1.
Region
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In geography, regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics, human impact characteristics, and the interaction of humanity and the environment. Apart from the continental regions, there are also hydrospheric and atmospheric regions that cover the oceans. The land and water global regions are divided into subregions geographically bounded by large geological features that influence large-scale ecologies, such as plains and features. As a way of describing spatial areas, the concept of regions is important and widely used among the branches of geography. For example, ecoregion is a used in environmental geography, cultural region in cultural geography, bioregion in biogeography. The field of geography that studies regions themselves is called regional geography, where human geography is concerned, the regions and subregions are described by the discipline of ethnography. A region has its own nature that could not be moved, the first nature is its natural environment. The second nature is its physical elements complex that were built by people in the past, the third nature is its socio-cultural context that could not be replaced by new immigrants. Global regions distinguishable from space, and are clearly distinguished by the two basic terrestrial environments, land and water. However, they have generally recognised as such much earlier by terrestrial cartography because of their impact on human geography. They are divided into largest of land regions, known as continents, there are also significant regions that do not belong to either classification, such as archipelago regions that are littoral regions, or earthquake regions that are defined in geology. Continental regions are based on broad experiences in human history. As such they are conceptual constructs, usually lacking distinct boundaries, oceanic division into maritime regions are used in conjunction with the relationship to the central area of the continent, using directions of the compass. To a large extent, major continental regions are mental constructs created by considering an efficient way to large areas of the continents. For the most part, the images of the world are derived as much from academic studies and they are a matter of collective human knowledge of its own planet and are attempts to better understand their environments. Regional geography is a branch of geography that studies regions of all sizes across the Earth and it has a prevailing descriptive character. The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region, attention is paid also to regionalization, which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions. Regional geography is considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences
2.
Shreveport, Louisiana
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Shreveport is the third-largest city in the state of Louisiana and the 113th-largest city in the United States. It is the seat of Caddo Parish and extends along the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish, Bossier City is separated from Shreveport by the Red River. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 in 2010, the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 111th in the United States, according to the United States Census Bureau. Shreveport is the commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas, Louisiana, Shreveport was established to launch a town at the meeting point of the Red River and the Texas Trail. The Red River was cleared and made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve. A 180-mile-long natural log jam, the Great Raft, had previously obstructed passage to shipping, Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreves honor, Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a section of land sold to the company by the indigenous Caddo Indians in 1835. In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish, on March 20,1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, mostly cotton and agricultural crops. Shreveport also had a market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo, by 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge, the city was a Confederate stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city, because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed. Confederate President Jefferson Davis tried to flee to Shreveport, intending to go down the Mississippi, throughout the war, women in Shreveport did much to assist the soldiers fighting mostly far to the east. Winters writes of them in The Civil War in Louisiana, The women of Shreveport and vicinity labored long hours over their sewing machines to provide their men with adequate underclothing, joined by others, the Society collected blankets for the wounded and gave concerts and tableaux to raise funds. Tickets were sold for a ring given by the mercantile house of Hyams. A Confederate minstrel show gave two performances to raise money for the war effort in Shreveport in December 1862, the Shreveport Ladies Aid Society announced a grand dress ball for April 6,1863. That same month students at the Mansfield Female College in Mansfield in De Soto Parish presented a vocal and instrumental concert to support the war, the Red River, which had been opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Arkansas
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Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
5.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
6.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
7.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
8.
Tri-state area
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There are a number of areas in the 48 contiguous United States known informally as tri-state areas. Often, an area is an area associated with a particular town or metropolis that lies across three states. Some, but not all, of these involve a state boundary tripoint, other tri-state areas have a more diffuse population that shares a connected economy and geography, especially with respect to climate, such as the tri-state area of Indiana, Ohio and Michigan. The New York metropolitan area, which parts of the states of New York, New Jersey. It is often referenced in New York radio, as well as through countless television commercials, the Quincy, Evansville, and Huntington-Ashland areas are noteworthy for the states included all being separated by rivers. The area that includes Washington, D. C and this area is more commonly/colloquially referred to as the DMV. The Joplin District, a lead and zinc mining region of Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri, produced mineral specimens known as tri-state minerals, of the 62 points in the United States where three and only three states meet,35 are on dry land and 27 are in water. The following tri-state areas are notable, but have no tripoint, Four Corners Four State Area Twin cities
9.
North Louisiana
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North Louisiana is a region in the U. S. state of Louisiana. The region has two areas, Shreveport-Bossier City and Monroe-West Monroe. The northwestern portion of Louisiana is culturally and economically attached to Northeast Texas, Combined they comprise the Ark-La-Tex area as the northeastern portion of Louisiana, Southeast Arkansas, and Northwest Mississippi are known as the Ark-La-Miss. There is one Combined Statistical Area, two Metropolitan Statistical Area, and four Micropolitan Statistical Areas that include Central Louisiana parishes, Map of Louisiana regions Clickable Louisiana Map
10.
Northeast Texas
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Northeast Texas is a region in the northeast corner of the U. S. state of Texas. It is geographically centered on two metropolitan areas strung along Interstate 20, Tyler in the west and Longview/Marshall to the east. Mount Pleasant, Greenville, Paris and Texarkana in the north, most of Northeast Texas is included in the inter-state region of the Arklatex. Its climate is warmer and wetter than most of Texas and its geography is more hilly and its culture is similar to that of Southeast Texas, but does not have as much of a Cajun influence. Many of the largest cities in Northeast Texas still follow a rural Southern way of life, especially in dialect, mannerisms, religion, the geography is composed mainly of the Piney Woods, a mixed forest of deciduous and conifer flora. The Piney woods cover 23,500 square miles of rolling or hilly forested land. These woods are part of a larger region of pine-hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana, Arkansas. Northeast Texas lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain and receives rainfall,35 to 50 inches. The Sabine River is the river in Northeast Texas, and flows through Longview. The Red River also flows through the region and forms the border with Oklahoma. In Northeast Texas and the rest of the South, small rivers and creeks collect into swamps called bayous, bald cypress and Spanish moss are the dominant plants in bayous. The most famous of these bayous in Northeast Texas is the Cypress Bayou surrounding the Big, Little and they flow east into Caddo Lake and the adjoining wetlands cover the rim and islands of the lake. Interstate 20 Interstate 30 U. S. Highway 59 U. S. Highway 67 U. S. Highway 69 U. S. Highway 79 U. S. Highway 80 U. S. Highway 82 U. S. Highway 84 U. S. Highway 175 U. S. Highway 259 U. S. Highway 271 U. S. Northeast Texas is in the Bible Belt creating a strong Fundamentalist Christian sentiment, though 35 percent of Texass population is now Hispanic, African-Americans are still the most populous minority in Northeast Texas. During the Civil Rights Movement several communities clashed over integration, in presidential elections since 1950 both Smith County, and Gregg County have been reliably Republican. Much of modern Northeast Texas culture has its roots in traditions that go back for generations. First Monday Trade Days is a flea market held in Canton. The market is held on the Thursday through Sunday preceding the first Monday of each month. It purports to be the largest and oldest continually operated flea market in the United States, the East Texas Oil Museum, located on the campus of Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas
11.
South Arkansas
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South Arkansas lies within the southern most portions of Arkansas Gulf Coastal Plain and Delta regions. It encompasses the lower 15 counties of the state, in the 1920s, nationwide attention focused on South Arkansas when the Smackover Field was ranked first among the nations oil fields. For five months in 1925, the 40-square-mile Smackover Field was the point of one of the wildest mineral booms in North America. Today, south Arkansass oil fields produce petroleum throughout a 10-county area, columbia and Union counties also stretch over one of the largest Brine reserves in the world. Bromine is derived from brine, or saltwater, and local companies play an role in the commercialization of bromine
12.
Little Dixie (Oklahoma)
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During the tenure of Carl Albert, it was considered to be the old 3rd Congressional district of Oklahoma. Several towns and cities in southeast Oklahoma use the Little Dixie name, a radio station in McAlester is owned by Little Dixie Radio, Inc. and the band in Tishomingo is called The Pride of Little Dixie. Also, Harry Truman visited Marietta in Love County in 1948, leaves of Grass, a 2010 film starring Edward Norton, is mostly set in Little Dixie. Kiamichi Country Franks, Kenny Arthru and Lambert, Paul F. Oklahoma, The Land and Its People Norman, University of Oklahoma Press
13.
Marshall, Texas
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Marshall is a city in and the county seat of Harrison County in the northeastern corner of the U. S. state of Texas. Marshall is a cultural and educational center in East Texas. At the 2010 census, the population of Marshall was about 23,523, Marshall was a political and production center of the Confederacy during the Civil War. Later it was a railroad center of the T&P Railroad from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century. This area of Texas was developed for cotton plantations, planters brought slaves with them from other regions or bought them in the domestic slave trade. It had a proportion of slaves than other regions of the state, and the wealth of the county depended on slave labor. The city was founded in 1841 as the seat of Harrison County after failed attempts to establish a county seat on the Sabine River. The Republic of Texas decided to choose the land donated for the seat by Peter Whetstone, the citys growing importance was confirmed when Marshall was linked by a telegraph line to New Orleans, it was the first city in Texas to have a telegraph service. By 1860, Marshall was the fourth-largest city in Texas and the seat of its richest county, developed as cotton plantations, the county held more slaves than any other in the state. Many planters and other whites were strongly anti-Union because of their investment in slavery, for example, brothers Lionel and Emmanuel Kahn, Jewish merchants in Marshall, fought on opposing sides in the conflict. When Governor Sam Houston refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, pendleton Murrah, Texass third Confederate governor, was also from Marshall. The city became a major Confederate supply depot and manufactory of gunpowder for the Confederate Army, the city was used as the capital of Missouris Confederate government-in-exile, earning it the nickname the City of Seven Flags. This was a nod to the flag of Missouri, in addition to the six flags of nations, Marshall became the seat of Confederate civil authority and headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Postal Department after the fall of Vicksburg. The city may have been the target of a failed Union advance that was rebuffed at Mansfield. Toward the end of the American Civil War, the Confederate government had $9.0 million in Treasury notes and they may have intended Marshall as the destination of a government preparing to flee from advancing armies. Marshall was occupied by Union forces on June 17,1865, during Reconstruction, the city was home to an office of the Freedmens Bureau and was the base for Union troops. In 1873 the Methodist Episcopal Church founded Wiley College to educate freedmen, African Americans came to the city seeking opportunities and protection until 1878. The White Citizens Party, led by former Confederate General Walter P. Lane and his brother George and their militia ran Unionists, Republicans and many African Americans out of town
14.
Natchitoches, Louisiana
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Natchitoches is a small city and the parish seat of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. Established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis as part of French Louisiana, the City of Natchitoches was not incorporated until after Louisiana had become a state, on February 5,1819. It is the oldest permanent settlement in the region, Natchitoches sister city is Nacogdoches, Texas. It is also the location of Northwestern State University, Natchitoches was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis. It is the oldest permanent settlement within the borders of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Natchitoches was founded as a French outpost on the Red River for trade with Spanish-controlled Mexico, French traders settled there as early as 1699. The post was established near a village of Natchitoches Indians, after whom the city was named, after the United States Louisiana Purchase of 1803, migration into the territory increased from the US, and Natchitoches experienced a population boom. Several plantations were built along the Red River, in the 1820s and early 1830s, Natchitoches was a freight transfer point for cotton from parts of east Texas. Cotton shippers used a route crossing the Sabine River to Natchitoches, where the freight was transferred to boats. However, the course of the river shifted, bypassing Natchitoches, a 33-mile lake was left in the rivers previous location. It became known as Cane River Lake, the lake runs through the city’s downtown historic district and Plantation Country. During the Civil War, Natchitoches was set on fire by Union soldiers who retreated through the town after their attempt to capture Shreveport. Confederate cavalry pursued the soldiers and arrived in time to help extinguish the flames before the town was destroyed. In the spring of 1863, Confederate General Richard Taylor and his men passed through Natchitoches en route to Shreveport, andrew W. Hyatt, one of Taylors line officers, wrote in his diary, reaching the banks of Cane River. We are now on a race from the enemy, and are bound for Grand Ecore. Three days later on May 11,1863, Hyatt penned, Natchitoches is quite a town, and the galleries were crowded with pretty women, who waved us a kind reception as we passed through town. Around Natchitoches and its environs,12,556 bales of Confederate cotton were stored, a match factory also opened in the city during the war. Natchitoches often engaged in fund-raising activities to relieve the destitute during the war, winters observed, Eggnog parties and other social affairs during the Christmas holiday season lifted the morale of civilians as well as that of the soldiers. Natchitoches was the site of the 1973 plane crash claimed the life of singer-songwriter Jim Croce
15.
Tyler, Texas
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Tyler is a city in and the county seat of Smith County, Texas, United States. This city had a population of 96,900 in 2010, tylers 2014 estimated population is 107,405. It is 100 miles east-southeast of Dallas, Tyler has the nickname Rose Capital of the World. It gained this name due to the quantity of roses processed through the area. Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall, Tyler is located at 32°20′03″N 95°18′00″W at 544 feet above sea level. Tyler is surrounded by smaller cities, including Whitehouse, Lindale, New Chapel Hill, Bullard, Edom, Brownsboro. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 54.4 square miles. Tyler experiences weather typical of East Texas, which is unpredictable, all of East Texas has the humid subtropical climate typical of the American South. The record high for Tyler is 115 °F, which occurred in 2011, the record low for Tyler is −3 °F, which occurred on January 18,1930. As of the 2010 census,96,900 people resided in the city of Tyler, the population density was 1,782.0 people per square mile. The 41,742 housing units averaged a density of 716.7 per mi2. The racial makeup of the city was,60. 5% White,24. 8% Black,0. 5% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,10. 3% from other races, and 2. 0% from two or more races. About 21. 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, the median income for the city was $42,752 and the poverty rate was 19. 5%. In place for nearly 70 years, the Health District became an entity in 1994. With a stated vision To be the Healthiest Community in Texas, the Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission, To Protect, Promote, and Provide for the Health of Our Community. Tyler is represented in the Texas Senate by Republican Kevin Eltife, District 1, the Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals is located in Tyler. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Region I Parole Division Office, senators from Texas are Republicans John Cornyn and Ted Cruz, Tyler is part of Texas US Congressional 1st District, which is currently represented by Republican Louie Gohmert. The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Tyler, including Tyler, Azalea, Southeast Crossing, several Tyler schools offer international baccalaureate and advanced placement programs
16.
Longview, Texas
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Longview is a city in Gregg and Harrison counties in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 80,455, the estimated population in 2015 was 82,287. Most of the city is located in Gregg County, of which it is the county seat, Longview is located in East Texas, where Interstate 20 and U. S. Highways 80 and 259 converge just north of the Sabine River, Longview is the principal city of the Longview Metropolitan Statistical Area, comprising Gregg, Upshur, and Rusk counties. Longview is considered a hub city for East Texas, as is the nearby city of Tyler. In 2014, Forbes magazine ranked Longview as the sixth fastest-growing small city in the United States, Longview was founded in the 1870s by Ossamus Hitch Methvin, Sr. In 1870, Methvin sold 100 acres to the Southern Pacific Railroad for one dollar to persuade them to build their line in the direction of land he owned, later that year, he sold another 100 acres for $500 in gold. He hoped the coming of the railroad would increase the value of the rest of his land, Methvin coined the name of the town when he stated, What a long view. In June 1871, Longview was incorporated as the first town in Gregg County, in July 1919, a reporter for The Chicago Defender was in Longview looking into the mysterious death of a black man named Lemuel Walters. An armed white mob attacked a home where the reporter, S. L, jones, was staying and attempted to batter their way in. A gunfight began between the attackers and the men in the house, the white men then began to burn buildings in the black section of the town. In 1942, construction began on the Big Inch pipeline in Longview, from 1943 to 1945, the pipeline transported over 261,000,000 barrels of crude oil to the East Coast. At the time of construction, Big Inch and its twin, Little Inch. Both were integral in supplying the United States war effort in World War II, Longview is located at 32°30′33″N 94°45′14″W. It is bordered to the west by the city of White Oak and is surrounded by other cities and towns, including Kilgore, Gladewater, Gilmer, Ore City, Harleton, Hallsville. It is 37 miles northeast of the similarly sized city of Tyler, incorporated areas include Spring Hill, Greggton, Pine Tree, Judson, and Longview Heights. Average snowfall is less than 2 inches, with one or two ice storms each winter. Normal highs are from the 50s–60s, lows range from the 30s to the 40s
17.
Texarkana, Texas
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Texarkana is a city in Bowie County, Texas, United States, located in the Ark-La-Tex region. It is a city with neighboring Texarkana, Arkansas. The population of the Texas city was 36,411 at the 2010 census, the city and its Arkansas counterpart form the core of the Texarkana Metropolitan Statistical Area, encompassing all of Bowie County, Texas, and Miller County, Arkansas. The two cities had a population of 66,330 at the 2010 census, and the metropolitan area had a total population of 136,027. Railroads were quick to see the possibilities of this vast area, by 1874, they had crossed the Red River and had reached the Texas state line. Between February 16 and March 19,1874, trains ran between the Texas border and the Red River, whence passengers and freight were ferried to Fulton to continue by rail. The Red River Bridge opened on March 20,1874, there was keen rivalry between the 1870s railroad builders. The Texas and Pacific Railroad reached across Texas to the Arkansas state line, the border was the logical place for the different railways to connect. On December 8,1873, the Texas and Pacific sold the first town lots for the future city, first to buy was J. W. Davis, who purchased the land where todays Hotel McCartney now stands, opposite Union Station. It is not known who gave Texarkana its name, a popular story credits Colonel Gus Knobel, who surveyed the Iron Mountain Railroad right-of-way from Little Rock to this section to the state line. He allegedly painted TEX-ARK-ANA on a plank and nailed it to a tree, saying, Miller County, on the Arkansas side of the metropolitan area, is probably the only county in the United States that was abolished, only to be reestablished later. Miller County was formed in 1820 to honor James Miller who was Arkansas first governor, Miller County was formed with a large degree of uncertainty as to the location of the line dividing the county and the Mexican boundary. Consequently, settlers felt that Arkansas levied and collected taxes on land that eventually might be held by Mexico, moreover, many who resented the oppression of Texans by the Mexicans were openly declaring allegiance to the Texans. This led to general unrest, and after the Texas Republic was created, so, in 1838, Governor James Conway proposed that the easiest and most effective remedy is the abolition of Miller County to an area which is more patriotic. From that year until 1874, it was a part of Lafayette County and its re-establishment sprung only from the sale of town lots in Texarkana in 1873. Efforts of the town to be incorporated were not realized until October 17,1880, nearly seven years after Texarkana. December 8,1873, is recognized by both cities as the date of organization. Texarkana is located at the junction of Interstate 30 and US highways 59,67,71 and it is bordered by the city of Texarkana, Arkansas, to the east, and by the smaller cities of Nash and Wake Village, Texas, to the west
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Texarkana, Arkansas
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Texarkana is the largest city and the county seat of Miller County, Arkansas, United States. Texarkana is a Twin city with Texarkana, Texas, along State Line Avenue, according to the 2010 census, the population of the city was 29,919, ranking it as the states 12th largest city, behind Hot Springs. The city, along with its Texas counterpart, forms the city of the Metropolitan Statistical Area, encompassing all of Bowie County, Texas. The combined population of the two Texarkana cities was 66,330 at the 2010 census, Texarkana, Arkansas, is located at 33°25′59″N 94°1′14″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 41.9 square miles. 41.7 square miles of it is land and 0.19 square miles of it is water, the climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Texarkana has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 26,448 people,10,384 households, the population density was 830.5 people per square mile. There were 11,721 housing units at a density of 368.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 93% White,31. 00% Black or African American,0. 48% Native American,0. 50% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 61% from other races, and 1. 46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 78% of the population,28. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,10. 1% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $31,343, and the median income for a family was $37,157. Males had an income of $35,204 versus $21,731 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,130, about 17. 2% of families and 21. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33. 0% of those under age 18 and 15. 7% of those age 65 or above. The Arkansas Department of Correction operates the Texarkana Regional Correction Center in Texarkana, Arkansas residents whose permanent residence is within the city limits of Texarkana, Arkansas are exempt from Arkansas individual income taxes
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Piney Woods
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These coniferous forests are dominated by several species of pine as well as hardwoods including hickory and oak. The World Wide Fund for Nature considers the Piney Woods to be one of the critically endangered ecoregions of the United States, the United States Environmental Protection Agency defines most of this ecoregion as the South Central Plains. The Piney Woods cover a 54, 400-square-mile area of eastern Texas, northwestern Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas and it receives 40-52 inches of precipitation annually. The region has heavy to moderate rainfall, with some receiving over 60 in of rain per year. Longleaf, shortleaf and loblolly pines, along with bluejack and post oaks, a well-developed understory grows beneath the sparse canopy, and includes yaupon holly and flowering dogwood. Pine savannas consist of scattered longleaf and loblolly pines alongside black tupelos, sweetgums, other common trees in this ecoregion include eastern redbud, southern sugar maple, and American elm. American wisteria, a vine, may cover groves of trees Two varieties of wetlands are common in the Piney Woods, bayous are generally found near rivers, in bayous bald cypress, Spanish moss, and water lilies are common plants. Sloughs are shallow pools of standing water that most trees are not capable of growing in, other species, such as the purple bladderwort, a small carnivorous plant, have found niches in sloughs. Hardy species of prickly pear cactus and yucca can be both in the forests and wetlands. The indigenous Texas trailing phlox, a species, grows in the sandy soils of longleaf pine forests. Birds include sandhill cranes, black and turkey vultures, northern mockingbirds, American alligators are not as common as they once were, but their population has rebounded since the 1960s. Louisiana black bears are rare today, but still live in remote thickets, recently, there has been significant talk of reintroducing the black bear into many parts of East Texas. The most common fish is catfish, which are a native species, crayfish are common along river and creek banks. The Piney Woods Region of the four state area is an area for Bigfoot sightings. One such noted legend is the story of the Fouke Monster of Southern Arkansas, the area according to references lists this area to be the third highest in North America for these such sightings. Melanistic cougars, another probable cryptid, have been noted by residents, the majority of the commercial timber growing and wood processing in the state of Texas takes place in the Piney Woods region, which contains about 50,000 square kilometres of commercial forestland. The preserve contains ten distinct ecosystems according to the National Park Service, big Thicket National Preserve is one of two UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in Texas. The preserve has also listed as a Globally Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy
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Deciduous
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In a more general sense, deciduous means the dropping of a part that is no longer needed or falling away after its purpose is finished. In plants it is the result of natural processes, in botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials, are those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter—namely in temperate or polar climates, in other parts of the world, including tropical, subtropical, and arid regions, plants lose their leaves during the dry season or other seasons, depending on variations in rainfall. The converse of deciduous is coniferous, where foliage is shed on a different schedule from deciduous trees, plants that are intermediate may be called semi-deciduous, they lose old foliage as new growth begins. Other plants are semi-evergreen and lose their leaves before the growing season. Many deciduous plants flower during the period when they are leafless, the absence of leaves improves wind transmission of pollen for wind-pollinated plants and increases the visibility of the flowers to insects in insect-pollinated plants. This strategy is not without risks, as the flowers can be damaged by frost or, in dry season regions, leaf drop or abscission involves complex physiological signals and changes within plants. The process of photosynthesis steadily degrades the supply of chlorophylls in foliage, the brightest leaf colors are produced when days grow short and nights are cool, but remain above freezing. These other pigments include carotenoids that are yellow, brown, anthocyanin pigments produce red and purple colors, though they are not always present in the leaves. Rather, they are produced in the foliage in late summer, parts of the world that have showy displays of bright autumn colors are limited to locations where days become short and nights are cool. In other parts of the world, the leaves of deciduous trees simply fall off without turning the bright colors produced from the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments, the beginnings of leaf drop starts when an abscission layer is formed between the leaf petiole and the stem. This layer is formed in the spring during active new growth of the leaf, the cells are sensitive to a plant hormone called auxin that is produced by the leaf and other parts of the plant. The elongation of cells break the connection between the different cell layers, allowing the leaf to break away from the plant. It also forms a layer that seals the break, so the plant does not lose sap, in the spring, these proteins are used as a nitrogen source during the growth of new leaves or flowers. Plants with deciduous foliage have advantages and disadvantages compared to plants with evergreen foliage, evergreens suffer greater water loss during the winter and they also can experience greater predation pressure, especially when small. Losing leaves in winter may reduce damage from insects, repairing leaves, removing leaves also reduces cavitation which can damage xylem vessels in plants. This then allows deciduous plants to have xylem vessels with larger diameters, the deciduous characteristic has developed repeatedly among woody plants. Trees include maple, many oaks and nothofagus, elm, aspen, Deciduous shrubs include honeysuckle, viburnum, and many others
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Conifer
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The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single class, Pinopsida. They are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants, all extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth. The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs, examples include cedars, Douglas firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews. As of 1998, the division Pinophyta was estimated to contain eight families,68 genera, although the total number of species is relatively small, conifers are ecologically important. They are the dominant plants over large areas of land, most notably the taiga of the Northern Hemisphere, boreal conifers have many wintertime adaptations. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing. While tropical rainforests have more biodiversity and turnover, the conifer forests of the world represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink. Conifers are of economic value for softwood lumber and paper production. The earliest conifers in the record date to the late Carboniferous period, possibly arising from Cordaites. Pinophytes, Cycadophytes, and Ginkgophytes all developed at this time, an important adaptation of these gymnosperms was allowing plants to live without being so dependent on water. Other adaptations are pollen and the seed, which allows the embryo to be transported and developed elsewhere, Conifers appear to be one of the taxa that benefited from the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and were the dominant land plants of the Mesozoic. They were overtaken by the plants, which first appeared in the Cretaceous. They were the food of herbivorous dinosaurs, and their resins and poisons would have given protection against herbivores. Reproductive features of modern conifers had evolved by the end of the Mesozoic era, Conifer is a Latin word, a compound of conus and ferre, meaning the one that bears cone. A descriptive name in use for the conifers is Coniferae. Alternatively, descriptive botanical names may also be used at any rank above family and this means that if conifers are considered a division, they may be called Pinophyta or Coniferae. As a class they may be called Pinopsida or Coniferae, as an order they may be called Pinales or Coniferae or Coniferales. Conifers are the largest and economically most important component group of the gymnosperms, the division Pinophyta consists of just one class, Pinopsida, which includes both living and fossil taxa
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Swamp
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A swamp is a wetland that is forested. Many swamps occur along rivers where they are critically dependent upon natural water level fluctuations. Other swamps occur on the shores of large lakes, some swamps have hammocks, or dry-land protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation, or vegetation that tolerates periodic inundation. The two main types of swamp are true or swamp forests and transitional or shrub swamps, in the boreal regions of Canada, the word swamp is colloquially used for what is more correctly termed a bog or muskeg. The water of a swamp may be water, brackish water or seawater. Some of the worlds largest swamps are found along rivers such as the Amazon, the Mississippi. Swamps are characterized by slow-moving to stagnant waters and they are usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes. Swamps are features of areas with very low topographic relief, historically, humans have drained swamps to provide additional land for agriculture and to reduce the threat of diseases borne by swamp insects and similar animals. Many swamps have also undergone intensive logging, requiring the construction of drainage ditches and these ditches and canals contributed to drainage and, along the coast, allowed salt water to intrude, converting swamps to marsh or even to open water. Large areas of swamp were therefore lost or degraded, louisiana provides a classic example of wetland loss from these combined factors. Europe has probably lost nearly half its wetlands, New Zealand lost 90 percent of its wetlands over a period of 150 years. Ecologists recognise that swamps provide valuable ecological services including flood control, fish production, water purification, carbon storage, in many parts of the world authorities protect swamps. In parts of Europe and North America, swamp restoration projects are becoming widespread, often the simplest steps to restoring swamps involve plugging drainage ditches and removing levees. Swamps and other wetlands have traditionally held a very low property value compared to fields, prairies and they have a reputation for being unproductive land that cannot easily be utilized for human activities, other than perhaps hunting and trapping. Farmers, for example, typically drained swamps next to their fields so as to more land usable for planting crops. Many societies now realize that swamps are important to providing fresh water and oxygen to all life. Indeed, floodplain swamps are important in fish production. Government environmental agencies are taking steps to protect and preserve swamps, in Europe, major effort is being invested in the restoration of swamp forests along rivers
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Caddo Lake
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Caddo Lake is a 25,400 acres lake and bayou on the border between Texas and Louisiana, in northern Harrison County and southern Marion County in Texas and western Caddo Parish in Louisiana. The lake is named after the Southeastern culture of Native Americans called Caddoans or Caddo and it is an internationally protected wetland under the Ramsar Convention and includes one of the largest flooded cypress forests in the United States. Caddo is one of Texass few non-oxbow natural lakes and is the 2nd largest in the South, however, according to Caddo legend, the lake was formed by the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. There may be some truth to the legend, as Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee was formed by that earthquake. Most geologists feel the lake was formed, either gradually or catastrophically, by the Great Raft, the cities of Port Caddo, Swansons Landing, and Jefferson in Texas, and Mooringsport in Louisiana, had thriving riverboat ports on the lake. Industry once again came to Caddo Lake with the discovery of oil beneath it, the worlds first over water oil platform was completed in Caddo Lake in 1911. The Ferry Lake No.1 was erected by Gulf Refining Company, the well bottomed at 2,185 feet and produced 450 barrels per day. Oil derricks sprang up throughout the lake, around the turn of the 20th century, the oil industry left Caddo for richer fields at Kilgore and other locations in Texas. Texas tried to preserve parts of Caddo in 1934 by establishing a state park, the establishment of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant on the shores of Caddo, in the mid-20th century, polluted large portions of the surrounding wetlands until its closure in the 1990s. Most of the plant site is now a federal wildlife refuge. An ecologist named Lionel Janes conducted a survey of Caddo Lake in 1913 and 1914, based on an examination of cross sections of bald cypress and hardwood trees and many dead stumps he estimated that the lake came into existence sometime between 1770 and 1780. Wildlife inhabiting Caddo Lake includes owls, eagles, and alligators, as a result of efforts by the Caddo Lake Institute, in October 1993 Caddo Lake became one of thirteen areas in the United States protected by the Ramsar Convention. As of 2003 Caddo Lake flora and fauna consisted of 189 species of trees and shrubs,75 grasses,42 woody vines,216 kinds of birds,90 fish and reptiles, and 47 mammals. One of these species, Crataegus opaca or mayhaw, produces fruit which is used for making jelly, forty-four of Caddos native species were either endangered, threatened or rare. From 2001 until 2003 Caddo Lake residents fought a battle with the City of Marshall. Voices advocating preservation of Caddo Lake included rocker Don Henley, singer and songwriter for The Eagles, the lake is currently under siege by a fast-spreading, Velcro-like aquatic fern, Salvinia molesta, also known as Giant Salvinia. Accidentally introduced to the lake by boaters, the noxious weed doubles in size every two to four days, rapidly killing off life below the surface. Most of the growth of the plant is currently on the Louisiana side, efforts at removing the weed have included biological means via beetles that normally eat the weed but cannot survive the Texas cold and now include herbicide
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Red River of the South
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The Red River, or sometimes the Red River of the South, is a major tributary of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers in the southern United States of America. The river was named for the country of its watershed. It is one of several rivers with that name. The Mexicans and Indians on the borders of Mexico are in the habit of calling any river, the Red River formed part of the US-Mexico border from the Adams-Onís Treaty until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Red River is the second-largest river basin in the southern Great Plains and it rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east, where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma. It forms a border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas, turning south near Fulton, Arkansas and flowing into Louisiana. The total length of the river is 1,360 miles, the Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma. The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas-Oklahoma border, the southern fork, which is about 120 miles long, is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork. It is formed in Randall County, Texas, near the county seat of Canyon, by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek. The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet, then past Newlin, Texas, past that point, it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River. Near Denison, the exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma. The lake is fed by the Washita River from the north. After the river out of the southeastern end of the lake, it runs generally east towards Arkansas. Soon after, the river crosses south into Louisiana and its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico. In 1946, the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height, however, the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria. Willie E. Kees, Jr. the young newly elected mayor of Pineville, the Red Rivers watershed covers 65,590 square miles and is the southernmost major right tributary of the Mississippi, and the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains. Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma and its basin is characterized by flat, fertile agricultural land, with only a few major cities. The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation, as a result, much of the river above the Texas-Oklahoma border is intermittent, and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas, the flow varies widely
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Culture of the Southern United States
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The Culture of the Southern United States, or Southern Culture, is a subculture of the United States. S. Southern culture has been and remains generally more conservative than that of the rest of the country. From its many influences, the South developed its own unique customs, literature, cuisine. This article focuses on the white South, see African-American culture for the Black South. Slavery in the United States had a role in shaping the South, its agricultural practices, the American Civil War. The presence and practices of Native Americans and the landscape also played a role in Southern culture, the climate is conducive to growing tobacco, cotton, and other crops, and the red clay in many areas was used for the distinctive red brick architecture of many commercial buildings. In the time of their conception, the predominant cultural influence on the Southern states was that of the English colonists who established the original English colonies in the region. In the 18th century, large groups of Scots lowlanders, Northern English and Ulster-Scots settled in Appalachia and they were often called crackers, a term associated with the cowboys of Georgia and Florida. Before the American Revolution, the term was applied by the English and this usage can be found in a passage from a letter to the Earl of Dartmouth, I should explain. Most European Southerners today are of partial or majority English and Scots-Irish ancestry and it should also be noted that those who did identify themselves of German ancestry were almost exclusively found in the northern border areas of the region which are adjacent to the American Mid-West. The predominance of Irish surnames in South Georgia has been noted by American historians for some time, People of many nationalities established communities in the American South. Some examples are the German American population of the Edwards Plateau of Texas, also important is the French community of New Orleans dating back to the 1880s. The other primary population group in the South is made up of the African American descendants of the slaves brought into the South, African Americans comprise the United States largest racial minority, accounting for 13.6 percent of the total population according to the 2010 census. Part of the South is known as the Bible Belt, because of the prevalence there of evangelical Protestantism, South Florida has a large Jewish element that migrated from New York. Immigrants from Southeast Asia and South Asia have brought Buddhism and Hinduism to the region as well, most Southerners attend church on a regular basis. In the colonial period and early 19th century the First Great Awakening, the evangelical religion was spread by religious revivals led by local lay Baptist ministers or itinerant Methodist ministers. They fashioned the nations Bible Belt, after the Revolution, the Anglican Church of England was disestablished and was reorganized as the nationalised Protestant Episcopal Church of the USA. The Revolution turned more people toward Methodist and Baptist preachers in the South, the Cane Ridge Revival and subsequent camp-meetings on the Kentucky and Tennessee frontiers were the impetus behind the Restoration Movement
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Music of Texas
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The U. S. state of Texas has long been a center for musical innovation and is the birthplace of many notable musicians. Sacred music has a tradition in the state of Texas. The East Texas Musical Convention was organized in 1855, and is the oldest Sacred Harp convention in Texas, the Southwest Texas Sacred Harp Convention was organized in 1900. Sacred Harp and other books in four shape notation were the forerunners of seven shape note gospel music, according to the Handbook of Texas, The first Texas community singing using the seven shape note tradition reportedly occurred in the latter part of December 1879. Texas has been home to gospel music convention publishers, including the National Music Company, Stamps-Baxter Music and Printing Company. Convention gospel music and community singings still occur in a number of Texas towns, including Mineral Wells, Brownfield, Jacksonville, Seymour, Gospel singer, songwriter, and musician Washington Phillips was from Freestone County. Gospel singer and pianist Arizona Dranes was from Sherman, ragtime composer Scott Joplin was born in 1868 near Texarkana, and later became famous playing music halls in Missouri. Gene Austin was born in Gainesville in 1900, he sold 86 million records and was Franklin D. Roosevelts favorite singer, Austin popularized the song My Blue Heaven, which sold more than 10 million copies. He is remembered as the crooner, and was commonly known as The Voice of the Southland. Texas has been the birthplace of country musicians and continues to host a vibrant country music culture. Texan honky-tonk musicians like Milton Brown and Bob Wills helped popularize Western swing, other genres of country also evolved in Texas. Marcia Ball, born in Orange, Texas, combined country with Cajun influences, Ernest Tubb and his country song Im Walking the Floor Over You set the stage for the rise of stars like Lefty Frizzell and Johnny Horton. Ponty Bone, Joe Ely, Lloyd Maines, Butch Hancock, Terry Allen, Jimmie Dale Gilmore and Tommy Hancock, among others, helped invent the 1960s Lubbock sound, based out of Lubbock, Texas. Mac Davis is a singer and songwriter from Lubbock who became one of the most successful singers of the 1970s and 1980s. Tex Ritter and Jim Reeves both grew up in Panola County in East Texas, Bob Luman was born in Nacogdoches. Kenny Rogers, from Houston, has a career spanning more than 50 years and his 1978 album The Gambler remains one of the most famous country albums ever released, having sold a reported 35 million copies worldwide. Despite his huge success he has yet to be inducted into either the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame or the national Country Music Hall of Fame, however, the BBC did name him the second best performer of all-time in a 1999 Country Music Television special. Also from the Houston area are Clint Black, Robert Earl Keen, modern musicians like George Strait, from the San Antonio area, continue to carry on the tradition of country music in Texas
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Music of New Orleans
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The music of New Orleans assumes various styles of music which have often borrowed from earlier traditions. New Orleans, Louisiana, is known for its strong association with jazz music. The earliest form was dixieland, which has sometimes been called traditional jazz, New Orleans, however, the tradition of jazz in New Orleans has taken on various forms that have either branched out from original dixieland or taken entirely different paths altogether. New Orleans has also been a prominent center of funk, home to some of the earliest funk bands such as The Meters. The African influence on New Orleans music can trace its roots at least back to Congo Square in New Orleans in 1835, African music was played as well as local music, including that of local white composers, such as Louis Moreau Gottschalk. Along with European musical forms that were popular in the city, including the brass band traditions, by 1838 the local paper—the daily Picayune—ran a scathing article complaining about the emergence of brass bands in the city, which it stated could be found on every corner. Before then, the New Orleans style was simply called ragtime, along with such local terms as hot music. The local New Orleans dance music style was distinctive in the 19th century. By the 1890s a man by the name of Poree hired a band led by cornetist Buddy Bolden, the music was not called jazz at this time, consisting of marching band music with brass instruments and dancing. If anything, Bolden could be said to have been a blues player, the actual term jazz was first jass, the etymology of which is still not entirely clear. The connotation is sexual in nature, as many of the performers played in rough working class venues. Many instruments used were often acquired second-hand at pawn shops, including used military band instruments, the Creole people of New Orleans also contributed greatly to the evolution of the artform, though their own music became heavily influenced by the pioneering work of Bolden. New Orleans-born musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet and Jelly Roll Morton all recalled the influence Bolden had on the direction of the music of New Orleans, African American music began incorporating Afro-Cuban musical motifs in the nineteenth century, when the habanera gained international popularity. The habanera was the first written music to be based on an African motif. From the perspective of African American music, the rhythm can be thought of as a combination of tresillo. Musicians from Havana and New Orleans would take the ferry between both cities to perform and not surprisingly, the habanera quickly took root in the musically fertile Crescent City. John Storm Roberts states that the musical genre habanera, reached the U. S.20 years before the first rag was published, the symphonic work A Night in the Tropics by New Orleans native Louis Moreau Gottschalk, was influenced by the composers studies in Cuba. Gottschalk used the tresillo variant cinquillo extensively, with Gottschalk, we see the beginning of serious treatment of Afro-Caribbean rhythmic elements in New World art music
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Acadiana
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Acadiana, or The Heart of Acadiana, is the official name given to the French Louisiana region that is home to a large Francophone population. Many are of Acadian descent and are now identified as Cajun, of the 64 parishes that make up the U. S. state of Louisiana,22 named parishes and other parishes of similar cultural environment make up this intrastate region. The word Acadiana reputedly has two origins and its first recorded appearance dates to the mid-1950s, when a Crowley, Louisiana, newspaper, the Crowley Daily Signal, coined the term in reference to Acadia Parish, Louisiana. However, KATC television in Lafayette independently coined Acadiana in the early 1960s, giving it a new, broader meaning, founded in 1962, KATC was owned by the Acadian Television Corporation. In early 1963, the ABC affiliate received an invoice erroneously addressed to the Acadiana Television Corp, someone had typed an extra a at the end of the word Acadian. The station started using it to describe the region covered by its broadcast signal, the public, however, prefers the one-word place name Acadiana to refer to the region. The official term appears on maps and highway markers. Today, numerous business, governmental and nonprofit organizations incorporate Acadiana in their names, notably KLFY-TV, the regional CBS affiliate, used the term in its very successful Hello News branding campaign as Hello Acadiana. In 1965, Thomas J. Arceneaux designed a flag for Acadiana, Arceneaux was a professor at University of Southwestern Louisiana, now University of Louisiana at Lafayette. He derived the flag from the university seal, in 1974, the Louisiana legislature officially adopted Arceneauxs design as the official Acadiana flag. The gold tower on the red field represents Spain, which was governing Louisiana when the Acadians arrived, the flag is used in a variety of ways in the Acadiana region. Some local governments fly the flag of Acadiana with their respective local colors, many residents of Acadiana fly the flag on their homes or businesses. Many consider it a symbol of the historic and present socio-economic ties that bind the region, cajuns are the descendants of 18th-century Acadian exiles from what are now Canadas Maritime Provinces, expelled by the British and New Englanders during and after the French and Indian War. They prevail among the regions visible cultures, but not everyone who lives in Acadiana is culturally Acadian or speaks Cajun French, similarly, not everyone who is culturally Acadian or Cajun is descended from the Acadian refugees. German settlers found their way to area as early as 1721. Since the late 20th century, political refugees from southeast Asia have brought their families, cultures, and languages to the area, Acadiana is home to several Native American tribes, including the Chitimacha, Houma, Tunica-Biloxi, Attakapas, and Coushatta. The region also boasts a population of Creoles, descendants of the regions original Old World settlers who arrived in Louisiana before. Acadiana also is home to ethnic groups, including Anglo-Americans
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Music of Louisiana
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The music of Louisiana can be divided into three general regions, rural south Louisiana, home to Creole Zydeco and Old French, New Orleans, and north Louisiana. The region in and around Greater New Orleans has a musical heritage tied to Dixieland jazz, blues. The music of the portion of the state starting at Baton Rouge. Rural south Louisianas music also very significant input from non-Creoles. Four main musical genres are indigenous to this area — Creole music, swamp pop and these historically-rooted genres, with unique rhythms and personalities, have been transformed with modern sounds and instruments. The southwestern and south central Louisiana areas herald many artists and songs that have international hits, won Grammy awards. In the late 19th century German immigrants spreading outward from central and eastern Texas, Creoles at the time sang a rhythmic type of song called juré. When accordion, fiddle and the iron were added later, the music evolved into French music or form la la. La la was primarily rural, played at house dances also known as la las, in 1901, oil was discovered at Jennings and immigration boomed. Despite the law, many Creoles and Cajuns still spoke French at home, the term Creole music is used to describe both the early folk or roots music traditions of French and Metis rural Creoles of South Louisiana and the later more contemporary genre called Zydeco. It was often simply called French music or La La and it was sung in French patois by Creoles. This early American roots music evolved in the 1930s into a richer sound accompanied by more instruments, Creole pioneer Amede Ardoin is said to be the first Creole to record this indigenous music. He has also credited for greatly influencing the foundation of Cajun music. Melodies from pioneers like Ardoin provided a basis for works by composers Louis Moreau Gottschalk and Moses Hogan, Zydeco comes from French les haricots, meaning snap or green beans as in les haricots sont pas salés. This fusion was birthed in the Creole lala, jazz and blues halls of Frenchtown, Houston, Texas which were frequented by Creole immigrants from West Louisiana and East Texas. Cajun music is rooted in the music of the preexisting Creoles, in earlier years of the late 18th century the fiddle was the predominant instrument and the music tended to sound more like early country music. Cajun music is typically a waltz or two step, unlike the folk music of Quebec, it is not associated with the Celtic tradition. In the early 1950s, zydeco evolved from the music of the Creoles in southwest, along with the accordion, the second main instrument in a zydeco group is a corrugated metal washboard, called a Zydeco Rubboard or frottoir
30.
KWKH
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KWKH is a sports radio station serving Shreveport, Louisiana. The 50-kilowatt station broadcasts at 1130 kHz, formerly owned by Clear Channel Communications and Gap Central Broadcasting, it is now owned by Townsquare Media. Its studios are shared with its five sister stations in West Shreveport. KWKH is no longer the local affiliate of the New Orleans Saints, a 50, 000-watt clear-channel station, KWKH can be heard across much of the central portion of North America at night. The stations studios are located at 6341 West Port Avenue in Shreveport, Hendersons family came to Shreveport in the 1890s. The broadcaster initially enjoyed the patronage of Governor Huey P. Long, Jr. whose son, Long, was born in 1918 in Shreveport. Ultimately, the outspoken Henderson lost Longs support and his license as well. KWKHs future came into question in December 1932 when Henderson filed for personal bankruptcy, an article in the trade publication Broadcasting reported that the bankruptcy may be made an issue at a hearing involving the KWKH license renewal to be held probably in February. At that time, KWKH operated on 850 kHz, the frequency as WWL in New Orleans. WWL had applied for status, and a local insurance company had applied for the 850 kHz frequency in Shreveport. On May 28,1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of ownership of KWKH to the Times Publishing Company Ltd. of Shreveport. Broadcasting magazine reported, KWKH is listed as being assigned to 850 kc. with 10,000 watts, the company simultaneously became the owner of KWEA in Shreveport, which operated on 1210 kHz with 100 W. In the mid-1950s, KWKH was the first major station to feature the music of Elvis Presley on its long-running Louisiana Hayride program at the Shreveport Municipal Auditorium. Horace Logan, long-term KWKH Program Manager and originator of the Hayride, introduced Presley to the Louisiana Hayride, W. K. Hendersons son, William Carter Henderson, Sr. was one of the founders of KSLA-TV, the CBS affiliate in Shreveport. Bill Henderson, Jr. was active in estate management for his familys Henderson Properties Company. Prior to 1952, the station had been owned by the family of newspaper publisher John D. Ewing of Shreveport, the station carried games for the Shreveport Steamer during the 1974 World Football League season. Larry King was the commentator for the Steamer games. Lloyd E. Lenard, later a member of the Caddo Parish Commission and he also spoke before various civic clubs and schools on themes of patriotism and history
31.
Louisiana Hayride
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Elvis Presley performed on the radio version of the program in 1954 and made his first television appearance on the television version of Louisiana Hayride on March 3,1955. First broadcast on April 3,1948 from the Municipal Auditorium in downtown Shreveport, Horace Hoss Logan was the original producer, the show was soon made into a Broadway attraction called Louisiana Hayride. Within a year of its debut, the program was so popular that a regional 25-station network was set up to broadcast portions of the show, the flagship station of the program was KWKH/1130 in Shreveport. Horace Logan continued to produce Louisiana Hayride until 1957, in 1999, Logan published a book about the Hayride that received acclaim from reviewers such as Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews. Beginning with the successful first show on April 3,1948, while the Opry, the Jubilee and the Hayride all showcased established stars, the Hayride was where talented, but virtual unknowns, were also given exposure to a large audience. By mid-1954, a special 30-minute portion of Louisiana Hayride was being broadcast every Saturday on the AFN Pacific channel of the United Kingdom Scottish Forces Radio Network, on October 16 of that year, Elvis Presley appeared on the radio program. On March 3,1955, Presley made his first television appearance on the version of The Louisiana Hayride, carried by KSLA-TV. Within a few years, rock and roll had come to dominate the music scene, however, KWKH continued to use the Louisiana Hayride name for packaged music tours throughout the 1960s on a bi-weekly, monthly or quarterly basis, finally ending operations entirely in 1969. In August 1974, Shreveport businessman David Kent mounted a country music show originally called Hayride U. S. A. which was retitled Louisiana Hayride in 1975 after KWKH agreed to let Kent use the name. Barney Cannon, a KWKH deejay, became a specialist on the history of music, KWKH. In August 2009, the Louisiana Hayride was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame, in 2009, after several years of litigation over the Louisiana Hayride name and trademark, a federal court ruled that Margaret Lewis Warwick owned the rights to the name. As of May 31,2012, KWKH had changed to a sports format and ceased producing the classic country music format reminiscent of the Hayride era
32.
Webb Pierce
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His biggest hit was In the Jailhouse Now, which charted for 37 weeks in 1955,21 of them at number one. For many, Pierce, with his flamboyant Nudie suits and twin silver dollar-lined convertibles, became the most recognizable face of music of the era. Pierce was a member of the Grand Ole Opry and was posthumously inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. A tribute album in his honor was released in 2001 entitled Caught In The Webb - A Tribute To Country Legend Webb Pierce. He began to play guitar before he was a teenager and at 15 was given his own weekly 15-minute show, Songs by Webb Pierce and he enlisted in the US Army, and in 1942 he married Betty Jane Lewis. After he was discharged, the moved to Shreveport, Louisiana. In 1947, the couple appeared on KTBS-AMs morning show as Webb Pierce with Betty Jane, Pierce also performed at local engagements, developing his unique style that was once described as a wailing whiskey-voiced tenor that wrang out every drop of emotion. In 1949, California-based 4 Star Records signed the Webbs under separate contracts, with his wife signed for duets with her husband under the name Betty Jane, however, success only came for Pierce, and in the summer of 1950, the couple divorced. He moved to KWKH-AM and joined Louisiana Hayride during its first year, before the show, he bought tickets for several young girls in line and asked them to sit in the first row, and after each of his songs to scream and beg for more. It worked, their spread throughout the audience. Pierce assembled and performed with a band of local Shreveport musicians, including pianist Floyd Cramer, guitarist-vocalist Faron Young, bassist Tillman Franks and vocalists Teddy and Doyle Wilburn. He also founded a label, Pacemaker, and Ark-La-Tex Music, a publishing company, with Horace Logan. On Pacemaker, Pierce made several records between 1950 and 1951 designed to attract radio play around Louisiana, in 1951, Pierce got out of his 4 Star contract and was quickly signed by Decca Records. His second single, Wondering, became his hit, climbing to No.1 early in 1952. Pierce moved to Nashville, Tennessee where he met and married his second wife, in June 1952, he had his second No.1 single with That Heart Belongs to Me. In September 1952, the Grand Ole Opry needed to fill the left by the firing of Hank Williams. After Williams death, he became the most popular singer in music, for the next four years, every single he released hit the top ten. 1, including There Stands the Glass, Slowly, More and More and his singles spent 113 weeks at No.1 during the 1950s, when he charted 48 singles
33.
Brian Blade
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Brian Blade is an American jazz drummer, composer, session musician, and singer-songwriter. Blade was born and raised in Shreveport, Louisiana, the first music he experienced was gospel and songs of praise at the Zion Baptist Church where his father, Brady L. Blade, Sr. has been the pastor for fifty-two years. In elementary school, music classes were an important part of his development and at age nine. Inspired by his brother, Brady Blade, Jr. who had been the drummer at Zion Baptist Church, Brian shifted his focus to the drums throughout middle. By the age of eighteen, Brian moved to New Orleans to attend Loyola University, alvin Red Tyler, Tony Dagradi and Harold Battiste. The Fellowship Band released its album, Brian Blade Fellowship, in 1998, Perceptual, in 2000, Season of Changes in 2008. Reviewing the bands 2014 Landmarks album, John Kelman wrote, As the Fellowship Band has grown, it has moved away from overt traditional references, even though theyre an undercurrent throughout. Instead, as it explores milestones both inner and outer, Landmarks further speaks with the voice that the Fellowship Band has built upon since inception. It may have come after a gap in time. While continuing to work with the Fellowship Band, Blade has been a member of Wayne Shorters quartet since 2000 and he has recorded with Daniel Lanois, Joni Mitchell, Ellis Marsalis, Marianne Faithfull, Emmylou Harris, Billy Childs, Herbie Hancock, Dorothy Scott and Bob Dylan. In 2009, Blade released Mama Rosa, his first album as a singer-songwriter, with songs dedicated to his grandmother and it was co-produced by Brian Blade and Adam Samuels. The live band includes Steven Nistor on drums, on April 30,2016, Blade played at the White House in Washington, D. C. as part of The International Jazz Day Global Concert. 2013, ECHO Jazz Award International Artist of the Year Drums/Percussion, Blade uses vintage Gretsch, Ludwig, Sonor and Slingerland drums. He plays Canopus drums when touring in Japan, a pair of 50s Zildjian very light rides and a modern 22 Light K Constantinople. His acoustic guitar is a mid-1950s Gibson LG-3
34.
KLTV
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KLTV, virtual and VHF digital channel 7, is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Tyler, Texas, United States. The station is owned by Raycom Media, KLTV maintains studio facilities located on West Ferguson Street in Downtown Tyler, and its transmitter is located in rural northern Smith County. On cable, the station is available on Suddenlink Communications channel 7, the station first signed on the air on October 14,1954, it was founded by the locally based company Buford Television, which was owned by Lucille Buford. The station originally operated from facilities on Texas Loop 323 on the east side of Tyler. In 1964, the Federal Communications Commission collapsed Lufkin and Nacogdoches into the Tyler market, soon afterward, the Buford family bought KTRE and converted it into a semi-satellite of KLTV. KLTV lost the CBS affiliation in September 1984, when Longview-based KLMG-TV signed on and it retained a secondary affiliation with NBC until KETK-TV signed on in March 1987, resulting in channel 7 becoming an exclusive ABC affiliate. Buford Television owned KLTV and KTRE until 1989, when it sold the stations to Jackson, Civic merged with Liberty Corporation in 2002, which in turn merged with current owner Raycom Media in 2006. KLTV re-established an analog signal at reduced power from its former studio, no cause for the collapse has been disclosed to date. On February 7, KLTV held a fundraiser to raise a goal of $70,000 to put the station back on at full-power. KLTV restored its analog signal from its original tower while also being restored on DirecTV, Dish Network. Its analog transmitter equipment was not damaged and was supplemented at the tower site with a newer transmitter. However, its high definition and digital television transmission equipment was a total loss. In March and April 2007, KLTV ran a Flip the Switch promotion to promote the completion of the new Red Springs tower. Viewers were urged to submit 30-second videos to show why they should be selected to turn on the tower, on April 17,2007 at approximately 6,58 p. m. contest winner Jeff Heimer officially flipped the switch to turn on the new transmitter and tower. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, On digital subchannel 7.2, the station carries Bounce TV, on digital subchannel 7.3, the station carries Telemundo, the subchannel is also carried on Suddenlink channel 22. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 10 to channel 7 for post-transition operations. Syndicated programs broadcast by KLTV include Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy, the Ellen DeGeneres Show, Criminal Minds, and Right This Minute among others. KLTV is available on cable providers, such as Suddenlink
35.
ABC Television
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ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956. As a public broadcaster, the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia. ABC is one of five main networks in Australia. Commercial station TCN-9 Sydney was the first to broadcast in Australia, soon followed by the ABCs own ABN-2 Sydney, six stations, three in Melbourne and three in Sydney, were in operation in time to cover the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. The ABCs first television broadcast was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November, at the Gore Hill studios in Sydney, outside broadcasting was also initiated on 5 November, from the ABCs first outside broadcast van. The van, now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia, was instrumental in the production of thousands of outside broadcasts. It was restored in time to be displayed at the Sydney Olympic Games and was used to film the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to the site of the National Museum in 2000. Although radio programs could be broadcast nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not put in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually. A purpose-built television studio was built in Sydney, and opened on 29 January 1958, in the same year, technical equipment was also moved to permanent locations, while main transmitters were introduced to Melbourne and Sydney in 1957 and 1958, respectively. Videotape equipment, allowing the sharing of footage with much greater ease, aBQ-2 Brisbane was the third ABC TV station to launch and was followed a year later by counterparts in Perth, Hobart, and Adelaide. ABC-3 Canberra opened a year later, with ABD-6 Darwin finally completing the ABCs coverage of state in 1971. Teletext services were introduced to ABC in 1983 to allow hearing-impaired viewers access to closed captions, International television service Australia Television International was established in 1993. Australia Television was sold to the Seven Network in 1998, however the continued to show content from ABC News up until its closure in 2001. The ABCs television operations joined its radio and online divisions at the Corporations Ultimo headquarters in 2000, in 2002, the ABC launched ABC Asia Pacific, the replacement for the defunct Australia Television channel operated previously by the Seven Network. Much like its predecessor, and companion radio network Radio Australia, funding cuts in 2003, meanwhile, led to the closure of Fly and the ABC Kids Channel. ABC2, an attempt at a digital-only television channel, was launched on 7 March 2005. Minister for Communications Helen Coonan inaugurated the channel at Parliament House three days later, the new channel, titled ABC3 would aim to provide at least 50% Australian-made content
36.
KYTX
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KYTX, virtual channel 19, is a CBS-affiliated television station serving Tyler and Longview, Texas, United States that is licensed to Nacogdoches. The station is owned by Tegna, Inc, the station is shared with MeTV affiliate KCEB, which is owned by London Broadcasting Company. The two stations share studio facilities located near Loop 323 in the portion of Tyler and its transmitter is located near State Highway 110 in rural east-central Cherokee County. The history of CBS in East Texas traces back to the sign-on of the markets first television station, KTVE in 1953, after KLTV signed on in October 1954, it carried select CBS programming as part of a shared primary affiliation with ABC and NBC. For the thirteen years that followed, area cable systems had to offer out-of-market CBS affiliates from either Dallas or Shreveport with most cable systems in East Texas carrying the latter station. The station first signed on the air on September 1,1991 as KLSB-TV, Max Media purchased the station in 2003. Upon acquiring the station, Max Media signed an agreement to become the markets CBS affiliate. The company also leased a building in southeast Tyler that formerly operated as a movie theater to serve as the stations studio facilities. That winter, Max filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission to change the callsign to KYTX. Channel 19 officially joined CBS on April 12,2004, broadcasting from the KLSB transmitter, the following day, the FCC officially granted the call sign change to KYTX. Prior to that, CBS programming was seen on KLMG, then from Dallas CBS affiliates or the networks Shreveport affiliate KSLA after KLMG switched to Fox, the station relocated its transmitter facilities to new tower located south of New Summerfield on June 13,2004. On October 18,2007, the station was sold to the Addison-based London Broadcasting Company for $25 million, on May 14,2014, the Gannett Company announced that it would acquire KYTX and five other London Broadcasting stations in a $215 million all-cash transaction. Gannett also owns fellow Texas-based CBS affiliates KHOU in Houston and KENS in San Antonio, the sale was completed on July 8. London exempted MeTV affiliate KCEB from the deal, which resulted in the first instance in which a duopoly was legally and operationally separated, the acquisition closed on July 8,2014. Under Gannett ownership, the station is held under the holding company that previously used to own KMOV-TV. On June 29,2015, the Gannett Company split in two, with one specializing in print media and the other side specializing in broadcast. KYTX was retained by the company, named TEGNA. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, On January 1,2006, shortly after receiving the affiliation, on January 24, the Warner Bros
37.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
38.
KFXK-TV
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KFXK-TV, virtual channel 51, is a Fox-affiliated television station serving Tyler, Texas, United States that is licensed to Longview. All three stations share studio facilities located on Richmond Road in Tyler, KFXK maintains transmitter facilities located near FM125 in rural northwestern Rusk County. Syndicated programs broadcast by KFXK-TV include How I Met Your Mother, The Office, Steve Harvey, Divorce Court, Modern Family, The Big Bang Theory and Two, on cable, the station is available on Suddenlink channel 12 and Longview Cable Television channel 8. There is a high definition feed offered on Suddenlink digital channel 705, although KFXK operates a full-power signal, the broadcasting radius does not reach much of the southern part of the market. Therefore, the signal is relayed on low-power translator station KFXL-LD in Lufkin. Until channel 51 signed on, CBS programming was relegated to joint primary status on KLTV, kLMG-TV made national news as its founding owner, Clara McLaughlin, was the first African American woman ever to own a television station in the United States. McLaughlin bought a vacant school building located near Interstate 20 in Longview and had it renovated into a facility for the station. KLMG was intended to be part of a network of stations serving East Texas that would be known as the East Texas Television Network. To this end, McLaughlin also held construction permits for KLNL on channel 19 in Nacogdoches, KLPH-TV on channel 42 in Paris, however, this plan did not come to fruition and none of the other stations ever signed on the air. KLMG wound up filing for bankruptcy just a few years later, by 1998, KFXK had signed on KFXL as a translator serving the Lufkin-Nacogdoches area. In January 2013, KFXL-LD migrated its operations to KETK and KFXKs studio facility in Tyler, on April 24,2013, the Communications Corporation of America announced the sale of its television stations, including KETK-TV, to Nexstar Broadcasting Group. KFXK and KTPN was planned be sold to Nexstar partner company Mission Broadcasting, in the case of KFXK, but on August 5,2014, Mission withdrew its application to acquire KFXK. Nexstar will continue to operate KFXK and KLPN under a shared services agreement with sister station KETK, the sale was completed on January 1,2015. On February 1,2008, Longview Cable Television added KFXKs HD feed, the stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 31, using PSIP to display the stations virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 51. KFXK can be seen on DirecTV, Dish Network, and several cable providers throughout East Texas, notable towns that cannot receive KFXK via OTA within the Tyler market are Lufkin and Crockett. However, Lufkin is served by a relay of KFXK. KETK-TV produces 12½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week for Fox-affiliated sister station KFXK-TV, as a CBS affiliate, the station made two attempts at producing local newscasts, both were subsequently canceled. In 1998, KETK-TV began producing a weeknight 9,00 p. m. newscast for KFXK under a share agreement
39.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
40.
KCEB
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KCEB, virtual channel 54, is a SonLife-affiliated television station serving Tyler, Texas, United States that is licensed to Longview. The station is owned by the London Broadcasting Company, formerly as part of a duopoly with CBS affiliate KYTX, on cable, the station is available on Suddenlink Communications channel 2, and Longview Cable Television channel 10. The station first signed on the air on July 27,2003, operating as a UPN affiliate, it served as the full-power satellite of low-power stations KTPN-LP in Tyler. The stations were branded as UPN 58/54/48. The stations original analog transmitter facilities were located northwest of Longview, at the intersection of State Highway 300 and FM1844, on January 1,2006, KCEB, KLPN-LP and KTPN-LP lost the UPN affiliation to CBS affiliate KYTX, which carried the network on its second digital subchannel. During the transition, KTPN and KLPN became independent stations, shortly after receiving the affiliation, on January 24,2006, the Warner Bros. KCEB affiliated with The CW upon the launch on September 18,2006, while KLPN and KTPN chose to join MyNetworkTV. In 2008, KCEB changed its branding from CW54 to CW 54/5. On November 6,2009, the station was sold to the London Broadcasting Company, London initially operated the station under a sales and management agreement prior to the Federal Communications Commission giving approval for London to acquire the license assets. The sale was finalized on August 31,2010, KCEB swapped affiliations with KYTX in May 2012, taking that subchannels Me-TV affiliation, while KYTXs second digital subchannel began carrying programming from The CW Plus. On May 14,2014, the Gannett Company announced that it would acquire KYTX, London exempted KCEB from the deal, which will result in only the second instance in which a duopoly will be legally and operationally separated. In January 2009, the application was approved, and a modification of the permit was granted for channel 51 at 1000 kW. On June 12,2009, KCEB shut down its signal on channel 54. KCEB then flash-cut its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 51 from the New London tower on a temporary 70 kW transmitter under special authority from the FCC. At this point, KCEB was under financial hardship. On December 12,2009, KCEB was issued a permit to install a 500 kW transmitter. KCEB was one of a handful of Me-TV affiliates that pre-empts some portion of the networks schedule, the station pre-empted much of the networks Sunday morning schedule with televised church services and paid programming. KCEB also carried a rebroadcast of sister station KYTXs morning newscast, London Broadcasting Query the FCCs TV station database for KCEB BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on KCEB-TV
41.
MeTV
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MeTV is an American broadcast television network that is owned by Weigel Broadcasting and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The network is available nationwide on free-to- air C band satellite via SES-1 in the DVB-S format. MeTVs operations are based out of Weigel Broadcastings corporate headquarters on North Halsted Street in Chicago, the block – which initially aired for three hours daily from 12,00 to 3,00 p. m. Channel 23s former ethnic programming and WFBT-CA call letters were transferred to its station on UHF channel 48. On August 4,2007, WWME launched a morning block that primarily featured Spanish dubs of select classic series. Most of the programs carried as part of the Sí, on March 1,2008, Weigel expanded the MeTV format to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where it began airing on the third digital subchannel of the groups CBS affiliate in that market, WDJT-TV. The Milwaukee version of the service featured much of the programming as that aired on the Chicago outlets. MeTV continued to be carried on digital channel 58.3 until October 30,2008, the national MeTV network launched on December 15,2010. As with This TV, MGM handles distribution of the network to prospective affiliate stations, in the Chicago market, the national MeTV is carried on WCIU subchannel 26.3 and WWME-CA, the new MeToo moved to WCIU subchannel 26.4 and remained on WMEU-CA. Low-powered WBME-CD in Milwaukee carries the national feed of MeTV in its entirety on digital channel 41.2 subchannel on December 15,2010. On April 1,2013, Nielsen began to tabulate national viewership for MeTV, including the network in its prime time and total day ratings reports. In February 2016, the network began to transmit its master feed in 16,9 widescreen standard definition, with the conversion, MeTV also began to carry remastered widescreen prints of some programs and present its program promotions in the 16,9 format. Since MeTV broadcasts programs that it acquired through the syndication market, the network does not air a split-screen credit sequence or feature voiceovers promoting upcoming network programming during the closing credits. Unlike other digital multicast networks such as sister network This TV. Since its inception as a network, MeTV has also aired marathons of The Doris Day Show on Christmas Eve as well as Christmas-themed specials during the month of December. MeTV has program licensing agreements with 20th Television, CBS Television Distribution, the networks programming lineup covers a mix of sitcoms, dramas and westerns from the 1950s to the 1990s, and includes series such as Emergency. MeTV regularly carries many of its programs in organized genre-based programming blocks, MeTVs Sunday Funnies – Debuting on September 6,2015, MeTVs Sunday Funnies is a weekly afternoon block of classic comedies. Airing Sundays from 2,00 to 8,00 p. m. Eastern Time, the block is made up of Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley
42.
KETK-TV
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KETK-TV, virtual channel 56, is an NBC-affiliated television station serving Tyler and Longview, Texas, United States that is licensed to Jacksonville. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, Nexstar also operates Fox affiliate KFXK-TV and MyNetworkTV affiliate KLPN-LD under a local marketing agreement with owner White Knight Broadcasting. All three stations share studio facilities located on Richmond Road in Tyler, KETK maintains transmitter facilities located near FM855 in unincorporated northwestern Cherokee County, however, the owner had to file for bankruptcy, effectively scuttling plans to launch the station. Amid a few hurdles, the license was purchased by new buyers and it was originally owned by Texas American Broadcasting. The station originally operated from facilities located on North Jackson Street in Jacksonville. Texas American Broadcasting sold the station to Region 56 Network, a subsidiary of Lone Star Broadcasting in 1989, in September 1991, KETK signed on KLSB-TV as a satellite station to serve southern portions of the market that could not receive channel 56s signal. KETK moved its operations to its current location on Richmond Road in Tyler in 1993, Lone Star then sold KETK to Max Television in 1996. In 1998, the Sinclair Broadcast Group acquired most of the Max Media Properties stations, however, in early 1999, Sinclair sold the non-license assets of the station to the Communications Corporation of America, which operated the station via a time brokerage agreement. Sinclair remained the license holder of KETK until 2004 when ComCorp acquired the station outright, in 2003, Max Media acquired KLSB-TV and converted it into standalone station KYTX, which became a CBS affiliate in April 2004. KETK subsequently signed on a translator on UHF channel 53, KLSB-LP to relay its signal to the southern part of the market. In June 2006, Communications Corporation of America filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, rival CBS affiliate KYTX sparked controversy by publicly announcing the ComCorp bankruptcy on its newscasts, for an entire week. ComCorp said in a press release viewers and staff would see no changes at the station, the company emerged from bankruptcy in late 2007. On April 24,2013, the Communications Corporation of America announced the sale of its stations, including KETK-TV. KFXK and KTPN were sold to Nexstar partner company Mission Broadcasting, in the case of KFXK, Nexstar continued KFXKs and KLPNs shared services agreement with sister station KETK. The sale was completed on January 1,2015, one month later on January 1,2009, KETK replaced the local feed of Weather Plus with Me-TV. In 2011, the subchannel switched to Estrella TV after the affiliation moved to former CW affiliate KCEB, KETK-TV began operating a full-power digital television signal on UHF channel 22 on June 17,2006. The station began testing high definition broadcasts of NBC programming on September 1 of that year, during the analog television era, the stations UHF channel 56 signal had the designation of having the highest channel allocation of any NBC affiliate. This ended after the high-band UHF channels were removed from broadcasting use during the digital transition on June 12,2009
43.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
44.
KTRE
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KTRE, virtual and VHF digital channel 9, is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Lufkin, Texas, United States. The station is owned by Raycom Media, KTRE maintains studio and transmitter facilities located on TV Road in the unincorporated community of Pollok. Although considered a separate station in its own right, it is a semi-satellite of KLTV in Tyler and it clears all of that stations syndicated programming but produces separate weeknight newscasts and airs its own commercials, station identifications and Sunday morning religious programs. On cable, KTRE is available on Suddenlink and Consolidated Communications in the area, on satellite, the station is not currently carried by DirecTV, which instead carries KLTV in the area. The station first signed on the air on August 31,1955, it was founded by the owners of radio station KTRE-AM. However, it deviated from the KPRC schedule to air programming from ABC. In 1964, the Federal Communications Commission collapsed Lufkin and Nacogdoches into the Tyler-Longview market, soon afterward, the Buford family, owners of KLTV, bought KTRE and converted it into a semi-satellite of that station. Until 1984, the station had a joint primary arrangement with all three networks, with a slight favor towards ABC programming. Both stations lost CBS programming when KLMG-TV signed on in September 1984, KTRE and KLTV were sold to Civic Communications in 1989. Civic merged with Liberty Corporation in 2002, which in turn merged with Raycom Media in 2006, the stations digital channel is multiplexed, KTRE carries Telemundo on digital subchannel 9.2, the subchannel is not carried on Suddenlink Communications. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 11 to channel 9 for post-transition operations. Syndicated programs broadcast by KTRE include Live with Kelly, Jeopardy, the Ellen DeGeneres Show, Wheel of Fortune, and Texas Country Reporter. KTRE presently broadcasts five hours of locally produced newscasts each week, in addition to its main studios, the station operates a bureau on North Street in Nacogdoches. The first news anchor at channel 9 was Murphy Martin, who became a local television anchor in Dallas. KTRE. com - KTRE official website KLTV. com - KLTV official website Query the FCCs TV station database for KTRE
45.
KTAL-TV
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KTAL-TV, virtual channel 6, is an NBC-affiliated television station serving Shreveport, Louisiana, United States that is licensed to Texarkana, Texas. The station first signed on the air on August 16,1953 as KCMC-TV, the station was founded by Clyde E. Palmer, owner of the Texarkana Gazette and several other newspapers and radio stations across Arkansas and Texas as well as KCMC radio. The station originally operated as a primary CBS affiliate, although it carried select programs from NBC, ABC. In May 1954, the transmitter power output was increased to 100,000 watts. The station lost the DuMont affiliation when that network shut down in 1956 and it was left as a hybrid CBS/ABC/NBC affiliate. In 1960, CBS announced that it was dropping its affiliation with KCMC-TV since the signal of Shreveport-based KSLA-TV decently covered Texarkana. This would have forced KCMC-TV to fall back on its affiliation with the then-weak ABC or become an independent station – neither of which was a viable option for such a small market. By this time, the Palmer properties had been taken over by Palmers son-in-law, Walter E. Hussman and he persuaded the Federal Communications Commission to collapse Texarkana and Shreveport into a single television market. Hussman then built a new broadcast tower in Vivian – the second-tallest transmission tower in the South at the time, in late 1960, the station changed its call letters to the current KTAL-TV. Shreveports original NBC affiliate, KTBS-TV, switched to ABC, for many years, the station was known as K-Tal. In 1961, KTAL-TV moved most of its operations to a new studio on Market Street in Shreveport, Palmer Newspapers was renamed WEHCO Media, Inc. in 1973, the company is now run by Hussmans son, Walter E. Hussman, Jr. In 1975, the FCC ruled that WEHCO could not own both KTAL-TV and the Texarkana Gazette, but it won a court decision in 1979 which stated that the FCC had misinterpreted its own rules. WEHCO thus retained KTAL until July 2000, when it sold the station to the Irving, however, on June 6,2014, Nexstar announced that it would instead sell KMSS-TV to a new minority-owned company, Marshall Broadcasting, for $58.5 million. And on August 5, Rocky Creek withdrew its application to acquire KSHV, the sale was completed on January 1,2015. KTAL launched a digital subchannel affiliated with Laff on virtual channel 6.2 on September 1,2016, the stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 15, using PSIP to display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6. Outside of the NBC network schedule, Syndicated programming on KTAL-TV includes, Judge Judy, Rachael Ray, KTAL-TV presently broadcasts 22 hours of locally produced newscasts each week. In addition to its studios in downtown Shreveport, KTAL operates a news bureau at its secondary studio facilities at the Central Mall in downtown Texarkana. The station rebranded from NewsChannel 6 to KTAL News in 2006, dropping the number from its branding
46.
KMSS-TV
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KMSS-TV, virtual channel 33, is a Fox-affiliated television station located in Shreveport, Louisiana, United States. The three stations share studio facilities located on North Market Street, north of Downtown Shreveport, KMSS maintains transmitter facilities located near Mooringsport, on cable, the station is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 8. Owned initially by Media South Shreveport, the station operated out of studio facilities located on Jewella Avenue in western Shreveport. The station aired CBS programs that KSLA-TV declined to air, mostly the late night and morning lineup. On October 6,1986, KMSS became an affiliate of Fox. Media South sold the station to Southwest Multimedia in 1987, from 1993 to 1997, the station also carried the Prime Time Entertainment Network, an ad-hoc syndicated programming venture between Chris-Craft Television and Warner Bros. The Communications Corporation of America purchased the station in 1994, for years it had been the default Fox affiliate for the Longview area until 1991 when then-CBS affiliate, and current sister station, KLMG switched to Fox and became KFXK. On April 24,2013, Communications Corporation of America announced that it would sell its stations, including KMSS and its time brokerage agreement with KSHV-TV, Nexstar planned to operate KMSS and KSHV under a shared services agreement, forming a virtual triopoly with KTAL.5 million. The sale was completed on January 1,2015, the stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 34, using PSIP to display the stations virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 33. Syndicated programs broadcast on KMSS-TV include The Ellen DeGeneres Show, The Peoples Court, The Big Bang Theory, Two and a Half Men, pe to provide weather forecasts for stations without a news department. That format was changed to where the entire KMSS newscast was pre-recorded. About five months after the 9,00 p. m. newscast debuted, like the evening newscast, certain segments were pre-recorded and included stories by the Shreveport-based reporting staff, while other segments aired live. KMSS replaced the morning newscast with Montel, which aired on sister station KSHV. On September 20,2010, it was expanded to a half-hour and was retitled to Fox News Ark-La-Tex, official website Query the FCCs TV station database for KMSS BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on KMSS-TV
47.
KSHV-TV
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KSHV-TV, virtual channel 44, is a MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station located in Shreveport, Louisiana, United States. KSHV is owned by White Knight Broadcasting, KSHV and KMSS share studio facilities located on Jewella Avenue, between Claiborne Avenue and Ninock Street, on the western side of Shreveport, KSHVs transmitter located near Mooringsport. On cable, the station is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 9, the station signed on the air on April 15,1994 as KWLB, operating as an independent station. It mostly aired religious programs, family-oriented shows and cartoons, in addition, the station added more secular programs and most of the religious programs were quickly phased out. On January 15,2001, KSHV reversed the airtimes of both programming, effectively becoming a primary WB and secondary UPN affiliate. On March 15,2006, KSHV signed an agreement to become a MyNetworkTV charter affiliate. After the station affiliated with MyNetworkTV on September 5,2006, the station also carried classic television series from the Retro Television Network from September 2008 to January 2009. However on June 6,2014, Nexstar announced that it would instead sell KMSS-TV to a new minority-owned company, subsequently, on August 5, Rocky Creek withdrew its application to acquire KSHV. The sale was completed on January 1,2015, on July 1st of that year, KSHV dropped its My45 branding and rebrand as V45, similar to other Nexstar-owned MyNetworkTV stations. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 44, syndicated programs broadcast on KSHV-TV include The King of Queens, Law & Order, Criminal Intent, Dish Nation, Forensic Files, and Glee among others. The latter is seen on sister station KMSS on first run and it was the only station in the Shreveport-Texarkana market without a local newscast, until April 11,2016 when KTAL-TV debuted a local newscast on KSHV titled V45 Texarkana First News at 5,30. Official website Query the FCCs TV station database for KSHV BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on KSHV-TV
48.
MyNetworkTV
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Despite concerns about UPNs future that came up after Fox purchased the Chris-Craft stations, UPN signed three-year affiliation renewals with the networks Fox-owned affiliates in 2003. The CWs initial affiliation agreements did not include any of the UPN stations owned by Fox Television Stations. In fact, as part of an affiliation deal with The WBs part-owner, Tribune Broadcasting. In response to the announcement, Fox promptly removed all references from logos and promotional materials on its UPN affiliates. However, in all three cases, the WB affiliate was the station, CW executives were on record as preferring the strongest WB. Fox chose the route, and announced the launch of MyNetworkTV on February 22,2006, less than a month after CBS. MyNetworkTV began operations on September 5,2006, with the premieres of its two initial series, some affiliates unofficially began branding their stations on September 4,2006 – Labor Day – with supplied preview specials. Initially, programming aired Monday through Saturdays from 8,00 to 10,00 p. m, with the services switch to an all-rerun schedule in 2009, this effectively allows stations to pre-empt repeat programming at will to fit in sporting events without much consequence. During the telenovela era, affiliates often scheduled contractual make goods of the daily schedule between 3,00 and 6,00 a. m. local time. Not only are these light viewing hours, but they air after Nielsen processes its preliminary morning network ratings. WPWR-TV in Gary, Indiana/Chicago moved MyNetworkTV to an after primetime 10,00 p. m. -midnight timeslot on September 1,2016, and became the CW affiliate for Chicago, replacing WGN-TV. KRON-TV/San Francisco airs MyNetworkTV programming on a delay from 9,00 to 11,00 p. m. which is bookended by local evening newscasts. KPDX/Portland, Oregon airs MyNetworkTV programs from 10, 00PM to 12,00 AM, newscast that is produced by NBC-affiliated sister station KCRA-TV. KQCA then presented MyNetworkTV programming in pattern, with the 7,00 PM hour being filled by syndicated reruns until the 2014–15 television season. At that point KQCA started filling the 8,00 to 10,00 PM block with syndicated comedies, KQCA airs MyNetworkTV programming in late night. During its time as a MyNetworkTV affiliate, KJZZ-TV/Salt Lake City, the service had originally aired from 11,00 PM to 1,00 AM. at the networks launch. St. George independent station KCSG replaced KJZZ as Utahs MyNetworkTV affiliate on August 18,2008. KUSG, a former KUTV satellite, added MyNetworkTV to its schedule on September 20,2010, however, kEVU-CD/Eugene, Oregon airs the MyNetworkTV schedule from 9,00 to 11,00 PM Pacific Time, following a two-hour block of syndicated talk shows
United States of America
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
Shreveport
