1.
Argentina national football team
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The Argentina national football team represents Argentina in football and is controlled by the Argentine Football Association, the governing body for football in Argentina. Argentinas home stadium is Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti in Buenos Aires, la Selección, also known as the Albicelestes, has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost 4–2 to Uruguay. Argentina won in their final appearance in 1978, beating the Netherlands at extra time. Argentina, led by Diego Maradona won again in 1986, a 3–2 victory over West Germany and they again made the World Cup finals in 1990, and lost 1–0 to West Germany following a controversial penalty call in the 87th minute. Argentina made their appearance in a World Cup final in 2014, again losing to Germany. Argentinas World Cup winning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, Argentina has been very successful in the Copa América, winning it 14 times and also winning the extra South American Championships in 1941,1945 and 1946. The team also won the FIFA Confederations Cup and the Kirin Cup, both in 1992, and the Argentine olympic team won the Olympics football tournaments in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008. Argentina, Brazil and France are the national teams that have won the three most important mens titles recognized by FIFA, the World Cup, the Confederations Cup. They have also won their continental championship. Argentina is known for having rivalries with Brazil, Uruguay, England, the first match ever recorded by Argentina was against Uruguay. The game was held in Montevideo on 16 May 1901 and Argentina won 3–2, during the first years of its existence, the Argentina national team only played friendly matches against other South American teams. The reasons for this varied, including long travel times between countries and World War I, la Selección, also known as the Albicelestes, has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost, 4–2, to Uruguay. Argentina won in their final in 1978, beating the Netherlands. Argentina, led by Diego Maradona won again in 1986, a 3–2 victory over West Germany and their most recent World Cup final was in 2014, which they lost 1–0 to Germany. Previous to this their last World Cup final was in 1990, argentinas World Cup winning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, and Carlos Bilardo in 1986. Argentina has been successful in the Copa América, winning it 14 times. The team also won the FIFA Confederations Cup and the Kirin Cup, both in 1992, and an Argentina team won the Olympics football tournaments in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008. Argentina also won six of the 14 football competitions at the Pan American Games, in March 2007, Argentina reached the top of the FIFA World Rankings for the first time
2.
England national football team
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The England national football team represents England in international football and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football, alongside Scotland, whom played in the worlds first international football match in 1872. Englands home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and the current manager is Gareth Southgate, England contest the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship, which alternate biennially. In contesting for the World Cup seventeen times over the past sixty four years, England won the 1966 World Cup, when they hosted the finals, the England national football team is the joint-oldest in the world, it was formed at the same time as Scotland. A representative match between England and Scotland was played on 5 March 1870, having been organised by the Football Association, a return fixture was organised by representatives of Scottish football teams on 30 November 1872. Over the next forty years, England played exclusively with the other three Home Nations—Scotland, Wales and Ireland—in the British Home Championship, to begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908, Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928 and their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was a 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1 and this still stands as Englands worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, it was like playing men from outer space, in the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay. Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as Englands first ever manager in 1946. In UEFA Euro 1968, the reached the semi-finals for the first time. England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramseys dismissal, under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain, despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage. Despite losing to Italy in the third place play-off, the members of the England team were given bronze medals identical to the Italians’, the England team of 1990 were welcomed home as heroes and thousands of people lined the streets, for a spectacular open-top bus parade. However, the team did not win any matches in UEFA Euro 1992, drawing with tournament winners Denmark, the 1990s saw four England managers, each in the role for a relatively brief period. Graham Taylor was Robsons successor, but resigned after England failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, at UEFA Euro 1996, held in England, Terry Venables led England, equalling their best performance at a European Championship, reaching the semi-finals as they did in 1968
3.
Fan (person)
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Collectively, the fans of a particular object or person constitute its fanbase or fandom. They may show their enthusiasm in a variety of ways, such as by promoting the object of their interest, being members of a fan club, holding or participating in fan conventions, or writing fan mail. They may also engage in activities such as creating fanzines, writing fan fiction. Merriam-Webster, the Oxford dictionary and other sources define fan as a version of the word fanatic. The word first become popular in reference to baseball enthusiasts, fanatic itself, introduced into English around 1550, means marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense uncritical devotion. It comes from the Modern Latin fanaticus, meaning insanely but divinely inspired, the word originally pertained to a temple or sacred place. The modern sense of extremely zealous dates from around 1647, the use of fanatic as a noun dates from 1650. However, the fancy for an intense liking of something, while being of a different etymology, coincidentally carries a less intense. The word emerged as an Americanism around 1889, according to that theory, it was originally shortened to fance then just to the homonym fans. Supporter is a synonym to fan that predates the term and is still commonly used in British English. However, the fan has become popular throughout the English-speaking world. The term supporter is also used in a sense in the United States, to a fan of a politician, a political party. Fans usually have a strong enough interest that some changes in their lifestyles are made to accommodate devotion to the focal object, fans have a desire for external involvement – they are motivated to demonstrate their involvement with the area of interest through certain behaviors. Fans often have a wish to acquire material objects related to the area of interest, as well, some fans have a desire for social interaction with other fans. This again may take many forms, from casual conversation, e-mail, chat rooms, complexity allows further involvement of fans for a longer period of time because of the time needed to work the subject of interest out. It also contributes to a sense of belonging because of the mental effort invested in the subject. These fans will often hold a crush on a movie star, pop star. The groupie is an example, a fan of a band or musician
4.
Exhibition game
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An exhibition game is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the players or the teams rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are used to help coaches and managers select. If the players play in different teams in other leagues. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team, international competitions like the Olympic Games may also hold exhibition games as part of a demonstration sport. In the early days of football, known simply as football or soccer. However, since the development of The Football League in England in 1888, league tournaments became established, in addition to lengthy derby, since the introduction of league football, most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season. Friendly football matches are considered to be non-competitive and are used to warm up players for a new season/competitive match. There is generally nothing competitive at stake and some rules may be changed or experimented with, although these events may involve sponsorship deals and the awarding of a trophy and may even be broadcast on television, there is little prestige attached to them. Frequently such games take place between a club and small clubs that play nearby, such as those between Newcastle United and Gateshead. International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments and this is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons and this has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly. Players can be booked in international friendlies, and can be suspended from international matches based on red cards or accumulated yellows in a specified period. Caps and goals scored also count towards a players career records, in the UK and Ireland, exhibition match and friendly match refer to two different types of matches. A bounce game is generally a non-competitive football match played between two sides usually as part of an exercise or to give players match practice. Managers may also use bounce games as an opportunity to observe a player in action before offering a contract, usually these games are played on a training ground rather than in a stadium with no spectators in attendance. Exhibition fights were common in boxing. Jack Dempsey fought many exhibition bouts after retiring, joe Louis fought a charity fight on his rematch with Buddy Baer, but this was not considered an exhibition as it was for Louis world Heavyweight title. Muhammad Ali fought many exhibitions, including one with Lyle Alzado, in more modern times, Mike Tyson, Julio Cesar Chavez Sr. and Jorge Castro have been involved in exhibition fights
5.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
6.
Germany national football team
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The Germany national football team is the mens football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association, founded in 1900, ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany. Both have been absorbed along with their records by the current national team, the official name and code Germany FR was shortened to Germany following the reunification in 1990. Germany is one of the most successful teams in international competitions, having won a total of four World Cups. They have also been three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976, Germany is the only nation to have won both the mens and womens World Cups. At the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any football team in history. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas, the current manager of the national team is Joachim Löw. Germanys first championship title was won in Switzerland. At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach, the first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, in 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this united German team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and that early exit stands as Germanys worst World Cup result. During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942, when national team games were suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. After the Second World War, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950, the DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states — West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland — entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers. The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, with recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950, West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup. The Saarland, under French control between 1947 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones and it sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany, in 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic was founded
7.
Scotland national football team
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The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. It competes in the two professional tournaments, the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. Scotland, as a constituent country of the United Kingdom, is not a member of the International Olympic Committee, the majority of Scotlands home matches are played at the national stadium, Hampden Park. Scotland is the joint oldest national team in the world, alongside England. Scotland has a rivalry with England, whom they played annually from 1872 until 1989. The teams have met six times since then, most recently in November 2016. Scotland have qualified for the FIFA World Cup on eight occasions and the UEFA European Championship twice, the team have achieved some noteworthy results, such as beating the 1966 FIFA World Cup winners England 3–2 at Wembley Stadium in 1967. Archie Gemmill scored what has been described as one of the greatest World Cup goals ever in a 3–2 win during the 1978 World Cup against the Netherlands, in their qualifying group for UEFA Euro 2008, Scotland defeated 2006 World Cup runners-up France 1–0 in both fixtures. Scotland supporters are known as the Tartan Army. The Scottish Football Association operates a roll of honour for every player who has more than 50 appearances for Scotland. Kenny Dalglish holds the record for Scotland appearances, having played 102 times between 1971 and 1986, Dalglish scored 30 goals for Scotland and shares the record for most goals scored with Denis Law. Scotland and England are the oldest national teams in the world. Teams representing the two sides first competed at the Oval in five matches between 1870 and 1872, the two countries contested the first official international football match, at Hamilton Crescent in Partick, Scotland, on 30 November 1872. The match ended in a goalless draw, all eleven players who represented Scotland that day played for Glasgow amateur club Queens Park. Over the next forty years, Scotland played matches exclusively against the other three Home Nations—England, Wales and Ireland, the British Home Championship began in 1883, making these games competitive. The encounters against England were particularly fierce and a rivalry quickly developed, Scotland lost just two of their first 43 international matches. It was not until a 2–0 home defeat by Ireland in 1903 that Scotland lost a match to an other than England. This run of success meant that Scotland would have topped the Elo ratings
8.
Brazil national football team
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The Brazil national football team represents Brazil in international mens association football. Brazil is administered by the Brazilian Football Confederation, the body for football in Brazil. They have been a member of the FIFA since 1923 and member of the CONMEBOL since 1916, Brazil is the most successful national football team in the FIFA World Cup with five championships,1958,1962,1970,1994 and 2002. Brazil is the national team to have played in all World Cup editions without any absence nor need for playoffs. The seleção is also the most successful team in the FIFA Confederations Cup with four titles,1997,2005,2009 and 2013. They have also won their continental championship. Brazil is the national team to have won the World Cup on four different continents, once in Europe, once in South America, twice in North America. They also share with Spain a record of 35 consecutive international matches undefeated, a common quip about football is, Os ingleses o inventaram, os brasileiros o aperfeiçoaram. Brazil won 2–0 with goals by Oswaldo Gomes and Osman, though it is claimed that the match was a 3–3 draw, in contrast to its future success, the national teams early appearances were not brilliant. Other early matches played during that time include several friendly games against Argentina, Chile, however, led by the goalscoring abilities of Arthur Friedenreich, they were victorious at home in the South American Championships in 1919, repeating their victory, also at home, in 1922. In 1930, Brazil played in the first World Cup, held in Uruguay in 1930, the squad defeated Bolivia but lost to Yugoslavia, being eliminated from the competition. They lost in the first round to Spain in 1934 in Italy, Brazil were the only South American team to participate in this competition. After being victorious in a third South American Championship in 1949 Brazil first achieved prominence when it hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup. The team went into the last game of the round, against Uruguay at Estádio do Maracanã in Rio. Uruguay, however, won the match and the Cup in a known as the Maracanazo. The match led to a period of national mourning, Brazil reached the quarter-final, where they were beaten 4–2 by tournament favourites Hungary in one of the ugliest matches in football history, known as the Battle of Berne. For the 1958 World Cup, Brazil were drawn in a group with England and they beat Austria 3–0 in their first match, then drew 0–0 with England. Before the match, coach Vicente Feola made three substitutions that were crucial for Brazil to defeat the Soviets, Zito, Garrincha and Pelé
9.
Uruguay national football team
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The Uruguay national football team represents Uruguay in international association football and is controlled by the Uruguayan Football Association, the governing body for football in Uruguay. The current head coach is Óscar Tabárez, the Uruguayan team is commonly referred to as La Celeste. The Uruguayan team recently won the 2011 Copa América and they have won the Copa América 15 times, being the team that has won the tournament on most occasions. The team has won the FIFA World Cup twice, including the first World Cup in 1930 as hosts and they won their second title in 1950, upsetting host Brazil 2–1 in the final match, which received an attendance higher than any football match ever. They have won the Gold Medals in football at the Summer Olympics twice, in 1924 and 1928 recognized by FIFA as World Cup, Uruguay also won the 1980 Mundialito, a tournament among former World Cup champions. In total, Uruguay have won 20 official titles, a record for the most international titles held by any country. Another unique achievement of Uruguay is that it´s the only nation in football to organize multiple major international tournaments in own country. La Celeste won 7 Copa América tournaments,1 World Cup and Mundialito and their success is amplified by the fact that the nation has a very small population of around 3.4 million inhabitants. Uruguay is by far the smallest country in the world to have won a World Cup in terms of population,1.75 million inhabitants in 1930. The second-smallest country, by population, to have won the World Cup is Argentina with a population of nearly 28 million people in 1978, in 1901, Uruguay played against Argentina in their first ever match, a close contest won by Argentina 3–2. Prior to 1916, Uruguay played more than 30 matches, of which all, the inaugural Copa America provided Uruguay with more varied opposition. Victories over Chile and Brazil, along with a tie against Argentina, the following year Uruguay hosted the competition, and retained the title by winning every game. The 1919 Copa América saw Uruguays first defeat in the tournament, in 1924, the Uruguay team traveled to Paris to become the first South American team to compete in the Olympic Games. In contrast to the style of the European teams of the era, Uruguay played a style based around short passes. In the 1928 Summer Olympics, Uruguay went to Amsterdam to defend their title, FIFA assumed the responsibility of the organization of the Football Games to be played by FIFA rules and the tournaments would be recognized as World Championships. It only happened twice until the creation of its own FIFA World Championship, following the double Olympic triumph, Uruguay was chosen as the host nation for the first World Cup, held in 1930, the centenary of Uruguays first constitution. During the World Cup, Uruguay won all its matches, for the 1938 World Cup, France was chosen as host, contrary to a previous agreement to alternate the championships between South America and Europe, so Uruguay again refused to participate. Uruguay again won the World Cup in 1950, beating hosts Brazil in one of the biggest upsets in World Cup history, the decisive match was at the Maracanã Stadium in Brazil
10.
FIFA World Cup
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The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is Germany, which won its title at the 2014 tournament in Brazil. 32 teams, including the qualifying host nation, compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about a month. The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams, Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The worlds first international match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England, which ended in a 0–0 draw. The first international tournament, the edition of the British Home Championship. After FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 and these were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure. At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official competition, planned by The Football Association, Englands football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain won the gold medals and they repeated the feat in 1912 in Stockholm. With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between teams, Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909. The Lipton tournament was a championship between clubs from different nations, each one of which represented an entire nation. Lipton invited West Auckland, a side from County Durham. West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title, in 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a world football championship for amateurs, and took responsibility for managing the event. This paved the way for the worlds first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, contested by Egypt and 13 European teams, Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928. Those were also the first two world championships, as 1924 was the start of FIFAs professional era. On 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a championship itself. With Uruguay now two-time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930, indeed, no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition. Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium, France, Romania, in total,13 nations took part, seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America
11.
Falklands War
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It began on Friday,2 April 1982, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands in an attempt to establish the sovereignty it had claimed over them. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval force to engage the Argentine Navy. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, in total,649 Argentine military personnel,255 British military personnel, and three Falkland Islanders died during the hostilities. The conflict was an episode in the protracted confrontation over the territories sovereignty. Argentina asserted that the islands are Argentine territory, and the Argentine government thus characterised its military action as the reclamation of its own territory, the British government regarded the action as an invasion of a territory that had been a Crown colony since 1841. Falkland Islanders, who have inhabited the islands since the early 19th century, are descendants of British settlers. The conflict has had an effect in both countries and has been the subject of various books, articles, films, and songs. Patriotic sentiment ran high in Argentina, but the outcome prompted large protests against the military government. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative Party government, bolstered by the outcome, was re-elected the following year. The cultural and political weight of the conflict has had less effect in Britain than in Argentina, diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a meeting in Madrid, Spain, at which the two governments issued a joint statement. No change in either countrys position regarding the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands was made explicit, in 1994, Argentinas claim to the territories was added to its constitution. In December 1981 there was a change in the Argentine military regime, bringing to office a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri, Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo. Anaya was the architect and supporter of a military solution for the long-standing claim over the islands. Such action would also bolster its dwindling legitimacy, the newspaper La Prensa speculated in a step-by-step plan beginning with cutting off supplies to the islands, ending in direct actions late in 1982, if the UN talks were fruitless. The Royal Navy ice patrol vessel HMS Endurance was dispatched from Stanley to South Georgia in response, the Argentine military junta, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces, ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 2 April. Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker, on 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings off the Falkland Islands. The invasion was met with a defence organised by the Falkland Islands Governor Sir Rex Hunt. Word of the invasion first reached Britain from Argentine sources, a Ministry of Defence operative in London had a short telex conversation with Governor Hunts telex operator, who confirmed that Argentines were on the island and in control
12.
Osvaldo Ardiles
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Osvaldo César Ardiles, often referred to in Britain as Ossie Ardiles, is a football manager, pundit and former midfielder who won the 1978 FIFA World Cup as part of the Argentine national team. He now runs his own school in the UK called the Ossie Ardiles Soccer School. A competitive and skilled midfielder, Ardiles became a hero in England, along with Glenn Hoddle and compatriot Ricardo Villa. He left England for a period on loan as a result of the outbreak of the Falklands War in 1982, thus missing most of the 1982–83 English season. As manager of Spurs in the mid-1990s, he played several matches utilizing a formation that had five forwards, during his career, Ardiles has also coached in Mexico, Croatia, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Paraguay and his native Argentina. In Ireland he is a pundit for RTÉ Sport, Ardiles was born in Córdoba Province, Argentina, and played for Instituto de Córdoba from a young age. As a youngster, Ardiles played football in the streets and was given the nickname Pitón by his brother because of his dribbling skills. He was named as El Gráficos best player of the interior in 1974 and he also played for Club Atlético Belgrano and Huracán. After the 1978 World Cup he moved to England to play for Tottenham where he spent ten seasons. He helped Tottenham win the FA Cup in his season there. In the wake of the Falklands War between Britain and Argentina it became difficult for him to return to White Hart Lane and he went on loan to Paris Saint-Germain in France. After just one season in Paris, he returned to Tottenham, in the autumn of 1987, he was caretaker manager of Tottenham between the resignation of David Pleat and the appointment of Terry Venables. He then played for Blackburn Rovers, Queens Park Rangers and Swindon Town and he played part of the 1989 American Soccer League season with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers. On 7 February 2008 Ossie Ardiles, along with his fellow countryman Ricardo Villa, was inducted into the Tottenham Hotspur Hall of Fame, Ardiles was called up to the Argentina senior team by manager César Luis Menotti in 1975. He was a member of the World Cup winning squad in 1978, in July 1989, Ardiles moved into football management with second division Swindon Town when Lou Macari resigned to join West Ham in July 1989. He wowed fans by replacing the ball style which had been so successful with a new Samba style. Part of this change was the new formation which Ardiles implemented. Ten months after he had joined, Ardiles led Swindon to their highest ever league position, after beating Blackburn in the first leg of the play-off semi-final, the fans paid tribute with a tickertape reception in the second leg
13.
Ricardo Villa
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Ricardo Julio Ricky Villa is an Argentine football coach and former professional midfielder. In the 1970s he played successively for Quilmes, Atlético de Tucumán, at the 1978 FIFA World Cup, he was a member of the Argentinian team that won the tournament and made two appearances as a substitute in the second round. Afterwards, he was snapped up by Tottenham Hotspurs Keith Burkinshaw together with Ossie Ardiles, arriving to a ticker tape welcome at White Hart Lane, Villa scored one goal against Nottingham Forest on his debut. He had also opened the scoring in the 8th minute of that final replay, today, Spurs fans recall Rickys unique contribution wearing t-shirts with his hirsute visage morphed into Che Guevaras. Villa played on in Argentina, Colombia and the United States before ending his career in the leagues of Argentine football with Defensa y Justicia. Villa also represented Argentina in the 1991 edition of the World Cup of Masters and he dedicated himself to politics during the 1990s, but since July 2005 has been the technical secretary of Talleres de Córdoba. He resides in Villa Carlos Paz with his wife and four children, on 7 February 2008, Villa along with his compatriot Ossie Ardiles was inducted into the Tottenham Hotspur Hall of Fame. FIFA World Cup Winner 1978 FA Cup Winner 1981 Ricardo Villa – FIFA competition record Ricardo Villa at National-Football-Teams. com
14.
Pablo Zabaleta
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Pablo Javier Zabaleta Girod is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a right back for Manchester City and the Argentina national team. Zabaleta can operate on both sides of the pitch as a full-back and is known for his tenacious style of play, with Manchester City, Zabaleta has won all of English footballs major honours, the FA Cup, the Premier League, and the Football League Cup. Before joining Manchester City, Zabaleta played for La Liga club RCD Espanyol, a full international since 2005, Zabaleta represented Argentina at the 2011 and 2015 Copa América, and was part of their team which finished as runners-up in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He was also in their team won gold at the 2008 Olympics. Born in Buenos Aires, Zabaleta was raised in Arrecifes and he began his career at Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro in 2002 after progressing through their youth ranks, having been signed at the age of 12 from local club Obras Sanitarias. He started playing as a midfielder but eventually moved to the right side of midfield. Zabaleta was transferred to Espanyol in 2005 for €3 million after being Argentina under-20s captain in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, which Argentina won. During the 2005–06 season, Zabaleta helped Espanyol to win the Copa del Rey, in January 2007, Zabaleta suffered a shoulder injury that kept him off the pitch for almost three months, already having established himself as an undisputed first team choice. Later in the season, he featured in the 2006–07 UEFA Cup final, in the summer of 2008, Zabaleta transferred to Premier League club Manchester City after rejecting an offer from Juventus. He stated upon joining that the offer of Manchester City is impossible to reject.45 million, Zabaleta joined a day before Manchester City was bought by the Abu Dhabi United Group, led by Sheikh Mansour, which enabled a wealth of investment in the club. On 13 September 2008, Zabaleta made his debut for Manchester City in a 1–3 defeat to Chelsea at the City of Manchester Stadium. On 5 October, he received his first red card in English football when he was sent off in a 2–3 loss to Liverpool in his fourth Premier League appearance. He scored his first goal for City on 17 January 2009, on 21 November 2010, Zabaleta scored his second Premier League goal in Manchester Citys 4–1 win against Fulham. In the same match, he assisted a Carlos Tevez goal, on 1 January 2011, Zabaleta played his 100th game for Manchester City in all competitions, coming off the bench against Blackpool in a 1–0 win at Eastlands. Two weeks later, on 15 January, Zabaleta made his second assist of the season in a 4–3 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers and this win meant that City went top of the league above local rivals Manchester United. However, Citys title challenge faded with a loss of form in February, on 1 May 2011, Zabaleta scored his second goal of the season in a Premier League match against West Ham United. This secured a 2–1 win for the Citizens and put them seven points ahead of Liverpool, on 14 May 2011, Zabaleta appeared as an 88th-minute substitute for Carlos Tevez in the 2011 FA Cup Final as Manchester City beat Stoke City 1–0. On 23 October, he was a substitute in the convincing 1–6 win over rivals Manchester United at Old Trafford
15.
Penalty shoot-out (association football)
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A penalty shoot-out is a method of determining the winner of an association football match that is drawn after the regulation as well as extra playing time. Although the procedure for taking kicks from the penalty mark resembles that of a penalty kick, most notably, neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked. The method of breaking a draw in a match requiring a winner is determined beforehand by the organizing body. Although employed in football commonly since the 1970s, penalty shoot-outs remain unpopular with some, during a shoot-out, coaches, players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the centre circle. The kicking teams goalkeeper stands at the intersection of the goal line, goals scored during the shoot-out are not included in the final score, nor are they added to the goalscoring records of the players involved. A tie is a result in football. Exceptionally, a shoot-out after a league or round-robin match may be provided for and this provision appears for occasions where opposing teams in a final-day match finish the group with identical records, which can result in an immediate shoot-out. This happened in Group A of the 2003 UEFA Womens Under-19 Championship, several leagues, such as the J-League, have experimented with penalty shoot-outs immediately following a drawn league match, with the winner being awarded an extra point. A team that loses a penalty shoot-out is eliminated from the tournament but it does not count as a defeat, for instance, the Netherlands are considered to have concluded the 2014 FIFA World Cup undefeated, despite being eliminated at the semi-final stage. The following is a summary of the procedure for kicks from the penalty mark, the procedure is specified in Law 10 of the IFABs Laws of the Game document. The referee tosses a coin to decide the goal at which the kicks will be taken, the choice of goal by the coin toss winner may only be changed by the referee for safety reasons or if the goal or playing surface becomes unusable. The referee tosses the coin a second time to determine which team will take the first kick, all players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the pitchs centre circle. Each kick will be taken in the manner of a penalty kick. Each kick will be taken from the penalty mark, which is 12 yards from the line and equidistant from each touch line. Each team is responsible for selecting from the players the order in which they will take the kicks. The referee is not informed of the order, each kicker can kick the ball only once per attempt. Once kicked, the kicker may not play the ball again, no other player on either team, other than the designated kicker and goalkeeper, may touch the ball. The ball may touch the goalkeeper, goal posts, or crossbar any number of times before going into the goal as long as the referee believes the motion is the result of the initial kick
16.
Football in Argentina
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Football is Argentinas most popular sport, the one with the most players and is the most popular recreational sport, played from childhood into old age. The percentage of Argentines that declare allegiance to an Argentine football club is about 90%, Football was introduced to Argentina in the later half of the 19th century by the British immigrants in Buenos Aires. The first Argentine league was contested in 1891, making it the fifth oldest recognised league of a FIFA member, the Argentine Football Association was formed in 1893 and is the eighth oldest in the world. The Argentine national team is one of the eight to have won the football World Cup, having done so in 1978 and 1986, and also being runner-up in 1930,1990, and 2014. They have also won the top tournament, the Copa América, on fourteen occasions. The nations Olympic representative has won two Gold Medals, while the team has won a record six U-20 World Cups. At club level, Argentine teams have won the most Intercontinental Cups, womens football has a national league since 1991, the Campeonato de Fútbol Feminino. In turn, the national representative qualified for the World Cup for the first time in 2007. In futsal, Argentina were FIFUSA/AMF Futsal World Cup champions in 1994 and they also compete in the FIFA code of futsal, where they finished third in the 2004 FIFA Futsal World Cup. The team also won the FIFA Futsal Copa América in 2003, moreover, Argentina was world champion in futsal for the visually impaired in 1998. Argentina also compete in the beach football World Cup, where their best finish was third in 2001. British citizens founded social and sports clubs where they could practise their sports, such as bowls, cricket, football, golf, horse riding, rugby union and tennis amongst others. Two English immigrants Thomas and James Hogg organized a meeting on 9 May 1867 in Buenos Aires where the Buenos Aires Football Club was founded. The first recorded match in Argentina took place on this pitch on 20 June 1867. This newspaper, published in Argentina, was the first one to cover football matches in the country, the game was played between two teams of British merchants, the White Caps and the Red Caps. In the 19th century it was practice for teams to be distinguished by caps rather than jerseys. The teams consisted of 8 players each as the organisers were unable to more players for the match. The line-ups were, Thomas Hogg, James Hogg, William Forrester, T. B. Smith, J. W. Bond, Smith, William Heald, T. R. Best, U
17.
Alexander Watson Hutton
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Alexander Watson Hutton was a Scottish teacher and sportsman who is considered The Father of Argentine football. In 1893 he founded the Argentine Association Football League and he also founded the Buenos Aires English High School and football club Alumni, which was the most successful Argentine team with 22 titles won until its dissolution in 1911. Watson Hutton was born in the Gorbals, in Glasgow, in 1853 and he graduated from Edinburgh University and emigrated to Argentina in 1882. He worked at St Andrews Scots School for two years and he was a keen sportsman and believed that sports were of fundamental importance in education. On 4 February 1884 he founded the Buenos Aires English High School, in 1891 the Association Argentine Football League was established by Alex Lamont of St. Andrews Scots School, being the first football league outside of the British Isles. Five clubs competed but only one season was ever played, in 1891 Alec Lamont, headteacher St Andrews founded the Argentine Association Football League the first Argentine league, which was won by a team of Scots from St Andrews. The five team league only lasted one season but it is recognised by the Argentine Association as the first football league in the country. In 1898 his school formed a team which went on to become the most decorated team of Argentine football by then. The club, originally named the same as the school, changed to Alumni Athletic Club due to new rules by the Association, Alumni also provided many players for the Argentina national football team including his son Arnold Watson Hutton and captain Juan Brown. In 1911 he retired and his club was disbanded, Watson Hutton died on 9 March 1936 in Buenos Aires and is buried in Cementerio Británico. The AFA library is named in his honour, Buenos Aires English High School Alumni Athletic Club Football in Argentina Alexander Watson Hutton
18.
Alumni Athletic Club
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Alumni Athletic Club, or simply Alumni, was an Argentine football team active during the first years of the sport in that country. The squad was active until 1911 and was disbanded in 1913 due to internal problems, during its run in Primera División, Alumni achieved 10 championships and many national and international cups, becoming one of the most important clubs in the history of Argentine football. On 25 February 1882, Scottish Professor Alexander Watson Hutton arrived to Buenos Aires, Watson Hutton then created the Buenos Aires English High School to put in practise his ideas about education, with a special predilection for football. The BAEHS opened on 1 February 1884, to start with the practise of football in Argentina, Waton Hutton brought William Watters from Scotland, to work as a trainer. It was Watters who brought the first footballs from Great Britain to Argentina, in 1891 Alec Lamont, from St. Andrews, created the Argentine Football Association League. The following teams were registered, St. Andrews Scots School, Old Caledonians, Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway, nevertheless, this new tournament was badly criticized and was boycotted by most of the clubs. The title was won by St. Andrews, considered today as the first Argentine Primera División champion ever being recognised even by the Argentine Football Association, the Argentine Association Football League was dissolved after the 1891 season. As a result, in 1892 no championship was held, on 21 February 1893, Watson Hutton created a new football league with the same name, with himself as its first president. The BAEHS decided not to part in the 1894 championship. The BAEHS team returned to Primera División for the 1895 championship, the team made a poor campaign, finishing in the last position. The BAESH would not take part in a Primera División tournament until 1900, as they had done in 1894, the students of the school played for other teams during this period. In 1898 the Minister of Justice and Public Instruction ruled that teaching of physical exercises would be obligatory for all the schools programs. Furthermore, it was required each school had to create a sports club formed by their current. As a result, on 3 October 1898, English High School Athletic Club was founded, the championship was won by Banfield, English High School A. C. was the runner up. In 1900 the club decided to compete at the Primera División tournaments again and it began the long series of titles won by the team during its short existence in Argentine football. At the end of the season, the Buenos Aires Herald newspaper decided to award a trophy to the most popular team of Argentina, to establish this, the Herald made a survey among its readers, who had to send a voucher indicating their favorite team. The survey finished on 31 July 1900, and the English High School AC was awarded as the most popular team with 6.942 votes, followed by Quilmes and Belgrano Athletic. In 1901 the Association forbade football teams to use names of Schools so BAEHS had to register a new name to play at football tournaments
19.
Ernesto Grillo
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Ernesto Grillo was an Argentine football player who played for Independiente and Boca Juniors in Argentina, as well as AC Milan in Italy. He also represented the Argentina national team and he is included in the Argentine Football Association Hall of Fame. He became a legend when playing for Argentina scored the goal against England which beat 3–1 in 1953, after learning his trade in the youth teams of River Plate and Independiente Grillo started his professional playing career in 1949 with Independiente. The highlight of Grillos career came on 14 May 1953 in a match versus England and that was the second time England arrived to South America after the 1950 World Cup held in Brazil and the team had remained unbeaten until the match which played at River Plate. That goal instituted the 14 May as Argentine Footballers Day, in 1955, Grillo was part of the national squad that won the South American Championship 1955. In 1957, he moved to Italy where he won the 1958–59 Serie A championship with AC Milan. He returned to Argentina in 1960 to play for Boca Juniors, Grillo finished his career as an active player 1966 when he was 37. Four years later he began his career as coach of Boca Juniors youth divisions, some players coached by Grillo during their first years were Roberto Mouzo, Oscar Ruggeri, Enrique Vidallé, Hugo Perotti, Marcelo Trobbiani and Alberto Tarantini amongst others. Grillo worked there until 31 December 1986 when the decided not to continue working with him. In 1997 he went into depression and finally died on 18 June 1998, findAGrave. com RedArgentina. com Entry in the AFA Hall of Fame Futbol Factory profile at the Wayback Machine
20.
Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti
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It was opened on 25 May 1938 and named after former club president Antonio Vespucio Liberti. It is the largest stadium in Argentina with a capacity of 62.000 and it was the main venue in the 1951 Pan American Games and in the 1978 FIFA World Cup which hosted the final between Argentina and the Netherlands. Additionally, it hosted four finals of the Copa América, most recently in 2011 for the 2011 Copa América, in 2018, the stadium will host the Opening and Closing ceremonies of 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires. The Club Atlético River Plate was founded in 1901 and by 1934, at the time, the club was nicknamed Los Millonarios because of the purchase of forward Carlos Peucelle for whom River had paid a huge amount of money. On October 31,1934, River Plate purchased the land where the club was to build the new stadium in the neighborhood of Belgrano, El Monumental was built on land reclaimed from the marshy coast of Río de la Plata. On May 25,1935, the cornerstone was laid on the Centennial, on December 1 of that year, the Steering Committee presented the approved project in detail to its members at an assembly. They obtained a loan of $2,500,000 from the government and on September 27,1936, construction began under the direction of architects José Aslan, the foundation of the stadium was to be six or eight feet deep. This required open pit excavation to ensure the stability of the ground, the construction of the three stands was completed in two years. There are 50 km of steps, with 26,000 square meters of reinforced concrete, the stadium was inaugurated on Wednesday 25 May, amidst a crowd of approximately 65,000 people. They witnessed the handing over of an Argentine flag, one from the club, paid for by a group of associates, and then sang the national anthem, the next day, nearly 68,000 spectators were present. After various activities the evening ended with a match between River Plate and Uruguay team Peñarol, with a 3–1 victory for the home squad, when the Monumental project was originally designed, it consisted of four double decker stands. As the bank loan was not enough to carry out the entire project, the horseshoe was partially enclosed in 1958, under the club presidency of Enrique Pardo. The new construction, the first tier Colonia stand, was financed by proceeds from the 10M pesos transfer of Omar Sivori to Juventus of Italy, with the new construction the stadiums capacity reached 90,000. The stadium was remodelled and finally completed to meet the project after Argentina was awarded the right to host the 1978 World Cup. Monumental was the headquarters for the 1978 World Cup, the venue was opened on June 1 for the match between West Germany and Poland. They hosted seven games, including the final between Argentina and the Netherlands. San Lorenzo earned the record for highest number of attending a match for a visiting team in 1982. In their second match against Tigre, San Lorenzo, brought more than 70,000 people to Rivers stadium
21.
Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
22.
English Argentines
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English Argentines are citizens of Argentina, or the children of Argentine citizens brought up in Argentina, who can claim ancestry originating in England. The English settlement in Argentina, took place in the period after Argentinas independence from Spain through the 19th century, the United Kingdom had a strong economic influence in Argentina during the Victorian period. As the 19th century progressed more English families arrived, and many bought land to develop the potential of the Argentine pampas for the growing of crops. The English founded banks, developed the trade in crops and animal products. As well as those who went to Argentina as industrialists and major landowners, others went as railway engineers, civil engineers and to work in banking, others went to become whalers, missionaries and simply to seek out a future. English families sent second and younger sons, or what were described as the sheep of the family, to Argentina to make their fortunes in cattle. English settlers introduced football to Argentina, some English families owned sugar plantations. In a treaty of 1825, the United Kingdom became one of the first countries to recognise the independence of Argentina, at one point in the 19th century, ten per cent of British foreign investment was in Argentina, despite not being a colony. In 1939, 39% of investment in Argentina was British, English culture, or a version of it as perceived from outside, had a noted effect on the culture of Argentina, mainly in the middle classes. In 1888 local Anglo-Argentines established the Hurlingham Club, based on its namesake in London, the city of Hurlingham, Buenos Aires and Hurlingham Partido in Buenos Aires Province later grew up around the club and took their names from it. The Córdoba Athletic Club, one of the oldest sports clubs in Argentina, was founded in 1882 by English men that lived in Córdoba working in the railroads, in 1912 Harrods opened a department store in Buenos Aires, the only Harrods ever opened outside London. Harrods Buenos Aires became independent of Harrods in the 1940s but still traded under the Harrods name, the Richmond café on Florida Street is a notable tea venue near the Harrods department store, now turned into an exhibition hall. Belgrano R, within the Belgrano district, is another train station known for the British neighbourhood around it originated by the railway, an Anglican church from 1896 and the Buenos Aires English High School founded by Alexander Watson Hutton in 1884 are both located in this area. Also important are the railway terminals Retiro in the homonymous neighbourhood, there are numerous countryside stations in the Pampas. Around 100,000 Anglo-Argentines are the descendants of English immigrants to Argentina and they are one of the most successful immigrant groups of Argentina, gaining prominence in commerce, industry, and the professions. Many are noted by their ability to speak English in family circles with an undistinguishable English accent, an English-language newspaper, the Buenos Aires Herald, continues to be published daily in Buenos Aires. Anglo-Argentines have traditionally differed from their fellow Argentines by largely retaining strong ties with their country, including education. Many of the schools in Argentina are bilingual offering both English language and Spanish language, including Northlands School, St, marks College, Balmoral College, St. Albans College, St. Georges College, Belgrano Day School and Washington School
23.
Buenos Aires Cricket & Rugby Club
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Buenos Aires Cricket & Rugby Club, sometimes known simply as Buenos Aires, is an Argentine sports club based in San Fernando, Buenos Aires. The club claims to be the oldest club still in existence in Argentina, according to reports of a match played by the club in Recoleta, Buenos Aires. Likewise, the Buenos Aires FC merged to BACC in 1951, since then, rugby union became the main sport of the institution. Apart from rugby and cricket, the hosts the practise of field hockey, football. The exact date of establishment of the Buenos Aires Cricket Club is not clear because of the fire destroyed most of the clubs facilities. That match was covered by English language newspaper The British Packet, the first president of the club was British consul Frank Parish, named in 1858. In April,1868, BACC played its first club match facing Montevideo Cricket Club in the city of Montevideo, the rematch was played in Buenos Aires in 1869, where BACC defeated Montevideo again by 174–121. On 8 December 1864, the club inaugurated its game field in Parque Tres de Febrero of Palermo, Buenos Aires. That day BACC defeated HMS Bombay team by 85 runs to 31, just 6 days before that ship would be destroyed in a fire on the River Plate, in 1877 the BACC played its first match against Rosario Cricket Club. On 26 June 1867, several members of the met on the Buenos Aires Cricket Clubs field in Palermo. The game had originally planned to be disputed in La Boca but had to be moved due to floods. The game was such a success that some members would go on to found the Buenos Aires Football Club, for years to come both clubs would share installations and members with BACC playing cricket in summer and BAFC playing football in winter. Rugby union rules were first adopted by Buenos Aires FC in 1874, in 1886 a new a new Buenos Aires Football Club was founded as a rugby union club exclusively. The club played against Rosario AC, being the first time two different clubs ever met for a rugby game in the country. In 1899, along with Rosario AC, Belgrano AC and Lomas, Buenos Aires FC became a member of The River Plate Rugby Championship. The first Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires championship was created the same year, Buenos Aires won 8 of the first 15 editions of this tournament. In 1948 the installations of the BACC were destroyed by the fire, the fire destroyed most of the archives and documents of the club. Three years later, more precisely on 4 May 1951, both clubs BACC and BAFC decided to merge into one, under the name Buenos Aires Cricket & Rugby Club
24.
Palermo, Buenos Aires
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Palermo is a neighborhood, or barrio of the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. With a total area of 17.4 km2, Palermo is the largest neighborhood in Buenos Aires, as of 1991 it had a population of 256,927 inhabitants. It is the only barrio within the division of Comuna 14. The name of the district is derived from the still-existing Franciscan abbey of Saint Benedict of Palermo, Saint Benedict the Moor lived from 1526 to 1589 and is a complementary patron saint of Palermo, the capital city of Sicily. Juan Manuel de Rosas built a residence there which was confiscated after his fall in 1852. The most upmarket part of Palermo, Palermo Chico, is on Palermos north-eastern edge, across Figueroa Alcorta Avenue, once a quarter full of splendid mansions set in broad private parks, many have unfortunately since been demolished by developers. The area nevertheless remains one of the wealthiest in the city, home to luxury condominium and apartment developments, MALBA, is located next door between Barrio Parque and the Paseo Alcorta shopping centre. Alto Palermo is downtown Palermo, the shopping area and transport hub around Santa Fe Avenue. Centered on Las Heras Park and the Alto Palermo Shopping Center, Palermo Norte is located along Libertador Avenue to the northwest of Palermo Chico, and the site of landmarks such as the Argentine Automobile Club and the National Museum of Decorative Arts. Villa Freud, based around Plaza Güemes, is an area known for its high concentration of psychoanalysts and psychiatrists. The King Fahd Islamic Cultural Center was built in the 1990s just east of the Polo fields, the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers headquarters and other military installations, such as the Central Military Hospital and the Military Geographic Institute, are located to the south. La Imprenta, west of Las Cañitas, borders the Belgrano ward, one of its best-known landmarks is the Parish of San Benito Abad and the neighboring Solar de la Abadía shopping gallery. Palermo Viejo is, as its name implies, the oldest part and it runs from Santa Fe Avenue south to Córdoba Avenue, and from Avenida Dorrego east to Coronel Díaz Street. The neighborhood is centred on Plaza Palermo Viejo, and reflects an older Spanish Colonial Revival style in architecture, the new headquarters of the National Research Council, opened in 2011 in the refurbished former GIOL winery, is a notable recent example of this trend. Such well-known figures as Jorge Luis Borges and Che Guevara once lived in this ward, borgess poem Fundacion mitica de Buenos Aires names a typical square adjacent to his childhood home, a popular tourist landmark. Palermo Soho is an area of Palermo Viejo around Plaza Serrano on Serrano near Palermos south-western edge. It is a fashionable area for fashion, design, restaurants, bars. The atmosphere in many cafés and restaurants strives to be alternative, the traditional low houses have been adapted into boutiques and bars, creating a bohemian feel
25.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
26.
St. Andrew's Scots School
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The Saint Andrews Scots School, mostly known simply as Saint Andrews, is an Argentine bilingual school in Olivos, Vicente López Partido, Buenos Aires Province. Established in 1838 in downtown Buenos Aires, it is the oldest school of British origin in South America, the school offers early childhood, primary and secondary education and has a university founded in 1988. The schools campus is located in Benavídez, Tigre Partido, inside the urban agglomeration known as Greater Buenos Aires. The school was established in Argentina on September 1,1838, by a group of Scottish immigrants who wanted to educate their children in their language, culture. At the beginning only girls were admitted, although the school accepted boys soon after, the first location of the school was in Piedras 55, in downtown Buenos Aires. The institution was moved to the neighbourhood of Constitución, where children from many nationalities attended. The chapel moved to the streets of Belgrano and Perú where it still remains, in 1882, Scotsman Alexander Watson Hutton, arrived to Buenos Aires after being hired by St. Andrews as headmaster. Hutton encouraged the teaching of sports at the school, which conflicted with the position of the authorities of not considering sports as important as he did, due to his disagreeing with the policies of the establishment, Hutton resigned one year later. After leaving St. Andrews, Hutton founded his own institution, the Buenos Aires English High School, in 1947, the school moved to Olivos, Vicente López Partido, and in 1988 the institution opened the University of San Andrés. The football team, formed by students of the school, is considered the first Primera División champion, the five teams registered to play the tournament were, Old Caledonians, Buenos Aires & Rosario Railway, Belgrano Football Club and Buenos Aires Football Club. Hurlingham also registered but did not play any match, the practice of football in Argentina was spread thanks to Lamont and Alexander Watson Hutton, who later established Alumni, the most successful team until its dissolution in 1911. The first championship started on 12 April and finished on 13 September 1891, at the end of the season, St. Therefore, St. Andrews and Old Caledonians played a new game, played on September 13,1891 and won by St. Andrews by 3–1. Despite its success, the St. Andrews Football Club was dissolved the same year, being the first Argentine champion gave St. Andrews fame and prestige. The first crest of Independiente was influenced by St. Andrews, the team disputed only one more tournament in 1894, which was won by Lomas Athletic Club. St. Andrews finished 5th over 6 teams, having lost 7 games of 10 played, after that season, St. Andrews FC never played an official football championship again. In 1911 the principal of the school, William Hardie, founded the Club San Andrés, sports currently practised at the club include rugby union, field hockey and association football. Its rugby team plays at the Torneo de la URBA Grupo I, today the school has many sports such as athletics, badminton, basketball, association football, rugby union, swimming, tennis and volleyball
27.
Buenos Aires English High School
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Watson Hutton was born in Scotland and emigrated to Argentina in 1882. The first educational institution where he worked was St. Andrews Scots School for two years, as a keen sportsman, Watson Hutton believed that sports were of fundamental importance in education. Nevertheless, he resigned a short while due to St. Andrews not having funds to acquire sports facilities. After leaving St. Andrews, Watson Hutton decided to create the Buenos Aires English High School to put in practise his ideas about education, the BAEHS opened on February 1,1884, with a first location in Perú street, at the Buenos Aires downtown. The School later moved to Belgrano district in 1906, wattson Hutson left BAEHS in 1910. Under the direction of Watson Hutton, the School encouraged the practise of sports among its students, cricket, swimming, tennis, fencing, boxing were some of the sports added to the institution, apart from football, which Watson Hutton had a fondness for. To start with the practice of football in Argentina, Waton Hutton brought William Watters from Scotland, some sources state that it was Watters who brought the first footballs from Great Britain to Argentina. The School registered a team that participated in the 1893 Argentine Primera División. The team also played the 1895 tournament, in 1898 the Minister of Justice and Public Instruction ruled that teaching of physical exercises would be obligatory for all the national schools programs. Furthermore, it was required that each School had to create a club formed by their current. As a result, on October 3,1898, Club Atlético English High School was founded. The school bought its first facility in Coghlan, Buenos Aires, near the station, with the purpose of practicing physical activities as it was required BAEHS football team. The international achievements include 6 Tie Cup and 1 Copa de Honor Cousenier, Alumni played its last tournament in 1911, being definitely dissolved in 1913, although the team would be occasionally reunited to play some friendly and exhibition games. Forty years after the last official championship played by Alumni, a group of students of the School decided to honor the legacy of the team. They requested BAEHS to use the name Alumni, which was immediately accepted, the team made its debut in the 1952 season. The rugby union team adopted the colors that the football team
28.
Argentine Football Association
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The Argentine Football Association is the governing body of football in Argentina. It organises the Primera División and lower divisions, the Argentine Cup, Supercopa Argentina, the association is based in the city of Buenos Aires. Secondly, it organizes the amateur leagues for women, children, youth, Futsal. The Argentine Association Football League was founded on 21 February 1893 by Alexander Watson Hutton, the Argentine Association is the oldest in South America and one of the oldest to be formed outside Europe. In 1906 Florencio Martínez de Hoz became the first Argentine-born President of the Association, some teams moved to the FAF were Gimnasia y Esgrima, Independiente, Estudiantes de La Plata and Atlanta. The league lasted until 1914 when rejoining Asociación Argentina de Football forming a league for the 1915 season. The second dissident league was formed in 1919 and named Asociacion Amateurs de Football, the first round of the recently created professional championship was on 31 May 1931. With 75 presidents of different Argentine clubs voting, the day of the elections something went wrong when the final count resulted in a draw of 38 to 38, the explanation given was that one of the electors put a double vote and that mistake was not reported. As a result, the committee decided to postpone the election. After some meetings to put an end to the conflict, both agreed to have another election in June 2016. In June 2016, AFA president Luis Segura was charged with aggravated administrative fraud, Segura has been replaced on an interim basis by the AFAs executive secretary, Damián Dupiellet. The body has been renamed several times since its establishment in 1893,3 Expelled by the Argentine military dictatorship. 5 Then translated into Spanish as Asociación del Fútbol Argentino in 1946, official site Argentina at FIFA site
29.
Rosario Central
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Club Atlético Rosario Central is a sports club based in Rosario, Argentina, that plays in the Argentine Primera División. The club was officially founded December 24,1889 by a group of railway workers, originally member of the Rosarios Football Association, the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association in 1939. Since then, Rosario Central has won the Argentines First Division four times, in addition, Rosario Central won the Conmebol Cup once, in 1995, being the only team in Santa Fe province which has won an official international title recognised by FIFA. In 2012, the club was considered by FIFA as one of the 11 most classical clubs in Argentine football, Rosario Central has a strong rivalry with Newells Old Boys. The matches played between them are named El Clasico Rosarino, and is amongst the most heated rivalries in Argentina due to teams and due to Rosario Centrals local popularity. Rosario Centrals home stadium is Estadio Dr. Lisandro de la Torre, the club was founded as the Central Argentine Railway Athletic Club on December 24,1889, by 16 British railway workers of the British-owned Central Argentine Railway company as a football club. They wanted to be unlike Rosario Cricket Club which was focused on rugby union, both the first president and the first vice-president were British. The recently created club played its first match with the crew of a British ship, the game ended 1–1 so a new game was played, that was won by the Argentine club by 2–1. During many years Central Argentine played only internal matches or faced the Rosario Cricket Club occasionally, the British-owned railway did not allow people from outside the company to become a member. In 1904 the railway companies Central Argentino and Buenos Aires merged so the members decided to modify the name of the institution. The club changed to Club Atlético Rosario Central and also decided to accept new members with no restrictions, the Liga Rosarina de Football was created in March 1905, formed by teams from the city of Rosario, Santa Fe. The first tournament managed by the league was the Copa Santiago Pinasco, named that way because the Mayor of Rosario, Santiago Pinasco, Central debuted on May 21,1905, defeating Rosario Athletic by 3–1. On June, Central played a match against English team Nottingham Forest. Rosario Central won its first regional title in 1908, in 1913 the club disaffiliated from the Liga Rosarina, founding with other clubs the dissident Federación Rosarina de Football. Central won this league in 1913, in 1914 Central would return to Liga Rosarina, winning the championship after playing 20 matches, winning 19 games with 1 draw. The team scored 99 goals and only conceded 10, being Harry Hayes the top scorer of the tournament with 51 goals, the squad also would win the 1915,1916 and 1917 regional titles, becoming four-champion of the Rosarian League. In 1919, Central won the Rosario´s league title again, winning 3–2 the final match against their rivals, Newells Old Boys. In 1920 Rosario Central left the again, and joined other clubs to form the Asociación Amateur
30.
Newell's Old Boys
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Club Atlético Newells Old Boys is an Argentine sports club based in Rosario, Santa Fe. The club was founded on 3 November 1903, and is named after Isaac Newell, originally a member of Rosarios Football Association, Newells affiliated to the Argentine Football Association in 1939. They were the 2013 champions in Argentine football, and have won AFAs Primera División six times throughout their history, Newells has also been twice Copa Libertadores runner-up. The clubs football stadium is the Estadio Marcelo Bielsa, named after the former player and manager Marcelo Bielsa. Newells plays the Rosario derby against Rosario Central, a club with which they have a historical rivalry. Newells is also notable for its youth divisions, being the club with most national titles in AFAs youth tournaments. Lionel Messi also played in the youths, but left at a young age to Barcelona to seek treatment for his growth hormone deficiency. Other sports practised at this club are basketball, boxing, field hockey, martial arts, roller skating, club Atlético Newells Old Boys was established on 3 November 1903. Claudio Newell was one of the founding members, Newell called teachers, pupils and alumni of the school to sign the act of foundation of the club. The name chosen paid tribute to Isaac Newells life, the first president was Víctor Heitz. The name old boys is referred to graduates of a school, therefore, Newells Old Boys would mean Graduates of Newells school or something similar. In fact, the players of the first football team were graduates of that school, the colours of the club were taken from the Colegio Comercial Anglicano Argentino emblem that were red and black inspired in the colours of the English and German flags respectively. Newells Old Boys is often referred to as leprosos because the team was invited to a charity match to raise funds for a leprosy sufferers of Hospital Carrasco, in the 1920s. The club immediately accepted to take part in the event, but Rosario Central did not so, the main objective was to organise a championship, so a trophy was donated by the major of Rosario, Santiago Pinasco. The trophy was named in his honour. Newells was the winner of the first edition, having won eight games, the team also scored 39 goals, conceding just 4. Previously, the historic first Rosarino derby had been held, Newells won 1–0 with a goal scored by Faustino González. The next year Newells won its second championship, in 1907, the Liga Rosarina established a second division
31.
Boca Juniors
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Club Atlético Boca Juniors is an Argentine sports club based in the La Boca neighbourhood of Buenos Aires. National titles won by Boca Juniors include 31 Primera División championships, Boca Juniors also owns an honorary title awarded by the Argentine Football Association for their successful tour of Europe in 1925. Internationally, the Boca Juniors have won a total of 22 international titles, with 18 recognized by FIFA and CONMEBOL. According to that, Boca is ranked third in the world in terms of number of internationally recognized titles, together with A. C. Milan and behind Real Madrid and Egyptian side Al Ahly. Boca Juniors international achievements also include Tie Cup, Copa de Honor Cousenier, Boca Juniors is also one of only eight teams to have won CONMEBOLs treble. Their success usually has Boca ranked among the IFFHSs Club World Ranking Top 25, Boca was also named by the IFFHS as the top South American club of the first decade of the 21st century. Boca Juniors is also known to be the one of the most popular clubs in Argentina. Boca juniors is one of the most popular clubs in South America, Boca has always had a fierce rivalry with River Plate, as both clubs were established in La Boca. Matches between them are known as the Superclásico, and are one of the most heated rivalries in Argentina, Bocas home stadium is Estadio Alberto J. Armando, which is colloquially known as La Bombonera. In addition to football, Boca Juniors also has basketball and volleyball teams. Other activities held in the club are, athletics, futsal, artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, martial arts, on 3 April 1905, a group of Italian boys met in order to find a club. The house where the meeting was arranged was Esteban Bagliettos and the four people who attended were Alfredo Scarpatti, Santiago Sana and brothers Juan. This was possible when the Asociación Argentina de Fútbol decided to increase the number of teams in the league from 6 to 15, in 1925, Boca made its first trip to Europe to play in Spain, Germany and France. The squad played a total of 19 games, winning 15 of them, for that reason Boca was declared Campeón de Honor for the 1925 season by the Association. During successive years, Boca consolidated as one of the most popular teams of Argentina, with a number of fans not only in Argentina. The club is one of the most successful teams in Argentine football, having won 31 Primera División titles, second only to River Plate with 36. In South American and international football, Boca Juniors have won 18 titles. Those honors include 1919 Tie Cup,1920 Copa de Honor Cousenier and 1945 and 1946 Copa Escobar-Gerona, legend has it that in 1906, Boca played Nottingham de Almagro
32.
Wembley Stadium (1923)
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The Original Wembley Stadium was a football stadium located in Wembley Park, London. It stood on the now occupied by its successor, the new Wembley Stadium. The great Brazilian footballer Pelé once said of the stadium, Wembley is the cathedral of football and it is the capital of football and it is the heart of football in recognition of its status as the worlds best-known football stadium. It also hosted music events, including the 1985 Live Aid charity concert. The twin towers were an icon for England and Wembley, debris from the Original Wembley Stadium was used to make the award-winning Northala Fields in Northolt, Ealing. The stadiums first turf was cut by King George V, much of Humphrey Reptons original Wembley Park landscape was transformed in 1922–23 during preparations for the British Empire Exhibition of 1924–25. First known as the British Empire Exhibition Stadium or simply Empire Stadium, the stadium cost £750,000, and was constructed on the site of an earlier folly called Watkins Tower. The architects were Sir John Simpson and Maxwell Ayrton and the Head Engineer Sir Owen Williams, the stadium had gone into liquidation, after it was pronounced financially unviable. Elvin offered to buy the stadium for £127,000, using a £12,000 downpayment and they then immediately bought it back from Elvin, leaving him with a healthy profit. Instead of cash he received shares, which gave him the largest stake in Wembley Stadium, the electric scoreboard and the all-encircling roof, made from aluminium and translucent glass, were added in 1963. The stadiums distinctive Twin Towers became its trademark and nickname, also well known were the 39 steps needed to be climbed to reach the Royal box and collect a trophy. Wembley was the first pitch to be referred to as Hallowed Turf, in 1934, the Empire Pool was built nearby. The Wembley Stadium Collection is held by the National Football Museum, the stadium closed in October 2000, and demolition commenced in December 2002, completing in 2003 for redevelopment. The top of one of the towers was erected as a memorial in the park on the north side of Overton Close in the Saint Raphaels Estate. Wembley is best known for hosting football matches, having hosted the FA Cup Final annually as well as numerous England International fixtures, the Empire Stadium was built in exactly 300 days at the cost of £750,000. Described as the worlds greatest sporting arena, it was ready only 4 days before the White Horse Final in 1923, the FA had not considered admission by ticket, grossly underestimating the number of fans who arrived at the 104 gates on match day. However, after the game, every event, apart from the 1982 replay, was ticketed, the first event held at the stadium was the FA Cup Final on 28 April 1923 between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United. This is known as the White Horse Final, the crowds overflowed onto the pitch as there was no room on the terraces
33.
The Football Association
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The Football Association, also known simply as the FA, is the governing body of association football in England, and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man. Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the amateur, the FA sanctions all competitive football matches within its remit at national level, and indirectly at local level through the County Football Associations. It runs numerous competitions, the most famous of which is the FA Cup, the FA is a member of both UEFA and FIFA and holds a permanent seat on the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the laws of the game. As the first football association, it not use the national name English in its title. The FA is based at Wembley Stadium, London, the FA is a member of the British Olympic Association, meaning that the FA has control over the mens and womens Great Britain Olympic football team. All of Englands professional football teams are members of the Football Association, although it does not run the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, it has veto power over the appointment of the League Chairman and Chief Executive and over any changes to league rules. The English Football League, made up of the three professional divisions below the Premier League, is self-governing, subject to the FAs sanctions. Another set of rules, the Sheffield Rules, was used by a number of clubs in the North of England from the 1850s, eleven London football clubs and schools representatives met on 26 October 1863 to agree on common rules. The founding clubs present at the first meeting were Barnes, Civil Service, Crusaders, Forest of Leytonstone, many of these clubs are now defunct or play rugby union. Civil Service FC, who now plays in the Southern Amateur League, is the one of the original eleven football clubs still in existence. There are only three institutions which have been members of the F. A. since 1863, those being Civil Service, Forest School and Kings College. Central to the creation of the Football Association and modern football was Ebenezer Cobb Morley and he was a founding member of the Football Association in 1863. In 1862, as captain of Barnes, he wrote to Bells Life newspaper proposing a governing body for the sport led to the first meeting at The Freemasons Tavern that created the FA. He was the FAs first secretary and its president and drafted the Laws of the Game generally called the London Rules at his home in Barnes. As a player, he played in the first ever match in 1863, the first version of the rules for the modern game was drawn up over a series of six meetings held in The Freemasons Tavern from October till December. Of the clubs at the first meeting, Crusaders, Surbiton and Charterhouse did not attend the subsequent meetings, replaced instead by the Royal Navy School, Wimbledon School, at the final meeting, F. M. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, the term soccer dates back to this split to refer to football played under the association rules. The Richmond side were obviously unimpressed by the new rules in practice because they helped form the Rugby Football Union in 1871
34.
FIFA
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The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is the international governing body of association football, futsal, and beach soccer. FIFA is responsible for the organisation of major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930. FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 211 national associations, although FIFA does not control the rules of football, it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion, which generate revenue from sponsorship. In 2013, FIFA had revenues of over 1.3 billion U. S. dollars, for a net profit of 72 million and those among these officials who were also indicted in the U. S. are expected to be extradited to face charges there as well. Many officials were suspended by FIFAs ethics committee including Sepp Blatter, in early 2017 reports became public about FIFA president Gianni Infantino attempting to prevent the re-elections of both chairmen of the ethics committee during the FIFA congress in May 2017. The need for a body to oversee association football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The French name and acronym are used even outside French-speaking countries, the founding members were the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Also, that day, the German Association declared its intention of affiliating through a telegram. The first president of FIFA was Robert Guérin, Guérin was replaced in 1906 by Daniel Burley Woolfall from England, by then a member of the association. Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the application of South Africa in 1909, Argentina in 1912, Canada and Chile in 1913, and the United States in 1914. During World War I, with players sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international fixtures severely limited. Post-war, following the death of Woolfall, the organisation was run by Dutchman Carl Hirschmann and it was saved from extinction, but at the cost of the withdrawal of the Home Nations, who cited an unwillingness to participate in international competitions with their recent World War enemies. The Home Nations later resumed their membership, the FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum at Urbis in Manchester, England. The first World Cup in the world was in 1930 in Montevideo, FIFA is headquartered in Zürich, and is an association established under the Law of Switzerland. FIFAs supreme body is the FIFA Congress, a made up of representatives from each affiliated member association. Each national football association has one vote, regardless of its size or footballing strength, the Congress assembles in ordinary session once every year, and extraordinary sessions have been held once a year since 1998. The congress makes decisions relating to FIFAs governing statutes and their method of implementation and application, only the Congress can pass changes to FIFAs statutes
35.
Alf Ramsey
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Sir Alfred Ernest Ramsey was an English footballer and manager who, as manager of the England national football team from 1963 to 1974, guided England to victory in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. As a player, Ramsey was a defender and a member of Englands 1950 World Cup squad and he is, as of 2015, the only person to have been inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame twice, both as manager and player. Ramsey was born and raised in Dagenham, which was then a quiet Essex village and he was generally considered a rather slow, but accomplished player with a tremendous grasp of the tactical side of the game. England games in which Ramsey played include the shock 1–0 defeat to the United States at the 1950 World Cup, Ramsey retired from playing in 1955 to become the manager of Ipswich Town, then in the third tier of English football. Ipswich rose through the divisions over the six years, winning the Third Division South in 1956–57. In the 1961–62 season, Ipswichs first campaign in the top division, Ramsey took charge of the England team a year later. In a distinct break with practice of the day, he used a narrow formation that led to his England side being dubbed The Wingless Wonders. Englands World Cup victory at Wembley in 1966 made Ramsey a national hero, though he had his critics and he lost the England job acrimoniously, following the teams failure to qualify for the 1974 World Cup. He died in Ipswich in 1999, aged 79, soon after his death, a statue of Ramsey was built outside Ipswichs home ground at Portman Road, and a neighbouring street was named after him. A stand at Portman Road was named after Ramsey in 2012, a second statue of Ramsey was dedicated at the reconstructed Wembley Stadium in 2009, in the players tunnel. Ramsey was an inductee into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002, in recognition of his achievements as a manager, he was admitted again, as a player. He remains widely regarded as one of British footballs all-time great managers, Alfred Ernest Ramsey was born on 22 January 1920 at 6 Parrish Cottages, Halbutt Street in Dagenham, which was then an agrarian village in Essex, about 10 miles east of central London. He was the third of five children, four boys and a girl, born to Herbert Ramsey, a labourer who worked a smallholding, kept pigs and drove a horse-drawn dustcart. Parrish Cottages lacked hot running water and electricity, and the toilet was outside. Such conditions were typical of Dagenham during this period, although Ramseys street gradually became something of an anachronism as he grew up. From 1921, London County Council transformed the area into the Becontree estate, a vast urban community that by 1934 was home to 120,000 people, in the recollection of a childhood contemporary, Phil Cairns, the Ramsey house was little more than a wooden hut. The young Alf Ramsey was described by his friend Fred Tibble as a quiet boy who really loved sport. He learned skills such as control, kicking and heading with a tennis ball
36.
Nat Lofthouse
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Nathaniel Nat Lofthouse, OBE was an English professional footballer who played for Bolton Wanderers for his whole career. Born in Bolton, Lancashire, in 1925, Lofthouse joined the main club on 4 September 1939. It was then more than five years until he made his debut for the club, but he eventually played against Chelsea on 31 August 1946. Lofthouse would go on to play 33 games for England, and he perhaps justified a claim to an earlier call-up by scoring both goals in a 2–2 draw against Yugoslavia at Highbury on his debut. On 25 May 1952, Lofthouse earned the title Lion of Vienna after scoring his goal in Englands 3–2 victory over Austria. In doing so he was elbowed in the face, tackled from behind, back from national team duty, he then scored six goals in a game for the Football League against the Irish League on 24 September 1952. In 1952–53, he was named FWA Footballer of the Year and he scored a goal – but was on the losing side – in the famous 1953 FA Cup Final, having previously scored in each round. That season he topped the First Division goalscoring charts with 30 goals and he featured in the 1954 World Cup side. Lofthouse scored twice against Belgium in a match that ended 4–4, injured for the next match, in the quarter final game against Uruguay he equalized in the 16th minute, after receiving the ball in the 18 yard box. On 3 May 1958, almost five years to the day after losing the 1953 final, there was a national wave of sympathy for United, who three months earlier had suffered grievously in the Munich air disaster. Bolton won the game 2–0 with Lofthouse scoring both goals, the second of which was controversial and remains a talking point to this day. Lofthouse went into a challenge with the United keeper Harry Gregg, shoulder charging the goalkeeper was a legitimate tactic at the time, but Lofthouse later admitted that his challenge was a foul. Lofthouse stands seventh in the list of English footballs top division goalscorers, after retiring from playing football, Lofthouse became the assistant trainer at Burnden Park on 10 July 1961 and was then appointed chief coach at the club in 1967. In 1968, he spent a time as caretaker manager of the club. Before becoming Boltons chief scout, he became a manager at Burnden. In 1978, he became the executive manager. In 1985, at the age of 60, Lofthouse became caretaker manager at the club again, Lofthouse was the recipient of various honours after retiring from the game. On 2 December 1989, he was made a Freeman of Bolton, on 1 January 1994, he was appointed an OBE and on 18 January 1997, Bolton decided to name their East Stand at their new Reebok Stadium after him
37.
Tom Finney
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Finney was President of Kendal Town. Finney was born at home in Preston on a next to the Deepdale stadium to Margaret. He was frail and somewhat sickly in his youth and stood only 4 ft 9 in at the age of fourteen. When he was offered the opportunity to sign for Preston North End and his mother died in 1927, aged 32. Finney was married to Elsie from 1945 until her death in 2004 and she suffered from Alzheimers disease, which led Finney to be a strong supporter of the Alzheimers Society. They had two children, a son Brian and a daughter Barbara, soon after Finney signed, however, the Second World War began and normal football was suspended, though Finney started to achieve some recognition during wartime tournaments. In December 1942, he made a guest appearance for Southampton in a 3–1 defeat by Arsenal at The Dell, local leave in North Africa allowed him to play in army teams against local opposition, and on one occasion he played against the future actor Omar Sharif. Once normal competition was restored, Finney made his debut for Preston in August 1946, post-war demand for plumbers ensured that he had a second income to supplement the £14 he received as a footballer and was nicknamed The Preston Plumber. Such was his influence on the team that Preston were, rather unfairly, known to some as the Plumber and his 10 drips. Twenty-eight days after his first Football League appearance for Preston, and aged 24, Finney made his England debut against Northern Ireland in Belfast, Finney referred to this as his proudest day as a footballer. He went on to win 76 caps and score 30 goals in an England career that spanned 13 years, in 1952, Prestons chairman Nat Buck rejected an offer for Finney worth £10,000 over two years from Italian club Palermo, and Finney remained a one-club player. He was voted Footballer of the Year in 1953–54, the season of his appearance in the FA Cup Final where Preston lost 3–2 to West Bromwich Albion. He was Footballer of the Year again in 1956–57, becoming the first player to win this award more than once, Finney revealed in his autobiography that he was not fully match fit for the 1954 FA Cup Final, and therefore did not give his best performance. Finney formed a partnership with Tommy Thompson in the 1950s. In the 1956–57 season they scored 57 goals altogether, in 1957–58 their combined tally was 60 goals, in June 1958, he scored his 29th international goal, against the Soviet Union to become joint England all-time top-scorer, sharing the record with Vivian Woodward and Nat Lofthouse. In October the same year, he netted his 30th goal, against Northern Ireland, two weeks later, Lofthouse equalled his tally. Both were surpassed by Bobby Charlton in October 1963, Finneys final appearance for England came in October 1958, in a 5–0 win over the Soviet Union at Wembley. Finney said, Youve had some bad luck son, and Im not going to take you on, I want you to get through todays game, Finney retired from Preston North End in 1960, only when forced out with a persistent groin injury
38.
1962 FIFA World Cup
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The 1962 FIFA World Cup was the 7th FIFA World Cup. It was held from May 30 to June 17,1962 in Chile, teams representing 57 national football associations from all six populated continents entered the competition, with its qualification process beginning in August 1960. Fourteen teams qualified from this process, along with host nation Chile and defending champion Brazil, host nation Chile defeated Yugoslavia 1–0 in the Third Place match to finish third. The 1962 FIFA World Cup was the first World Cup that used goal average as a means of separating teams with the amount of points. The average goals per match dropped below 3 for the first time ever in World Cup history, after Europe hosted two consecutive World Cups, the American federations claimed the 1962 edition must be held in South America or face a complete boycott of the tournament, similar to 1938. Argentina, after previously failed candidacies, was the favorite, magallanes chairman, Ernesto Alvear, attended a FIFA Congress held in Helsinki while the Finnish city was hosting the 1952 Summer Olympics. He considered that Chile was able to organise the World Cup, several sources also say that FIFA did not want Argentina to run alone, requesting the participation of Chile as almost symbolic. Chile registered its candidacy in 1954 alongside Argentina and West Germany, the FIFA Congress met in Lisbon, Portugal on 10 June 1956. That day, Raul Colombo, representing Argentinas candidacy, ended his speech with the phrase We can start the World Cup tomorrow, in addition, Dittborn invoked Article 2 of the FIFA statutes that addressed the tournaments role in promoting the sport in countries deemed underdeveloped. Chile won 32 votes to Argentinas 11,57 teams entered the 1962 World Cup. Chile as host nation and Brazil as reigning World Cup champions were granted automatic qualification, eight places were contested by UEFA teams and three by CONMEBOL teams. CAF teams, AFC teams, NAFC teams, and CCCF teams contested three play-offs slots, the three winners would then face a European or South American team for entry into the World Cup. The 1962 tournament was the last one for which only nations from Europe or the Americas qualified, two teams qualified for the first time ever, Colombia and Bulgaria. Colombia did not qualify for another World Cup until 1990, among the teams who failed to qualify were 1958 finalists Sweden and 1958 semi-finalists France. Austria withdrew during the qualification tournament, originally, eight stadiums were selected to host the World Cup matches in eight different cities, Santiago, Viña del Mar, Rancagua, Arica, Talca, Concepción, Talcahuano and Valdivia. The Valdivia earthquake, the most powerful ever recorded, occurred on 22 May 1960. With over 50,000 casualties and more than 2 million people affected, Talca, Concepción, Talcahuano and Valdivia were severely damaged and discarded as venues. Antofagasta and Valparaíso declined to host any matches as their venues were not financially self-sustainable, Viña del Mar and Arica managed to rebuild their stadiums while Braden Copper Company, then an American company that controlled the El Teniente copper mine, allowed the use of its stadium in Rancagua
39.
1966 FIFA World Cup
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The 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth staging of the World Cup, was held in England from 11 to 30 July. England beat West Germany 4–2 in the final, winning the Jules Rimet Trophy, with this victory, England won their first FIFA World Cup title and became the third World Cup host to win the tournament after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934. The 1966 Final, held at Wembley Stadium, was the last to be broadcast in black, the tournament held a FIFA record for the largest average attendance, for 28 years, until it was surpassed by the United States in 1994. England was chosen as host of the 1966 World Cup in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960, over bids from West Germany. Despite the Africans absence, there was another new number of entries for the qualifying tournament. After all the arguments, FIFA finally ruled that ten teams from Europe would qualify, along with four from South America, one from Asia and one from North, Portugal and North Korea qualified for the first time. Portugal would not qualify again until 1986, while North Koreas next appearance was at the 2010 tournament and this was also Switzerlands last World Cup finals until 1994. Notable absentees from this tournament included 1962 semi-finalists Yugoslavia and 1962 finalists Czechoslovakia, the Africans felt that winning their zone was enough in itself to merit qualification for the finals. They also protested against the readmission of South Africa to FIFA in 1963, South Africa was subsequently assigned to Asia and Oceania qualifying group, before being suspended again under pressure from other African nations in October,1964. The format of the 1966 competition remained the same as 1962,16 qualified teams were divided into four groups of four, each group played a round-robin format. Two points were awarded for a win and one point for a draw, the top two teams in each group advanced to the knockout stage. In the knockout games, if the teams were tied after 90 minutes,30 minutes of time were played. For any match other than the final, if the teams were tied after extra time. The final would have been replayed if tied after extra time, in the event, no replays or drawing of lots was necessary. The 1966 World Cup had a rather unusual hero off the field, in the build-up to the tournament, the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen from an exhibition display. A nationwide hunt for the icon ensued and it was later discovered wrapped in newspaper as the dog sniffed under some bushes in London. The FA commissioned a replica cup in case the cup was not found in time. This replica is held at the English National Football Museum in Manchester, where it is on display
40.
Geoff Hurst
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Sir Geoffrey Charles Hurst MBE is a former England international footballer. A striker, he remains the man to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final as England recorded a 4–2 victory over West Germany at the old Wembley in 1966. He began his career with West Ham United, where he scored 242 goals in 500 first team appearances, there he won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup 1965. He was sold to Stoke City in 1972 for £80,000, after three seasons with Stoke he finished his Football League career with West Bromwich Albion in 1976. Hurst went to football in Ireland and the USA before returning to England to manage non-league Telford United. He also coached in the England set-up before a stint as Chelsea manager from 1979 to 1981. He later coached Kuwait SC before leaving the game to concentrate on his business commitments, in total he scored 24 goals in 49 England appearances, and as well as success in the 1966 World Cup he also appeared at UEFA Euro 1968 and the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He also had a cricket career, making one First-class appearance for Essex in 1962. Hurst was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, on 8 December 1941 and he had two younger siblings, Diane and Robert. His family moved to Chelmsford, Essex when he was six years old and his father, Charlie Hurst, was a professional footballer who played at centre-half for Bristol Rovers, Oldham Athletic and Rochdale. His mother, Evelyn Hopkins, was from a Gloucestershire family with her mothers side originally from Germany, as a teenager he was obsessed with football, and was once fined £1 for disturbing the peace after consistently kicking a football into his neighbours garden. However, he appeared 23 times in the Essex Second XI between 1962 and 1964, usually as a wicketkeeper, before concentrating entirely on football, hursts footballing career began when he was apprenticed to West Ham United at the age of 15. Manager Ted Fenton first selected him for a game in a Southern Flootlight Cup tie with Fulham in December 1958. He turned professional at the four months later, and was paid £7 a week with a £20 signing on fee. His first competitive appearance came in February 1960 when injuries forced Fentons hand, Hurst put in an indifferent performance and he made only two further appearances in the 1959–60 season, and realised that Bobby Moore was making better progress in the same position than he was. He played six times in the 1960–61 campaign and seriously considered turning his focus to cricket. In April 1961 Ron Greenwood took over as manager, and drastically changed team training by putting a focus on footballing skill rather than physical fitness. However he again missed pre-season training the summer and was dropped after proving to be unfit during the opening game of the 1962–63 season
41.
Offside (association football)
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Offside is one of the laws of association football, codified in Law 11 of the Laws of the Game. The law states that players in a position, when the ball is touched or played by a teammate. When the offside offence occurs, the referee stops play and awards a free kick to the defending team from the position of the offending player. The offside offence is neither a foul nor a misconduct, players are never booked or sent off for offside, like fouls, however, any play that occurs after an offence has taken place but before the referee is able to stop the play is nullified. Players that continue such play may be booked based on the assessment of how significant or intentional the play was. One of the duties of the assistant referees is to assist the referee in adjudicating offside — their position on the sidelines giving a more useful view sideways across the pitch. Assistant referees communicate that an offence has occurred by raising a signal flag. However, as with all officiating decisions in the game, adjudicating offside is ultimately up to the referee, the application of the offside rule may be considered in three steps, offside position, offside offence and offside sanction. A player is in a position if he is in the opposing teams half of the field and is also nearer to his opponents goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent. By the 2014/2015 Laws, the interpretation included the proviso that The arms are not included in this definition, in other words, a player is in an offside position if three conditions are met, The player is in the opposing teams half of the field. The player is closer to the goal line than the ball is. There are one or zero opposing players between the player and the goal line. Regardless of position, there is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from a goal kick, however, an offside offence may occur if a player receives the ball directly from either a direct free kick or an indirect free kick. Determining whether a player is in play can be complex. The quote, If youre not interfering with play, what are you doing on the pitch, has been attributed to Brian Clough and Danny Blanchflower. FIFA issued new guidelines for interpreting the law in 2003. This was further clarified by FIFA in 2015, the restart for an offside sanction is an indirect free kick for the opponent at the place where the offence occurred, even including if it is in the player’s own half of the field of play. The difficulty of offside officiating is often underestimated by spectators, some researchers believe that offside officiating errors are optically inevitable
42.
Bobby Charlton
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He played almost all of his club football at Manchester United, where he became renowned for his attacking instincts and passing abilities from midfield and his ferocious long-range shot. He was also known for his fitness and stamina. He was cautioned only twice in his career, once against Argentina in the 1966 World Cup and his elder brother Jack, who was also in the World Cup-winning team, is a former defender for Leeds United and international manager. After helping United to win the Football League in 1965, he won a World Cup medal with England in 1966 and another Football League title with United the following year. In 1968, he captained the Manchester United team that won the European Cup, Charlton held the record for most appearances for Manchester United, before being surpassed by Ryan Giggs in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final. He was selected for four World Cups, and helped England to win the competition in 1966, at the time of his retirement from the England team in 1970, he was the nations most capped player, having turned out 106 times at the highest level. This record has since held by Bobby Moore and Peter Shilton. He left Manchester United to become manager of Preston North End for the 1973–74 season and he changed to player-manager the following season. He next accepted a post as a director with Wigan Athletic, then became a member of Manchester Uniteds board of directors in 1984, however, Charlton credits much of the early development of his career to his grandfather Tanner and his mother Cissie. His elder brother, Jack, initially went to work applying to the Police Service before also becoming a footballer with Leeds United. On 9 February 1953, then a Bedlington Grammar School pupil, Charlton went on to play for England Schoolboys and the 15-year-old signed with United on 1 January 1953, along with Wilf McGuinness, also aged 15. Initially his mother was reluctant to let him commit to a football career, so he began an apprenticeship as an electrical engineer, however. He worked his way through the order of teams, scoring regularly for the youth. Also doing his army service in Shrewsbury at the time was his United team-mate Duncan Edwards. United won the championship but were denied the 20th centurys first double when they controversially lost the 1957 FA Cup Final to Aston Villa. Charlton, still only 19, was selected for the game, though Charlton was a candidate to go in goal to replace Wood, it was teammate Jackie Blanchflower who ended up between the posts. Charlton was a player by the time the next season was fully underway. Previously, the Football Association had scorned the competition, but United made progress and their reputation was further enhanced the next season as they reached the quarter finals to play Red Star Belgrade
Argentina
England
79' 
Sandy Griffiths
Nikolay Latyshev
Leo Horn
Rudolf Kreitlein
Ramón Barreto
Brian McGinlay
Ali Bin Nasser
Zoran Petrović
Kim Milton Nielsen
Pierluigi Collina
Philippe Leuba