1.
Military uniform
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Military uniform is the standardised dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of various nations. Military dress and military styles have gone through changes over the centuries from colourful. Military uniforms in the form of standardised and distinctive dress, intended for identification, a distinction should be made between uniforms and ethnic dress. If a particular people or culture favoured a distinctive dress style this could create the impression of uniformly dressed warriors. The issue is complicated by the distinctive features of particularly effective warrior classes often being copied. Thus the distinctive and colourful clothing of the Hungarian hussars became a model for hussar units all over Europe, the kilts and sporrans of Scottish highland clans were distilled into regimental dress when the British Army started to recruit from these tribal groups. Mercenary or irregular fighters could also develop their own fashions, which set apart from civilians. The clothing of the German Landsknechte of the 16th century is an example of distinctive military fashion, special units such as Zouaves developed non-standard uniforms to distinguish them from troops of the line. There are a few recorded attempts at uniform dress in antiquity, one example is the Spanish infantry of Hannibal who wore white tunics with crimson edgings. Another is the Spartan hoplite in his red garment, the legions of the Roman Republic and Empire had a fairly standardised dress and armour, particularly from approximately the early to mid 1st century onward, when Lorica Segmentata was introduced. However the lack of unified production for the Roman army meant that there were considerable differences in detail. Even the armour produced in factories varied according to the province of origin. Shields were painted in patterns to indicate which cohort a soldier was from. Fragments of surviving clothing and wall paintings indicate that the tunic of the Roman soldier was of un-dyed or red-dyed wool. Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes, the regular thematic and Tagmata troops of the Byzantine Empire are the first known soldiers to have had what would now be considered regimental or unit identification. During the 10th century, each of the cavalry banda making up these forces is recorded as having plumes, the feudal system of Western Europe provided instances of distinguishing features denoting allegiance to one or another lord. These however seldom went beyond colours and patterns painted on shields or embroidered on surcoats, orders of military monks such as the Knights Templar or Hospitaler wore mantles respectively of white or black over the usual pattern of armour for their periods. In the later part of the Medieval period instances of standardised clothing being issued for particular campaigns began to occur, English examples included the white coats worn by Norfolk levies recruited in 1296 and the green and white clothing that identified Cheshire archers during the 14th century
2.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
3.
Army Combat Uniform
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The Army Combat Uniform and its flame-retardant variant, the Flame-Resistant Army Combat Uniform, are the current battle uniforms worn by the United States Army. First unveiled in June 2004, it is the successor to the Battle Dress Uniform and Desert Camouflage Uniform worn from the 1980s through the early 2000s and it features a number of design changes, as well as a different camouflage pattern from its predecessor. The ACU and its component materials are manufactured by the industrial infrastructure which produced the now-obsolete BDU. Official military-grade ACUs are made of 50% nylon and 50% cotton, all other blends are not official issue. The U. S. Army uses the Universal Camouflage Pattern, which blends tan, gray and green to work equally in desert, woodland and it is similar to the United States Marine Corps MARPAT and Canadian CADPAT camouflage scheme on which it was based. The color scheme of the Army Combat Uniform is composed of a gray, desert sand. The shade black was omitted from the uniform since it is visible both to the naked eye and to modern optics. However, it does utilize several shades of grey ranging from light to extremely dark. Pure black, when viewed through night vision devices, appears excessively dark and this pattern is scheduled for retirement on 30 September 2019. U. S. Army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan are issued an Army-developed variant of the Crye Precision MultiCam pattern, since late 2010, all U. S. Army soldiers deploying in support of Operation Enduring Freedom were issued flame-resistant ACUs in the Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern. These uniforms are designed to prevent third-degree burns, along with up to thirty percent of second degree burns, additionally, the uniforms are treated with the chemical permethrin to help protect soldiers from insect-borne diseases like malaria. This particular version has replaced by the newer ACU in the Operational Camouflage Pattern. In May 2014, the Army unofficially announced that the Scorpion W2 camouflage pattern would replace the UCP on the Army Combat Uniform, the original Scorpion pattern was developed at United States Army Soldier Systems Center by Crye Precision in 2002 for the Objective Force Warrior program. Crye later modified and trademarked their version of the pattern as MultiCam, Scorpion W2 resembles MultiCam with muted greens, light beige, and dark brown colors, but uses fewer beige and brown patches and no vertical twig and branch elements. On 31 July 2014, the Army formally announced that the Scorpion W2 pattern, officially named the Operational Camouflage Pattern, the UCP pattern is planned to be fully replaced by the OCP in the ACU by 1 October 2019. ACUs printed in OCP first became available for purchase on 1 July 2015, with deployed soldiers already being issued uniforms, the Army Combat Uniform features hook-and-loop fasteners, also known by the genericized trademark velcro, on its sleeve pockets. The cost to each soldier is $120 per uniform, compared to $58 for a 1980s-to-early-2000s-style BDU, insignia and tags, such as name and branch tapes, are extra purchases. Near Infrared Signature Management Technology is incorporated to minimize the infrared silhouette, permanent IR IFF squares are sewn to each shoulder to help identify friendly personnel when night vision devices are used, and are protected by Velcro tabs in garrison or when not in use
4.
Continental Army
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The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14,1775, the Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war, most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris ended the war. The 1st and 2nd Regiments went on to form the nucleus of the Legion of the United States in 1792 under General Anthony Wayne and this became the foundation of the United States Army in 1796. The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies, and after 1776, when the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army. As tensions with Great Britain increased in the leading to the war. Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774, colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea. On April 23,1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the raising of an army consisting of 26 company regiments. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut soon raised similar, on July 18,1775, the Congress requested all colonies form militia companies from all able bodied effective men, between sixteen and fifty years of age. It was not uncommon for men younger than sixteen to enlist as most colonies had no requirement of consent for those under twenty-one. Four major-generals and eight brigadier-generals were appointed by the Second Continental Congress in the course of a few days, after Pomeroy did not accept, John Thomas was appointed in his place. As the Continental Congress increasingly adopted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, as a result, the army went through several distinct phases, characterized by official dissolution and reorganization of units. Soldiers in the Continental Army were citizens who had volunteered to serve in the army, early in the war the enlistment periods were short, as the Continental Congress feared the possibility of the Continental Army evolving into a permanent army. The army never numbered more than 17,000 men, turnover proved a constant problem, particularly in the winter of 1776–77, and longer enlistments were approved. Major General Philip Schuylers ten regiments in New York were sent to invade Canada, the Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a battalion of 768 men strong and formed into eight companies. Enlistment terms extended to three years or to the length of the war to avoid the crises that depleted forces
5.
American Revolution
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The British responded by imposing punitive laws on Massachusetts in 1774 known as the Coercive Acts, following which Patriots in the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts. Tensions escalated to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress determined King George IIIs rule to be tyrannical and infringing the rights as Englishmen. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, Congress rejected British proposals requiring allegiance to the monarchy and abandonment of independence. The British were forced out of Boston in 1776, but then captured and they blockaded the ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but failed to defeat Washingtons forces. After a failed Patriot invasion of Canada, a British army was captured at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777, a combined American–French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the war in the United States. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict, confirming the new nations complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada. Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States. Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British victory in the French and Indian War in 1763, the lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement. For the prior history, see Thirteen Colonies, in 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money which British merchants saw as a means to evade debt payments. Parliament also passed the Sugar Act, imposing customs duties on a number of articles, none did and Parliament passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time. All official documents, newspapers, almanacs, and pamphlets—even decks of playing cards—were required to have the stamps, the colonists did not object that the taxes were high, but because they had no representation in the Parliament. Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire, stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable. London had to deal with 1,500 politically well-connected British officers who became redundant, in 1765, the Sons of Liberty formed. They used public demonstrations, boycott, violence, and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable, in Boston, the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson. Several legislatures called for united action, and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765, moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a Declaration of Rights and Grievances stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen. Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise, the Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval
6.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions
7.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
8.
Trousers
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Trousers or pants are an item of clothing worn from the waist to the ankles, covering both legs separately. In the UK, the word generally means underwear and not trousers. Shorts are similar to trousers, but with legs that come only to around the area of the knee. To distinguish them from shorts, trousers may be called long trousers in certain such as school uniform. Made of wool, the trousers had straight legs and wide crotches, breeches were worn instead of trousers in early modern Europe by some men in higher classes of society. Since the mid-20th century, trousers have increasingly been worn by women as well, jeans, made of denim, are a form of trousers for casual wear, now widely worn all over the world by both sexes. Shorts are often preferred in hot weather or for sports and also often by children. Trousers are worn on the hips or waist and may be held up by their own fastenings, leggings are form-fitting trousers, of a clingy material, often knitted cotton and spandex. In Scotland, trousers are occasionally known as trews, which is the root of the word trousers. Trousers are also known as breeks in Scots, a related to breeches. The item of clothing worn under trousers is underpants, in North America and Australia pants is the general category term, whereas trousers often refers more specifically to tailored garments with a waistband, belt-loops, and a fly-front. So informal elastic-waist knitted garments would be called pants, but not trousers, North Americans call undergarments underwear, underpants, undies, jockey shorts, shorts, long johns or panties to distinguish them from other pants that are worn on the outside. The term drawers normally refers to undergarments, but in dialects, may be found as a synonym for breeches. In these dialects, the term underdrawers is used for undergarments, many North Americans refer to their undergarments by their type, such as boxers or briefs. In Australia, mens underwear also has various terms including under-dacks, undies. In New Zealand mens underwear is known as undies, or y-fronts, various people in the fashion industry use the words trouser or pant instead of trousers or pants. The words trousers and pants are pluralia tantum, nouns that generally appear in plural form—much like the words scissors. However, the form is used in some compound words, such as trouser-leg, trouser-press
9.
Epaulette
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Epaulette is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. In several European armies, epaulettes are worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes, the placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearers rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a piece in the form of a crescent. Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are now limited to dress or ceremonial military uniforms. Epaulette is a French word meaning little shoulder, epaulettes bear some resemblance to the shoulder pteruges of ancient Roman military costumes. These ribbons were tied into a knot which left the fringed end free and this established the basic design of the epaulette as it evolved through the 18th and 19th centuries. From the 18th century on, epaulettes were used in the French, the rank of an officer could be determined by whether an epaulette was worn on the left shoulder, the right shoulder or on both. Later a counter-epaulette was worn on the shoulder of those who wore only a single epaulette. Epaulettes were made in silver or gold for officers, and in cloth of various colors for the men of various arms. Certain categories of cavalry wore flexible metal epaulettes referred to as shoulder scales, by the early 18th century, epaulettes had become the distinguishing feature of commissioned rank. This led officers of units still without epaulettes to petition for the right to wear epaulettes. Flying artillery wore wings, similar to an epaulette but with only a bit of fringe on the outside, heavy artillery wore small balls representing ammunition on their shoulders. An intermediate form in some services, such as the Russian Army, is the shoulder board and this originated during the 19th century as a simplified version for service wear of the heavy and conspicuous full dress epaulette with bullion fringes. Today, epaulettes have mostly replaced by a five-sided flap of cloth called a shoulder board, which is sewn into the shoulder seam. From the shoulder board was developed the mark, a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap. The advantages of this are the ability to change the insignia as occasions warrant. Airline pilot uniform shirts generally include cloth flattened tubular epaulettes having cloth or bullion braid stripes, the rank of the wearer is designated by the number of stripes, Traditionally four for captain, three for first officer, two for second officer
10.
Garrison
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Garrison is the collective term for a body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base. The garrison is usually in a city, town, fort, castle, garrison town is a common expression for any town that has a military base nearby. Garrison towns were used during the Arab Islamic conquests of Middle Eastern lands by Arab-Muslim armies to increase their dominance over indigenous populations. In Ireland, Association football has historically been termed the game or the garrison sport for its connections with British military serving in Irish cities. In Israel, a unit is a regular unit defending a specified Israeli zone in need of protection from attack from combatants. Israeli garrison units placed in the territories of West Bank are recognized under UN Resolution 242 as occupied pending peaceful recognition by all regional combatants. It was an old custom in ancient Italy to send out colonies for the purpose of securing new conquests, the Romans, having no standing army, used to plant bodies of their own citizens in conquered towns as a kind of garrison
11.
General officer
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A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations air forces or marines. The term general is used in two ways, as the title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of captain general, the adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of General is known in countries as a four-star rank. However different countries use different systems of stars for senior ranks and it has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies. The various grades of general officer are at the top of the rank structure. Lower-ranking officers in military forces are typically known as field officers or field-grade officers. There are two systems of general ranks used worldwide. In addition there is a system, the Arab system of ranks. Variations of one form, the old European system, were used throughout Europe. It is used in the United Kingdom, from which it spread to the Commonwealth. The other is derived from the French Revolution, where ranks are named according to the unit they command. The system used either a general or a colonel general rank. The rank of marshal was used by some countries as the highest rank. Many countries actually used two brigade command ranks, which is why some countries now use two stars as their brigade general insignia, mexico and Argentina still use two brigade command ranks. As a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major, confusion arises because a lieutenant is outranked by a major. Originally the serjeant major was, exclusively, the commander of the infantry, junior only to the captain general, the distinction of serjeant major general only applied after serjeant majors were introduced as a rank of field officer. Serjeant was eventually dropped from both titles, creating the modern rank titles
12.
Kersey (cloth)
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Kersey is a kind of coarse woollen cloth that was an important component of the textile trade in Medieval England. It derives its name from kersey yarn and ultimately from the village of Kersey, Suffolk, however the cloth was made in many places. It was being woven as early as 1262 in Andover, Hampshire, by 1475, the West Riding of Yorkshire including Calderdale was also a major producer, and Devon & Somerset were major producers and exporters until the manufacture later moved to Serge making. Kersey was a lighter weight cloth than broadcloth, english kerseys were widely exported to central Europe and other places, a surviving business letter from the end of the 16th century recommends to trade kerseys for good wine on the Canary Islands. Kersey yarns were spun in large gauges from inferior carded wool, Kersey was a warp-backed, twill-weave cloth woven on a four-treadle loom. As a rule, half the small, numerous and closely set warp ends were struck with a big kersey weft in a two-and-two, unbalanced. One of the secrets of weaving a good kersey lay in combining the adequate stitching of the weft by the warp with the concealment of the back-warp stitches. The back of the cloth was napped and shorn after fulling, producing a dense, see also, Jersey Textile terms Calderdale site
13.
Mess dress
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Mess dress is the military term for the formal evening dress worn by military officers in the mess or at other formal occasions. It is also known as uniform and, more informally. It frequently consists of a jacket and trousers worn with a formal shirt and other formal accessories. At the present time mess dress is sometimes worn by members of civilian uniformed services. The Australian Army has separate mess kits for summer and winter, the summer mess kit is a white jacket, almost identical between different branches of the army. The winter mess kit is made of material, with jackets in the colour of the wearers corps. The winter mess dress includes a waistcoat, both kits have the same barrathea blue trousers, but trousers vary in the colour and width of leg stripe denoting corps. Womens mess attire is the same, except that women wear a skirt instead of trousers, both versions are worn with a bow tie and white shirt, Marcella for winter and plain for summer. Mess dress is worn as evening attire for mess dinners. Uniforms range from full mess dress to service dress worn with a bow tie for individuals not required to own mess dress, Mess dress is not provided at public expense. However, all commissioned officers of the forces are required to own mess dress within six months of being commissioned. Officers of the rank of Captain and above wear a tailcoat instead of the standard jacket, NCMs trousers are the same pattern, but without gold lace down the seam. Miniatures of medals earned are worn on the lapel, miniatures of qualification badges earned are worn on the left breast of the jacket. Summer mess dress is similar except that a jacket with rank insignia on black shoulder boards is worn. The details of regimental distinctions vary by regiments and are defined in detail in the Canadian Forces Dress Instructions, miniature medals are worn on the left breast below miniatures of qualification badges earned. The summer standard pattern mess dress is similar except that a jacket with rank insignia worn on black shoulder boards. Authorized summer dress, consisting of the jacket in lieu of scarlet, varies from regiment to regiment. Miniature medals are worn on the left breast above miniatures of qualification badges earned, the summer mess dress is similar except that a white jacket with rank insignia worn on midnight blue shoulder boards is worn, and is authorized as an optional order for RCAF officers only
14.
Sabre
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The sabre is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the Early Modern and Napoleonic periods. Originally associated Central-Eastern European cavalry such as the Hussars, the sabre became widespread in Western Europe in the Thirty Years War, lighter sabres also became popular with infantry of the late 17th century. In the 19th century, models with less curving blades became common and were used by heavy cavalry. The last sabre issued to US cavalry was the Patton saber of 1913, Szabla wz.34 was the last sabre issued to the Polish cavalry, in 1934. English sabre is recorded from the 1670s, as a loan from French, where the sabre is an alteration of sable. The German word is on record from the 15th century, loaned from Polish szabla, the spread of the Hungarian word to neighboring European languages took place in the context of the Ottoman wars in Europe of the 15th to 17th centuries. The spelling saber becomes common in American English in the half of the 19th century. The origin of the Hungarian word is unclear and it may itself be a loan from South Slavic, from a Common Slavic *sablja, which would ultimately derives from a Turkic source. These oldest sabres had a curve, short, down-turned quillons, the grip facing the opposite direction to the blade. The adoption of the term is connected to the employment of Hungarian Hussar cavalry by Western armies at the time, Hungarian hussars were employed as light cavalry, with the role of harassing enemy skirmishers, overrunning artillery positions, and pursuing fleeing troops. In the late 17th and 18th centuries, many Hungarian hussars fled to other Central and Western European countries, the Hungarian term szablya is ultimately traced to the Northwestern Turkic selebe, with contamination from the Hungarian verb szab to cut. The original type of sabre, or Polish szabla, was used as a cavalry weapon, the Karabela was a type of szabla popular in the late 17th century, worn by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth nobility class, the Szlachta. While designed as a weapon, it also came to replace various types of straight-bladed swords used by infantry. The Swiss sabre originates as a sword with a single-edged blade in the early 16th century. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth a specific type of melee weapon. Richly decorated sabres were popular among the Polish nobility, who considered it to be one of the most important pieces of traditional attire. With time, the design of the sabre greatly evolved in the Commonwealth and gave birth to a variety of sabre-like weapons, intended for many tasks. The sabre saw extensive use in the early 19th century, particularly in the Napoleonic Wars
15.
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
16.
Guard of honour
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An honor guard, or ceremonial guard, is a ceremonial unit, usually military in nature. A primary role for honor guards in the United States and some countries is to provide funeral honors for fallen comrades. An honor guard may also serve as the guardians of the colors by displaying and escorting the national flag on ceremonial occasions at official state functions, finally, honor guards usually provide detachments for review by visiting heads of state. Honor guards also serve in the world for fallen police officers. Persons serving in this capacity may or may not be designated, meaning they may not be assigned to serve each, in the USA, military honor guards may serve as ambassadors to the public, presenting a positive image of their service, and assisting with the recruiting effort. In member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, a guard mounted for ceremonial events is known as a guard of honour. Still serving as part of the Argentine Army, they are the presidential guard, two unmounted grenadiers are stationed in front of the Pink House as a symbol of the ceremonial and honor guard. The Brazilian armed forces and police have several troops for ceremonial usages, the most important of them is the Brazilian presidents honor guard. It is composed of the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment – Independence Dragoons, the Presidential Guard Battalion, National Guards Unit includes military units for army salute ceremonials, a band and a wind orchestra. They marched as the first division in the parade of the 35th, 50th. They are often on parades led by a guard detail carrying the PLA flag. It is stationed at the Casa de Nariño in Bogota and carries the traditions of Simon Bolivars infantry guards company raised in the midst of the Spanish American wars of independence in 1815, in Croatia, the Honor Guard Battalion serves as the guard of honor. The Honor Guard Battalion performs protocol tasks for the needs of state and military officials, as well as tasks related to the protection. It consist of up to 300 members, the unit is under direct command of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia. The Republican Guard of the French Gendarmerie provides both foot and horse-mounted guards of honor, in addition, the Wachbataillon takes part in military events and ceremonies of major importance. In Greece, the Presidential Guard is a unit of the Greek Army having the privilege to guard the Monument of the Unknown Soldier. Its members, mostly known as Evzones must be taller than 1. 85m and are trained hard as their duty includes standing completely still for more than an hour 4 times a day. They are famous for their discipline, the ability to stand motionless without even blinking, their stylish walking
17.
Edmund B. Gregory
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Edmund Bristol Gregory was a Lieutenant General in the United States Army. Gregory was born at Storm Lake, Iowa, on July 4,1882 and he graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1904, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry. Gregory served with the 14th Infantry Regiment in the Philippines from 1904 to 1905, from 1905 to 1908 he was assigned to Vancouver Barracks in Washington. He was again assigned to duty in the Philippines, serving from 1908 to 1910, when he was transferred to Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana, from 1911 to 1912 he was Professor of History and English at West Point. He then went to the Philippines for the time, serving there until 1916. Gregory served at the General Supply Depot in Jeffersonville, Indiana from 1917 to 1921, from 1921 to 1922 he was assistant supply officer at Atlanta, Georgias General Intermediate Depot. He served in Shanghai, China from 1922 to 1924 and was an advisor to the New York National Guard from 1924 to 1927, from 1933 to 1936 Gregory was assigned to Headquarters, II Corps and he graduated from the Army War College in 1937. Gregory served again in the Office of Quartermaster General beginning in 1937, in 1945 he was promoted to Lieutenant General, the first Quartermaster Officer to attain this rank. As Quartermaster General during World War II, he oversaw the development, procurement and distribution of billions of dollars worth of equipment, Gregory also supervised the training of thousands of quartermaster soldiers. In addition, he had responsibility for over 900,000 civilian personnel employed by contractors to produce supplies, equipment, ammunition and vehicles for the war effort. After the war he was assigned as Chairman of the War Assets Corporation, responsible for disposing of the surplus of wartime bases, supplies and equipment, where he served until his 1946 retirement. General Gregory died at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D. C. on January 26,1961 and was buried in Section 2, General Gregory was one of the first inductees of the Quartermaster Hall of Fame during the halls 1986 charter year. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S
18.
M1941 Field Jacket
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Olive Drab Cotton Field Jacket is a field jacket used by US Army soldiers, most famously during the beginning of World War II. In 1941 it started to be phased in as a replacement for the wool four pocket service coat, due to wide adoption, M-1941 is usually recognized as a symbol of the World War II American G. I. The jacket was made in a shade of olive drab called OD number 3. From World War I up until 1940 soldiers in the United States Army wore a wool four pocket service coat as the garment of their uniforms. This followed the pattern adopted by most major armies of the world. At the end of the 1930s, the Army moved to adopt a new garment that was intended to be more utilitarian. The armys first attempts included adding a pleated bi-swing back to the service coat, the first field jacket was based on a civilian jacket suggested by Major General James K. Parsons, for whom it was unofficially named. Unlike the service coat, the material for the jacket was more wind, a further reason for adopting a field jacket made of a different material was that there were expected shortages of wool. The jacket could be worn with both winter and summer uniforms as well as fatigue uniforms, the Olive Drab Cotton Field Jacket was standardized and adopted in June 1940 for use by all members of the US Army for wear with both the winter and summer service uniforms. Jackets of similar design were also adopted by the navy. Note that many individuals have referred to the OD cotton field jacket incorrectly as either the M-1938 or M-1941, M-41, the Army Quartermaster Corps, who developed clothing, used model numbers sparingly and only used them to differentiate two or more similar types of garments from one another. In 1940, there was one field jacket, so there was no need to give it a model number. The jacket had a front zipper front closure with a storm flap. There were two front slash pockets and a notched lapel collar, earlier models of the jacket do not have the shoulder epaulets, but the two front slash pockets had buttoned pocket flaps and a thinner half-belt back seam. As a result, the jacket could be seen worn in every theater of war and by nearly every type of soldier. Throughout the course of the war, the OD cotton field jacket proved to be an outer garment. The jackets thin lining provided poor insulation during cold weather and the light cotton shell provided little protection from wet weather, the OD cotton field jacket was officially replaced as standard with the adoption of the M-1943 uniform ensemble, which included the much improved M-1943 field jacket. The OD cotton field jacket was redesignated limited standard and issued until supplies were exhausted, the jackets even show up in limited use during the Korean War
19.
Badges of the United States Army
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As described in Army Regulations 670-1 Uniforms and Insignia, badges are categorized into marksmanship, combat and special skill, identification, and foreign. Combat and Special Skill badges are divided into five groups. And only two identification badges are authorized over each pocket and these badges are worn in order of precedence. Marksmanship badges are worn after any special skill badge, badges within the same group may be worn in any order. The 21st century United States Army issues the following military badges which are worn in conjunction with badges of rank and branch insignia
20.
81st Infantry Division (United States)
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The 81st Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army that was mobilized for service in both World War I and World War II. The division was inactivated in 1965 and remains on the inactive list of the United States Army, the 81st Infantry Division “Wildcats” was organized as a National Division of the United States Army in August 1917 during World War I at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. The division was organized with a small cadre of Regular Army officers. After organizing and finishing training, the 81st Division deployed to Europe, elements of the 81st Division first saw limited action by defending the St. Dié sector in September and early October. After relief of mission, the 81st Division was attached to the American First Army in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. After the cessation of hostilities, the 81st Division remained in France until May 1919, after which the division was shipped back to the United States, the 81st Infantry Division was reactivated for World War II service in June 1942 at Camp Rucker, Alabama. As in World War I, the division was filled primarily with inducted men, the division trained at locations in Tennessee, Arizona and California before embarking for Hawaii in June 1944. After completion of amphibious and jungle training, the 81st Infantry Division departed for Guadalcanal in August 1944, there the division was attached to the III Marine Amphibious Corps reserve. In September 1944 the 321st Infantry Regiment of the 81st Infantry Division performed a landing on Angaur Island as part of the operations to secure the Palau Islands chain. After finishing the battle of Angaur, the 81st Infantry Division was ordered to assist the 1st Marine Division in their efforts to seize Peleliu, the 81st Infantry Division eventually relieved the 1st Marine Division, and assumed command of combat operations on Peleliu. The 81st Infantry Division remained engaged in the Battle of Peleliu until the end of organized Japanese resistance on 18 January 1945, in early February 1945, the 81st Infantry Division sailed to New Caledonia to rest and refit. In May 1945, the 81st Infantry Division was deployed to the Philippines to take part in mopping up operations on Leyte Island, after the end of World War II, the 81st Infantry Division deployed to Aomori Prefecture in Japan as part of the Allied occupation force. The 81st Infantry Division was inactivated in Japan on 30 January 1946, on 10 November 1947, the 81st Infantry Division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve Corps with the division headquarters at Atlanta, Georgia. Under War Department guidelines, the 81st was organized as a Class C reserve unit with 60% of the officer cadre. In the event of a mobilization, the division would expand to wartime strength with called up reservists. However, during the 1950s and 60s, the 81st Infantry Division was not called up for service during the Korean War or Berlin Crisis, inactivated at Hoboken, New Jersey on 11 June 1919. Activated,15 June 1942, Camp Rucker, Alabama, awards, DSC-7, DSM-2, SS-281, LM-7, SM-40, BSM-658, AM-15. Commanders, Maj. Gen. Gustave H. Franke, Maj. Gen. Paul J. Mueller, inactivated,30 January 1946 in Japan
21.
Fort Jackson (South Carolina)
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Fort Jackson is a United States Army installation, which TRADOC operates on for Basic Combat Training, and is located next to Columbia, South Carolina. This installation is named for Andrew Jackson, a United States Army General, Fort Jackson was created in 1917 as the United States entered World War I. At the conclusion of World War I, Camp Jackson was shut down,33, War Department,27 July 1921. Camp Jackson was reactivated for World War II, Fort Jackson is the largest and most active Initial Entry Training Center in the U. S. Army, training 50 percent of all soldiers and 60 percent of the women entering the Army each year. Providing the Army with new soldiers is the primary mission. 35,000 potential soldiers attend basic training and 8,000 advanced individual training soldiers train at Fort Jackson annually, Soldiers who have trained or worked at Fort Jackson live by the bases motto, Victory Starts Here. The training is provided by the 165th, 171st, and 193rd Infantry Brigades Monday through Sunday for a ten-week period, the post has other missions as well. Fort Jackson encompasses more than 52,000 acres of land, including 100 ranges and field training sites, Soldiers, civilians, retirees and family members make up the Fort Jackson community that continues to grow in numbers and facilities. An additional 10,000 soldiers attend courses at the Soldier Support Institute, Chaplain Center and School,12,000 military families make Fort Jackson their home. Close to 3,500 civilians are employed at Fort Jackson and 46, 000-plus retirees, on base, visitors can visit the U. S. Army Basic Combat Training Museum, previously known as Fort Jackson Museum when opened in 1974. The museum helps visitors to learn the history of Fort Jackson since created in 1917, admission into the Combat Training Museum is open Monday through Friday, except for Federal Holidays, and admission is free. Located in the heart of the region of South Carolina. Columbia has direct access to three interstate highways, I-20, I-26 and I-77, and indirect access to two additional interstates within 100 miles, I-95 and I-85. Average temperatures in the range from a high of 90+ °F in July to a low of 34 °F in January. Annual rainfall averages around 48 inches, the fort has a significant economic impact on the local area. Annual expenditures by Fort Jackson exceed $716.9 million for salaries, utilities, contracts, in addition, over 100,000 family members visit the Midlands area each year to attend basic training graduation activities, using local hotels, restaurants and shopping areas. In the 1994 film Renaissance Man, starring Danny DeVito, Mark Wahlberg, desmond Doss, Medal of Honor recipient Leonard Nimoy, actor, writer, film director, poet, musician, and photographer was in the Special Services division and was sergeant over Corporal Ken Berry. Joe Plumeri, Chairman & CEO of Willis Group Holdings, geoff Ramsey, film producer, actor, photojournalist served in Kuwait Clayton, K. B
22.
John J. Pershing
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American forces first saw serious battle at Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Soissons. To speed up the arrival of the doughboys, they embarked for France leaving the heavy equipment behind, the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, which the Argonne fighting was part of, contributed to Germany calling for an armistice. Pershing was of the opinion that the war should continue and that all of Germany should be occupied in an effort to permanently destroy German militarism. Allowed to select his own insignia, Pershing chose to use four stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of General. Some of his tactics have been criticized both by commanders at the time and by modern historians. His reliance on costly frontal assaults, long after other Allied armies had abandoned such tactics, has blamed for causing unnecessarily high American casualties. Pershing was born on a farm near Laclede, Missouri, to businessman John Fletcher Pershing, Pershings mother was of English descent. He also had five siblings, brothers James F. and Ward, when the Civil War began, his father supported the Union and was a sutler for the 18th Missouri Volunteer Infantry. Pershing attended a school in Laclede that was reserved for students who were also the children of prominent citizens. Completing high school in 1878, he became a teacher of local African American children, in 1880, Pershing entered the North Missouri Normal School in Kirksville, Missouri. Two years later, he applied to the United States Military Academy, Pershing later admitted that serving in the military was secondary to attending West Point, and he had applied because the education offered was better than that obtainable in rural Missouri. Pershing was sworn in as a West Point cadet in the fall of 1882 and he was selected early for leadership and became successively First Corporal, First Sergeant, First Lieutenant, and First Captain, the highest possible cadet rank. Pershing also commanded, ex officio, the West Point Honor Guard that escorted the funeral procession of President Ulysses S. Grant. Pershing graduated from West Point in the summer of 1886 and was commended by the Superintendent of West Point, General Wesley Merritt, for leadership skills. Pershing briefly considered petitioning the Army to let him study law and he applied for a furlough from West Point, but soon withdrew the request in favor of active Army duty. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army in 1886, at age 26, graduating 30th in a class of 77. Pershing reported for duty on September 30,1886, and was assigned to Troop L of the 6th U. S. Cavalry stationed at Fort Bayard. While serving in the 6th Cavalry, Pershing participated in several Indian campaigns and was cited for bravery for actions against the Apache, during his time at Fort Stanton, Pershing and close friends Lt. Julius Penn and Lt. Richard B
23.
Purple Heart
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The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after April 5,1917, with the U. S. military. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, the Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Gen. George Washington himself. General Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate, from then on, as its legend grew, so did its appearance. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I, on October 10,1927, Army Chief of Staff General Charles Pelot Summerall directed that a draft bill be sent to Congress to revive the Badge of Military Merit. The bill was withdrawn and action on the case ceased January 3,1928, a number of private interests sought to have the medal re-instituted in the Army, this included the board of directors of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum in Ticonderoga, New York. On January 7,1931, Summerall’s successor, General Douglas MacArthur, confidentially reopened work on a new design, involving the Washington Commission of Fine Arts. Elizabeth Will, an Army heraldic specialist in the Office of the Quartermaster General, was named to redesign the newly revived medal, using general specifications provided to her, Will created the design sketch for the present medal of the Purple Heart. The new design, which exhibits a bust and profile of George Washington, was issued on the bicentennial of Washingtons birth, wills obituary, in the edition of February 8,1975 of The Washington Post newspaper, reflects her many contributions to military heraldry. The Commission of Fine Arts solicited plaster models from three leading sculptors for the medal, selecting that of John R. Sinnock of the Philadelphia Mint in May 1931, the first Purple Heart was awarded to MacArthur. During the early period of American involvement in World War II, with the establishment of the Legion of Merit, by an Act of Congress, the practice of awarding the Purple Heart for meritorious service was discontinued. By Executive Order 9277, dated December 3,1942, the decoration was applied to all services and this executive order also authorized the award only for wounds received. Subject to approval of the Secretary of Defense, Executive Order 10409, dated February 12,1952, dated April 25,1962, Executive Order 11016, included provisions for posthumous award of the Purple Heart. Dated February 23,1984, Executive Order 12464, authorized award of the Purple Heart as a result of terrorist attacks, or while serving as part of a peacekeeping force, public Law 99-145 authorized the award for wounds received as a result of friendly fire. Public Law 104-106 expanded the eligibility date, authorizing award of the Purple Heart to a prisoner of war who was wounded after April 25,1962. This change was effective May 18,1998, during World War II, nearly 500,000 Purple Heart medals were manufactured in anticipation of the estimated casualties resulting from the planned Allied invasion of Japan. To the present date, total combined American military casualties of the seventy years following the end of World War II—including the Korean, in 2003, there remained 120,000 Purple Heart medals in stock. The existing surplus allowed combat units in Iraq and Afghanistan to keep Purple Hearts on-hand for immediate award to soldiers wounded in the field, the History section of the November 2009 edition of National Geographic estimated the number of Purple Hearts given. Above the estimates, the reads, Any tally of Purple Hearts is an estimate
24.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
25.
Awards and decorations of the United States Army
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Awards and decorations of the United States Army are those military awards including decorations which are issued to members of the United States Army under the authority of the Secretary of the Army. Together with military badges such awards provide a display of a service members accomplishments. The first recognized medals of the U. S. Army appeared during the American Civil War and were issued by local commanders on an unofficial basis. The Medal of Honor was the first award to be established in regulations as a permanent Army decoration, the Medal of Honor is the only Civil War era award which has survived as a decoration into the modern age. Furthermore, the U. S. Army mandates that all unit awards will be separate from individual awards on the opposite side of a military uniform. The Army is the service to require this separation between unit and individual decorations. All Army unit awards are worn enclosed in a gold frame, the Spanish–American War was the first widespread award of campaign medals, both for service in the actual conflict and for participation in subsequent garrison and occupation duty. After the Spanish–American War, however, medals in the U. S, World War I saw the first widespread distribution of medals for combat, as the Medal of Honor returned awarded for bravery in battle against an enemy force. The Distinguished Service Cross was also created for soldiers who had performed feats of bravery. In the 1920s and 1930s, the U. S. Army issued very few decorations, as World War II loomed, however, an American Defense Service Medal was created for those on duty, and a Good Conduct Medal began to be issued to enlisted personnel. With the outbreak of the war, the Army began the largest expansion of medals since the Spanish–American War as well as the first wide scale issuance of inter-service awards and decorations. In addition, several World War II campaign medals were created for various theaters, in the 1950s and 1960s, the Army expanded both its number of medals and ribbons, as well as having its service members eligible for several new inter-service campaign and service medals. In the modern age, members of military branches serving under an Army command are also eligible to receive Army decorations. All Army service members may receive awards and decorations, international decorations. The Department of the Army also awards a number of civilian awards. Holland Award - awarded to the most outstanding military police unit, company size or smaller, each fiscal year. S. Department of Defense Awards Manual 1348.33, Vol.3, dated 23 November 2010 U. S. Army Regulation 600-8-22, Military Awards, dated 11 December 2006, last updated 15 September 2011
26.
Combat Infantryman Badge
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The Combat Infantryman Badge is a United States Army military award. The CIB and its contemporary, the Expert Infantryman Badge were both created in November 1943 during World War II to enhance the morale and prestige of service in the infantry. He infantry, a portion of the total Armed Forces, was suffering the most casualties while receiving the least public recognition. As a means of attaining the high standards desired and to foster esprit de corps in infantry units, the Expert Infantryman, congress approved an extra ten dollars in monthly pay to every infantryman awarded the CIB—excepting commissioned officers. The WWII regulations did not formally prescribe a specific combat service period establishing the infantryman’s eligibility for being awarded a Combat Infantryman Badge, thus, in 1947, both awards required a commander’s recommendation and a citation in the pertinent orders. War Department Circular 105, dated 13 March 1944 amended WD Circular 269, BADGE – Section 1, Circular No.269 War Department,1943, is amended by adding paragraph 8 as follows,8. The Expert Infantryman badge may be awarded under paragraph 2a, only to those infantryman who have established eligibility and been recommended for such award on or after 27 October 1943. From the beginning, Army leaders have taken care to retain the badge for the purpose for which it was established. The review noted that any change in policy would detract from the prestige of the badge, a Soldier must meet the following three requirements to be awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge, Be an infantryman satisfactorily performing infantry duties. Be assigned to a unit during such time as the unit is engaged in active ground combat. Actively engage the enemy in ground combat, campaign or battle credit alone is not sufficient for award of the CIB. Eligibility for Special Forces personnel in Military Occupational Specialties 18B, 18C, 18E, 18F, retroactive awards of the CIB to Special Forces personnel are not authorized prior to 20 December 1989. A recipient must be present and under hostile fire while serving in an assigned infantry or Special Forces primary duty. The unit in question can be of any smaller than brigade. These Soldiers must have been present and engaged in active ground combat, to close with. Retroactive awards under these criteria are not authorized for service prior to 18 September 2001 and those Soldiers possessing MOS of 18D who qualify for award of the CMB from 18 September 2001 to 3 June 2005 will remain qualified for the badge. The Republic of Vietnam Conflict Era, the design inspiration of the U. S. The composite device is superimposed to an elliptic oak-leaf wreath, symbolizing steadfast character, strength, later, a matte-black subdued metal badge was created for wearing on the fatigues in the field
27.
Expert Infantryman Badge
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The Expert Infantryman Badge, or EIB, is a special skills badge of the United States Army. Although similar in name and appearance to the Combat Infantryman Badge, the CIB is awarded to infantrymen for participation in ground combat while the EIB is presented for completion of a course of testing designed to demonstrate proficiency in infantry skills. The EIB was created with the CIB by executive order in November 1943 during World War II, currently, it is awarded to U. S. Army personnel who hold infantry or special forces military occupational specialties. To be awarded the EIB, the soldier must complete a number of prerequisites, personnel who have been awarded both the EIB and the CIB are not authorized to wear both badges simultaneously. In such cases, the CIB has precedence according to Army Regulation 670-1, a similar badge exists for medical personnel, known as the Expert Field Medical Badge. A primary Military Occupational Specialty in Career Management Fields 11 or 18 series, forced foot march, complete a 12-mile foot march, carrying M4 and 35 lb. load + extra gear for a total of up to 70 lbs, within three hours. Lane or station testing in individual tasks, graded as pass/fail, there are approximately 30–35 stations in this phase. Candidates must pass every station, if they receive a NO GO on their first attempt, a second NO GO at any station results in a failure for the entire testing phase. In addition, if a candidate receives three NO GOs they have failed the phase. Generally there are stations in all the following areas, First Aid Chemical. The period of testing usually stretches over several days, with the number of candidates remaining steadily dwindling, traditionally, hand grenades and call for fire are considered the most difficult tests. There is a specific slang vocabulary associated with EIB testing, graders at each station usually have EIBs themselves, a badge protector is therefore a particularly difficult grader, perceived to be protecting the status of the award which he holds. Graders typically carry a blue pen to mark GOs and a red pen to mark NO GOs, similarly, if a candidate has two NO GOs he is said to be blade running, any mistake will eliminate him. Usually if the candidate makes a mistake and time has not run out, the grader will tell the candidate you still have time remaining, on occasion, the grader will do this to unnerve the candidate even though everything is correct, which completes the rite of passage
28.
United States Secretary of War
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The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. A similar position, called either Secretary at War or Secretary of War, had appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position, when Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving. The Secretary of War was the head of the War Department, at first, he was responsible for all military affairs, including naval affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was created by statute, from 1886 onward, the Secretary of War was third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the Vice President of the United States and the Secretary of State. The office of Secretary at War was modelled upon Great Britains Secretary at War, the office of Secretary at War was meant replaced both the Commander-in-Chief and the Board of War, and like the President of the Board, the Secretary wore no special insignia. The Inspector General, Quartermaster General, Commissary General, and Adjutant General served on the Secretarys staff, however, the Army itself under Secretary Henry Knox only consisted of 700 men. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Confederate States Secretary of War Bell, commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits and Biographical Sketches. United States Army Center of Military History, encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet 1789-2010. Charlottesville, Virginia, The Judge Advocate Generals School, U. S. Army
29.
Bronze Star Medal
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Civilians serving with U. S. military forces in combat are also eligible for the award. For example, UPI reporter Joe Galloway was awarded the Bronze Star with V Device during the Vietnam War for rescuing a wounded soldier under fire in the Battle of la Drang. The Bronze Star Medal was established by Executive Order 9419,4 February 1944, the acts of heroism are of a lesser degree than required for the award of the Silver Star. The acts of merit or acts of valor must be less than required for the Legion of Merit but must nevertheless have been meritorious. The Bronze Star Medal is awarded only to members in combat zones who are receiving imminent danger pay. For this purpose, the US Armys Combat Infantryman Badge or Combat Medical Badge award is considered as a citation in orders, effective 11 September 2001, the Meritorious Service Medal may also be bestowed in lieu of the Bronze Star Medal for meritorious achievement in a designated combat theater. The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund of the jewelry firm Bailey, the medal is a bronze star 1 1⁄2 inches in circumscribing diameter. In the center is a 3⁄16 inch diameter superimposed bronze star, the reverse bears the inscription HEROIC OR MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT with a space for the name of the recipient to be engraved. The star hangs from its ribbon by a metal loop with rounded corners. The Bronze Star Medal with the V device to denote heroism is the fourth highest military decoration for valor, 5/16 Inch Star – In the Navy and Marine Corps and Coast Guard, the 5/16 inch star is worn to denote additional awards. V Device – In the Army, the V is worn solely to denote participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy, in the Air Force, the V is worn to denote heroism in combat. Red Reeder conceived the idea of the Bronze Star Medal in 1943, Reeder felt another medal was needed as a ground equivalent of the Air Medal, and suggested calling the proposed new award the Ground Medal. The idea eventually rose through the bureaucracy and gained supporters. Marshall, in a memorandum to President Franklin D, the Air Medal had been adopted two years earlier to raise airmens morale. President Roosevelt authorized the Bronze Star Medal by Executive Order 9419 dated 4 February 1944 and this authorization was announced in War Department Bulletin No. President John F. Kennedy amended Executive Order 9419 per Executive Order 11046 dated 24 August 1962 to expand the authorization to include serving with friendly forces. This allowed for awards where US service members become involved in a conflict where the United States was not a belligerent. At the time of the Executive Order, for example, the US was not a belligerent in Vietnam, since the award criteria state that the Bronze Star Medal may be awarded to any person
30.
George W. Casey Jr.
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George William Casey Jr. is a retired United States Army general who last served as the 36th Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army from April 10,2007 to April 11,2011. Casey previously served as Commanding General, Multi-National Force – Iraq from June 2004 to February 8,2007 and had been in the Army for his adult working life. He now resides outside of Boston, Casey was born in Sendai during the Allied occupation of Japan. His father, George W. Casey Sr. was a West Point graduate who rose to the rank of Major General and served in two wars. His father commanded the 1st Cavalry Division in Vietnam and was killed on July 7,1970 when his helicopter crashed in South Vietnam en route to a hospital to visit wounded U. S. soldiers. Casey, a military brat, grew up on Army posts in the U. S. and Germany and graduated from Boston College High School in Dorchester, after high school, he applied to West Point, like his father, but was unsuccessful. Additionally, Casey worked for Vince Lombardi during one summer when the latter was coach of the Washington Redskins, Casey was commissioned through the Army ROTC in 1970 following graduation from Georgetown University. Casey served in the Mechanized Infantry during the portion of his career. He was commander of the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division, and he deployed as part of Operation Joint Endeavor to Bosnia-Herzegovina from July 1996 to August 1997. He and the Rear Command Post staff were based in Slavonski Brod, Casey took command of the 1st Armored Division in July 1999. His next position was Director of the Joint Staff in Washington, following these assignments, Casey was nominated and confirmed as the 30th Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, serving in that post until June 2004. Casey served as the senior commander in Iraq from June 2004 to February 2007. He replaced Lieutenant General Ricardo S. Sanchez, caseys goal was to encourage the Iraqis to take ownership of their problems and responsibility for their own security. For his part as a commander, he focused on training Iraqi forces, limiting the role of American forces. Meanwhile, U. S. diplomats would focus on building and strengthening the Iraqi government and he expressed his view that a large and intrusive American presence in Iraq would not solve the political and security problems in that country and could even fuel the insurgency. S. In August 2005, Casey used specific troop numbers in his discussion of a possible drawdown. He said the level of 138,000 could be reduced by 30,000 in the early months of 2006 as Iraqi security forces took on a greater role. President Bush publicly called the talk speculation and rebuked the general, and the other thing is that they can continue to blame us for all of Iraq’s difficulties, which are at base of their problems
31.
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
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The Chief of Staff of the Army is a statutory office held by a four-star general in the United States Army. As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army, the CSA is the military advisor. The CSA is typically the officer on active-duty in the U. S. Army unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers. The Chief of Staff of the Army is a position based in the Pentagon. While the CSA does not have command authority over Army forces proper. The current Chief of Staff of the Army is General Mark A. Milley, the CSA also directs the Inspector General of the Army to perform inspections and investigations as required. In addition, the CSA presides over the Army Staff and represents army capabilities, requirements, policy, plans, under delegation of authority made by the Secretary of the Army, the CSA designates army personnel and army resources to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands. Like the other counterparts, the CSA has no operational command authority over army forces. The CSA is served by a number of Deputy Chiefs of Staff of the Army, such as G-1, Personnel. The CSA base pay is $21,147.30 per month plus Personal Money Allowance of $333.33, basic allowance for subsistence of $253.38, the Chief of Staff of the Army is nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. By statute, the CSA is appointed as a four-star general, the Chief of Staff of the Army has an official residence, Quarters 1 at Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall, Virginia. The Chief of Staff holds an annual future study program called Unified Quest, prior to 1903, the senior military officer in the army was the Commanding General, who reported to the Secretary of War. The first chief of staff moved his headquarters to Fort Myer in 1908, the rank listed is the rank when serving in the office. Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army Bell, appendix B, Chronological List of Senior Officers of the United States Army. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Armys Senior Officer, United States Army Center of Military History. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Armys Senior Officer, United States Army Center of Military History. Chief of Staff, Prewar Plans and Preparations, United States Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History, - full text The short film Big Picture, Top Soldier is available for free download at the Internet Archive
32.
Peter Schoomaker
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Peter Jan Schoomaker is a retired four-star general of the United States Army and served as the 35th Chief of Staff of the United States Army from August 1,2003 to April 10,2007. Schoomakers appointment as Chief of Staff was unique in that he was recalled, Schoomaker voluntarily retired from the Army for the second time in 2007 after completing the full four-year term as Chief of Staff. His brother, Lieutenant General Eric Schoomaker, was the 42nd Surgeon General of the United States Army, Schoomaker was born on February 12,1946 in Michigan. He was raised in an army family, after attending East Lansing High School, Schoomaker graduated from the University of Wyoming in 1969 with a Bachelor of Science degree in education administration. A football player, he was a starter on Wyomings Sugar Bowl team and he holds a Master of Arts degree in management from Central Michigan University, and an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from Hampden–Sydney College. After being commissioned as a lieutenant after participating in the ROTC program at the University of Wyoming. He then served in Korea as the S-3 Operations Officer of 1st Battalion, 73rd Armor, from 1978 to 1981, he commanded a squadron of the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment - Delta, commonly known to the public as Delta Force, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. In August 1983, he returned to Fort Bragg, to serve as Special Operations Officer, J-3, from August 1985 to August 1988, General Schoomaker commanded another squadron of the 1st SFOD-D. Following the National War College in Washington, D. C. he returned to command Delta Force from June 1989 to July 1992. According to the 9/11 Commission, Schoomaker wanted to take action against Al Qaeda in Afghanistan using his special operators but was unable to gain approval for the mission. After his retirement from active duty, Schoomaker served as a Director for DynCorp, as well as on the boards of Camber Corporation. Concurrently, Schoomaker was the Director of CAE USA Inc. where he serves a member of the Human Resources Committee as well as an independent director. Schoomaker is also currently a Director of Aeroflex Incorporated and several private and non-profit companies, project Manager Battle Command Bell, William Gardner. Commanding Generals & Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, United States Army Center of Military History. ON THE ARMYS RESET STRATEGY AND PLAN FOR FUNDING RESET REQUIREMENTS, an assessment of Army preparedness in terms of manpower, equipment, and funding. Delivered before the House Committee on the Armed Services, sally B. Donnelly and Douglas Waller. Ten Questions With Peter Schoomaker, TIME talks to the Army Chief of Staff
33.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
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Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps
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The Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps serve to distinguish Marines from members of other services. Among current uniforms in the United States Armed Forces, the Marines uniforms have been in service the longest, the Marine Dress Blue uniform has, with few changes, been worn in essentially its current form since the 19th century. The Marine Corps dress uniform is a uniform worn for formal or ceremonial occasions. Its basic form of a jacket with red trim dates back to the 19th century. It is the only U. S. military uniform that incorporates all three colors of the U. S. Flag. There are three different variations of the Dress uniform, Evening Dress, Blue Dress, and Blue-White Dress, only officers and staff non-commissioned officers are authorized to wear the Evening Dress. Until 2000, there was a White Dress uniform, similar in appearance to the U. S. Navys Dress White uniforms and this uniform has since been replaced with the Blue/White Dress uniform for officers and SNCOs. The most recognizable uniform of the Marine Corps is the Blue Dress uniform and it is often called Dress Blues or simply Blues. It is equivalent in composition and use to civilian black tie, full-size medals are worn on the left chest, with ribbon-only awards worn on the right. Women wear pumps in place of shoes, and may wear a skirt in place of slacks, for men, the dress coat is cut to be formfitting. Blue Dress B is the same as A, but medals are replaced with their corresponding ribbons, Blue Dress C is the same as B, but a khaki long sleeve button-up shirt and tie replace the outer blue coat and white gloves. Ribbons and badges are worn on the shirt. Blue Dress D is the same as C, but with a short sleeve button-up shirt. Because the Blue Dress uniform is considered formal wear, Blue Dress C and D are rarely worn, the main exceptions are Marine Recruiters and Marine Corps Security Guards, who wear the C and D in warm weather, and Marine One pilots in place of a flight suit. Only the B, C, and D Blue Dress uniforms are authorized for leave and liberty wear, Officers, NCOs, and SNCOs wear a scarlet stripe down the outer seam of each leg of the blue trousers. General officers wear a 2 in wide stripe, field- and company-grade officers have a 1.5 in wide stripe, general officers wear trousers that are the same color as the coat, while all other ranks wear medium blue trousers. A blue boatcloak with a lining is optional. When wearing the sweater with the long sleeve khaki shirt
35.
2007 State of the Union Address
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The 2007 State of the Union address was a speech given by United States President George W. Bush on Tuesday, January 23,2007, at 9,13 P. M. It was the first address to a Democratic-controlled Congress since 1994, furthermore, the speech marked the second time that a Democrat sat behind President Bush during a joint session of Congress and the first time at a State of the Union address. Traditionally, the Speaker of the House and the Vice President are the individuals on the rostrum with the President. As the first female Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi is also the first woman in American history to stand on the podium during a State of the Union address. Only four Supreme Court Justices attended the speech, Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justices Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito, Senator Tim Johnson and Congressman Charlie Norwood were not present because of serious health problems, but were acknowledged with applause. Johnson recovered and returned to work by September, while Norwood died on February 13,2007, the Presidents speech focused equally on domestic policy and foreign policy. Bush supported laws that are fair and borders that are secure in regards to immigration, suggesting a temporary worker program, stating that, s a result and he suggested resolving the status of current illegal residents without animosity and without amnesty. Bush said the United States has been dependent on oil for too long. Bush asked Congress to work to reduce gasoline usage in the United States by 20 percent over the ten years. He asked Congress to double the current capacity of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, and these technologies will help us be better stewards of the environment, and they will help us to confront the serious challenge of global climate change. Bush specifically named plug-in hybrid vehicles as part of his advanced energy initiative to end the United States addiction to oil. Bush asked Congress to give future federal court nominees a fair hearing, in the realm of education, he asked Congress to renew the No Child Left Behind Act and consider school vouchers, although he never mentioned vouchers by name. A large part of Bushs speech centered on the Iraq War, Bush emphasized that he still stood behind it, stating that, to win the War on Terror, we must take the fight to the enemy. He stated that the dangers of terrorism have not ended, and he stated that it was not responsible to leave Iraq yet, as it would put ourselves in danger and our friends at risk. He emphasized that stability in Iraq is essential, and that chaos is the enemys greatest ally, Bush advocated adding to the ranks of the military. He asked Congress to authorize an increase in the Army and Marine active duty forces by 92,000 in the five years. The phrase terror appeared 22 times in his speech, highlighting its continuing significance in his administrations foreign policy, Bush advocated saving the people affected by the conflict in Darfur, Sudan. He advocated continuing to fight HIV/AIDS, especially in Africa, Bush asked for $1.2 billion over the next five years to combat malaria in 15 African countries
36.
American Indian Wars
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These conflicts occurred in the current boundaries of the United States from the time of earliest colonial settlements until 1924. In many cases, wars resulted from competition for resources and land ownership as Europeans, Warfare and raiding also took place as a result of conflicts between European governments and later the United States. These governments enlisted Native Americans tribes to help them conduct warfare against each others settlements, after 1776, many conflicts were local, involving disputes over land use, and some entailed cycles of reprisal. In the 1800s, conflicts were spurred by ideologies such as Manifest Destiny, in the years leading up to the Indian Removal Act of 1830 there were many armed conflicts between settlers and Native Americans. Prior to the Act of 1830, some conflicts were resolved through sale or exchange of territory through treaties between the government and specific tribes. The 1830 act authorized the removal of indigenous peoples who lived East of the Mississippi River to the West. As United States citizens continued to settle areas towards the Pacific, the policy of removal was refined to move some indigenous peoples to very specific reservations. The 2010 census found 2,932,248 Americans who identified themselves as being Native American, no consensus exists on how many native people lived in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus, but extensive research has been and continues to be conducted. Estimates on the population of pre-Colombus North America range from a low of 2.1 million to 7 million people to 18 million, scholars believe that the overwhelming main causes were new infectious diseases carried by European explorers and traders. Native Americans had no acquired immunity to diseases, which had been chronic in Eurasian populations for over five centuries. For instance, some estimates indicate case fatality rates of 80–98% in Native American populations during smallpox epidemics. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, the actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the number given. Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate, from about 1600 onwards, the process of European colonization of North America by the English, French, Spanish, Dutch and Swedish was contested by various indigenous tribes. Similarly, in the American Revolution and the War of 1812, the British planned to set up an Indian nation in what is now the Ohio-Wisconsin area to block further American expansion. The U. S. protested and finally, in 1812, most Indian tribes, especially those allied with Tecumseh, supported the British and were ultimately defeated by General William Henry Harrison. The latter were defeated by General Andrew Jackson, during and after such warfare, many refugees from defeated tribes went over the border to Canada, those in the South went to Florida while it was under Spanish control. During the early 19th century, the government was under pressure by settlers in many regions to expel Native Americans from their areas. Some resisted fiercely, most notably the Seminoles in a series of wars in Florida and they were never finally defeated, although some Seminole did remove to Indian Territory
37.
Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps
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The program was originally created as part of the National Defense Act of 1916 and later expanded under the 1964 ROTC Vitalization Act. Additional objectives are established by the departments of the Department of Defense. Improving the ability to communicate well both orally and in writing, developing an appreciation of the importance of physical fitness. Increasing a respect for the role of the U. S, Armed Forces in support of national objectives. Developing a knowledge of building skills and basic military skills. Taking 3–4 years of the course grants cadets the ability to rank higher if they pursue a military career. Section 524.5 of the CFR National Defense title states in part that JROTC should provide meaningful leadership instruction of benefit to the student, the dual roles of citizen/soldier and soldier/citizen are studied. These programs will enable cadets to serve their country as leaders, as citizens. The JROTC and NDCC are not, of themselves, officer-producing programs but should create favorable attitudes and impressions toward the Services, the military has stated that JROTC will inform young Americans about the opportunities available in the military and may help motivate young Americans toward military service. A1999 Army policy memorandum stated that While not designed to be a recruiting tool. Work closely with school guidance counselors to sell the Army story. Jones, then Commandant of the Marine Corps, testified that the value of the Marine JROTC program is beyond contest, fully one-third of our young men and women who join a Junior ROTC program wind up wearing the uniform of a Marine. General Eric K. Shinseki, then Chief of Staff of the United States Army, testified that Our indications are about 30 percent of those youngsters—we dont recruit them and we are not permitted to do that. But by virtue of the things that they like about that experience, about 30 percent of them end up joining the Army, either enlisting or going on to ROTC and then joining the officer population. General Michael E. Admiral Jay L. Johnson, then Chief of Naval Operations, testified that Even if the number is only 30 percent, but think about what we get out of the other 70 percent. They have exposure to the military, so it is a long way around saying it is well worth the investment for lots of different reasons. Former United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen referred to JROTC as one of the best recruitment programs we could have, Armed Forces maintains a Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, organized into units. The cap was increased to 1,600 units in 1967 and again to 3,500 units in 1992 and their goal is to reach 3,500 units by Feb.2011 by encouraging program expansion into educationally and economically deprived areas
38.
Combat Service Identification Badge
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The Badge is a silver or gold-colored metal and enamel device 2 inches in height consisting of a design similar to the unit Shoulder Sleeve Insignia. The Combat Service Identification Badge is worn on the right pocket for male soldiers. Soldiers can wear the CSIB on the new blue Army Service Uniform, Class A, the CSIB cannot be worn on the Army Combat Uniform or the discontinued Army Green Uniform. U. S. soldiers will continue to wear the subdued Shoulder Sleeve Insignia-Former Wartime Service on their right sleeve of the ACU blouse to denote combat service. The Shoulder Sleeve Insignia-Former Wartime Service was also worn on the Army Green Class A Uniform, the CSIB is ranked fifth in the order of precedence for identification badges. U. S. Army webpage on the Army Service Uniform Institute of Heraldry website Army Times article, Green Class A uniforms out
39.
Berets of the United States Army
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Since June 14,2001, the black beret is worn by all United States Army troops unless the soldier is approved to wear a different distinctive beret. In the U. S. Army there are three approved distinctive berets, Maroon, tan, and green, in 2011, the Army replaced the black wool beret with the patrol cap as the default headgear for the Army Combat Uniform. In the United States military, the beret was worn by a variety of special operations units during and following World War II. In the spring of 1951, the 10th and 11th Ranger Companies wore black berets during their training at Camp Carson, Colorado, in the post-Vietnam era, morale in the U. S. Army waned. In response, from 1973 through 1979 Headquarters, Department of the Army, consequently, many units embraced various color berets, for example armor and armored cavalry units often adopted the black beret. Similarly, many units embraced various colored berets in an attempt to improve dwindling morale. In particular, the First Cavalry Division assigned various colored berets to its three-pronged TRICAP approach, a black beret was authorized for wear by female soldiers in 1975, and is used also for mechanized units, troops, and guards. The black beret is worn by soldiers in the United Army, on January 30,1975, it was officially allowed to be worn by the newly created battalions of United States Army Rangers who had worn it unofficially during the Vietnam War. In 1979 the Army chief of staff ruled that the black beret was restricted to just Ranger, in 2011, the Army changed back to the patrol cap for wear with the utility uniform, with the beret remaining the headgear for the dress uniform. During the Vietnam War, U. S. military advisers to Vietnamese airborne units often wore the Vietnamese French-style red beret, HQDA policy from 1973 through 1979 permitted local commanders to encourage morale-enhancing distinctions. Airborne forces chose to wear the beret as a mark of distinction. This permission was rescinded in 1979 when the army introduced a policy of standardized headgear and designated wear of the beret for Ranger. On 28 November 1980, permission was given for airborne organizations to resume wearing the maroon beret. On 14 June 2001, U. S. Army Rangers assigned to the 75th Ranger Regiment were authorized to wear a tan beret to replace the black berets that had recently become the army-wide standard. The tan beret is an homage to the caps worn by Rogers Rangers during the French. In the U. S. armed forces, the green beret may be only by soldiers awarded the Special Forces Tab. U. S. Army Special Forces wear the green beret because of their link to the British Commandos of World War II, the first Ranger unit, commonly known as Darbys Rangers, was formed in Northern Ireland during the summer of 1942. S. The 10th Special Forces Group had many veterans of World War II, members of the 10th SFG began to unofficially wear a variety of berets while training, some favoring the red or maroon airborne beret, the black beret, or the green commando beret
40.
United States Army Institute of Heraldry
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The United States Army Institute of Heraldry, also known as The Institute of Heraldry, furnishes heraldic services to the U. S. Armed Forces and other U. S. government organizations, including the Executive Office of the President, limited research and information services concerning official symbolic items are also provided to the general public. The Institute of Heraldry is located at Fort Belvoir, an installation within the metropolitan area of Washington. The staff consists of thirty-two civilians, Heraldic and other military symbols have been used by the U. S. Armed Forces and government agencies since the beginning of the American Revolution. S, in 1924, formal staff responsibility for specific military designs was delegated to the Quartermaster General. As the needs for symbolism by the services and the national government expanded. The expansion of the Army during World War II, and the subsequent increased interest in symbolism and it was further expanded by Pub. L. 85–263, approved September 1957,71 Stat,89, which delineated the authority of the Secretary of the Army to furnish heraldic services to the military departments and other branches of the federal government. On 1960-08-10, Army General Order Number 29 placed the U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry under the control of the Quartermaster General. The Army Adjutant General’s office assumed responsibility of the institute in 1962, in 1987, another realignment subordinated the Institute to the U. S. In April 1994, the Institute of Heraldry moved from Cameron Station to Fort Belvoir, in October 2004, another realignment assigned responsibility for the Heraldic Program to Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army, part of the United States Army. Approve designs for distinctive unit insignia, Regimental Distinctive Insignia, and shoulder sleeve insignia, authorize heraldic items for U. S. Army Organizations. Authorize the use of Army insignia when incorporated into items for commercial sale, design and develop insignia seals, medals, badges, band regalia and flags. Establish Army policy for flag design and display, monitor the Heraldic Quality Control System in accordance with Army Regulation 672-8, to ensure heraldic items are manufactured according to government specifications or purchase descriptions. Prepare heraldic item specifications and provide engineering support to manufacturers, provide manufacturers with government-loaned tools and specifications for heraldic items. Blazon, Or a chevron Gules, on a chief Sable a label of the first, blazon, On a wreath Or and Gules, a griffin salient of the first. The griffin, a fabulous animal half eagle and half lion, is symbolic of wisdom, the role of the griffin as guardian of treasure is symbolic of the institutes singular responsibility to safeguard the heraldic art of the federal government. The eagle also alludes to the United States and the lion to Great Britain, dexter, The large white star edged with blue symbolizes all the States, which comprise the United States, and was suggested by the union of the United States Flag
41.
Uniforms of the United States Army
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The uniforms of the United States Army distinguish soldiers from other service members. U. S. Army uniform designs have historically influenced by British and French military traditions. The two primary uniforms of the modern U. S. Army are the Army Combat Uniform, used in environments. The design of early army uniforms was influenced by both British and French traditions, bandsmen wore red uniforms to make them more easily identifiable to commanders on the field of battle. Pantaloons were originally white, following British uniforms, but were changed to gray in 1821, Infantry wore tricorne hats, with different cover prescribed for cavalry and specialist troops depending on function. Beginning in the 1850s, American military leadership began to place an emphasis on French army tactics and styles, influenced, in part. However, more subtle styling - including frock coats, kepi hats, an alternate semi-dress uniform authorized for officers during the summer months, the Army Khaki Cotton Uniform continued in use until 1985. Field dress during this period was either the Army Tropical Uniform and these were followed in 1981 by the Battle Dress Uniform, which was pulled from use in favor of the Army Combat Uniform in the mid 2000s. The Army Combat Uniform is the utility uniform worn in garrison, the uniform features a digital camouflage pattern, known as the Universal Camouflage Pattern, which is designed for use in woodland, desert, and urban environments. Two U. S. flag insignia are authorized for wear with the ACU, full-color, the U. S. flag insignia is worn on the right shoulder pocket flap of the ACU coat. Unit patches are worn on the shoulder, while combat patches are worn on the right. In the field, the jacket may be replaced by the flame resistant Army Combat Shirt when worn directly under a tactical vest, most soldiers operating in Afghanistan are issued a Multicam pattern better suited to that countrys terrain. The Army has announced the replacement of the Universal Camouflage Pattern for the ACU in favor of the Operational Camouflage Pattern, using the Scorpion W2 pattern, current plans call for a full transition to the OCP by the summer of 2018. The standard garrison service uniform is known as the Army Service Uniform and this uniform will function as both a garrison uniform and a dress uniform. The blue uniform will be a mandatory wear item by fourth quarter, the beret, adopted Army-wide in 2001, will continue to be worn with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Mess dress is the term for the formal evening dress worn in the mess or at other formal occasions. This is generally worn as the equivalent of white tie or black tie. The Army blue mess uniform comprises the Army blue mess jacket, dark- or light-blue high-waisted trousers, white dress shirt with a turndown collar, black bow tie
42.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
44.
Uniforms of the United States Navy
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This article examines dress uniforms, daily service uniforms, working uniforms, special situations, and the history of uniforms of the United States Navy. For simplicity in this article, Officers refers to both commissioned officers and warrant officers, the United States Navy has three categories of dress uniforms, from least to most formal, service, full, and dinner dress. Service dress uniforms are worn for official functions not rising to the level of full or dinner dress and they are also commonly worn when traveling in official capacity, or when reporting to a command. The civilian equivalent is a business suit and they are seasonal, with the white uniform worn in summer and the blue in winter. Service Dress Blue may be worn year round for travel only, ribbons are worn over the left breast pocket in all variations of the service dress uniform. The All-Weather Coat, Overcoat, or Reefer may be worn with dress uniforms in cold or inclement weather. The Service Dress Blue uniform consists of a blue suit coat and trousers that are nearly black in color, or the optional skirt for women, a white shirt. The material is generally wool or a blend, depending on the vendor. The mens jacket is double breasted with six gold-colored buttons, rank insignia is the gold sleeve stripes for commissioned officers, while rating badges and service stripes are worn on the left sleeve by Chief Petty Officers. Beginning in 2016, the Navy began phasing out the combination cap and now prescribes a cover similar to the male version for female officers. Commissioned and warrant officers wear a cap badge of the American shield and eagle in silver upon gold crossed anchors, the combination covers chinstrap is gold for commissioned and warrant officers, narrower gold for midshipmen, and black for CPOs. Female officers and chief petty officers wear beltless slacks with the SDB, although since January 2017, while both styles share the same 100% Polyester CNT fabric, The Service Dress White uniform has been different for the mens and womens variations. Men wear a high stand-collared white tunic, with shoulder boards for officers or the metal anchor collar devices for CPOs, white trousers and this uniform is informally called chokers due to the standing collar. The material, formerly cotton, today is a weave of polyester known as Certified Navy Twill, women wear a uniform similar to the Service Dress Blue but with a white coat and skirt or trousers. The white combination cap is the prescribed headgear and they consist of navy blue wool jumper with three rows of white stripes on the collar and cuffs. There are two stars, one at each corner of the collar. A traditional white hat or Dixie cup is also worn, as well as leather shoes. A black silk or synthetic fiber neckerchief, rolled diagonally, is worn around the neck, under the collar, the trousers for the dress blue uniform are flared as bell bottoms
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Uniforms of the United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force uniform is the standardized military attire worn by Airmen of the United States Air Force. Similar provisions are provided for civilian teenaged high school students participating in the Air Force Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps program, proper wear of the U. S. Air Force uniform is outlined in Air Force Instruction 36-2903, Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel. When the U. S. Air Force first became a separate branch in 1947 personnel continued to wear uniforms nearly identical to the U. S. Army. The first Air Force-specific blue dress uniform, introduced in 1949, was in Shade 1683, an Ike jacket, inherited from the Army Air Forces but in Shade 1683, was an optional uniform item. Air Force personnel were allowed to wear their old Army World War Two pattern uniforms, recolored silver-gray hash marks and Overseas Service Bars were worn on the uniform until 1957. Air Force personnel who had served in the Army were allowed to wear Army badges they had been awarded on their blue uniform. They could also wear a unit patch on their left shoulder if they had served in combat with it. In 1950, unit patches were eliminated for wear on the uniform except when worn on combat duty overseas and were completely eliminated by 1957. In the early 1960s the blue uniform, including headgear, transitioned to a new, the Ike jacket gave way to a long sleeve winter blue shirt with epaulets and ties in Shade 1549. Service cap devices, U. S. collar insignia and occupational insignia worn on the left breast had a nickel finish. Tan service dress uniforms and tan long sleeve shirts nicknamed silver-tans for the sheen of the particular shade continued into use into the early 1960s. Tan short sleeve shirts and trousers for males known as 1505s also continued in use until the mid-1970s. In the early-1970s, a light blue Shade 1550 short sleeve shirt or blouse and this variant was later replaced by a new short sleeve shirt in Shade 1550, plus a long sleeve shirt in Shade 1550 with dark blue tie, both of which incorporated buttonable shoulder epaulette straps. This 1550/1549 uniform combination replaced earlier duty uniform variants and the service dress uniform became the single form of service dress. The first proposals for a service uniform featured minimal ornamentation, at the request of top commanders, however, many lower-ranked officers requested more specific badges and insignia. This debate continued into the 1980s, at point the viewpoints in favor of greater badges and insignia had generally prevailed. Prior to 1993, all Air Force personnel wore blue service uniforms similar in appearance to the green Service Dress A and B uniforms of the U. S. Army. A short-lived ceremonial blue uniform and ceremonial white uniform was also implemented in the mid-1980s, the white uniform was identical in cut and style to the blue version and also incorporated the metallic sleeve braid and shoulder board rank insignia
