1.
Duluth, Minnesota
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Duluth /dəˈluːθ/ is a major port city in the U. S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County. Duluth has a population of 86,110 and is the second-largest city on Lake Superiors shores, after Thunder Bay, Ontario, in Canada, the Duluth MSA had a population of 279,771 in 2010, the second-largest in Minnesota. Duluth forms an area with neighboring Superior, Wisconsin, called the Twin Ports. The cities share the Duluth–Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes largest port, transporting coal, iron ore, the city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesotas North Shore. The city is named for Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, the Anishinaabe, also known as the Ojibwe or Chippewa, have inhabited the Lake Superior region for more than 500 years. They were preceded by the Dakota, Fox, Menominee, Nipigon, Noquet and Gros Ventre peoples, after the arrival of Europeans, the Anishinaabe found a niche as the middlemen between the French fur traders and other Native peoples. They soon became the dominant Indian nation in the region, forcing out the Dakota Sioux and Fox, by the mid-18th century, the Ojibwe occupied all of Lake Superiors shores. For both the Ojibwe and the Dakota, interaction with Europeans during the period revolved around the fur trade. The Ojibwe are historically known for their crafting of birch bark canoes, use of arrow points. In 1745, they adopted guns from the British for use against the Dakota nation of the Sioux, the Ojibwe Nation was the first to set the agenda with European-Canadian leaders for signing more detailed treaties before many European settlers were allowed too far west. Duluths name in Ojibwe is Onigamiinsing, a reference to the small, the Stopping Places were the places the Native Americans occupied during their westward migration as the Europeans overran their territory. Several factors brought fur traders to the Great Lakes in the early 17th century, the fashion for beaver hats in Europe generated demand for pelts. Étienne Brûlé is credited with the European discovery of Lake Superior before 1620, pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers explored the Duluth area, Fond du Lac in 1654 and again in 1660. The French soon established fur posts near Duluth and in the far north where Grand Portage became a trading center. The French explorer Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, whose name is anglicized as DuLuth. The first post was where Superior, Wisconsin, later developed, known as Fort Saint Louis, the post became the headquarters for North Wests new Fond du Lac Department. It had stockaded walls, two houses of 40 feet each, a shed of 60 feet, a warehouse. Over time, Indian peoples and European Americans settled nearby, in 1808, the American Fur Company was organized by German-born John Jacob Astor
Duluth, Minnesota
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Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth, Minnesota
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Flag
Duluth, Minnesota
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Ojibwe people in the nineteenth century
Duluth, Minnesota
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Ojibwe birch bark canoe – about 1910
2.
Art dealer
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An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells works of art. Art dealers professional associations serve to set standards for accreditation or membership and to support art exhibitions. An art dealer typically seeks out various artists to represent, and builds relationships with collectors, some dealers are able to anticipate market trends, while some prominent dealers may be able to influence the taste of the market. Many dealers specialize in a style, period, or region. They often travel internationally, frequenting exhibitions, auctions, and artists studios looking for good buys, little-known treasures, when dealers buy works of art, they resell them either in their galleries or directly to collectors. Those who deal in art usually exhibit artists works in their galleries. Art dealers often study the history of art before entering on their careers, related careers that often cross-over include curators of museums and art auction firms are industry-related careers. Gallery owners who do not succeed may seek to work for more successful galleries, others pursue careers as art critics, academics, curators of museums or auction houses, or practicing artists. Dealers have to understand the business side of the art world and they keep up with trends in the market and are knowledgeable about the style of art people want to buy. They figure out how much they should pay for a piece and they are also often passionate and knowledgeable about art. Those who deal with contemporary art promote new artists, creating a market for the artists works, the art world is subject to economic booms and bust just like any other market. Art dealers must be economically conscious in order to maintain their livelihoods, the mark ups of art work must be carefully monitored. If prices and profits are too large, then investments may be devalued should an overstock or economic downturn occur, to determine an artworks value, dealers inspect the objects or paintings closely, and compare the fine details with similar pieces. Some dealers with many years of experience learn to identify unsigned works by examining stylistic features such as strokes, color. They recognize the styles of different periods and individual artists, often art dealers are able to distinguish authentic works from forgeries. Guillam Forchondt the Elder A 17th century Flemish Baroque painter and art based in Antwerp. He established an important art dealing business with international connections in Europe maintained by his extended family and he originally trained as a painter and cabinet maker but built a reputation through his international art business. At one point, the Brothers Forchondt had 60 painters in service for export to France, Austria, Spain, matthijs Musson A painter and art dealer based in Antwerp, who helped popularize artists of the 17th century Antwerp school by marketing them throughout Europe
Art dealer
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Dealer of art in
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, (Drawn by
Jan Piotr Norblin)
Art dealer
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A Picture Gallery by
Gillis van Tilborch, 1660s
Art dealer
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A visit to the Art Dealer by
Frans Francken the Younger, early 1600s
3.
The Mambo Kings
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The Mambo Kings is a 1992 French–American drama film directed by Arne Glimcher. It is an adaptation of Oscar Hijueloss 1989 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love. The film stars Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas as Cesar and Nestor Castillo, brothers, the Mambo Kings marks the directing debut of Glimcher and features Banderas in his first English-language role. Glimcher purchased the rights to Hijueloss novel in 1988, before hiring Cynthia Cidre to write the screenplay. When Warner Bros. wanted Jeremy Irons and Ray Liotta in the roles, Glimcher had to convince executives to cast Assante. Filming for The Mambo Kings took place in Los Angeles, on sets recreating 1950s New York, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, but underperformed at the box office, grossing only $6,742,168 during its domestic theatrical release. For its original song Beautiful Maria of My Soul, The Mambo Kings earned nominations from several groups, including the Academy Awards. In the early 1950s, Cuban brothers and musicians Cesar and Nestor Castillo flee from Havana, eventually ending up in New York City, the brothers work at menial jobs while attempting to revive their musical careers. Nestor, in the meantime, remains oblivious to other women while continually composing his ode to his lost Cuban love, Maria. He writes version after version of the ballad, Beautiful Maria of My Soul, until by chance one day he encounters Delores. When she becomes pregnant, they decide to get married, fate intervenes one night at a club, where the Castillo brothers have a part-time job. Nestors love ballad captures the interest of one of the customers, after a pleasant evening in Nestor and Deloress home, Arnaz generously invites the struggling Castillos to sing and act on an episode of his smash sitcom series, I Love Lucy. Nestor is not as ambitious as his brother and desires nothing more than to own his own small club and he is in love with Delores, but lacks the passion he felt for his beloved Maria back home. Cesar, meantime, suppresses his feelings, that a woman like Delores would actually be perfect for him. Cesar eventually reveals to Nestor that Maria left him for a Cuban mobster in exchange for cancelling a contract hit against Nestor, There are tragic consequences one snowy night when the Castillo brothers car veers off the road and into a tree. Cesar, in the seat of the vehicle, is barely hurt. The life of Cesar, shattered, is never the same, to honor his brothers memory, Cesar opens his own small club, which is well received. Delores pays him a visit and asks him to sing Nestors song for her, in 1988, Hijuelos sent Glimcher a manuscript of his novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love
The Mambo Kings
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Theatrical release poster
4.
Just Cause (film)
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Just Cause is a 1995 suspense crime thriller film directed by Arne Glimcher and starring Sean Connery and Laurence Fishburne. It is based on John Katzenbachs novel of the same name, paul Armstrong, a liberal Harvard professor opposed to capital punishment, is persuaded to go to Florida to investigate the conviction of Bobby Earl Ferguson for murder. Ferguson, a former Cornell University student, who was convicted of raping and murdering a white girl named Joanie Shriver. Armstrong must save him from being executed in the electric chair, Ferguson tells Armstrong that he was tortured by two police detectives to get a confession. As Armstrong digs deeper into the case, he discovers that Tanny Brown, when Armstrong discovers the weapon, Brown tries to threaten him into abandoning the investigation. Ferguson gets a re-trial and is freed from prison, subsequently, the governor signs Sullivans death warrant. Armstrong receives a call from Sullivan, who says he has a clue to share. Armstrong is shocked to find their butchered bodies, Armstrong asks why he was needed for their scheme, and Sullivan replies that was Bobby Earls call. Armstrong has the last laugh by lying to Sullivan that his parents were alive and he resists the guards taking him to the electric chair, where he is executed. Ferguson plans to murder Armstrongs wife and daughter and then disappear, Armstrong and Brown join forces to kill Ferguson and save Armstrongs family. J. Wilcox Ruby Dee – Evangeline Scarlett Johansson – Katie Armstrong Daniel J.4 on The Internet Movie Database, the movie debuted with moderate success. Just Cause at the Internet Movie Database Just Cause at Box Office Mojo Just Cause at Rotten Tomatoes
Just Cause (film)
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Just Cause
5.
Massachusetts College of Art and Design
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Massachusetts College of Art and Design is a publicly funded college of visual and applied art, founded in 1873. It is one of the oldest art schools, the publicly funded free-standing art school in the United States. The college is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, to stimulate learning in technology and fine art, they persuaded the state legislature to found several institutions, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Museum of Fine Arts. During its first decade, the rented space for the school in several locations including Bostons Pemberton Square, School Street. In 1886 the state built the schools first building at the corner of Exeter and Newbury Streets, Massachusetts College of Art and Design is ranked among the top art colleges in the country. Businessweek recognized MassArt as one of the top design schools. MassArt also offers a number of programs for high school students. In addition, MassArt still fulfills its mission, with ongoing programs for primary and secondary school teachers of art. MassArts undergraduate curriculum includes a Foundation Program for the first year, graduation requirements include an elective studio and multiple Critical Studies courses. Students at MassArt have the option of majoring in Fine Arts, Fine Arts, Communication Design, Environmental Design, Media and Performing Arts, and Art Education. According to the College Board website, MassArts student body composition is 72% White, 9% Unknown, 5% Hispanic, 6% Asian, 3% Black. The Mass Art Iron Corps hosts an Iron Pour event at MassArt approximately four times a year, the event is centered around a spectacular pouring of white-hot molten iron into molds for sculpture. In the past, this was celebrated by accompanying music, dance, however, around 2010, the Boston Fire Department insisted on greatly reducing the number of people present, because of safety concerns. The pours are still claimed to consume around 10,000 pounds of iron per year. Twice each year, before Christmas and at the end of the year in May. Works included in the sale are selected by a jury panel, the MassArt Auction, a separate, ticketed event, is held in April, and features major artworks. The general public is invited to events, as well as a number of receptions celebrating the opening of art exhibitions. MassArt is headquartered at 621 Huntington Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts, most of its academic buildings were the former campus of Boston State College, acquired after BSC was merged with the University of Massachusetts-Boston
Massachusetts College of Art and Design
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The symbolic main entrance to the MassArt academic buildings
Massachusetts College of Art and Design
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One of MassArt's primary locations, the Tower Building
6.
Boston University
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Boston University is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students and it offers bachelors degrees, masters degrees, and doctorates, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Bostons Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, BU is categorized as an R1, Doctoral University in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education, the University was ranked 39th among undergraduate programs at national universities, and 32nd among global universities by U. S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings. In 1876, BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab, American Civil Rights Movement leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. received his PhD in Theology from BU in 1955. The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAAs Division I, BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League, and Hockey East conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for hockey, in which it has won five national championships. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 1939 and 1969, on April 24–25,1839 a group of Methodist ministers and laymen at the Old Bromfield Street Church in Boston elected to establish a Methodist theological school. Set up in Newbury, Vermont, the school was named the Newbury Biblical Institute, in 1847, the Congregational Society in Concord, New Hampshire, invited the Institute to relocate to Concord and offered a disused Congregational church building with a capacity of 1200 people. Other citizens of Concord covered the remodeling costs, one stipulation of the invitation was that the Institute remain in Concord for at least 20 years. The charter issued by New Hampshire designated the school the Methodist General Biblical Institute, with the agreed twenty years coming to a close, the Trustees of the Concord Biblical Institute purchased 30 acres on Aspinwall Hill in Brookline, Massachusetts, as a possible relocation site. The institute moved in 1867 to 23 Pinkney Street in Boston, in 1869, three Trustees of the Boston Theological Institute obtained from the Massachusetts Legislature a charter for a university by name of Boston University. These three were successful Boston businessmen and Methodist laymen, with a history of involvement in educational enterprises and they were Isaac Rich, Lee Claflin, and Jacob Sleeper, for whom Boston Universitys three West Campus dormitories are named. Lee Claflins son, William, was then Governor of Massachusetts, on account of the religious opinions he may entertain, provided, nonetheless, that this section shall not apply to the theological department of said University. Every department of the new university was open to all on an equal footing regardless of sex, race. The Boston Theological Institute was absorbed into Boston University in 1871 as the BU School of Theology, in January 1872 Isaac Rich died, leaving the vast bulk of his estate to a trust that would go to Boston University after ten years of growth while the University was organized. Most of this bequest consisted of real estate throughout the core of the city of Boston and was appraised at more than $1.5 million, Kilgore describes this as the largest single donation to an American college or university to that time
Boston University
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688 Boylston Street, the early home of the College of Liberal Arts, the precursor to the College of Arts & Sciences
Boston University
Boston University
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Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone at Boston University
Boston University
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Helen Magill White, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from an American university
7.
Chuck Close
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Charles Thomas Chuck Close is an American painter and artist and photographer who achieved fame as a photorealist, through his massive-scale portraits. Close often paints abstract portraits of himself and others, which hang in collections internationally, although a catastrophic spinal artery collapse in 1988 left him severely paralyzed, he has continued to paint and produce work that remains sought after by museums and collectors. Close also creates photo portraits using a large format camera. Chuck Close was born in Monroe, Washington and his father, Leslie Durward Close, died when Chuck was eleven years old. His mothers name was Mildred Wagner Close, Close suffered, as a child, from a neuromuscular condition that made it difficult to lift his feet and a bout with nephritis that kept him out of school for most of sixth grade. Even when in school, he did poorly, as result of dyslexia, most of his early works are very large portraits based on photographs of family and friends, often other artists. Chuck suffers from prosopagnosia and has suggested that this condition is what first inspired him to do portraits, I saw this Jackson Pollock drip painting with aluminum paint, tar, gravel and all that stuff. It was so far removed from what I thought art was, however, within 2 or 3 days, I was dripping paint all over my old paintings. In a way Ive been chasing that experience ever since, Close attended Everett Community College in 1958–60. Notable Snohomish County resident, author John Patric, was an intellectual influence on Chuck Close. In 1962, Close received his B. A. from the University of Washington in Seattle. In 1961 he won a scholarship to the Yale Summer School of Music and Art, and the following year entered the graduate degree program at Yale University. Among Closes classmates at Yale were Brice Marden, Vija Celmins, Janet Fish, Richard Serra, Nancy Graves, Jennifer Bartlett, Robert Mangold, after Yale, he studied at Academy of Fine Arts Vienna for a while on a Fulbright grant. When he returned to the US, he worked as an art teacher at the University of Massachusetts, Close came to New York City in 1967 and established himself in SoHo. His early airbrush techniques inspired the development of the ink jet printer, Close had been known for his skillful brushwork as a graduate student at Yale University. There, he emulated Willem de Kooning and seemed destined to become an abstract expressionist. I threw away my tools, Close said, I chose to do things I had no facility with. The choice not to do something is in a way more positive than the choice to do something
Chuck Close
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Mark (1978–1979), acrylic on canvas, left; detail of eye, right.
8.
Tara Donovan
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Tara Donovan is an American artist who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. She is known for site-specific installation art that utilizes everyday materials whose form is in keeping with generative art, born in 1969, in Flushing, Queens Tara Donovan is a contemporary American artist focused in sculptural and organic subject matter. Donovan grew up in Blauvelt, New York and her studies began at the School of Visual Arts, New York in 1987-88. Donovan received her BFA at the Corcoran College of Art and Design, Washington, on her time at Corcoran College, Donovan said I think I was learning how to think abstractly. She earned her MFA at Virginia Commonwealth University in 1999 when she received her first interview in Articulate Contemporary Art Review. Before attending VCUarts, Donovan tended bar and waited tables for six years, and didnt quit her day job until 2003, Donovan has been represented by The Pace Gallery, New York since 2005 and by Stephen Friedman Gallery, London since 2007. Although she was born in Queens, Donovan grew up in Rockland County, growing up near New York her parents worked in the city. Her mother was a secretary in the stock market and her father owned an Irish pub on Wall Street. Tara was the child of three siblings, she has one older sister and one younger brother. Growing up there was not large artistic influence, rather just a love for making things and it wasn’t until college, at the Corcoran College of Art and Design in Washington D. C. that she began to consider herself a sculptor. From then on Donovan began entering regional art shows to display her works until she helped create her own space in an old converted D. C. nightclub called the Insect Club. From that point, Tara went back to school at Virginia Commonwealth University to complete a two-year program. While going to graduate school Tara worked full-time and also created works for a show in Washington D. C. In the year 2000 Donovan participated in the Whitney Biennial, after that Donovan lived and worked as a waitress in New York when she finally was contacted by Doug Christmas to show a piece in the Ace Gallery in L. A. This meeting was a show for Donovan leading to more opportunities and shows in. In 1998, Donovan held her first solo exhibition, Resonances, at Hemphill Fine Arts in Washington, in the same year, she exhibited New Sculpture at Reynolds Gallery in Richmond, Virginia. From 1999 to 2000 Donovan exhibited Whorl at Hemicycle Gallery, Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, upon receiving the call that she would be exhibiting this site-specific installation, Donovan is quoted as saying I screamed and ran around in circles. Following Whorl, Donovan showed a series of exhibitions at Ace Gallery in Los Angeles, in New York May 11,2006 - April 22,2006 Donovan had a show at Pace Gallery in New York, where she showed an installation, Untitled
Tara Donovan
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Tara Donovan
9.
David Hockney
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David Hockney, OM, CH, RA is an English painter, draughtsman, printmaker, stage designer and photographer. An important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s, Hockney was born in Bradford, England, to Laura and Kenneth Hockney, the fourth of five children. He was educated at Wellington Primary School, Bradford Grammar School, Bradford College of Art and the Royal College of Art in London, while there, Hockney said he felt at home and took pride in his work. At the Royal College of Art, Hockney featured in the exhibition Young Contemporaries—alongside Peter Blake—that announced the arrival of British Pop art and he was associated with the movement, but his early works display expressionist elements, similar to some works by Francis Bacon. When the RCA said it would not let him graduate in 1962 and he had refused to write an essay required for the final examination, saying he should be assessed solely on his artworks. Recognising his talent and growing reputation, the RCA changed its regulations, after leaving the RCA, he taught at Maidstone College of Art for a short time. The artist moved to Los Angeles in 1964, returned to London in 1968, in 1974 he began a decade-long personal relationship with Gregory Evans who moved with him to the US in 1976 and as of 2017 remains a business partner. In 1978 he rented the house in which he lived when he moved to Los Angeles. He also owned a 1, 643-square-foot beach house at 21039 Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu, Hockney is openly gay, and unlike Andy Warhol, whom he befriended, he openly explored the nature of gay love in his portraiture. Sometimes, as in We Two Boys Together Clinging, named after a poem by Walt Whitman, already in 1963, he painted two men together in the painting Domestic Scene, Los Angeles, one showering while the other washes his back. In summer 1966, while teaching at UCLA he met Peter Schlesinger, an art student who posed for paintings and drawings, Elliott was a first- and second-team player for Bridlington rugby club. It was reported that Hockneys partner drove Elliott to Scarborough General Hospital where he later died, the inquest returned a verdict of death by misadventure and Hockney was never implicated. In November 2015 Hockney sold his house in Bridlington, a five-bedroomed former guesthouse, for £625,000 and he retains a studio in London and a house in Malibu, California. Hockney has smoked cigarettes for over 60 years but has been teetotal since 1990 when he had a heart-attack and he holds a California Medical Marijuana Verification Card, which enables him to buy cannabis for medical purposes. He has used hearing aids since 1979, but realised he was going deaf long before that and he swims for half an hour each day and can stand for six hours at the easel. Hockney made prints, portraits of friends, and stage designs for the Royal Court Theatre, Glyndebourne, La Scala, born with synaesthesia, he sees synesthetic colours in response to musical stimuli. Hockney painted portraits at different periods in his career, from 1968, and for the next few years he painted friends, lovers, and relatives just under lifesize and in pictures that depicted good likenesses of his subjects. Hockneys own presence is implied, since the lines of perspective converge to suggest the artists point of view
David Hockney
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We Two Boys Together Clinging (1961)
David Hockney
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Hockney depicted in The Threads That Bind Us, embroidered hanging, by Morwenna Catt and Lucas Stephens,
Bradford City Hall
David Hockney
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A Bigger Splash (1967),
Tate Collection, London.
David Hockney
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Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy (1970–71),
Tate Gallery, London
10.
Maya Lin
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Maya Ying Lin is an American designer and artist who is known for her work in sculpture and land art. She first came to fame at the age of 21 as the designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, Maya Lin was born in Athens, Ohio. Her parents migrated to the United States from China, her father in 1948 and her mother in 1949 and her father, Henry Huan Lin, born in Fuzhou, Fujian, was a ceramist and former dean of the Ohio University College of Fine Arts. Her mother, Julia Chang Lin, born in Shanghai, is a poet and she is the niece of Lin Huiyin, who is said to be the first female architect in China. Lin Juemin and Lin Yin Ming, both of whom are among the 72 martyrs of the Second Guangzhou Uprising was a cousin of her grandfather, Lin Chang-min, a Hanlin of Qing dynasty, the emperors teacher, was the father of Lin Hui-yin and great-grandfather of Maya Lin. Lin graduated from Yale University, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1981 and she has also been awarded honorary doctorate degrees from Yale University, Harvard University, Williams College, and Smith College. She was among the youngest at Yale University to receive an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts in 1987, Lin is married to Daniel Wolf, a New York photography dealer. They have two daughters, India and Rachel, Lin is the youngest of her generation, and has an older brother, the poet Tan Lin. Growing up, she did not have friends and stayed home a lot. She loved school and loved to study, when she was not studying, she took independent courses from Ohio University and spent her free time casting bronzes in the school foundry. In 1981, at age 21 and while still an undergraduate, Lin won a design competition for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The black cut-stone masonry wall, with the names of 57,661 fallen soldiers carved into its face, was completed in late October 1982, the wall is granite and V-shaped, with one side pointing to the Lincoln Memorial and the other to the Washington Monument. Lins conception was to create an opening or a wound in the earth to symbolize the gravity of the loss of the soldiers, the design was initially controversial for what was an unconventional and non-traditional design for a war memorial. Opponents of the design also voiced objection because of Lins Asian ethnicity, her being female, in 2007, the American Institute of Architects ranked the memorial #10 on their list of Americas Favorite Architecture. Lin believes that if the competition had not been blind, with designs submitted by name instead of number and she received harassment after her ethnicity was revealed. Prominent businessman and later third party presidential candidate Ross Perot called her an egg roll after it was revealed that she was Asian, Lin defended her design in front of the United States Congress, and eventually a compromise was reached. A bronze statue of a group of soldiers and an American flag was placed off to one side of her design, in 1994, she was the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary Maya Lin, A Strong Clear Vision. The title comes from an address she gave at Juniata College in which she spoke of the monument design process, according to Maya Lin, art should be an act of every individual willing to say something new and that which is not quite familiar
Maya Lin
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Lin at the
Museum of Glass in Tacoma, Washington (2007)
Maya Lin
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Vietnam War Memorial original design submission by Maya Lin
Maya Lin
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Sculpture made of multiple wood 2x4 pieces, on display at the
De Young Museum in San Francisco (2009)
Maya Lin
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Maya Lin's 'Women's Table' in front of the
Sterling Memorial Library commemorating the role of women at
Yale University
11.
Kiki Smith
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Kiki Smith is a West German-born American artist whose work has addressed the themes of sex, birth and regeneration. Her figurative work of the late 1980s and early 1990s confronted subjects such as AIDS, gender and race, Smith lives and works in the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. Smith’s father was artist Tony Smith and her mother was actress and her childhood experience in the Catholic Church, combined with a fascination of the human body, shaped her work conceptually. Smith moved from Germany to South Orange, New Jersey as an infant in 1955 and she subsequently attended Columbia High School. Later, she was enrolled at Hartford Art School in Connecticut for eighteen months from 1974-75 and she then moved to New York City in 1976 and joined Collaborative Projects, an artist collective. The influence of radical groups use of unconventional materials can be in seen in her work. For a short time in 1984, she studied to be a medical technician and sculpted body parts. She has gone on to create works that explore a range of human organs, including sculptures of hearts, lungs, stomach, liver. Some of her earliest print works were screen-printed dresses, scarves and shirts, in association with Colab, Smith printed an array of posters in the early 1980s containing political statements or announcing Colab events. In 1988 she created All Souls, a fifteen-foot screen-print work featuring repetitive images of a fetus, Smith printed the image in black ink on 36 attached sheets of handmade Thai paper. MOMA and the Whitney Museum both have extensive collections of Smiths prints, in the Blue Prints series,1999, Kiki Smith experimented with the aquatint process. The Virgin with Dove was achieved with an airbrushed aquatint, an acid resist that protects the copper plate, when printed, this technique results in a halo around the Virgin Mary and Holy Spirit. Mary Magdelene, a made of silicon bronze and forged steel, is an example of Smiths non-traditional use of the female nude. The figure is without skin everywhere but her face, breasts and she wears a chain around her ankle, her face is relatively undetailed and is turned upwards. Smith has said that when making Mary Magdalene she was inspired by depictions of Mary Magdalene in Southern German sculpture, in 2005, Smiths installation, Homespun Tales won acclaim at the 51st Venice Biennale. Lodestar, Smiths 2010 installation at the Pace Gallery, was an exhibition of free-standing stained glass works painted with life-size figures, in 2012, Smith showed a series of three 9 x 6 ft. Jacquard tapestries, published by Magnolia Editions, at the Neuberger Museum of Art. After five years of development, Smiths first permanent outdoor sculpture was installed in 1998 on the campus of the University of California and this permanent commission marked the final significant component of the Museum’s 20-year restoration. For the Claire Tow Theater above the Vivian Beaumont Theater, Smith conceived Overture and she has created unique books, including, Fountainhead, The Vitreous Body, and Untitled
Kiki Smith
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Kiki Smith in 2013
Kiki Smith
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'My Blue Lake',
photogravure with
lithograph by Kiki Smith, 1995, Wake Forest University Art Collections
Kiki Smith
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'Lying with the Wolf', ink and pencil drawing by Kiki Smith, 2001
Kiki Smith
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Kiki SmithRapture2001Bronze67-1/4 in. x 62 in. x 26-1/4 in.
12.
Pablo Picasso
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Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment
Pablo Picasso
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Picasso in 1908
Pablo Picasso
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Pablo Picasso with his sister Lola, 1889
Pablo Picasso
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Pablo Picasso, 1901, Old Woman (Woman with Gloves), oil on cardboard, 67 x 52.1 cm,
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Pablo Picasso
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Pablo Picasso, 1901-02, Femme au café (Absinthe Drinker), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm,
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia
13.
Ad Reinhardt
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Adolph Frederick Reinhardt was an abstract painter active in New York beginning in the 1930s and continuing through the 1960s. He was a member of the American Abstract Artists and was a part of the movement centered on the Betty Parsons Gallery that became known as abstract expressionism. He was also a member of The Club, the place for the New York School abstract expressionist artists during the 1940s and 1950s. He wrote and lectured extensively on art and was an influence on conceptual art, minimal art. Most famous for his black or ultimate paintings, he claimed to be painting the last paintings that anyone can paint, Reinhardt was born in Buffalo, New York, and lived with his family in the Riverside section along the Niagara River. His cousin Otto and he were close, as well as the extended family and he later studied art history at Columbia College of Columbia University, where he was a close friend of Robert Lax and Thomas Merton. The three developed similar concepts of simplicity in different directions, Reinhardt considered himself a painter from a very early age and began winning prizes for painting in grade school and high school. Upon finishing college he was accredited as a painter by Burgoyne Diller, sponsored by Holty he became a member of the American Abstract Artists group, with whom he exhibited for the next decade. Reinhardt described his association with the group as one of the greatest things ever happened to me. He participated in exhibitions at the Peggy Guggenheim Gallery. He then went on to be represented by Betty Parsons, exhibiting first at the Wakefield Bookshop, Reinhardt had regular solo exhibitions yearly at the Betty Parsons Gallery beginning in 1946. He was involved in the 1940 protest against MoMA, designing the leaflet that asked How modern is the Museum of Modern Art and his works were displayed regularly throughout the 1940s and 1950s at the Annual Exhibitions held at the Whitney Museum of American Art. He was also part of the protest against the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1950 which became known as The Irascibles. Having completed his studies at the New York University Institute of Fine Arts, Reinhardt became a teacher at Brooklyn College in 1947 and he also taught at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco, the University of Wyoming, Yale University and Hunter College, New York. The Ad Reinhardt Estate is represented by David Zwirner Gallery, New York, Reinhardts earliest exhibited paintings avoided representation, but show a steady progression away from objects and external reference. His work progressed from compositions of geometrical shapes in the 1940s to works in different shades of the color in the 1950s. Reinhardt is best known for his black paintings of the 1960s. Among many other suggestions, these paintings ask if there can be such a thing as an absolute, even in black, which some viewers may not consider a color at all
Ad Reinhardt
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Ad Reinhardt painting
14.
Alexander Calder
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Calder’s monumental stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced wire figures, which are like drawings made in space, Alexander Sandy Calder was born in 1898 in Lawnton, Pennsylvania. His actual birthday, however, remains a source of much confusion, according to Calders mother, Nanette, Calder was born on August 22, yet his birth certificate at Philadelphia City Hall, based on a hand-written ledger, stated July 22. When Calders family learned about the certificate, they reasserted with certainty that city officials had made a mistake. His father, Alexander Stirling Calder, was a sculptor who created many public installations. Calders mother was a portrait artist, who had studied at the Académie Julian. She moved to Philadelphia, where she met Stirling Calder while studying at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Calders parents married on February 22,1895, his sister, Mrs. Margaret Calder Hayes, was instrumental in the development of the UC Berkeley Art Museum. In 1902, Calder posed nude for his father’s sculpture The Man Cub and that same year he also completed his earliest sculpture, a clay elephant. Three years later, Stirling Calder contracted tuberculosis, and Calders parents moved to a ranch in Oracle, Arizona, the children were reunited with their parents in late March 1906 and stayed at the ranch in Arizona until fall of the same year. After Arizona, the Calder family moved to Pasadena, California, the windowed cellar of the family home became Calders first studio and he received his first set of tools. He used scraps of copper wire that he found in the street to make jewelry for his sisters dolls, on January 1,1907, Nanette Calder took her son to the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, where he observed a four-horse-chariot race. This style of event later became the finale of Calders miniature circus performances, in the fall of 1909, the Calder family moved back to Philadelphia, where Calder briefly attended Germantown Academy, then moved to Croton-on-Hudson, New York. That Christmas, he sculpted a dog and an out of sheet brass as gifts for his parents. The sculptures are three-dimensional and the duck is kinetic because it rocks when gently tapped, in Croton, during his early high school years, Calder was befriended by his fathers painter friend Everett Shinn with whom he built a gravity powered system of mechanical trains. Calder described it, We ran the train on wooden rails held by spikes and we even lit up some cars with candle lights. After Croton, the Calders moved to Spuyten Duyvil to be closer to New York City, while living in Spuyten Duyvil, Calder attended high school in nearby Yonkers. During Calders high school years, the family moved back and forth between New York and California, in each new location, Calders parents reserved cellar space as a studio for their son. Toward the end of period, Calder stayed with friends in California while his parents moved back to New York
Alexander Calder
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Alexander Calder, by
Carl Van Vechten, 1947
Alexander Calder
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Red Mobile, 1956, Painted sheet metal and metal rods, a
signature work by Calder -
Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
Alexander Calder
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Calder's
theatrical set for a 1936 production of the symphonic drama Socrate.
Alexander Calder
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Man, a sculpture by Alexander Calder for
Expo 67, on
Saint Helen's Island Parc Jean-Drapeau,
Montréal, Quebec
15.
Jean Dubuffet
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Jean Philippe Arthur Dubuffet was a French painter and sculptor. He is perhaps best known for founding the art movement Art Brut, Dubuffet enjoyed a prolific art career, both in France and in America, and was featured in many exhibitions throughout his lifetime. Dubuffet was born in Le Havre to a family of wine merchants who were part of the wealthy bourgeoisie. He moved to Paris in 1918 to study painting at the Académie Julian, becoming friends with the artists Juan Gris, André Masson. Six months later, upon finding academic training to be distasteful, during this time, Dubuffet developed many other interests, including music, poetry, and the study of ancient and modern languages. Dubuffet also traveled to Italy and Brazil, and upon returning to Le Havre in 1925, he married for the first time and he took up painting again in 1934 when he made a large series of portraits in which he emphasized the vogues in art history. But again he stopped, developing his business at Bercy during the German Occupation of France. Years later, in a text, he boasted about having made substantial profits by supplying wine to the Wehrmacht. In 1942, Dubuffet decided to devote himself again to art and he often chose subjects for his works from everyday life, such as people sitting in the Paris Métro or walking in the country. Dubuffet painted with strong, unbroken colors, recalling the palette of Fauvism, as well as the Brucke painters, with their juxtaposing, many of his works featured an individual or individuals placed in a very cramped space, which had a distinct psychological impact on viewers. His first solo show came in October 1944, at the Galerie Rene Drouin in Paris and this marked Dubuffets third attempt to become an established artist. In 1945, Dubuffet attended and was impressed by a show in Paris of Jean Fautriers paintings in which he recognized meaningful art which expressed directly and purely the depth of a person. Emulating Fautrier, Dubuffet started to use oil paint mixed with materials such as mud, sand, coal dust, pebbles, pieces of glass, string, straw, plaster, gravel, cement. His use of materials and the irony that he infused into many of his works incited a significant amount of backlash from critics. Greenberg went on to say that Dubuffet is perhaps the one new painter of importance to have appeared on the scene in Paris in the last decade. Indeed, Dubuffet was very prolific in the United States in the following his first exhibition in New York. After 1946, Dubuffet started a series of portraits, with his own friends Henri Michaux, Francis Ponge, Jean Paulhan and he painted these portraits in the same thick materials, and in a manner deliberately anti-psychological and anti-personal, as Dubuffet expressed himself. A few years later he approached the surrealist group in 1948, in 1944 he started an important relationship with the resistance-fighter and French writer, publisher, Jean Paulhan who was also strongly fighting against intellectual terrorism, as he called it
Jean Dubuffet
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Jean Dubuffet, Court les rues, 1962,
Milwaukee Art Museum,
Milwaukee, WI. An example of a non-
painterly Dubuffet painting
16.
Robert Rauschenberg
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Milton Ernest Robert Rauschenberg was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the pop art movement. Rauschenberg is well known for his Combines of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials, Rauschenberg was both a painter and a sculptor and the Combines are a combination of both, but he also worked with photography, printmaking, papermaking, and performance. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1993 and he became the recipient of the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts in 1995 in recognition of his more than 40 years of fruitful artmaking. Rauschenberg lived and worked in New York City as well as on Captiva Island, Rauschenberg was born as Milton Ernest Rauschenberg in Port Arthur, Texas, the son of Dora Carolina and Ernest R. Rauschenberg. His father was of German and Cherokee ancestry and his mother of Anglo-Saxon descent, at 16, Rauschenberg was admitted to the University of Texas where he began studying pharmacy. He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1943, based in California, he served as a mental hospital technician until his discharge in 1945. Rauschenberg subsequently studied at the Kansas City Art Institute and the Académie Julian in Paris, France, in 1948 Rauschenberg and Weil decided to attend Black Mountain College in North Carolina. Josef Albers, a founder of the Bauhaus, became Rauschenbergs painting instructor at Black Mountain, Albers preliminary courses relied on strict discipline that did not allow for any uninfluenced experimentation. Rauschenberg described Albers as influencing him to do exactly the reverse of what he was being taught, from 1949 to 1952 Rauschenberg studied with Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at the Art Students League of New York, where he met fellow artists Knox Martin and Cy Twombly. Rauschenberg married Susan Weil in the summer of 1950 at the Weil family home in Outer Island and their only child, Christopher, was born July 16,1951. The two separated in June 1952 and divorced in 1953, according to a 1987 oral history by the composer Morton Feldman, after the end of his marriage, Rauschenberg had romantic relationships with fellow artists Cy Twombly and Jasper Johns. An article by Jonathan D. Katz states that Rauschenbergs affair with Twombly began during his marriage to Susan Weil, Rauschenberg died on May 12,2008, on Captiva Island, Florida. He died of heart failure after a decision to go off life support. Rauschenberg is survived by his partner of 25 years, artist Darryl Pottorf, Rauschenberg is also survived by his son, photographer Christopher Rauschenberg, and his sister, Janet Begneaud. Rauschenbergs approach was sometimes called Neo Dadaist, a label he shared with the painter Jasper Johns, at the same time, Johns paintings of numerals, flags, and the like, were reprising Duchamps message of the role of the observer in creating arts meaning. Alternatively, in 1961, Rauschenberg took a step in what could be considered the direction by championing the role of creator in creating arts meaning. Rauschenberg was invited to participate in an exhibition at the Galerie Iris Clert, Rauschenbergs submission consisted of a telegram sent to the gallery declaring This is a portrait of Iris Clert if I say so. From the fall of 1952 to the spring of 1953 Rauschenberg traveled through Europe and North Africa with his fellow artist, in Morocco, he created collages and boxes out of trash
Robert Rauschenberg
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Robert Rauschenberg (1968)
Robert Rauschenberg
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Canyon (1959)
Robert Rauschenberg
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Robert Rauschenberg, Riding Bikes,
Berlin, Germany, 1998.
Robert Rauschenberg
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Robert Rauschenberg, untitled "combine," 1963.
17.
Louise Nevelson
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Louise Nevelson was an American sculptor known for her monumental, monochromatic, wooden wall pieces and outdoor sculptures. Born in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire, she emigrated with her family to the United States in the early 20th century, Nevelson learned English at school, as she spoke Yiddish at home. By the early 1930s she was attending art classes at the Art Students League of New York, a student of Hans Hofmann and Chaim Gross, Nevelson experimented with early conceptual art using found objects, and dabbled in painting and printing before dedicating her lifework to sculpture. Usually created out of wood, her sculptures appear puzzle-like, with multiple intricately cut pieces placed into wall sculptures or independently standing pieces, a unique feature of her work is that her figures are often painted in monochromatic black or white. A figure in the art scene, Nevelson was showcased at the 31st Venice Biennale. Her work is seen in collections in museums and corporations. Nevelson remains one of the most important figures in 20th-century American sculpture, Louise Nevelson was born Leah Berliawsky in 1899 in Perislav, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire, to Minna Sadie and Isaac Berliawsky, a contractor and lumber merchant. Even though the family lived comfortably, Nevelsons relatives had begun to leave the Russian Empire for America in the 1880s, the Berliawskys had to stay behind, as Isaac, the youngest brother, had to care for his parents. While still in Europe, Minna gave birth to two of Nevelsons siblings, Nathan and Anita, on his mothers death, Isaac moved to the United States in 1902. After he left, Minna and the moved to the Kiev area. According to family lore, young Nevelson was so forlorn about her fathers departure that she became mute for six months, in 1905, Minna and the children emigrated to the United States, where they joined Isaac in Rockland, Maine. Isaac initially struggled to establish himself there, suffering from depression while the family settled into their new home and he worked as a woodcutter before opening a junkyard. His work as a lumberjack made wood a consistent presence in the family household, eventually he became a successful lumberyard owner and realtor. The family had another child, Lillian, in 1906, Minna overly compensated for this, dressing herself and the children up in clothing regarded as sophisticated in the Old Country. Her mother wore flamboyant outfits with heavy make-up, Nevelson described her mothers dressing up as art, her pride, Nevelsons first experience of art was at the age of nine at the Rockland Public Library, where she saw a plaster cast of Joan of Arc. Shortly thereafter she decided to study art, taking drawing in high school and she painted watercolor interiors, in which furniture appeared molecular in structure, rather like her later professional work. In school, she practiced her English, her second language, unhappy with her familys economic status, language differences, the religious discrimination of the community, and her school, Nevelson set her sights on moving to high school in New York. She graduated from school in 1918, and began working as a stenographer at a local law office
Louise Nevelson
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Louise Nevelson and granddaughter
Neith Nevelson, c. 1965
Louise Nevelson
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Nevelson (fourth from left) posing for a class portrait with her classmates, 1913, unidentified photographer. Louise Nevelson papers,
Archives of American Art,
Smithsonian Institution.
Louise Nevelson
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Clown tight rope walker by Louise Nevelson, 1942? / John D. Schiff, photographer. Louise Nevelson papers,
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Louise Nevelson
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Black Zag X by Louise Nevelson, 1969,
Honolulu Museum of Art
18.
Lucas Samaras
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Lucas Samaras is an artist who was born in Kastoria, Greece. He studied at Rutgers University on a scholarship, where he met Allan Kaprow and he participated in Kaprows Happenings, and posed for Segals plaster sculptures. Samaras previously worked in painting, sculpture, and performance art and he subsequently constructed room environments that contained elements from his own personal history. His Auto-Interviews were a series of works that were self-investigatory interviews. The primary subject of his work is his own self-image. He has worked with collages, and by manipulating the wet dyes in Polaroid photographic film to create what he calls Photo-Transformations. Lucas Samaras represented Greece at the 53rd International Art Exhibition, The Venice Biennale with the multi-installation PARAXENA in the Greek Pavilion in the Giardini, Samaras has been the subject of several portraits by Chuck Close, in media including painting, daguerreotype, and tapestry. The Catalogue Raisonné of his works is being prepared by the Wildenstein Institute, Lucas Samaras is represented by The Pace Gallery in New York and Stephen Friedman Gallery in London Goysdotter, Moa. Impure Vision, American Staged Art Photography of the 1970s, kristine Stiles and Peter Selz, editors. Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art, A Sourcebook of Artists Writings, jo Applin, Materialized Secrets, Samaras, Hesse and the Small Scale Box, Object, no. 4,2002 Lucas Samaras at Stephen Friedman Gallery The Pace Gallery Modern Painters on Lucas Samaras Getty Museum bio of Lucas Samaras Artcyclopedia list of Samaras works viewable online
Lucas Samaras
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Self-portrait, Photo-Transformation, Polaroid SX-70 print, 1973,
Getty Museum
19.
Still of the Night (film)
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Still of the Night is a 1982 American psychological thriller film directed by Robert Benton and starring Roy Scheider, Meryl Streep, Joe Grifasi, and Jessica Tandy. It was written by Benton and David Newman, Scheider plays a psychiatrist who falls in love with a woman who may be the psychopathic killer of one of his patients. Meryl Streeps hair is styled much like Eva Marie Saints was in North by Northwest, according to some reviewers at the time of the release, the screenplay displays subtle references to various Hitchcocks films. Manhattan psychiatrist Dr. Sam Rice is visited by glamorous, enigmatic Brooke Reynolds, Brooke was having an affair with one of Rices patients, George Bynum, who has just been murdered. Brooke asks the doctor to return a watch to Bynums wife, Rice is visited by NYPD Detective Joseph Vitucci but refuses to give any information on Bynum, a patient for two years. Bynum had also expressed concern, claiming a friend had once killed someone. He wondered if this friend might kill again, the police believe Bynums killer is a woman. Rice gradually falls for Brooke but believes he is being followed and he is mugged by someone who takes his coat, whereupon the mugger is killed in the same manner as Bynum. Rice tails her to an estate on Long Island. She explains her guilt in the death of her father. Rice pieces together that Bynums previous girlfriend was Gail Phillips —an assistant to Bynum at Crispins, Gail blames Brooke for her breakup with Bynum. Gail is trying to frame Brooke and she has killed Vitucci, now she arrives at the estate to kill Brooke and Rice. As they are about to leave, Brooke forgets her keys and goes back into the house, alone, to retrieve them. Gail appears in the seat of the car and stabs Rice with a knife. Gail then chases Brooke through the house, recapitulating Bynums dream, Brooke narrowly escapes, as Gail falls to her death over a railing. Rice is not seriously hurt and is embraced by Brooke, a review in Variety stated, It comes as almost a shock to see a modern suspense picture thats as literate, well acted and beautifully made as Still Of The Night. Despite its many virtues, however, Robert Bentons film has its share of serious flaws, when Meryl Streep was interviewed by Andy Cohen on Watch What Happens Live, he asked her to name one bad film she made. She said, Uh, Still of the Night, when Cohen inquired what the film was about, Streeps response was, Never mind
Still of the Night (film)
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Theatrical release poster
20.
Ivan Reitman
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Ivan Reitman, OC is a Slovak-Canadian film producer and director, best known for his comedy work, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the owner of The Montecito Picture Company, founded in 2000, Reitman was born in Komárno, Czechoslovakia, the son of Klara and Ladislav Leslie Reitman. Reitmans parents were Jewish, his mother survived the Auschwitz concentration camp and his family came to Canada as refugees in 1950. Reitman attended Oakwood Collegiate in Toronto and was a member of the Twintone Four singing group, Reitman attended McMaster University, receiving a Bachelor of Music in 1969. At McMaster he produced and directed short films. Reitmans first producing job was with the then-new station CITY-TV in Toronto, CITY was also the home of the first announcing job of his later friend and collaborator Dan Aykroyd. However, Reitmans tenure at CITY was short and he was fired during his first year by station owner Moses Znaimer, in Toronto, he produced the stage production Spellbound which evolved into Broadway production The Magic Show. Reitmans first commercial film ventures were as producer of two films for director David Cronenberg, Shivers and Rabid and his big break came when he produced National Lampoons Animal House in 1978 and directed Meatballs in 1979. In the early 1990s, Reitman began to direct fewer films, Reitman is a founder of the McMaster Film Board at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. In 2007, Reitman was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame, Reitman founded The Montecito Picture Company, a film production company located just south of Santa Barbara, founded in 2000. He next produced the comedy I Love You, Man, starring Paul Rudd, also in 2009, he produced the Academy Award-nominated film, Up in the Air, directed by his son Jason Reitman. Later, Reitman had planned to direct the erotic thriller Chloe, Chloe has since enjoyed commercial success and became Egoyans biggest moneymaker ever. Reitman co-produced the biographical film Hitchcock, released on November 23,2012, Reitman also directed the 2014 sports drama Draft Day, starring Kevin Costner. In the early 1980s, Tom Mankiewicz wrote a script for a film entitled The Batman and he planned to cast Meatballs star Bill Murray as Batman, David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth, William Holden as Commissioner James Gordon, and singer David Bowie as The Joker. However, due to Holdens and Nivens death and the rewrites of the script, Reitman left the project and Gremlins director Joe Dante entered in the project, in April 1996, it was reported that Reitman was attached to produce, and possibly direct, a Wonder Woman film. However, three years later, he passed the project on to writer Jon Cohen and left for unknown reasons, in March 2012, it was reported that a sequel of Twins, entitled Triplets, was in the works, and that Reitman will co-produce the film. A release date wasnt given since the announcement, in 2013, it was revealed that Reitman had plans to make a sequel to Evolution, but plans for a sequel never materialized. In May 2016, Reitman revealed that he was in talks with Warner Bros. chairman Bob Daly about his involvement in Space Jam 2
Ivan Reitman
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Reitman at the Avalon Hotel on March 9, 2011 in Beverly Hills, California
21.
Legal Eagles
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Tom Logan is an Assistant District Attorney in the New York City District Attorneys Office, who is on his way to becoming the new District Attorney. Into his life enters Laura Kelly, an attorney who is representing Chelsea Deardon, Chelsea is accused of stealing a painting from millionaire Mr. Forrester. Kelly eventually manages to talk Logan into helping them, Chelsea also continues coming on to Logan, coming to his apartment being fearful of someone following her. When Logan goes to investigate, he is shot at but the shooter misses and escapes, Logan agrees to continue trying to protect Chelsea while Kelly and him continue her investigation into the paintings. Chelsea goes to Tafts apartment with a gun, with the intent to threaten him, what happens then is not seen but Chelsea goes back to Logans apartment after being there. She tells him what she had done, claims that Taft managed to get the gun from her and hit her and she is now afraid of the repercussions. After they are alone Logan makes Chelsea a bed for her to sleep on her own but during the night Chelsea goes into Logans bed and he fails to resist, next morning police bust into Logans room waking both up and arresting Chelsea for Tafts murder. Logans career as an Assistant District Attorney is finished, Logan reluctantly teams up with Kelly, which is also encouraged by Logans daughter who thinks the two make a good couple. Logan, having realized that Cavanaugh was not who he thought he was, Brock forces Kelly and Chelsea to break open the hollow sculpture, grabs the painting inside and cuffs Chelsea to a table while struggling with Kelly, eventually leaving her unconscious. He then sets fire to part of the gallery, forcing an evacuation as a way to leave with the painting. Logan arrives and interrupts Brocks escape, Logan and Brock fight, Logan finds Kelly and Chelsea, grabs the painting and the three escape from the burning gallery, where Chelsea tearfully reveals the signature To Chelsea on the back of the painting. After all charges against Chelsea are dropped, Logans former boss offers to him back. Logan, however, decides to stay with Kelly, and the two set up an office together, tom Logan, Ladies and gentlemen, Chelsea Deardon didnt kill Victor Taft. The prosecution has suggested a motive, but one based on hearsay, conjecture. Evidence that appears to have substance, but upon closer examination. Tom Logan, Youre not buying this, are you, Youre not listening to a word Im saying. After listening to Mr. Blanchard lay out the prosecutions evidence, tom Logan, After all, if I had found Victor Taft, dead on the floor, and Chelsea Deardons fingerprints on the weapon, there isnt much that would convince me she isnt guilty. Look, lets save ourselves a lot of time, there are better things we could be doing
Legal Eagles
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Theatrical release poster
22.
Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey
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Gorillas in the Mist is a 1988 American drama film directed by Michael Apted and starring Sigourney Weaver as naturalist Dian Fossey. It tells the story of her work in Rwanda with mountain gorillas and was nominated for five Academy Awards. Occupational therapist Dian Fossey is inspired by the anthropologist Louis Leakey to devote her life to the study of primates, to this end, she writes ceaselessly to him for a job cataloguing and studying the rare mountain gorillas of Africa. With some effort, she manages to convince Leakey of her conviction and devotion to the cause at hand after personally approaching him following a lecture in Louisville, Kentucky, initially, Fossey sees no other option but to leave the continent and return to the United States. Nevertheless, Fossey and her colleagues make several key headways with the gorillas, taking account of the gorillas communication, in so doing, her work impresses Leakey and gains broader international attention. National Geographic, which funds her efforts, takes an increasingly marked interest in her work and dispatches photographer Bob Campbell to highlight her research. Campbell proposes to divorce his wife and marry her but insists that she would have to spend away from Karisoke and her gorillas, leading her to call off the tryst. During this time, Fossey also becomes close to a gorilla named Digit, forming a bond with him. However, a government minister promises to equip her with a three-man anti-poaching squad, however, on December 27,1985, Dian Fossey is brutally murdered in the bedroom of her cabin by an unseen assailant. Thereafter, at a funeral attended by Sembagare, Carr and others, she is buried in the cemetery where Digit. Afterwards, Sembagare symbolically links the graves of Fossey and Digit with stones as a sign that their souls rest in peace together, a pre-credits sequence indicates her actions to help save the gorillas paid off greatly and the species was saved from extinction as a result. According to the ending, Dian Fosseys death remains a mystery, the screenplay was adapted by Anna Hamilton Phelan from articles by Alex Shoumatoff and Harold T. P. Hayes and a story by Phelan and Tab Murphy. The original music score was composed by Maurice Jarre, the movie was directed by Michael Apted and the cinematography was by John Seale. At last, may have found a cut to her scale. Wrote Hal Hinson of The Washington Post and its a great role for her to pour herself into, and she doesnt skimp. However he had his misgivings about the restrictions placed on Fosseys character, The chief problem with Gorillas in the Mist is that it banalizes its heroine, and by all accounts Fossey was anything but ordinary. Hinson concluded that Gorillas in the Mist isnt a terrible film, while Roger Ebert was also happy with the casting of Weaver as Fossey, he felt the character was too distanced from the audience and that her development and motives were unclear. Gorillas in the Mist tells us what Dian Fossey accomplished and what happened to her, but it doesnt tell us who she was, there were moments when I felt a touch of awe
Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey
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Theatrical release poster
23.
The Good Mother (1988 film)
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The Good Mother is a 1988 American drama film and an adaptation of Sue Millers novel of the same name. Directed by Leonard Nimoy, the film stars Diane Keaton and Liam Neeson in the leading roles, the Good Mother explores feelings and beliefs about childrens exposure to adult sexuality and challenges societys growing reliance upon courts to settle complex private and ethical matters. Anna Dunlap, is a teacher who works part-time at a college laboratory. She meets and falls in love with Leo, an Irish sculptor who helps her to find true passion, but her sexual liberation comes at a very high cost, her ex-husband Brian questions her new lifestyle. Worse, he accuses Leo of sexually molesting Molly and sues Anna for custody of their daughter, Diane Keaton as Anna Dunlap Liam Neeson as Leo Cutter Jason Robards as W. O. The Good Mother at the Internet Movie Database The Good Mother at Rotten Tomatoes The Good Mother at Box Office Mojo
The Good Mother (1988 film)
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Theatrical release poster
24.
Oscar Hijuelos
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Oscar Jerome Hijuelos was an American novelist of Cuban descent. During a year-long convalescence from a childhood spent in a Connecticut hospital he lost his knowledge of Spanish. He was educated in New York City, and wrote short stories, for his second novel, adapted for the movie The Mambo Kings, he became the first Hispanic to win a Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Hijuelos died at age 62 in 2013 after collapsing with an attack while playing tennis in New York. Hijuelos was born in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, to Cuban immigrant parents, Pascual and Magdalena Hijuelos and his father worked as a hotel cook. During this long period separated from his Spanish-speaking family, he learned fluent English, he wrote of this time, I became estranged from the Spanish language and, therefore. He attended Corpus Christi School in Morningside Heights, and public schools and he studied writing at the City College of New York under Donald Barthelme, Susan Sontag, William S. Burroughs, Frederic Tuten, and others. Barthelme became his mentor and friend and he practiced various professions, including working for an advertising agency, Transportation Displays Inc. before taking up writing full-time. Hijuelos started writing stories and dramas while working in advertising. His first novel, Our House in the Last World, was published in 1983 and this novel follows the life of a Cuban family in the United States during the 1940s. His second novel, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love and it was adapted in 1992 into the film The Mambo Kings, starring Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas, and as a musical in 2005. In its theme of the American immigrant experience, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love was similar to many of his works. Michiko Kakutani, reviewing the novel for The New York Times, describes it as essentially elegiac in tone — a Chekhovian lament for a life of missed connections and his autobiography, Thoughts Without Cigarettes, was published in 2011. Bruce Weber, writing in the New York Times, described his style as fluid prose, sonorous but more earthy than poetic and his influences included writers from Cuba and Latin America, including Carlos Fuentes, José Lezama Lima and Gabriel García Márquez. Hijuelos expressed discomfort in his memoir with being pigeon-holed as an ethnic writer, Weber states Unlike that of many well-known Latin writers, his work was rarely outwardly political. Oscar Hijuelos Papers are located at Columbia University Libraries, Hijuelos taught at Hofstra University and was affiliated with Duke University, where he was a member of the faculty of the Department of English for 6 years before his death. In addition to the 1990 Pulitzer Prize, Hijuelos received an Ingram Merrill Foundation Award in 1983, in 1985 the novel received the Rome Prize, awarded by the American Academy in Rome. In 2000, he received the Hispanic Heritage Award for Literature, in 2003 he received the Luis Leal Award for Distinction in Chicano/Latino Literature
Oscar Hijuelos
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Oscar Jerome Hijuelos
25.
The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love
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The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love is a 1989 novel by Oscar Hijuelos. It is about the lives of two Cuban brothers and musicians, Cesar and Nestor Castillo, who immigrate to the United States, the novel won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1990, being the first novel by a United States-born Hispanic to do so. It was the basis for a 1992 motion picture, The Mambo Kings, the Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love was published in 1989, and soon became a huge international bestseller. It tells the story of Cesar Castillo, a musician who once had a small amount of fame when he. The book chronicles Cesar’s last hours as he sits in a hotel room, drinking and listening to recordings made by his band. After coming to the US, Cesars memories include events in the lives of his and Ernestos girlfriends, wives, in telling Cesar’s story, Hijuelos weaves in cameo appearances by several real-life mambo musicians, including Desi Arnaz, Tito Puente, Pérez Prado, Machito and Mongo Santamaría. Also, the book showcases Hijuelos distinctive, richly detailed description of his characters lives written in a prose-style that evokes the rhythms of Cuban music, dancing into the Dream, Review at the NYTimes. Photos of the first edition of The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love
The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love
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First edition cover
26.
Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Award
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Academy Awards
Academy Award
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31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Award
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81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Award
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Pantages Theatre, 2008
27.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award
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The Golden Globe statuette
28.
Sean Connery
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Sir Thomas Sean Connery is a retired Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards and three Golden Globes. He was knighted by Elizabeth II in July 2000 after receiving Kennedy Center Honors in the US in 1999, Connery was the first actor to portray the character James Bond in film, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. In 1988, Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables, Connery has been polled as The Greatest Living Scot and Scotlands Greatest Living National Treasure. In 1989, he was proclaimed Sexiest Man Alive by People magazine, Thomas Sean Connery, named Thomas after his grandfather, was born in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, Scotland on 25 August 1930. His mother, Euphemia McBain Effie, was a cleaning woman and his paternal grandfathers parents emigrated to Scotland from Ireland in the mid-19th century. The remainder of his family was of Scottish descent, and his maternal great-grandparents were native Scottish Gaelic speakers from Fife and his father was a Roman Catholic, and his mother was a Protestant. He has a brother, Neil. He was generally referred to in his youth as Tommy, although he was small in primary school, he grew rapidly around the age of 12, reaching his full adult height of 6 ft 2 in at 18. He was known during his teen years as Big Tam, and has stated that he lost his virginity to a woman in an ATS uniform at the age of 14. Connerys first job was as a milkman in Edinburgh with St. Cuthberts Co-operative Society, one tattoo is a tribute to his parents and reads Mum and Dad, and the other is self-explanatory, Scotland Forever. Connery was later discharged from the navy on medical grounds because of a duodenal ulcer, Scotland, Archie Brennan, a coffin polisher. The modelling earned him 15 shillings an hour, student artist Richard Demarco who painted several notable early pictures of Connery described him as very straight, slightly shy, too, too beautiful for words, a virtual Adonis. Connery began bodybuilding at the age of 18, and from 1951 trained heavily with Ellington, Connery was a keen footballer, having played for Bonnyrigg Rose in his younger days. He was offered a trial with East Fife, while on tour with South Pacific, Connery played in a football match against a local team that Matt Busby, manager of Manchester United, happened to be scouting. According to reports, Busby was impressed with his physical prowess, Connery admits that he was tempted to accept, but he recalls, I realised that a top-class footballer could be over the hill by the age of 30, and I was already 23. I decided to become an actor and it turned out to be one of my more intelligent moves, looking to pick up some extra money, Connery helped out backstage at the Kings Theatre in late 1951. He became interested in the proceedings, and a career was launched, the production returned the following year out of popular demand, and Connery was promoted to the featured role of Lieutenant Buzz Adams, which Larry Hagman had portrayed in the West End. While in Edinburgh, Connery was targeted by the notorious Valdor gang, there Connery launched an attack single-handedly against the gang members, grabbing one by the throat and another by a biceps and cracked their heads together
Sean Connery
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Connery at the 2008
Edinburgh International Film Festival
Sean Connery
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An Edinburgh "Co-op milk cart" photographed in 1981
Sean Connery
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Connery at the
1988 Academy Awards
Sean Connery
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Connery's former wife,
Diane Cilento
29.
Laurence Fishburne
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Fishburne became the first African American to portray Othello in a motion picture by a major studio when he appeared in Oliver Parkers 1995 film adaptation of the Shakespeare play. For his portrayal of Ike Turner in Whats Love Got to Do With It, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in Two Trains Running, Fishburne starred in several cult classics, including Deep Cover and King of New York. In 2013, he portrayed Perry White in the Zack Snyder-directed Superman reboot Man of Steel and in 2016 reprised his role in Batman v Superman, Dawn of Justice. Fishburne was born in Augusta, Georgia, the son of Hattie Bell, a high school mathematics and science teacher. After his parents divorced during his childhood, his mother moved him to Brooklyn, New York. Fishburnes father saw him once a month, Fishburne is a graduate of Lincoln Square Academy in New York, which closed in the 1980s. For most of his career, he was credited as Larry Fishburne. In 1973, Fishburne had his first acting role portraying Joshua Hall on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live and he auditioned for the role of Michael Evans in the television series Good Times, but the role went to Ralph Carter. His most memorable role was in Cornbread, Earl and Me. He later earned a role in Apocalypse Now, in which he played Tyrone Miller. When production began in March 1976, he was just 14 years old, filming took so long that he actually was 17 years old upon its completion. Fishburne spent much of the 1980s in and out of television, in the early 1980s, he worked as a bouncer at punk rock clubs. He also had a role in the early 1980s movie Band of the Hand and he also had a role in the 1984 movie The Cotton Club. Fishburne had a role as Cowboy Curtis on Paul Reubens CBS childrens television show Pee-wees Playhouse. He also appeared in the M*A*S*H episode, The Tooth Shall Set You Free, in Spenser, For Hire, he was a guest star for the second-season episode Personal Demons. He appeared as a thug in Death Wish 2 and he also appeared alongside Kevin Bacon in Quicksilver. His stage work during the 1980s included Short Eyes, and Loose Ends, also in 1987 he played a part in the third Nightmare On Elm Street film as a hospital orderly
Laurence Fishburne
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Fishburne in September 2009
30.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
IMDb
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Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
31.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
32.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
33.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
MusicBrainz
