Arnold J. Toynbee
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Arnold Joseph Toynbee was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's Col
Toynbee in 1967
Somervell's abridgement of Toynbee's magnum opus A Study of History
Toynbee on the front cover of Time magazine, 17 March 1947
Arnold Toynbee at Chatham House
Oswald Spengler
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Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler was a German polymath whose areas of interest included history, philosophy, mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history.
Arnold J. Toynbee
…a long list of the period's most important historians, Beard, Braudel, Collingwood, and so on. Toynbee's approach may be compared to the one used by Oswald Spengler in The Decline of the West. He rejected, however, Spengler's deterministic view that civilizations rise and fall according to a natural and inevitable…
Spengler in 1929
Spengler's grave