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Armstrong Circle Theatre

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Armstrong Circle Theatre
Genre	Anthology drama
Presented by	Nelson Case (1950–1951) Joe Ripley (1952–1953) Bob Sherry (1953–1954) Sandy Becker (1954–1955) John Cameron Swayze (1955–1957) Douglas Edwards (1957–1961) Ron Cochran (1961–1962) Henry Hamilton (1962–1963)
Composer(s)	Harold Levey Will Schaefer
Country of origin	United States
Original language(s)	English
No. of seasons	14
No. of episodes	370
Production
Executive producer(s)	David Susskind (1954–1960)
Producer(s)	Selig Alkon Jacqueline Babbin Robert Costello Hudson Faucett George Lowther Ralph Nelson Henry Salomon George Simpson David Susskind
Running time	30 mins. (1950–1955) 60 mins. (1955–1963)
Release
Original network	NBC (1950–1957) CBS (1957–1963)
Picture format	Black-and-white
Audio format	Monaural
Original release	June 6, 1950 (1950-06-06) – June 5, 1963 (1963-06-05)

Armstrong Circle Theatre is an American anthology drama television series which ran from 1950 to 1957 on NBC, and then until 1963 on CBS. It alternated weekly with The U.S. Steel Hour. It finished in the Nielsen ratings at #19 for the 1950-1951 season and #24 for 1951-1952,^[1] the principal sponsor was Armstrong World Industries.

1 Synopsis
2 Hosts and narrators
3 Guest stars
4 Directors
5 References
6 External links

Synopsis[edit]

The series featured original dramas by noted writers, although sometimes comedies were shown, its guidelines specifically called for the avoidance of violence. Originally a half-hour production, in 1955 the show expanded to an hour and began to emphasize dramatized versions of real-life contemporary events (including the sinking of the SS Andrea Doria and a documentary on the history of Communism in the Soviet Union. Upon moving to CBS, the show emphasized several Cold War topics, including espionage, Radio Free Europe and escapes from East Germany.^[2]

Rod Serling wrote two episodes of the program. George Lowther was the producer for 62 episodes and wrote one.

Hosts and narrators[edit]

Nelson Case (1950-1951)
Joe Ripley (1952-1953)
Bob Sherry (1953-1954)
Sandy Becker (1954-1955)
John Cameron Swayze (1955-1957)
Douglas Edwards (1957-1961)
Ron Cochran (1961-1962)
Henry Hamilton (1962-1963)

Guest stars[edit]

The series featured numerous guest stars including:

Directors[edit]

References[edit]

^ "TV Ratings". Classictvhits.com.
^ Gibberman, Susan. "Armstrong Circle Theatre". Museum.tv. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armstrong_Circle_Theatre&oldid=800021594"

Categories:

Hidden categories:

Anthology series – An anthology series is a radio or television series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode or season/series. Some anthology series, such as Studio One, began on radio, many popular old-time radio programs were anthology series. On some series, such as Inner Sanctum Mysteries, the constant was the host. One of the earliest such programs was The Collier Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932, as radios first major dramatic anthology, it adapted stories and serials from Colliers Weekly in a calculated move to increase subscriptions and compete with The Saturday Evening Post. Weird The Haunting Hour The Sealed Book Mystery in the Air The Weird Circle Quiet, the stars would own the studio and the program, as Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had done successfully with Desilu studio. Powell had intended for the program to feature himself, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea, when Russell and McCrea backed out, David Niven came on board as the th

1. Lux Radio Theater ad art Joan Crawford

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Sandy Becker – George Sanford Becker, who was known professionally as Sandy Becker, was a television announcer, actor, and comedian who hosted several popular childrens programs in New York City. The best known of these was The Sandy Becker Show, which ran from 1955 to 1968 on Channel 5 WABD-TV and WNEW-TV, Sandy Becker was born and raised in New York City. Originally a pre-medical student at New York University in the 1930s, Becker played the doctor on radio for a decade. Soon, he started working for Channel 5 and began hosting a program featuring Bugs Bunny cartoons, The Looney Tunes Show, a second Friday night program called Bugs Bunny Theater ran from 1956 to 1957. Becker also did television announcing, such as for Wildroot Cream-Oil ads in the television series The Adventures of Robin Hood and he did radio spots for Crisco, as well. In the middle of those activities, Becker found his calling, spun in large part off from his knack for entertaining his own 3 children, with his vocal and comic vers

1. Sandy Becker with one of his many guests in 1957.

John Cameron Swayze – John Cameron Swayze was an American news commentator, spokesperson, and game show panelist during the 1950s. Born in Wichita, Kansas, Swayze was the son of a wholesale drug salesman and he attended schools in Atchison and then enrolled at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. There he was a fraternity brother of the subsequent film and television actor Frank Wilcox, Swayze first sought to work as an actor, but his activity on Broadway ended when acting roles became scarce following the 1929 stock market crash. Swayze returned to the Midwest and worked for the Kansas City Journal Post as a reporter, from there he graduated to radio, doing news updates for Kansas Citys KMBC in 1940 and, reportedly, an experimental early television newscast. In Kansas City, Swayze broadcast news items prepared by United Press Kansas City bureau overnight editor Walter Cronkite. Four years later, Swayze went farther west, to Los Angeles and Hollywood, during 1948, Swayze provided voiceover work for the Cam

1. Swayze on the NBC Camel News Caravan in 1955.

Douglas Edwards – Douglas Edwards was an American network news television anchor. He anchored CBSs first nightly news broadcast from 1948–1962, which was later to be titled CBS Evening News, a native of Oklahoma, Edwards grew up in Birmingham, Alabama. Edwards joined CBS Radio in 1942, eventually becoming anchor for the evening newscast The World Today as well as World News Today on Sunday afternoons. Edwards came to CBS, after stints as a newscaster and announcer at WSB in Atlanta, Georgia and WXYZ in Detroit, in the mid-1940s, Edwards was host of the radio program Behind the Scenes at CBS. The term anchor would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkites role in the political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC Newss Camel News Caravan, by the mid-1950s, the nightly 15-minute newscast Douglas Edwards with the News was watched by nearly 30 million viewers. He also received praise for his coverage,

1. Edwards on the set of Douglas Edwards With the News (1952)

2. Edwards at home with his three children in 1955. From left, Lynn, Donna and Bobby.

Ron Cochran – Ron Cochran was a television news journalist for ABC and CBS. He served as the anchor of the ABC Evening News from 1962 to 1965, in November 1963, he served as the networks principal anchor for the around-the-clock coverage of the Kennedy assassination. Before that, he hosted the CBS drama television series Armstrong Circle Theatre, Cochran was born in Saskatchewan, Canada, near Moose Jaw. He grew up in Iowa and attended Parsons College in Fairfield, after working in Midwest radio stations he joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation for two years. Then, in 1945, he went to work at a Boston radio station, in 1951 he was hired by CBS, where he did both television and radio based in Washington. It was in 1954 that he went to WCBS-TV, to reinforce its 11 P. M. news program. He also was the moderator of the CBS-TV programs Man of the Week, from 1952 to 1954, and Youth Takes a Stand, from 1954 to 1955, after moving to ABC, he anchored The ABC Evening News with Ron Cochran from 1963 to 1965

1. Ron Cochran in a Promotional image for "The ABC Evening News with Ron Cochran" in 1963

English language – English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press t

1. The opening to the Old English epic poem Beowulf, handwritten in half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."

2. Countries of the world where English is a majority native language

3. Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales c.1400

David Susskind – David Howard Susskind was an American producer of TV, movies, and stage plays and also a pioneer TV talk show host. His talk shows were innovative in the genre and addressed timely and he drew controversy for his scathing opinion of Muhammad Alis resistance to the military draft. Susskind was born in Manhattan, and grew up in Brookline and he attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and then Harvard University, graduating with honors in 1942. He served during World War II and, as officer on an attack transport, USS Mellette, saw action at Iwo Jima. His first job after the war was as a agent for Warner Brothers. In New York, Susskind formed Talent Associates, representing creators of material rather than performers, ultimately, Susskind produced movies, stage plays and television programs. In 1954, Susskind became producer of the NBC legal drama Justice, in 1961, Open End was constrained to two hours and went into national syndication. The show was retitled The David Susskind Show f

1. David Susskind circa 1980

Ralph Nelson – Ralph Nelson was an American film and television director, producer, writer, and actor. Nelson was born in Long Island City, New York and he served in the Army Air Corps as a flight instructor in World War II. Nelson directed the acclaimed episode A World of His Own of The Twilight Zone and he also directed both the television and film versions of Rod Serlings Requiem for a Heavyweight. tick. tick. tick. Christmas Lilies of the Field, The Wilby Conspiracy, and Soldier Blue, the starring role in Lilies led to Sidney Poitier winning the Academy Award for Best Actor. He both directed, and briefly appeared in, Duel at Diablo, starring James Garner and Sidney Poitier, nelsons other credits include several episodes of TVs Starsky & Hutch, the 70s camp horror classic Embryo, and A Hero Aint Nothin But A Sandwich. A television drama about mounting the show of Requiem for a Heavyweight called The Man in the Funny Suit was made in 1960. Nelson, Serling, Red Skelton, Keenan Wynn and Ed Wynn appea

1. Portrait of Ralph Nelson

NBC – The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder

1. The Comcast Building in New York City (or the GE Building, originally the RCA Building) serves as the headquarters of NBC.

2. National Broadcasting Company

3. Radio City West was located at Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street in Los Angeles until it was replaced by a bank in the mid-1960s.

4. Entrance at the GE Building.

CBS – CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is

1. Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.

2. Wholesome Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth

3. When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.

4. CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.

Black-and-white – Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled o

1. A black-and-white photo of a breadfruit, c. 1870

2. Black-and-white photography of Frankfurt central station

3. Contemporary photo of a Galápagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra) on Santa Cruz Island.

Monaural – Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations t

1. Contents

United States – Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776

1. Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

2. Flag

3. The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4. The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

The U.S. Steel Hour – The United States Steel Hour is an anthology series which brought hour long dramas to television from 1953 to 1963. The television series and the program that preceded it were both sponsored by the United States Steel Corporation. The series originated on radio in the 1940s as Theatre Guild on the Air, within a year the series drew some 10 to 12 million listeners each week. Presenting both classic and contemporary plays, the program was broadcast for eight years before it became a television series, even John Gielgud was heard, in his famous role of Hamlet, in an expanded 90-minute broadcast with Dorothy McGuire as Ophelia. Fredric March was also heard in his performance as Cyrano de Bergerac. The series even featured a rarity - the only radio broadcast of Rodgers and Hammersteins flop musical, the radio series was broadcast until June 7,1953, when the United States Steel Corporation decided to move its show to television. The television version aired from October 27,1953 to 1955 on AB

1. Rod Serling 's The Rack, a production of The United States Steel Hour on April 12, 1955, was later published in this 1957 Bantam paperback.

2. The United States Steel Hour

3. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was a musical production for The United States Steel Hour on November 20, 1957 with (l to r) Jimmy Boyd, Basil Rathbone, Jack Carson.

Armstrong World Industries – Armstrong World Industries, Inc. is a Pennsylvania corporation incorporated in 1891. It is a designer and manufacturer of floors and ceilings. Based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Armstrong operates 32 plants in eight countries and has approximately 8,500 employees worldwide, in 2011, Armstrong’s net sales were $2.86 billion, with operating income of $239.2 million. Armstrong World Industries, Inc. emerged from Chapter 11 reorganization on October 2,2006 and its stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange October 18,2006 under the ticker symbol AWI. Asbestos Personal Injury Settlement Trust, holds approximately 66% of AWI’s outstanding common shares. Armstrongs “Fourth Amended Plan of Reorganization, as Modified, ” dated February 21,2006, the Plan includes a comprehensive settlement resolving AWI’s asbestos liability by establishing and funding a trust to compensate all current and future asbestos personal injury claimants. “In addition to resolving AWI’s asbestos liability, we use

1. Former Armstrong Cork Company building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (built circa 1901)

2. Formerly known as Armstrong Manor, the property is currently owned by Rodgers & Associates of Lancaster, Pennsylvania and is now called The Manor.

SS Andrea Doria – SS Andrea Doria, pronounced, was an ocean liner for the Italian Line home ported in Genoa, Italy, most famous for her sinking in 1956, when 46 people were killed. Named after the 16th-century Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, the ship had a gross tonnage of 29,100. For a country attempting to rebuild its economy and reputation after World War II, of all Italys ships at the time, Andrea Doria was the largest, fastest, and supposedly safest. Launched on June 16,1951, the ship undertook its maiden voyage on January 14,1953, struck in the side, the top-heavy Andrea Doria immediately started to list severely to starboard, which left half of its lifeboats unusable. The consequent shortage of lifeboats could have resulted in significant loss of life, the good behavior of the crew, improvements in communications, and the rapid response of other ships averted a disaster similar in scale to that of Titanic in 1912. While 1,660 passengers and crew were rescued and survived,46 people died with the shi

1. The SS Andrea Doria at home in port

2. A model of Andrea Doria

3. SS Andrea Doria the morning after the collision with the MS Stockholm in fog off Nantucket Island: The hole in her starboard side from the collision with Stockholm is clearly visible.

4. 26 July 1956: After colliding with Andrea Doria, Stockholm, with severely damaged prow, heads to New York.

Communism – Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism, and the political ideologies grouped around both. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production. Likewise, some communists defend both theory and practice, while others argue that historical practice diverged from communist principles to a greater or lesser degree, according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, in the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property. Communist thought has also traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his treatise Utopia, More portrayed a society based on ownership of property. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in En

1. Vladimir Lenin after his return to Petrograd

3. USSR postage stamp depicting the states ruled by self-proclaimed communist parties, launching the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1

4. A demonstration of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Moscow, December 2011

Soviet Union – The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly befor

1. Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920

2. Flag

3. Stalin and Nikolai Yezhov, head of the NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was edited out of the image.

Cold War – The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale a

1. Photograph of the Berlin Wall taken from the West side. The Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing and to stop an economically disastrous drain of workers. It was a symbol of the Cold War and its fall in 1989 marked the approaching end of the war.

2. Allied troops in Vladivostok, August 1918, during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.

3. The " Big Three " at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, 1945.

Espionage – Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They c

1. A bamboo version of The Art of War, written by Sun-Tzu and containing advice on espionage tactics.

2. Political cartoon depicting the Afghan Emir Sher Ali with his "friends" the Russian Bear and British Lion (1878). The Great Game saw the rise of systematic espionage and surveillance throughout the region by both powers.

3. Seal of the Evidenzbureau, military intelligence service of the Austrian Empire.

4. William Melville helped establish the first independent intelligence agency, the British Secret Service, and was appointed as its first chief.

Radio Free Europe – During the Cold War, Radio Free Europe was broadcast to Soviet satellite countries and Radio Liberty targeted the Soviet Union. RFE was founded as an anti-communist propaganda source in 1949 by the National Committee for a Free Europe, RL was founded two years later and the two organizations merged in 1976. Communist governments frequently sent agents to infiltrate RFEs headquarters, Radio transmissions into the Soviet Union were regularly jammed by the KGB. RFE/RL received funds from the Central Intelligence Agency until 1972, RFE/RL was headquartered at Englischer Garten in Munich, Germany, from 1949 to 1995. In 1995, the headquarters were moved to Prague in the Czech Republic, european operations have been significantly reduced since the end of the Cold War. In addition to the headquarters, the service maintains 20 local bureaus in countries throughout their broadcast region, as well as an office in Washington. RFE/RL broadcasts in 28 languages to 21 countries including Armenia, Rus

1. RFE/RL Broadcast Region 2009

2. RFE/RL official logo

3. Newly constructed building of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Prague-Hagibor.

4. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty transmitter site, Biblis, Germany

East Germany – East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it

1. GDR leaders: President Wilhelm Pieck and Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl, 1949

2. Flag (1959–1990)

3. SED First Secretary, Walter Ulbricht, 1950

4. Head of State: Erich Honecker (1971–89)

Rod Serling – Serling was active in politics, both on and off the screen, and helped form television industry standards. He was known as the young man of Hollywood, clashing with television executives and sponsors over a wide range of issues including censorship, racism. Serling was born on December 25,1924, in Syracuse, New York and he was the second of two sons born to Esther and Samuel Lawrence Serling. Serlings father had worked as a secretary and amateur inventor before having children, sam Serling later became a butcher after the Great Depression forced the store to close. Rod had a brother, Robert J. Serling. Serling spent most of his youth 70 miles south of Syracuse in the city of Binghamton after his family moved there in 1926 and his parents encouraged his talents as a performer. Sam Serling built a stage in the basement, where Rod often put on plays. His older brother, writer Robert, recalled that, at the age of six or seven, Rod often talked to people around him without waiting for their

1. Publicity photo of Serling, 1959

2. Serling as a senior in high school, 1943

3. Men and equipment on Leyte beachhead, October 20, 1944

4. Serling family, 1959, his wife Carol in left photo, his daughters in right

Tige Andrews – Tige Andrews was an American character actor. Andrews was reportedly born as Tiger Andrews in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Syrian parents Selma and George E. Andrews and his familys surname was originally Androwas. His parents, following Syrian custom, named him after an animal to ensure good health. His mother died when he was three years old, and his father later remarried, Andrews moved with his family to Middlesex, New Jersey. Andrews was wounded in Sicily while serving in the United States Army during World War II and after returning home, in 1955, Andrews won critical acclaim in the off-Broadway revival of The Threepenny Opera, as the Streetsinger. He reprised the role in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, Andrews went on to direct The Threepenny Opera in Arizona. While in New York, director John Ford cast him in the 1955 film version of Mister Roberts after seeing his Broadway performance, Andrews made frequent appearances on television in the 1960s. His best known rol

1. Tige Andrews

Edward Asner – Yitzhak Edward Ed Asner is an American actor, voice actor and a former president of the Screen Actors Guild. He is also known for portraying Santa Claus in the comedy film Elf and its animated remake Elf, in 2009, he starred as the voice of Carl Fredricksen in Pixars animated film Up, and made a guest appearance on CSI, NY in the episode Yahrzeit. In early 2011, Asner returned to television as butcher Hank Greziak in Working Class and he starred in the Canadian television series Michael, Tuesdays and Thursdays, on CBC Television and has appeared in the 2013 television series The Glades. Asner has most recently starred as Guy Redmayne, a wealthy, Asner was born on November 15,1929 in Kansas City, Missouri. His Jewish Russian-born parents, Lizzie, a housewife, and David Morris Asner ran a second-hand shop and he was raised in an Orthodox Jewish family. Asner attended Wyandotte High School in Kansas City, Kansas, and he worked on the assembly line for General Motors. Asner served with the

1. Asner in 1985, age 56

2. Asner in May 2013

3. Asner at the 2012 Phoenix Comicon

Ann Bancroft – Ann Bancroft is an American author, teacher, and adventurer. She was the first woman to finish a number of arduous expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic. She was inducted as member of the National Womens Hall of Fame in 1995. Ann Bancroft grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota and she described her family as one of risk takers. It is reported that she struggled with a disability, but nevertheless graduated from St. Paul Academy. Bancroft was a camper and staff member at YMCA Camp Widjiwagan, Bancroft became a wilderness instructor and a gym teacher in Minneapolis and St. Paul. She gave up her teaching post in 1986 in order to participate with the Will Steger International North Pole Expedition and she arrived at the North Pole together with five other team members after 56 days using dogsleds. This made Bancroft the first woman to reach the North Pole on foot and she was also the first woman to cross both polar ice caps to reach the North and South Poles, as well as the first woman to ski ac

1. Ann Bancroft in 2006, holding a journal she kept on a trip to the Arctic

Ed Begley – Edward James Ed Begley, Sr. was an American actor of theatre, radio, film, and television. Begley was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Hannah and Michael Joseph Begley, after he dropped out of school as a fifth-grader, Begley ran away from home several times, going to work for carnivals, fairs, and small circuses. Later he sold brushes, delivered milk and served in the United States Navy, Begley began his career as a Broadway and radio actor while in his teens. He appeared in the hit musical Going Up on Broadway in 1917 and he later acted in roles as Sgt. OHara in the radio show The Fat Man and his radio work included Stroke of Fate and a period as Charlie Chan among other roles. He also starred in the 1950s radio program Richard Diamond, Private Detective, playing Lieutenant Walter Levinson, head of homicide at the 5th Precinct and he was elected a member of The Lambs in 1943. In the late 1940s, he began appearing regularly in supporting film roles, in the 1952–1953 televisio

1. Begley in 1958

2. Begley (right) with Monte Markham in 1969.

Barbara Britton – Barbara Britton was an American film and television actress. Barbara Maurine Brantingham was born September 26,1919, in Long Beach and her involvement with stage productions began when she was 14. She attended Polytechnic High School and Long Beach City College, majoring in speech with the intention of working as a speech, while in school she began to show an interest in acting and began working on local stage productions. In 1941, while appearing in a Pasadena Tournament of Roses Parade, a talent scout took notice, and she was soon signed to a Paramount Pictures contract. That same year, she appeared in her first two films, the William Boyd western Secrets of the Wasteland and Louisiana Purchase starring Bob Hope and her first major film appearance was in a small role in the John Wayne film Reap the Wild Wind. During the 1940s Britton starred in three films for which she is most recognized today, two of which co-starred Randolph Scott, the first was the 1945 film Captain Kidd with Sco

1. Britton in 1953

James Broderick – James Joseph Broderick III was an American actor. He is known for his role as Doug Lawrence in the television series Family, Broderick was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, the son of Mary Elizabeth and James Joseph Broderick II. His father, a highly decorated World War I combat medic, was of Irish descent, Broderick attended Manchester Central High School and then took pre-medical courses at the University of New Hampshire for two years. He joined the Navy in 1945, becoming a pharmacist mate, faculty advisor to the student drama club, Mask and Dagger, J. Joe Donald Batcheller was impressed and gave him the role of Bluntchili, an anti-romantic Swiss soldier. Batcheller said, You could tell from the beginning that he was an exceptional individual and he displayed an unusual ability to get along with people. He was kind, sensitive, imaginative, and had a sense of humor. He also had an Irish mug if I ever saw one and he played the father on the television show Family from 1976 to 1980,

1. Broderick in 1959

John Cassavetes – John Nicholas Cassavetes was a Greek-American actor, film director, and screenwriter. He also acted in many Hollywood films, notably Rosemarys Baby and he studied acting with Don Richardson, using an acting technique based on muscle memory. His income from acting made it possible for him to direct his own films independently and his children Nick Cassavetes, Zoe Cassavetes, and Xan Cassavetes are also filmmakers. His early years were spent with his family in Greece, when he returned at age seven and he was reared on Long Island, New York. He attended Port Washington High School from 1945 to 1947 and participated in Port Weekly, Red Domino, football, next to his photo on page 55 of his 1947 yearbook is written, Cassy is always ready with a wisecrack, but he does have a serious side. Cassavetes attended Blair Academy in New Jersey and spent a semester at Champlain College before being expelled due to his failing grades and he graduated in 1950 and met his future wife Gena Rowlands at her

1. John Cassavetes as Johnny Staccato, 1959

2. Cassavetes with his wife Gena Rowlands

3. John Cassavetes's grave

Dabney Coleman

1. Dabney Coleman in The Towering Inferno (1974)

Jackie Cooper

1. Cooper in 1956.

2. Cooper as he appeared in the film Broadway to Hollywood, 1933

3. Cooper, then a member of Our Gang, flirts with schoolteacher Miss Crabtree in School's Out, 1930

4. The handprints of Jackie Cooper in front of The Great Movie Ride at Walt Disney World 's Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.

James Dean

1. Dean in Rebel Without a Cause

2. Dean in 1953

3. Dean in East of Eden (1955)

4. Dean in 1955

Patty Duke

1. Duke in 1975

Robert Duvall

1. Duvall at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.

2. Duvall with Diane Lane at the 41st Emmy Awards in September 1989

3. President George W. Bush stands with recipients of the 2005 National Medal of Arts, from left: Leonard Garment, Louis Auchincloss, Paquito D'Rivera, James De Preist, Tina Ramirez, Robert Duvall, and Ollie Johnston.

4. Duvall with future wife Luciana Pedraza (right) shaking hands with a member of the "The Black Stallions" of Helicopter Combat Support Squadron Four at the Taormina Film Fest in Sicily in June 2003.

Peter Falk

1. As Columbo, 1973

2. Falk as a senior in high school, 1945.

3. In Pocketful of Miracles (1961).

4. with Natalie Wood in Penelope (1966)

Geraldine Fitzgerald

1. Fitzgerald on the cover of Life magazine (August 7, 1944)

2. Fitzgerald with Orson Welles in the Mercury Theatre production of Heartbreak House (1938)

3. Dark Victory (1939), Fitzgerald's first American film

4. Geraldine Fitzgerald and three-year-old Michael Lindsay-Hogg (1944)

Nina Foch

1. Foch in 1949

Wallace Ford

1. Wallace Ford in Central Park (1932)

Jonathan Harris

1. Jonathan Harris, c. 1967

2. Harris as Doctor Smith, 1967

3. Harris as Mr. Piper in the Land of the Giants episode "Pay the Piper," 1970

4. Harris as "Zeno" in the Lost in Space episode "West of Mars," 1966

LIST OF IMAGES

1. Anthology series – An anthology series is a radio or television series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode or season/series. Some anthology series, such as Studio One, began on radio, many popular old-time radio programs were anthology series. On some series, such as Inner Sanctum Mysteries, the constant was the host. One of the earliest such programs was The Collier Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932, as radios first major dramatic anthology, it adapted stories and serials from Colliers Weekly in a calculated move to increase subscriptions and compete with The Saturday Evening Post. Weird The Haunting Hour The Sealed Book Mystery in the Air The Weird Circle Quiet, the stars would own the studio and the program, as Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had done successfully with Desilu studio. Powell had intended for the program to feature himself, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea, when Russell and McCrea backed out, David Niven came on board as the third star. The fourth star was initially a guest star, CBS liked the idea, and Four Star Playhouse made its debut in fall of 1952. It ran on alternate weeks only during the first season, alternating with Amos n Andy and it was successful enough to be renewed and became a weekly program from the second season until the end of its run in 1956. Ida Lupino was brought on board as the de facto fourth star, though unlike Powell, Boyer, American television networks would sometimes run summer anthology series which consisted of unsold television pilots. Beginning in 1971, the long-run Masterpiece Theatre drama anthology series brought British productions to American television. k. a. Billy Roses Playbill Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre The Bold Ones Broadway Television Theatre Buick-Electra Playhouse Cameo Theatre Camera Three The Campbell Playhouse, Campbell Soundstage and Campbell Summer Soundstage Cavalcade of America CBS Playhouse CBS Summer Playhouse CBS Television Workshop CBS Workshop, a. k. a. CBS Repertoire Workshop Celanese Theatre Celebrity Playhouse Center Stage Cheer Television Theatre The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre a. k. a, Chevrolet on Broadway Chevron Hall of Stars Chevron Theatre Climax. Gruen Guild Theatre The Gulf Playhouse Hallmark Hall of Fame Hollywood Opening Night Hollywood Premiere Theatre, Hollywood Theatre Time International Playhouse John Waters Presents Movies That Will Corrupt You The Joseph Cotten Show, a. k. a. k. a. Max Liebman Presents Medallion Theatre, a. k. a, grimms Fairy Tale Classics Happily Ever After, Fairy Tales for Every Child The Harveytoons Show KaBlam. Late Night, Black and White Legends of Bikini Bottom Liquid Television The Looney Tunes Show Mickey Mouse Works Mickeys Mouse Tracks O Canada Off the Air Oh Yeah. Cartoons The Pink Panther Show The Popeye Show The Porky Pig Show Princes et princesses Random. M. k. a. Terribles House of Horrible The Eddie Cantor Comedy Theatre El Chapulín Colorado Ripping Yarns George Burns Comedy Week Good Heavens Human Remains Inside No. k. a. k. a. k. a. k. a, orson Welles Great Mysteries Out of the Fog Panic. Way of Life Family Theater Insight Lamp Unto My Feet Look Up, the Fisher Family Alcoa Presents, One Step Beyond Amazing Stories American Horror Story Are You Afraid of the Dark. L. k. a

Anthology series – Lux Radio Theater ad art Joan Crawford
Anthology series – Nelson Olmsted of NBC's Sleep No More fantasy series.

2. Sandy Becker – George Sanford Becker, who was known professionally as Sandy Becker, was a television announcer, actor, and comedian who hosted several popular childrens programs in New York City. The best known of these was The Sandy Becker Show, which ran from 1955 to 1968 on Channel 5 WABD-TV and WNEW-TV, Sandy Becker was born and raised in New York City. Originally a pre-medical student at New York University in the 1930s, Becker played the doctor on radio for a decade. Soon, he started working for Channel 5 and began hosting a program featuring Bugs Bunny cartoons, The Looney Tunes Show, a second Friday night program called Bugs Bunny Theater ran from 1956 to 1957. Becker also did television announcing, such as for Wildroot Cream-Oil ads in the television series The Adventures of Robin Hood and he did radio spots for Crisco, as well. In the middle of those activities, Becker found his calling, spun in large part off from his knack for entertaining his own 3 children, with his vocal and comic versatility. This led him to his show, beginning in 1955. He soon added a program, Sandy Beckers Funhouse, briefly in 1955. He also hosted the syndicated Wonderama television show from 1955-56, the Sandy Becker Show was seen weekday afternoons and evenings from Monday March 30,1961, to Friday February 16,1968. The show also ran on Saturday evenings, from March 27,1961 to September 4,1965, Beckers propensity for doing comic voices brought him much work in animation. Becker also provided the voices for Sergeant Okie Homa and Ruffled Feathers on Go Go Gophers, the former character sounded similar to John Wayne, while the latter simply exploded into babbling gibberish whenever he explained his latest idea to stop the coyote adversaries. He also had a bird in a cage called Chipper. Lastima, and the Irish Danny Moran, enough kids bought the record that it reached survey position #22 on local rock radio station WMCA in March 1963. For the morning shows own theme music, Sandy came to use Guy Warrens That Happy Feeling as recorded in 1962 by Bert Kaempfert, Becker also created a puppet known as Henry Headline, who delivered lighter news to the children who watched. Theyll learn about wars and international crises soon enough, I try to keep the news as light as possible. Occasionally Ill use an item that has historical value, in spite of this view — or perhaps because of it — Becker is warmly remembered for the manner in which he handled one of Americas deepest tragedies on the air. On November 22,1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Becker went on the air and, quite movingly, sadly, most of Beckers programs were not preserved. Most aired live and were not kinescoped or videotaped, they live on only in the memories of those who watched them, however, some clips are surfacing on the Internet

Sandy Becker – Sandy Becker with one of his many guests in 1957.

3. John Cameron Swayze – John Cameron Swayze was an American news commentator, spokesperson, and game show panelist during the 1950s. Born in Wichita, Kansas, Swayze was the son of a wholesale drug salesman and he attended schools in Atchison and then enrolled at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. There he was a fraternity brother of the subsequent film and television actor Frank Wilcox, Swayze first sought to work as an actor, but his activity on Broadway ended when acting roles became scarce following the 1929 stock market crash. Swayze returned to the Midwest and worked for the Kansas City Journal Post as a reporter, from there he graduated to radio, doing news updates for Kansas Citys KMBC in 1940 and, reportedly, an experimental early television newscast. In Kansas City, Swayze broadcast news items prepared by United Press Kansas City bureau overnight editor Walter Cronkite. Four years later, Swayze went farther west, to Los Angeles and Hollywood, during 1948, Swayze provided voiceover work for the Camel Newsreel Theatre, an early television news program that broadcast Movietone News newsreels. At the same time, Swayze proposed and obtained a radio quiz program, the radio version lasted only a year, but Swayze was an occasional panelist in the television version of the program, which was broadcast on NBC from 1948 to 1955. In the series, celebrities tried to determine the speaker of quotations taken from recent news reports, NBC, meanwhile, made Swayze the host of its national political convention coverage in 1948, the first commercial coverage ever by television. In October 1948, Swayze was a permanent panel member of the quiz show Who Said That. and was referred to as the anchorman in what may be the first usage of term on television. Swayze was chosen in 1949 to host NBCs first television newscast, and now, this is John Cameron Swayze saying good night. Reynolds Tobacco, maker of Camel cigarettes, reduced its sponsorship to three days a week, chryslers Plymouth division sponsored the other days, and on those days the program was labeled the Plymouth News Caravan. During 1956 Swayze was dismissed in favor of a new team, Chet Huntley. The Huntley-Brinkley Report soon became the nations top-rated television newscast, Edwards was replaced during 1962 by Walter Cronkite, Swayze performed in Timex commercials that were mock newscasts before delivering the catch-phrase at the end of the commercials. Swayze did the Timex commercials for over two decades and he appeared in a Volvo advertisement, driven in an early 1970s two-door model on a muddy racetrack by a professional rally driver. Swayze also appeared in commercials for Studebaker promoting the automobile companys 1963 model line and he also appeared in a 1984 commercial for radio station WHTZ in New York City, which was broadcast in other markets promoting different radio stations. He was satirized by comics Bill Buchanan and Dickie Goodman, whose first break-in novelty record, The Flying Saucer, Swayze is mentioned in a lyric of Allan Shermans novelty song My Grandfathers Watch, a parody of My Grandfathers Clock by Henry Clay Work. In 1980, Ray Stevens recorded a novelty song titled The Watch Song in which two guys meet up in a bar and fight over an adulterous woman, rays character ends up having his wrist watch broken, which hilariously sends him over the edge. He beats up his opponent so severely that the man dies, rays character speaks out loud to John Cameron Swayze at various times throughout the song

John Cameron Swayze – Swayze on the NBC Camel News Caravan in 1955.

4. Douglas Edwards – Douglas Edwards was an American network news television anchor. He anchored CBSs first nightly news broadcast from 1948–1962, which was later to be titled CBS Evening News, a native of Oklahoma, Edwards grew up in Birmingham, Alabama. Edwards joined CBS Radio in 1942, eventually becoming anchor for the evening newscast The World Today as well as World News Today on Sunday afternoons. Edwards came to CBS, after stints as a newscaster and announcer at WSB in Atlanta, Georgia and WXYZ in Detroit, in the mid-1940s, Edwards was host of the radio program Behind the Scenes at CBS. The term anchor would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkites role in the political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC Newss Camel News Caravan, by the mid-1950s, the nightly 15-minute newscast Douglas Edwards with the News was watched by nearly 30 million viewers. He also received praise for his coverage, on both camera and radio, of the sinking of the SS Andrea Doria in July 1956. But by the end of the decade, viewership levels for the Edwards broadcast weakened severely as the Huntley-Brinkley Report began to attract a larger audience, by 1962, Edwards was replaced by Walter Cronkite, and the newscasts name was changed to CBS Evening News. For several years after leaving the CBS anchor chair, Edwards headed the local evening news team on WCBS-TV, channel 2, Edwards subsequently moved back to CBS Radio, where he delivered the networks flagship evening newscasts The World Tonight for many years. He also served, for a time, as a co-anchor of the CBS Morning News and his last radio newscast included a report of the death of singer Andy Gibb. Beginning June 2,1980, Douglas Edwards anchored a daily edition of Newsbreak at 11,57 a. m. In 1988, at the age of 70, Edwards retired from broadcasting work after 46 years with CBS, Edwards died of cancer at 73. Edwards was posthumously elected to the Radio Hall of Fame in 2006, in a 4 1⁄2 hour interview for the Archive of American Television, Walter Cronkite described Edwards as a true gentleman. One of the gentlest men Ive ever known

Douglas Edwards – Edwards on the set of Douglas Edwards With the News (1952)
Douglas Edwards – Edwards at home with his three children in 1955. From left, Lynn, Donna and Bobby.

5. Ron Cochran – Ron Cochran was a television news journalist for ABC and CBS. He served as the anchor of the ABC Evening News from 1962 to 1965, in November 1963, he served as the networks principal anchor for the around-the-clock coverage of the Kennedy assassination. Before that, he hosted the CBS drama television series Armstrong Circle Theatre, Cochran was born in Saskatchewan, Canada, near Moose Jaw. He grew up in Iowa and attended Parsons College in Fairfield, after working in Midwest radio stations he joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation for two years. Then, in 1945, he went to work at a Boston radio station, in 1951 he was hired by CBS, where he did both television and radio based in Washington. It was in 1954 that he went to WCBS-TV, to reinforce its 11 P. M. news program. He also was the moderator of the CBS-TV programs Man of the Week, from 1952 to 1954, and Youth Takes a Stand, from 1954 to 1955, after moving to ABC, he anchored The ABC Evening News with Ron Cochran from 1963 to 1965. He then started Ron Cochran Enterprises, which produced radio and television programs and he later went to KGO-TV and anchored newscasts with Roger Grimsby. Cochran died July 25,1994, aged 81, in Lake Worth, Florida, after a heart attack

Ron Cochran – Ron Cochran in a Promotional image for "The ABC Evening News with Ron Cochran" in 1963

6. English language – English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩

English language – The opening to the Old English epic poem Beowulf, handwritten in half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English language – Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English language – Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales c.1400

7. David Susskind – David Howard Susskind was an American producer of TV, movies, and stage plays and also a pioneer TV talk show host. His talk shows were innovative in the genre and addressed timely and he drew controversy for his scathing opinion of Muhammad Alis resistance to the military draft. Susskind was born in Manhattan, and grew up in Brookline and he attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and then Harvard University, graduating with honors in 1942. He served during World War II and, as officer on an attack transport, USS Mellette, saw action at Iwo Jima. His first job after the war was as a agent for Warner Brothers. In New York, Susskind formed Talent Associates, representing creators of material rather than performers, ultimately, Susskind produced movies, stage plays and television programs. In 1954, Susskind became producer of the NBC legal drama Justice, in 1961, Open End was constrained to two hours and went into national syndication. The show was retitled The David Susskind Show for its telecast on Sunday night, in the 1960s it was the first nationally broadcast television talk show to feature people speaking out against American involvement in the Vietnam War. In the 1970s it was the first nationally broadcast television show to feature people speaking out for gay rights. The show continued until its New York outlet cancelled it in 1986, during his almost three decade run, Susskind covered many controversial topics of the day, such as race relations, transsexualism and the Vietnam War. His interview of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, which aired in October 1960, during the height of the Cold War and it is one of the very few talk show telecasts from the era that was preserved and can be viewed today. In 1961, Susskind conducted a series of interviews with former President Harry Truman in Trumans hometown of Independence, Missouri. After picking Truman up at his home to him to the Truman Presidential Library for the interviews over a number of days. According to presidential historian Michael Beschloss, Truman flatly told Susskind, This is Besss house, Joyce Davidson, with whom Susskind was in a relationship, began working as a co-producer of a television talk show Susskind hosted locally in New York called Hot Line in June 1964. It was a different show from the Open End talk show, Hot Line was the first television show to use the recently invented ten-second broadcast delay to amplify viewer phone calls on the air. Susskind was also a producer, with scores of movies, plays. In 1964, he produced Craig Stevenss acclaimed CBS drama Mr. Broadway and he also produced and owned all the rights to the 1961 fourteen-episode macabre CBS TV series – Way Out. His production company, Talent Associates, also produced Get Smart, both of his marriages ended in divorce

David Susskind – David Susskind circa 1980

8. Ralph Nelson – Ralph Nelson was an American film and television director, producer, writer, and actor. Nelson was born in Long Island City, New York and he served in the Army Air Corps as a flight instructor in World War II. Nelson directed the acclaimed episode A World of His Own of The Twilight Zone and he also directed both the television and film versions of Rod Serlings Requiem for a Heavyweight. tick. tick. tick. Christmas Lilies of the Field, The Wilby Conspiracy, and Soldier Blue, the starring role in Lilies led to Sidney Poitier winning the Academy Award for Best Actor. He both directed, and briefly appeared in, Duel at Diablo, starring James Garner and Sidney Poitier, nelsons other credits include several episodes of TVs Starsky & Hutch, the 70s camp horror classic Embryo, and A Hero Aint Nothin But A Sandwich. A television drama about mounting the show of Requiem for a Heavyweight called The Man in the Funny Suit was made in 1960. Nelson, Serling, Red Skelton, Keenan Wynn and Ed Wynn appeared in it as themselves and he returned to TV in the late 1970s with a string of TV movies, including a sequel to Lillies of the Field which starred Billy Dee Williams. He died in 1987 in Santa Monica, California at the age of 71, film Lilies of the Field Soldier in the Rain Fate Is the Hunter Father Goose Once a Thief Duel at Diablo Counterpoint Charly. tick. tick. tick

Ralph Nelson – Portrait of Ralph Nelson

9. NBC – The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown

NBC – The Comcast Building in New York City (or the GE Building, originally the RCA Building) serves as the headquarters of NBC.
NBC – National Broadcasting Company
NBC – Radio City West was located at Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street in Los Angeles until it was replaced by a bank in the mid-1960s.
NBC – Entrance at the GE Building.

10. CBS – CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time

CBS – Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.
CBS – Wholesome Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth
CBS – When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.
CBS – CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.

11. Black-and-white – Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white

Black-and-white – A black-and-white photo of a breadfruit, c. 1870
Black-and-white – Black-and-white photography of Frankfurt central station
Black-and-white – Contemporary photo of a Galápagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra) on Santa Cruz Island.

12. Monaural – Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations that broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area, examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial. Sometimes listeners will not be convinced that the signal is strong since there is no ST or STEREO LED lit, subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind. Background music services such as Seeburg 1000, satellite broadcasts by Muzak as well as the public systems such services are intended to be used with. At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the limitations of the equipment of the era or because of simple preference. Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allens movies were recorded in mono because of their directors preferences, monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. For example, Decca UK had a few double issues until the end of 1970-the last one being Tom Joness I Who Have Nothing, during the 1960s it was common for albums to be released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two. This was because many people owned mono record players that were incapable of playing stereo records, on 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles. The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a summary of the mono singles, B-sides. Also included were five tracks originally mixed for an unissued mono Yellow Submarine EP, Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19,2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from Bob Dylan to John Wesley Harding. When the initial run of the box set sold out, no more were pressed, unlike the Beatles, sometimes mono sound or monaural can simply refer to a merged pair of stereo channels - also known as collapsed stereo or folded-down stereo. Over time some devices have used mono sound amplification circuitry with two or more speakers since it can cut the cost of the hardware, some consumer electronics with stereo RCA outputs have a microswitch in the red RCA output that disables merging of stereo sound into the white RCA output. Common devices with this are VCRs, DVD/Blu-ray players, information appliances, set-top boxes, video game consoles sometimes have male RCA ends of cables with a proprietary multi-A/V plug on the other end, which prevents automatic stereo merging unless adapters are used

Monaural – Contents

13. United States – Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

United States – Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States – Flag
United States – The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States – The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

14. The U.S. Steel Hour – The United States Steel Hour is an anthology series which brought hour long dramas to television from 1953 to 1963. The television series and the program that preceded it were both sponsored by the United States Steel Corporation. The series originated on radio in the 1940s as Theatre Guild on the Air, within a year the series drew some 10 to 12 million listeners each week. Presenting both classic and contemporary plays, the program was broadcast for eight years before it became a television series, even John Gielgud was heard, in his famous role of Hamlet, in an expanded 90-minute broadcast with Dorothy McGuire as Ophelia. Fredric March was also heard in his performance as Cyrano de Bergerac. The series even featured a rarity - the only radio broadcast of Rodgers and Hammersteins flop musical, the radio series was broadcast until June 7,1953, when the United States Steel Corporation decided to move its show to television. The television version aired from October 27,1953 to 1955 on ABC, like its radio predecessor, it was a live dramatic anthology series. During its first season on television, the program alternated bi-weekly with The Motorola Television Hour, by 1963, the year it went off the air, it was the last surviving live anthology series from the Golden Age of Television. It was still on the air during President John F. Kennedys famous April 11,1962 confrontation with steel companies over the hefty raising of their prices. The show featured a range of acting talent, as its episodes explored a wide variety of contemporary social issues. Washbrook played Johnny Sullivan in The Roads Home in his first ever screen role, griffith made his onscreen debut in the shows production of No Time For Sergeants, and would reprise the lead role in the 1958 big screen adaptation. In 1956-57, Read Morgan made his debut on the Steel Hour as a young boxer named Joey in two episodes entitled Sideshow. Child actor Darryl Richard, later of The Donna Reed Show, also made his debut on the Steel Hour as Tony in the episode The Bogey Man. In 1960 Johnny Carson starred with Anne Francis in the presentation Queen of the Orange Bowl, episodes were contributed by many notable writers, including Ira Levin, Richard Maibaum and Rod Serling. The program also telecast one hour musical versions of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the United States Steel Hour telecast The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn on November 20,1957 with a cast starring Jimmy Boyd, Earle Hyman, Basil Rathbone, Jack Carson and Florence Henderson. Boyd had previously played Huckleberry in the earlier telecast of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and this is to say that in terms of their themes they were socially inoffensive, and dealt with no current human problem in which battle lines might be drawn. I think this story is worth repeating, the script was called Noon on Doomsday. It was produced by the Theatre Guild on The United States Steel Hour in April 1956, the righteous and continuing wrath of the Northern press opened no eyes and touched no consciences in the little town in Mississippi where the two men were tried

The U.S. Steel Hour – Rod Serling 's The Rack, a production of The United States Steel Hour on April 12, 1955, was later published in this 1957 Bantam paperback.
The U.S. Steel Hour – The United States Steel Hour
The U.S. Steel Hour – The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was a musical production for The United States Steel Hour on November 20, 1957 with (l to r) Jimmy Boyd, Basil Rathbone, Jack Carson.

15. Armstrong World Industries – Armstrong World Industries, Inc. is a Pennsylvania corporation incorporated in 1891. It is a designer and manufacturer of floors and ceilings. Based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Armstrong operates 32 plants in eight countries and has approximately 8,500 employees worldwide, in 2011, Armstrong’s net sales were $2.86 billion, with operating income of $239.2 million. Armstrong World Industries, Inc. emerged from Chapter 11 reorganization on October 2,2006 and its stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange October 18,2006 under the ticker symbol AWI. Asbestos Personal Injury Settlement Trust, holds approximately 66% of AWI’s outstanding common shares. Armstrongs “Fourth Amended Plan of Reorganization, as Modified, ” dated February 21,2006, the Plan includes a comprehensive settlement resolving AWI’s asbestos liability by establishing and funding a trust to compensate all current and future asbestos personal injury claimants. “In addition to resolving AWI’s asbestos liability, we used the time in Chapter 11 to restructure our flooring business to make it more competitive, “We made substantial improvements in our cost structure by closing several plants and streamlining our workforce in the U. S. We have also expanded capacity to manufacture wood flooring, broadened our product lines and improved product quality, on February 15,2007, Armstrong World Industries, Inc. announced that it was initiating a review of its strategic alternatives. In 1860, Thomas M. Armstrong, the son of Scottish-Irish immigrants from Derry, joined with John D. Glass to open a shop in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Their first deliveries were made in a wheelbarrow, the company grew to be the largest cork supplier in the world by the 1890s. Cork began being displaced by other closures, but the company introduced insulating corkboard, in 1909, Armstrong linoleum was first offered to the trade. After corkboard, the move was to fiberboard, and then to ceiling board. Cork tile and linoleum led to vinyl flooring, then ceramic tile, in 1917, Armstrong Cork signed with the Batton Company advertising agency, a relationship that continues to this day through their corporate descendants. In 1998, Armstrong acquired Triangle Pacific Corp. a leading manufacturer of hardwood flooring, in 2009, Armstrong’s annual net Sales Total US$2. 8Billion. Armstrong Cabinets is no longer owned by Armstrong World Industries, the business was sold to American Industrial Partners on October 31,2012. In 2016, Armstrong spun off the business into a new company. NYSE, AFI The Armstrong Manor was originally purchased by Armstrong World Industries for use as a location to house the company’s young sales trainees. The home was used in other capacities, such as meeting space

Armstrong World Industries – Former Armstrong Cork Company building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (built circa 1901)
Armstrong World Industries – Formerly known as Armstrong Manor, the property is currently owned by Rodgers & Associates of Lancaster, Pennsylvania and is now called The Manor.

16. SS Andrea Doria – SS Andrea Doria, pronounced, was an ocean liner for the Italian Line home ported in Genoa, Italy, most famous for her sinking in 1956, when 46 people were killed. Named after the 16th-century Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, the ship had a gross tonnage of 29,100. For a country attempting to rebuild its economy and reputation after World War II, of all Italys ships at the time, Andrea Doria was the largest, fastest, and supposedly safest. Launched on June 16,1951, the ship undertook its maiden voyage on January 14,1953, struck in the side, the top-heavy Andrea Doria immediately started to list severely to starboard, which left half of its lifeboats unusable. The consequent shortage of lifeboats could have resulted in significant loss of life, the good behavior of the crew, improvements in communications, and the rapid response of other ships averted a disaster similar in scale to that of Titanic in 1912. While 1,660 passengers and crew were rescued and survived,46 people died with the ship as a consequence of the collision, the evacuated luxury liner capsized and sank the following morning. This accident remains the worst maritime disaster to occur in United States waters since the sinking of the SS Eastland in 1915, the incident and its aftermath were heavily covered by the news media. While the rescue efforts were successful and commendable, the cause of the collision with Stockholm and the loss of Andrea Doria generated much interest in the media. Largely because of a settlement agreement between the two shipping companies during hearings immediately after the disaster, no determination of the cause was ever formally published. Andrea Doria had a length of 212 m, a beam of 27 m, the propulsion system consisted of steam turbines attached to twin screws, enabling the ship to achieve a service speed of 23 knots, with a top speed of 26 knots. Andrea Doria was neither the largest vessel nor the fastest of its day, those went to the RMS Queen Elizabeth. Instead, the famous Italian architect, Minoletti, designed Andrea Doria for luxury, because it sailed the southern Atlantic routes, Andrea Doria was the first ship to feature three outdoor swimming pools, one for each class. When fully booked, the ship was capable of accommodating 1,241 passengers in three different classes,218 in first class,320 in cabin class, and 703 in tourist class. As was the rule aboard Trans-Atlantic passenger liners, each class was strictly segregated to specific parts of the ship. Each class had its own dining room, lounges, and social halls, designated areas of open deck space and enclosed promenades. In addition,563 crew members were charged with operating and maintaining the ship, the ship was also considered one of the safest ships ever built. Equipped with a hull, Andrea Doria was divided into 11 watertight compartments. Any two of these could be filled with water without endangering the ship’s safety, Andrea Doria also carried enough lifeboats to accommodate all passengers and crew

SS Andrea Doria – The SS Andrea Doria at home in port
SS Andrea Doria – A model of Andrea Doria
SS Andrea Doria – SS Andrea Doria the morning after the collision with the MS Stockholm in fog off Nantucket Island: The hole in her starboard side from the collision with Stockholm is clearly visible.
SS Andrea Doria – 26 July 1956: After colliding with Andrea Doria, Stockholm, with severely damaged prow, heads to New York.

17. Communism – Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism, and the political ideologies grouped around both. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production. Likewise, some communists defend both theory and practice, while others argue that historical practice diverged from communist principles to a greater or lesser degree, according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, in the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property. Communist thought has also traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his treatise Utopia, More portrayed a society based on ownership of property. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine, in the early 19th century, Various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the emphasis with a rational. Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony in Indiana, in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels, in 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. The 1917 October Revolution in Russia set the conditions for the rise to power of Lenins Bolsheviks. The revolution transferred power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in which the Bolsheviks had a majority, the event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement. Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development, Russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. Marx had explicitly stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule, the moderate Mensheviks opposed Lenins Bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. The Great Purge of 1937–1938 was Stalins attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the Communist Party and its leading role in the Second World War saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower, with strong influence over Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. The European and Japanese empires were shattered and Communist parties played a role in many independence movements

Communism – Vladimir Lenin after his return to Petrograd
Communism
Communism – USSR postage stamp depicting the states ruled by self-proclaimed communist parties, launching the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1
Communism – A demonstration of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Moscow, December 2011

18. Soviet Union – The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states

Soviet Union – Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920
Soviet Union – Flag
Soviet Union – Stalin and Nikolai Yezhov, head of the NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was edited out of the image.
Soviet Union

19. Cold War – The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare

Cold War – Photograph of the Berlin Wall taken from the West side. The Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing and to stop an economically disastrous drain of workers. It was a symbol of the Cold War and its fall in 1989 marked the approaching end of the war.
Cold War – Allied troops in Vladivostok, August 1918, during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.
Cold War – The " Big Three " at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, 1945.

20. Espionage – Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology, counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets, and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every country has strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments, events involving espionage are well documented throughout history. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible, which is based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, speaks about Joshua and Caleb, the ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakyas student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, the ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninjas to gather intelligence, aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England, in 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Marys clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception, Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsinghams agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary, in foreign intelligence, Walsinghams extensive network of intelligencers, who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a part of the principal secretarys activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition

Espionage – A bamboo version of The Art of War, written by Sun-Tzu and containing advice on espionage tactics.
Espionage – Political cartoon depicting the Afghan Emir Sher Ali with his "friends" the Russian Bear and British Lion (1878). The Great Game saw the rise of systematic espionage and surveillance throughout the region by both powers.
Espionage – Seal of the Evidenzbureau, military intelligence service of the Austrian Empire.
Espionage – William Melville helped establish the first independent intelligence agency, the British Secret Service, and was appointed as its first chief.

21. Radio Free Europe – During the Cold War, Radio Free Europe was broadcast to Soviet satellite countries and Radio Liberty targeted the Soviet Union. RFE was founded as an anti-communist propaganda source in 1949 by the National Committee for a Free Europe, RL was founded two years later and the two organizations merged in 1976. Communist governments frequently sent agents to infiltrate RFEs headquarters, Radio transmissions into the Soviet Union were regularly jammed by the KGB. RFE/RL received funds from the Central Intelligence Agency until 1972, RFE/RL was headquartered at Englischer Garten in Munich, Germany, from 1949 to 1995. In 1995, the headquarters were moved to Prague in the Czech Republic, european operations have been significantly reduced since the end of the Cold War. In addition to the headquarters, the service maintains 20 local bureaus in countries throughout their broadcast region, as well as an office in Washington. RFE/RL broadcasts in 28 languages to 21 countries including Armenia, Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the committee was composed of an A list of powerful U. S. Radio Free Europe received widespread support from Eisenhowers Crusade for Freedom campaign. In 1950, over 16 million Americans signed Eisenhower’s Freedom Scrolls on a publicity trip to over 20 U. S. cities, the NCFEs mission was to support the refugees and provide them with a useful outlet for their opinions and creativity while increasing exposure to the modern world. The NCFE divided its program into three parts, exile relations, radio, and American contacts, although exile relations were initially its first priority, Radio Free Europe became the NCFEs greatest legacy. The United States funded a long list of projects to counter the Communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe, RFE was developed out of a belief that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means. American policymakers such as George Kennan and John Foster Dulles acknowledged that the Cold War was essentially a war of ideas, the implementation of surrogate radio stations was a key part of the greater psychological war effort. RFE was modeled after Radio in the American Sector a U. S. government-sponsored radio service initially intended for Germans living in the American sector of Berlin, staffed almost entirely by Germans with minimal U. S. supervision, the station provided free media to German listeners. In January 1950 the NCFE obtained a base at Lampertheim, West Germany. In late 1950, RFE began to assemble a full-fledged foreign broadcast staff, teams of journalists were hired for each language service and an elaborate system of intelligence gathering provided up-to-date broadcast material. Most of this came from a network of well-connected émigrés. RFE did not use paid agents inside the Iron Curtain and based its bureaus in regions popular with exiles, RFE also extensively monitored Communist bloc publications and radio services, creating an impressive body of information that would later serve as a resource for organizations across the world. From October 1951 to November 1956, the skies of Central Europe were filled with more than 350,000 balloons carrying over 300 million leaflets, posters, books, the project served as a publicity tool to solidify RFEs reputation as an unbiased broadcaster

Radio Free Europe – RFE/RL Broadcast Region 2009
Radio Free Europe – RFE/RL official logo
Radio Free Europe – Newly constructed building of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Prague-Hagibor.
Radio Free Europe – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty transmitter site, Biblis, Germany

22. East Germany – East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt

East Germany – GDR leaders: President Wilhelm Pieck and Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl, 1949
East Germany – Flag (1959–1990)
East Germany – SED First Secretary, Walter Ulbricht, 1950
East Germany – Head of State: Erich Honecker (1971–89)

23. Rod Serling – Serling was active in politics, both on and off the screen, and helped form television industry standards. He was known as the young man of Hollywood, clashing with television executives and sponsors over a wide range of issues including censorship, racism. Serling was born on December 25,1924, in Syracuse, New York and he was the second of two sons born to Esther and Samuel Lawrence Serling. Serlings father had worked as a secretary and amateur inventor before having children, sam Serling later became a butcher after the Great Depression forced the store to close. Rod had a brother, Robert J. Serling. Serling spent most of his youth 70 miles south of Syracuse in the city of Binghamton after his family moved there in 1926 and his parents encouraged his talents as a performer. Sam Serling built a stage in the basement, where Rod often put on plays. His older brother, writer Robert, recalled that, at the age of six or seven, Rod often talked to people around him without waiting for their answers. On a two-hour-long trip from Binghamton to Syracuse, the rest of the family remained silent to see if Rod would notice their lack of participation and he did not, talking nonstop through the entire car ride. In elementary school, Serling was seen as the class clown, however, his seventh-grade English teacher, Helen Foley, encouraged him to enter the schools public speaking extracurriculars. He joined the team and was a speaker at his high school graduation. He began writing for the newspaper, in which, according to the journalist Gordon Sander. He was also interested in sports and excelled at tennis and table tennis, when he attempted to join the varsity football team, he was told he was too small at 5 feet 4 inches tall. Serling was interested in radio and writing at an early age and he listened to various radio programs, especially thrillers with a fantasy or horror feel. Arch Oboler and Norman Corwin were two of his favorite writers and he also did some staff work at a Binghamton radio station. He was accepted into college during his year of high school. As editor of his school newspaper, Serling encouraged his fellow students to support the war effort. He wanted to leave school before graduation to join the fight, War is a temporary thing, Gus Youngstrom told him

Rod Serling – Publicity photo of Serling, 1959
Rod Serling – Serling as a senior in high school, 1943
Rod Serling – Men and equipment on Leyte beachhead, October 20, 1944
Rod Serling – Serling family, 1959, his wife Carol in left photo, his daughters in right

24. Tige Andrews – Tige Andrews was an American character actor. Andrews was reportedly born as Tiger Andrews in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Syrian parents Selma and George E. Andrews and his familys surname was originally Androwas. His parents, following Syrian custom, named him after an animal to ensure good health. His mother died when he was three years old, and his father later remarried, Andrews moved with his family to Middlesex, New Jersey. Andrews was wounded in Sicily while serving in the United States Army during World War II and after returning home, in 1955, Andrews won critical acclaim in the off-Broadway revival of The Threepenny Opera, as the Streetsinger. He reprised the role in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, Andrews went on to direct The Threepenny Opera in Arizona. While in New York, director John Ford cast him in the 1955 film version of Mister Roberts after seeing his Broadway performance, Andrews made frequent appearances on television in the 1960s. His best known roles were Lieutenant Johnny Russo on The Detectives, for the latter role, he received both an Emmy and a Golden Globe award nomination and won a Logie Award. Andrews reunited with his fellow Mod Squad cast members for a 1979 made-for-television film, The Return Of Mod Squad, after The Mod Squad ended, Andrews continued to make guest appearances on various television series, such as Kojak, Marcus Welby, M. D. Police Story, CHiPs, and Murder, She Wrote and his film career included roles in Onionhead, A Privates Affair, In Enemy Country, The Last Tycoon, and Raid on Entebbe. He retired from acting in the early 1990s after having appeared in more than one hundred acting roles onstage, on film, in addition to his acting career, Andrews was an accomplished painter and singer. His artwork has shown in Los Angeles art galleries, and some of it was published in the book Actors As Artists by Jim McMullan. He collaborated with Sandy Matlowsky and Sid Kuller on two songs on his Tiger Records label in Los Angeles, California. The Modfather and Keep America Beautiful were the A and B sides of the vinyl 45 single release, before moving to California, Tige married Norma Thornton, a ballerina who was a regular on The Ed Sullivan Show. Norma Thornton Andrews died in 1996, Andrews died of cardiac arrest at his home in Encino, California, on January 27,2007, aged 86

Tige Andrews – Tige Andrews

25. Edward Asner – Yitzhak Edward Ed Asner is an American actor, voice actor and a former president of the Screen Actors Guild. He is also known for portraying Santa Claus in the comedy film Elf and its animated remake Elf, in 2009, he starred as the voice of Carl Fredricksen in Pixars animated film Up, and made a guest appearance on CSI, NY in the episode Yahrzeit. In early 2011, Asner returned to television as butcher Hank Greziak in Working Class and he starred in the Canadian television series Michael, Tuesdays and Thursdays, on CBC Television and has appeared in the 2013 television series The Glades. Asner has most recently starred as Guy Redmayne, a wealthy, Asner was born on November 15,1929 in Kansas City, Missouri. His Jewish Russian-born parents, Lizzie, a housewife, and David Morris Asner ran a second-hand shop and he was raised in an Orthodox Jewish family. Asner attended Wyandotte High School in Kansas City, Kansas, and he worked on the assembly line for General Motors. Asner served with the U. S. Army Signal Corps, following his military service, Asner joined the Playwrights Theatre Company in Chicago, but left for New York City before members of that company regrouped as the Compass Players in the mid-1950s. He later made guest appearances with the successor to Compass, The Second City, in New York City, Asner played Jonathan Jeremiah Peachum in the Off-Broadway revival of Threepenny Opera, and began to make inroads as a television actor. There were two performances on television. The first was as Detective Sgt and he was also cast on Jack Lords ABC drama series Stoney Burke and in the series finale of CBSs The Reporter, starring Harry Guardino. He also appeared on Mr. Novak, Mission, Impossible, Asner also played a minor character in childrens television show W. I. T. C. H. Asner is best known for his character Lou Grant, who was first introduced on The Mary Tyler Moore Show in 1970, in 1977, after the series, Asners character was given his own show, Lou Grant. In contrast to the Mary Tyler Moore series, a thirty-minute comedy, other television series starring Asner in regular roles include Thunder Alley, The Bronx Zoo and Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. Additionally, he appeared as a veteran streetwise officer in an episode of the 1973 version of Police Story. Asner was acclaimed for his role in the ABC miniseries Roots, as Captain Davies, the morally conflicted captain of the Lord Ligonier and that role earned Asner an Emmy Award, as did the similarly dark role of Axel Jordache in the miniseries Rich Man, Poor Man. In contrast, he played a former Pontiff in the role of Papa Giovanni, Ioannes XXIII. Asner has also had a voice acting career. In 1987, he performed the role of the character, George F. Babbitt

Edward Asner – Asner in 1985, age 56
Edward Asner – Asner in May 2013
Edward Asner – Asner at the 2012 Phoenix Comicon

26. Ann Bancroft – Ann Bancroft is an American author, teacher, and adventurer. She was the first woman to finish a number of arduous expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic. She was inducted as member of the National Womens Hall of Fame in 1995. Ann Bancroft grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota and she described her family as one of risk takers. It is reported that she struggled with a disability, but nevertheless graduated from St. Paul Academy. Bancroft was a camper and staff member at YMCA Camp Widjiwagan, Bancroft became a wilderness instructor and a gym teacher in Minneapolis and St. Paul. She gave up her teaching post in 1986 in order to participate with the Will Steger International North Pole Expedition and she arrived at the North Pole together with five other team members after 56 days using dogsleds. This made Bancroft the first woman to reach the North Pole on foot and she was also the first woman to cross both polar ice caps to reach the North and South Poles, as well as the first woman to ski across Greenland. In 1993 Bancroft led an expedition to the South Pole on skis. In 2001, Ann and Norwegian adventurer Liv Arnesen became the first women to ski across Antarctica and her achievements led to her induction into the National Womens Hall of Fame for the United States. She currently co-owns an exploration company, Bancroft Arnesen Explore, with Liv Arnesen, in March 2007, Bancroft and Arnesen were taking part in a trek across the Arctic Ocean to draw attention to the problem of global warming. Bancroft also received a number of awards and honors. She was the person to create the dab, ISBN 0-7382-0794-2 Explorer Ann Bancroft Plays Not My Job - NPR Wait Wait Dont Tell Me, June 26,2010

Ann Bancroft – Ann Bancroft in 2006, holding a journal she kept on a trip to the Arctic

27. Ed Begley – Edward James Ed Begley, Sr. was an American actor of theatre, radio, film, and television. Begley was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Hannah and Michael Joseph Begley, after he dropped out of school as a fifth-grader, Begley ran away from home several times, going to work for carnivals, fairs, and small circuses. Later he sold brushes, delivered milk and served in the United States Navy, Begley began his career as a Broadway and radio actor while in his teens. He appeared in the hit musical Going Up on Broadway in 1917 and he later acted in roles as Sgt. OHara in the radio show The Fat Man and his radio work included Stroke of Fate and a period as Charlie Chan among other roles. He also starred in the 1950s radio program Richard Diamond, Private Detective, playing Lieutenant Walter Levinson, head of homicide at the 5th Precinct and he was elected a member of The Lambs in 1943. In the late 1940s, he began appearing regularly in supporting film roles, in the 1952–1953 television season, Begley co-starred with Eddie Albert in the CBS sitcom Leave It to Larry. Begley, though five years older than Albert, played the father-in-law and employer of Alberts character, Larry Tucker, a shoe salesman. The show is about how Begleys character copes with the transition from steam locomotives to diesel locomotives in the 1950s and he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Sweet Bird of Youth. Some of his notable films include Deadline – U. S. A.12 Angry Men as juror #10, The Unsinkable Molly Brown. One notable role Begley played both on television and in the film is William Briggs, one of the three primary characters in Rod Serlings Patterns. In 1956, he appeared in the Broadway production of Inherit the Wind, for this performance, he won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. His other television work included appearances on Justice, Empire, The Virginian, Bonanza, The Fugitive, Target, The Corruptors, The Invaders, The Wild Wild West and he is the father of the actor and environmental advocate Ed Begley, Jr. Among his many Broadway credits were All My Sons and Our Town, Begley died of a heart attack in Hollywood, California. He is buried at the San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills, Ed Begley at the Internet Broadway Database Ed Begley at the Internet Movie Database Ed Begley at the TCM Movie Database Ed Begley at AllMovie Ed Begley at Find a Grave

Ed Begley – Begley in 1958
Ed Begley – Begley (right) with Monte Markham in 1969.

28. Barbara Britton – Barbara Britton was an American film and television actress. Barbara Maurine Brantingham was born September 26,1919, in Long Beach and her involvement with stage productions began when she was 14. She attended Polytechnic High School and Long Beach City College, majoring in speech with the intention of working as a speech, while in school she began to show an interest in acting and began working on local stage productions. In 1941, while appearing in a Pasadena Tournament of Roses Parade, a talent scout took notice, and she was soon signed to a Paramount Pictures contract. That same year, she appeared in her first two films, the William Boyd western Secrets of the Wasteland and Louisiana Purchase starring Bob Hope and her first major film appearance was in a small role in the John Wayne film Reap the Wild Wind. During the 1940s Britton starred in three films for which she is most recognized today, two of which co-starred Randolph Scott, the first was the 1945 film Captain Kidd with Scott, followed by The Virginian in 1946 opposite Joel McCrea. The third was the 1947 Randolph Scott film Gunfighters and she teamed with Scott again in the 1948 western Albuquerque, and that same year she starred opposite Gene Autry in Loaded Pistols. In total, she starred or appeared in 26 films during that decade, Britton starred in the 1950s television show Mr. and Mrs. North, a Thin Man-like mystery show, with Richard Denning and Francis De Sales. She was probably best known for being the spokesperson for Revlon products in the 1950s and 1960s, appearing in ads and she also portrayed Laura Petrie in Carl Reiners Head of the Family, the 1959 pilot for the later Dick Van Dyke Show. One of Brittons last roles was on the television soap opera One Life to Live in 1979. Over a 24-month span, Brittons picture appeared on more than 100 magazine covers, including those of Ladies Home Journal, Womans Home Companion, and McCalls. In 1949, an article reported, Today, Barbara Brittons picture has appeared on more national magazine covers than any other motion picture actress in the world. Reportedly, in 1944, Britton suffered from exhaustion due to overwork and was advised to seek the help of physician. Britton and Czukor, who was 22 years her senior, were married on April 2,1945, at one time, the couple had a home on Victoria Drive in Laguna Beach, California. They moved to New York City in 1957, for many years Britton and her husband lived in a rambling, red shingled farmhouse in the Fairfield County town of Bethel, Connecticut. Later, following their love of antiques, they opened a shop in an early American barn in the enclave of Woodbury. They had two children, Ted and Christina, and their marriage lasted for 34 years until Brittons death and she died of pancreatic cancer in New York City on January 17,1980, at the age of 60. In 1948, Britton was given a key to the City of Long Beach, on February 8,1960 she received a star for television on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, her star is located at 1719 Vine Street

Barbara Britton – Britton in 1953

29. James Broderick – James Joseph Broderick III was an American actor. He is known for his role as Doug Lawrence in the television series Family, Broderick was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, the son of Mary Elizabeth and James Joseph Broderick II. His father, a highly decorated World War I combat medic, was of Irish descent, Broderick attended Manchester Central High School and then took pre-medical courses at the University of New Hampshire for two years. He joined the Navy in 1945, becoming a pharmacist mate, faculty advisor to the student drama club, Mask and Dagger, J. Joe Donald Batcheller was impressed and gave him the role of Bluntchili, an anti-romantic Swiss soldier. Batcheller said, You could tell from the beginning that he was an exceptional individual and he displayed an unusual ability to get along with people. He was kind, sensitive, imaginative, and had a sense of humor. He also had an Irish mug if I ever saw one and he played the father on the television show Family from 1976 to 1980, receiving an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1978. Broderick died of cancer on November 1,1982 and he was married until his death to playwright and painter Patricia Broderick. The couple had one son, Matthew Broderick who named his first child after his father and they also had two daughters, Martha and Janet. Girl of the Night - Dan Bolton The Group - Dr. Ridgeley The Tree - Det

James Broderick – Broderick in 1959

30. John Cassavetes – John Nicholas Cassavetes was a Greek-American actor, film director, and screenwriter. He also acted in many Hollywood films, notably Rosemarys Baby and he studied acting with Don Richardson, using an acting technique based on muscle memory. His income from acting made it possible for him to direct his own films independently and his children Nick Cassavetes, Zoe Cassavetes, and Xan Cassavetes are also filmmakers. His early years were spent with his family in Greece, when he returned at age seven and he was reared on Long Island, New York. He attended Port Washington High School from 1945 to 1947 and participated in Port Weekly, Red Domino, football, next to his photo on page 55 of his 1947 yearbook is written, Cassy is always ready with a wisecrack, but he does have a serious side. Cassavetes attended Blair Academy in New Jersey and spent a semester at Champlain College before being expelled due to his failing grades and he graduated in 1950 and met his future wife Gena Rowlands at her audition into the Academy in 1953 and they were married four months later in 1954. He continued acting in the theater, took parts in films and began working on television in anthology series. By 1956, Cassavetes had begun teaching an alternative to method acting in his own workshop in New York City, an improvisation exercise in his workshop inspired the idea for his writing and directorial debut, Shadows. Cassavetes raised the funds for the production from friends and family and his stated purpose was to make a film about little people, different from Hollywood studio productions. Cassavetes was unable to gain American distribution of Shadows, but it won the Critics Award at the Venice Film Festival, european distributors later released the movie in the United States as an import. Although the box-office of Shadows in the United States was slight, Cassavetes would repeat this performance in the 1956 film version. His first starring role in a film was Edge of the City. He was briefly under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Robert Taylor in the western Saddle the Wind, in the late 1950s, Cassavetes guest-starred in Beverly Garlands groundbreaking crime drama, Decoy, about a New York City woman police undercover detective. Thereafter, he played Johnny Staccato, the character in a television series about a jazz pianist who also worked as a private detective. In total he directed five episodes of the series, which features a guest appearance by his wife Gena Rowlands. It was broadcast on NBC between September 1959 and March 1960 when it was acquired by ABC and although critically acclaimed, Cassavetes would appear on the NBC interview program, Heres Hollywood. Cassavetes directed two movies for Hollywood in the early 1960s – Too Late Blues and A Child Is Waiting, a Child Is Waiting starred Burt Lancaster and Judy Garland. He also starred in the CBS western series Rawhide, in the episode, in the 1963–1964 season, Cassavetes appeared in Jason Everss ABC drama about college life, Channing

John Cassavetes – John Cassavetes as Johnny Staccato, 1959
John Cassavetes – Cassavetes with his wife Gena Rowlands
John Cassavetes – John Cassavetes's grave