodeeche First Nations Reserve there are a small Catholic church, there is also an Anglican church that was destroyed in the 2008 Hay River ice breakup. The religious diversity in Hay River exceeds the outward appearance given by these services, the town hosts four schools, three of which are administered by South Slave Divisional Education Council
Hay River, Northwest Territories
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Hay River Xátł'odehchee
Hay River, Northwest Territories
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Church in Hay River
Hay River, Northwest Territories
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Dog sledding at the Hay River Winter Carnival
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Pine Point, Northwest Territories
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Pine Point was a townsite on the south shore of Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada that lay between the towns of Hay River and Fort Resolution. It was built to serve the work force at the Pine Point Mine, the town reached a peak population of about 2,000 in 1976, but was abandoned and deconstructed soon after the mine closed in 1988. The first buildings were erected in 1952 during the exploration and development campaign. The modern town was surveyed in 1962 and became operational by 1963, the town was a joint-venture between the Canadian Government and the mine owner, Cominco. It became a settlement in the 1970s with private businesses. As an unincorporated place, it recorded a population of 1,225 in the 1971 census, Pine Point had an elementary school —Galena Heights—and a grade 6 to 12 school, called Matonabbee School. The last graduating class was in 1988 as the mine was closing, mike Lenton was the towns last mayor. More than 15 million tonnes grading over 7% zinc plus lead was depleted from the 1985 and 1986 ore reserves, the mine was closed in 1988, forcing the single-industry town to close. Pine Point houses were sold cheaply, and many of the buildings were moved to Fort Resolution, Hay River. The remaining buildings were demolished, and today the site is completely abandoned, Pine Point is the subject of a 2011 web documentary Welcome to Pine Point, created by Michael Simons and Paul Shoebridge and produced by the National Film Board of Canada. The web documentary includes audiovisual material and mementos compiled by ex-Pine Point resident Richard Cloutier for his own website, Pine Point was first settled in 1952, but did not become an established settlement until 1963. As the mine expanded during the 1970s, so did the population, galena Heights Elementary School1988 Matonabbee School The Matonabbee School burned down sometime during the 1980s, after which it was relocated. Ore concentrates from the mine were moved south by the railroad, the town also had a small airport. Geoff Sanderson, professional ice hockey player The song Pine Point by the Canadian punk rock band PUP is named after the town
Pine Point, Northwest Territories
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A huge laydown of drillcore from 25 years work locating 50 lead-zinc deposits at Pine Point
Pine Point, Northwest Territories
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Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada.
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