1.
Walter Liberty Vernon
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Walter Liberty Vernon was an English architect who migrated to Australia and pursued his career as an architect in Sydney, New South Wales. He is noted for designing multiple government buildings which are still standing, Vernon was born 11 August 1846 in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England, the son of a bankers clerk, Robert Vernon and Margaret Liberty. He was articled in 1862 to a London architect, W. G. Habershon, after completing his studies, he pursued a practice as an architect in London and married Margaret Anne Jones in 1870 at Newport, Wales. His London practice was successful, but he suffered from asthma and received medical advice to leave England. Thus, he migrated to Australia. Vernon established a practice in Sydney but later joined the Government Architects Branch in 1890 as Government Architect. The activities of this office were boosted in 1894 when extra funding was committed as a way of creating relief work during the Depression, as an architect practising in Australia, Vernon favoured what were later known as Federation styles such as Federation Arts and Crafts and Federation Free Style. Examples of the former were his fire station in St Johns Road, Glebe, Jenolan Caves House in the Blue Mountains, examples of the latter were his fire stations in The Avenue, Randwick, Darlinghurst Road, Darlinghurst, and Pyrmont Street, Pyrmont. The last two are on the Register of the National Estate, another example of Federation Free Style is the former police station, Taylor Square, Darlinghurst, also on the National Estate. In a stylistic departure, he designed the station in Bourke Street, Surry Hills, in the Romanesque style. For more substantial buildings, Vernon continued the tradition whereby such buildings were designed in a Classical style. Notable examples were the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Mitchell Library, Central railway station and Newcastle Court House, the Art Gallery has been described as masterly symmetry featuring Ionic colonnades. Central Station has been described as the grandest railway station in Australia and his office was also responsible for the public decorations during the Federation celebrations of 1901. He retired as New South Wales Government Architect in 1911 and returned to private practice, the latter, also born in England, was a practitioner of the Federation Arts and Crafts and Federation Bungalow styles. One of the buildings designed by Vernon and Joseland was the Paterson Reid and Bruce building, York Street, Sydney, in 1911, Vernon judged the competition entries for Parliament House in Wellington, New Zealand, after the original buildings were destroyed in a 1907 fire. Vernon had a career as an architect, with approximately fifty of his buildings being on the Register of the National Estate. He is known as a key practitioner of various Federation styles, Vernon Circle in Canberra is named after him, as is the Vernon Pavilion in Sydneys Centennial Park. Vernon died on 17 January 1914 and his funeral at St James Church, Sydney on 19 January was attended by a large. The following Vernon buildings are on the Register of the National Estate
2.
The Domain, Sydney
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The Domain is 34 hectares of open space in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the edge of the Sydney central business district. The Domain adjoins the Royal Botanic Gardens and is managed by the Royal Botanic Gardens Trust and it is a popular venue for outdoor concerts, open-air events, large political gatherings and rallies and is used daily by the people of Sydney for exercise and relaxation. By July 1788, six months after the First Fleet had landed in Sydney Cove, Governor Arthur Phillip had established a farm in the cove immediately to the east. Further up the valley of the stream flowed into Farm Cove. It covered the area east of the Tank Stream to the head of Woolloomooloo Bay, the farm had been established for growing grain, but was soon moved to Parramatta, because of the poor sandy soil. The Farm Cove area was leased out for private farming for the next twenty years. Despite a ditch being dug to define its boundary in 1792 the Domain was gradually encroached upon by others in subsequent years, Governor Blighs attempts to reclaim the Domain was among the many causes of the ‘Rum Rebellion’ of 26 January 1808. As soon as he arrived in 1810, Bligh’s successor Governor Macquarie built stone walls around the Government House garden, the traditional foundation date of the Botanic Gardens is taken as the date of completion of Mrs Macquaries Road, on 13 June 1816. By 1817 the Domain was completely enclosed and the system completed including several gates to regulate horse-drawn traffic. The Domain itself was cleared of trees and opened as an area in the 1830s. Eventually, the Inner Domain, the area closest to Government House, was consumed by the Government Gardens while the area now known as the Domain was then the Outer Domain. Despite the Domain being whittled away in subsequent years it remained an important buffer to the Gardens, the native vegetation was cleared and the gullies of Phillip Precinct filled. During the 1830s the expansive green space of the Domain was now opened to the public, the Domain west of Macquarie Street was then sold to pay for the construction of new Government House and Circular Quay. The Art Gallery of New South Wales was built on the side of the Domain. Cricket matches, which had played in Hyde Park since the early 19th century. New South Wales had beaten Victoria by three wickets in their first inter-colonial match held in Melbourne in 1856, the return match was played in the Domain on from 14–16 January 1857 and New South Wales won again, this time by 65 runs. Although used for cricket for the next 14 years, the Domain was not a high quality ground even by the standards of the day and it was a rough, uneven, open paddock and cricketers had a constant battle with the public who insisted it was public parkland
3.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
4.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Fine art
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Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and dance. Today, the fine arts commonly include additional forms, such as film, photography, video production/editing, design, sequential art, conceptual art, and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learning or in museums, fine art, in that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the applied arts. The word fine does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question and this definition originally excluded the applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts. According to some writers the concept of a category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art, A Cultural History locates the invention in the 18th century, There was a traditional “system of the arts” in the West before the eighteenth century. ”Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton, though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance. The separation of arts and crafts that often exists in Europe, in Japanese aesthetics the activities of everyday life are depicted by integrating not only art with craft but man-made with nature. Traditional Chinese art distinguished within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting. A high status was given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, jade carving, weaving. Drawing is a form of expression and is one of the major forms of the visual arts. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning. Mosaics are images formed with pieces of stone or glass. They can be decorative or functional, an artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper, except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy, the reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of another work of art in a different medium — for instance, a painting — but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression, prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. But there are other kinds, discussed below. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an edition, in modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a limited edition
7.
Visual arts
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The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, literature, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines involve aspects of the arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design. Current usage of the visual arts includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts. The increasing tendency to painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes, training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. Visual arts have now become a subject in most education systems. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a variety of tools. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used, the main techniques used in drawing are, line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman, drawing goes back at least 16,000 years to Paleolithic cave representations of animals such as those at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain. In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture, drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier, like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet, in shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt, in the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis. The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost, one of the best remaining representations are the hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. Apart from the manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages
8.
History of Asian art
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The history of Asian art, or Eastern art, includes a vast range of influences from various cultures and religions. Developments in Asian art historically parallel those in Western art, in general a few centuries earlier, Chinese art, Indian art, Korean art, Japanese art, each had significant influence on Western art, and, vice versa. Near Eastern art also had a significant influence on Western art, excluding prehistoric art, the art of Mesopotamia represents the oldest forms of Asian art. Balinese art is art of Hindu-Javanese origin that grew from the work of artisans of the Majapahit Kingdom, from the 16th until the 20th centuries, the village of Kamasan, Klungkung, was the centre of classical Balinese art. During the first part of the 20th century, new varieties of Balinese art developed, since the late twentieth century, Ubud and its neighboring villages established a reputation as the center of Balinese art. Ubud and Batuan are known for their paintings, Mas for their woodcarvings, Celuk for gold and silver smiths, eiseman correctly pointed out that Balinese art is actually carved, painted, woven, and prepared into objects intended for everyday use rather than as object d art. This groundbreaking period of creativity reached a peak in the late 1930s, a stream of famous visitors, including Charlie Chaplin and the anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, encouraged the talented locals to create highly original works. During their stay in Bali in the mid-1930s, Bateson and Mead collected over 2000 paintings, predominantly from the village of Batuan, among western artists, Spies and Bonnet are often credited for the modernization of traditional Balinese paintings. From the 1950s onwards Baliese artists incorporated aspects of perspective and anatomy from these artists, more importantly, they acted as agents of change by encouraging experimentation, and promoted departures from tradition. The result was an explosion of expression that increased the rate of change in Balinese art. Buddhist art traveled with believers as the spread, adapted. It developed to the north through Central Asia and into Eastern Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, bhutanese art is similar to the art of Tibet. Both are based upon Vajrayana Buddhism, with its pantheon of divine beings, the major orders of Buddhism in Bhutan are Drukpa Kagyu and Nyingma. The former is a branch of the Kagyu School and is known for documenting the lineage of Buddhist masters. The Nyingma order is known for images of Padmasambhava, who is credited with introducing Buddhism into Bhutan in the 7th century, according to legend, Padmasambhava hid sacred treasures for future Buddhist masters, especially Pema Lingpa, to find. The treasure finders are also frequent subjects of Nyingma art, each divine being is assigned special shapes, colors, and/or identifying objects, such as lotus, conch-shell, thunderbolt, and begging bowl. All sacred images are made to specifications that have remained remarkably unchanged for centuries. Wall paintings and sculptures, in regions, are formulated on the principal ageless ideals of Buddhist art forms
9.
St James railway station, Sydney
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St James railway station is located on the City Circle, at the northern end of Hyde Park in the Sydney central business district. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Airport, Inner West & South and it is named after the nearby St James Church. Part of the Bradfield Plan, St James station was intended to be a major interchange with the Eastern Suburbs line on Sydneys underground rail system. Plans for the construction of St James included railway lines in four directions, four platforms were completed, but the two inner platforms, intended to support Bradfields proposed eastern and western suburbs lines, were never put into service. When the Eastern Suburbs line was built it was done so via a different route via Town Hall. In the 1990s, the two platforms were connected by filling in the track space between the two inner platforms, resulting in the single, large island platform seen today. The station itself was designed by New South Wales Government Architect George McRae, an example of Inter-War Stripped Classical architecture influenced by Art Deco. One distinctive feature of the station is a sign from the late 1930s advertising Chateau Tanunda Brandy installed by Tucker, Lingard & Co. St James station opened on 20 December 1926 with the opening of the city line from Central. For the first 30 years, St James station was used as a station for the Bankstown, East Hills. As a terminating station, St James was equipped with a signal box. The St James signal box, equipped with pistol grips, was the smallest such box in New South Wales. Trains arriving at St James would disembark passengers on one of the platforms, then the train would move to a siding and reverse direction. During non-peak hours the driver would move to the other end of the train while the train was on the siding. During peak hours the train would take on a driver in the last car while at the platform, then proceed to one of the sidings. Completion of the City Circle loop did not occur until 30 years after St James station opened. Construction of the city line as far as Wynyard was completed in 1932. Construction was halted during World War II and was intermittent after it resumed in 1945 due to inconsistent funding, as a result of this, St Jamess terminating facilities were no longer regularly used
10.
Martin Place railway station
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Martin Place railway station is located on the Eastern Suburbs line, serving the Sydney central business district. Named after Martin Place, it is served by Sydney Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line services, Martin Place station opened on 23 June 1979 when the Eastern Suburbs line opened from Central to Bondi Junction. In 2010, work commenced on an upgrade to the station, the upgrade was completed in April 2011. The station consists of a platform and a turnback siding east of the station. A service tunnel extends from Martin Place railway station under Sydney Hospital into The Domain, the tunnel carries air conditioning services from an underground room, which is located beneath two ventilation towers in The Domain, by the side of the road behind Sydney Hospital. Media related to Martin Place railway station at Wikimedia Commons Station details Sydney Trains
11.
Sydney Explorer
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The Sydney Explorer is an Australian open top bus tourist sightseeing service operating in the Sydney central business district and Eastern Suburbs. On 23 November 1980, the Urban Transit Authority commenced operating the Sydney Explorer looping the Sydney central business district. It was operated with Mercedes-Benz O305 and O405 buses that apart from being painted in red Sydney Explorer livery, in 1990, a fleet of six Pressed Metal Corporation bodied Mercedes-Benz O405 coaches were introduced. In September 1998, the Bondi & Bay Explorer was introduced operating from Circular Quay to the Eastern Suburbs and it was operated by four Ansair bodied Scania L113CRLs painted in a blue livery. In November 2010, both services were sold to City Sightseeing who had been operating open top bus tours in Sydney since the early 2000s, no buses were included in the sale, with City Sightseeing continuing to operate its existing routes only with its fleet of MCW Metrobuses. From May 2012 new Anhui Ankai buses were introduced on these routes, operations initially operated under the City Sightseeing brand, before the Sydney Explorer name was reintroduced in late 2012 for both routes. When Ensignbus sold the City Sightseeing business in 2011, it retained ownership of the Sydney operation, in 2016, Sydney Explorer relinquished its City Sightseeing franchise and became a Big Bus Tours affiliate. A casualty of the takeover by City Sightseeing was the pass on the Sydney Explorer which was no longer valid. This used to allow unlimited use on the Sydney and Bondi Explorer buses. The Sydney Explorer now stops at 26 different locations in Sydney, Sydney Pass good way to explore city, cant inherit frequent-flier miles Daily Breeze 2 October 2005 page B7 For a fun thing to do, see Sydney Explorer The Mosman Daily 20 September 2007 page 27
12.
Buses in Sydney
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Buses account for close to six per cent of trips each day in the Australian city of Sydney, New South Wales, forming a key part of the citys public transport system. The networks are part of Transport for NSWs Opal ticketing system, each route within these six networks is assigned to one of 14 contract regions. Each of these regions is assigned to either the Government-owned bus operator, at present, State Transit holds four regions, while nine private operators hold the other 10. In 2014-15,232 million passenger journeys were made on Sydneys bus networks, at the beginning of the 20th century, Sydneys public transport network was composed of a suburban railway and inner-city trams, both operated by the New South Wales Government Railways. These were complemented by various privately operated services on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River. The Railways experimented with a bus service from Potts Point to Darlinghurst in 1905, but the vehicles quickly proved unsatisfactory. The citys second bus route ran from Newport, in the north of the Northern Beaches district, to Manly and this was operated by the privately owned Manly-Pittwater Motor Omnibus Company. The company did not prosper, however, and the business was wound up in 1908, the return of servicemen from the Great War in the late 1910s provided fresh impetus to the motor omnibus industry. Here, suddenly, were thousands of men with experience working with heavy vehicles – all looking for work, in 1915, only 15 motorised buses were known to operate in Sydney. By 1929, the bus fleet numbered more than 600. A private bus industry, dominated by owner-operators and small businesses, was taking shape. The Railways were also restructured, with the tram system hived off into a new Department of Road Transport & Tramways in 1932, the Department introduced its first bus service, the 144 from St Leonards to Manly, on Christmas Day of that year. Langs reforms established a structure for the bus network that was to endure for close to a century. On the one hand, the Department – forerunner to todays State Transit Authority – began to shut down its trams and build a bus network serving the inner suburbs. On the other, the heavily regulated private operators remained small-scale, but Langs draconian Transport Act held at least one benefit for the bus companies, just as the trams were protected from them, so too were they protected from new entrants to the industry. The 144 was a service, connecting trains, trams. But the Departments focus began to shift inexorably towards building its bus network, two years later, tram services from Manly were replaced with buses. In 1948, a recommendation was handed to the Department that the network be replaced with buses
13.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
14.
Art Gallery of New South Wales
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The Art Gallery of New South Wales, located in The Domain in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, is the most important public gallery in Sydney and one of the largest in Australia. The Gallerys first public exhibition opened in 1874, admission is free to the general exhibition space, which displays Australian art, European and Asian art. A dedicated Asian Gallery was opened in 2003, on 24 April 1871, a public meeting was convened in Sydney to establish an Academy of Art for the purpose of promoting the fine arts through lectures, art classes and regular exhibitions. From 1872 until 1879 the Academys main activity was the organisation of art exhibitions. The first exhibition of art, under the auspices of the Academy, was held at the Chamber of Commerce. The Gallery’s collection was first housed at Clark’s Assembly Hall in Elizabeth Street where it was open to the public on Friday and Saturday afternoons. In 1882, the first Director, Eliezer Montefiore and his fellow trustees opened the art gallery on Sunday afternoons from 2 pm to 5 pm. The public should be afforded every facility to avail themselves of the educational and civilising influence engendered by an exhibition of works of art, bought, moreover, at the public expense. The destruction of the Garden Palace by fire in 1882 placed pressure on the government to provide a permanent home for the national collection, in 1883 private architect John Horbury Hunt was engaged by the trustees to submit designs. The same year there was a change of name to The National Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Gallery was incorporated by The Library and Art Gallery Act 1899. In 1895, the new Colonial Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon, was given the assignment to design the new permanent gallery, a watercolour gallery was added in 1901 and in 1902 the Grand Oval Lobby was completed. Over 300,000 people came to the Gallery during March, in 1921, the inaugural Archibald Prize was awarded to W. B. McInnes for Desbrowe Annear. The equestrian statues The offerings of peace and The offerings of war by Gilbert Bayes were installed in front of the facade in 1926. James Stuart MacDonald was appointed director and secretary in 1929, in 1936 the inaugural Sulman Prize was awarded to Henry Hanke for La Gitana. John William Ashton was appointed director and secretary in 1937, the first woman to win the Archibald Prize was Nora Heysen in 1938 with her portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman, the wife of the Consul General for the Netherlands. The same year electric light was installed at the Gallery to remain open at night for the first time. In 1943 William Dobell won the Archibald Prize for Joshua Smith, hal Missingham was appointed director and secretary in 1945. In 1958 the Art Gallery of New South Wales Act was amended, in 1969 construction began on the Captain Cook wing to celebrate the bicentenary of Cooks landing in Botany Bay
15.
Garden Palace
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The Garden Palace was a large, purpose-built exhibition building constructed to house the Sydney International Exhibition in 1879 in Sydney, Australia. It was designed by James Barnet and constructed by John Young and this was largely due to the importation from England of electric lighting, which enabled work to be carried out around the clock. The dome was 100 feet in diameter and 210 feet in height. The building was over 244 metres long and had a space of over 112,000 metres with 4.5 million feet of timber,2.5 million bricks and 243 tons of galvanised corrugated iron. The building was similar in respects to the later Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Sydneys first hydraulic lift was contained in the north tower, the Garden Palace was sited at what is today the southwestern end of the Royal Botanic Garden. It was constructed primarily from timber, which ensured its complete destruction when engulfed by fire in the morning of September 22,1882. The Garden Palace at that time was used by a number of Government Departments and many significant records were destroyed in the fire, notably records of squatting occupation in New South Wales. The only extant remains of the Garden Palace are its carved Sydney sandstone gateposts and wrought iron gates, a 1940s-era sunken garden and fountain featuring a statue of Cupid marks the former location of the Palaces dome. Few artefacts from the International Exhibition survived the fire, one of which is a carved statue of an elephant, from Ceylon. Royal Exhibition Building - Melbournes exhibition building
16.
Conrad Martens
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Conrad Martens was an English-born landscape painter active on HMS Beagle from 1833, and in Australia from 1835. Conrad Martens father was a merchant who came originally to London as Austrian Consul, like his two brothers, John William and Henry, he studied landscape painting under the prominent watercolourist Copley Fielding. In 1832 he joined the ship Hyacinth as a topographical artist, in Montevideo near the end of 1833 he met Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, who engaged him as a draughtsman to replace the ships artist Augustus Earle who had fallen ill. Martens left the Beagle at Valparaiso in the half of 1834 and took passage to Sydney via Tahiti. Martens was introduced to the New South Wales gentry and soon achieved success in Sydney with several commissions and he went on to become the most proficient, prominent and prolific landscape artist in the colony. The Beagle arrived in 1836, and Darwin and Captain Fitzroy commissioned a number of paintings from the Beagles voyages in Tierra Del Fuego, other large commissions followed, and in 1837 some of Martens Australian watercolours were exhibited at the Royal Society in London. In 1839, however, a drought triggered a recession which was to last until the 1850s. In the 1840s he turned to lithographs, which allowed him to sell the work many times over - his View of Sydney from the North Shore was especially popular. Conrad Martens married Jane Carter, of Welsh heritage and the child of William and Jane Carter at St James Church, Sydney. Janes father, a barrister and first Master in Chancery of the Supreme Court of NSW had purchased one of Martens paintings. In late 1851 Martens sailed to Brisbane, travelling back via road, across the Great Dividing Range to the Darling Downs, en route, he lodged with squatters and pastoralists, drawing their houses and properties, and hoping for commissions. The plan succeeded, and Martens was eventually commissioned to paint over seventy watercolours and he exhibited at the Victorian Fine Arts Society in Melbourne in 1853, and at the Paris Universal Exhibition in 1855. Eventual improvement in the Australian economy in the later 1850s led to an increase in significant commissions, a famous painting is North Head, Sydney Harbour. In 1862 he received a message from Darwin, and replied congratulating him on the success of The Origin of Species and he sent Darwin a watercolour of Brisbane River and exhibited at the International Exhibition in London. In 1863 he became Assistant Librarian in the Parliamentary Library, securing his financial position, nevertheless, he exhibited at the Paris International Exhibition in 1867. From the later 1860s Martens suffered from angina, and he died from an attack on 21 August 1878. He is buried at St Thomas cemetery, North Sydney, visual arts of Australia Richard Keynes. Fossils, Finches and Fuegians, Charles Darwins Adventures and Discoveries on the Beagle and this book contains several reproductions of Martens work
17.
Sydney International Exhibition
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The Sydney International Exhibition in 1879 was the first Worlds Fair at the southern hemisphere. After being granted self-governance during the 1850s the Australian colonies, Victoria and New South Wales, saw an economic growth as result of the discovery. After 20 years proposals were made for organizing an exhibition modelled on the exhibitions of Europe, with an aim to promote commerce and industry, along with art, science. In 1879 Melbourne filed a plan to the Parliament, however Sydney wanted to be the first and managed to organize an exhibition in record time. The Sydney International Exhibition opened in the autumn of 1879, but it wasnt really universal, Melbourne decided to start their exhibition shortly after the one in Sydney, so the participants could transport their exhibits during the winter of 1880. After the exhibitions many of the exhibits were selected to be at display in the Technological, Industrial, the Garden Palace itself was used by the government until a fire destroyed the building in 1882. Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition Melbourne International Exhibition Garden Palace
18.
John Horbury Hunt
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John Horbury Hunt was a Canadian-born architect who worked in Sydney, Australia and rural New South Wales from 1863. Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of a builder, Hunt was trained in Boston, Massachusetts and he worked in Sydney with Edmund Blacket for seven years prior to pursuing his own practice. His output was varied and included cathedrals, churches, chapels, houses, homesteads, stables. Probably his first building designed in Australia was the Superintendents Residence at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, a few years later he designed the Catherine Hayes Hospital, which was also built at the Prince of Wales Hospital, with the design modified by Thomas Rowe. In Armidale, New South Wales, he designed St Peters Anglican Cathedral and Booloominbah and it has been said that Undoubtedly men such as Hunt. Have, through their buildings and their ideas, stiffened the intellectual backbone of Australian architecture and he was instrumental in bringing the North American Shingle Style to Australia. The outstanding example of style was Highlands, a two-storey home designed by Hunt. Situated in Highlands Avenue, Wahroonga, Sydney, Highlands is listed on the Register of the National Estate, another notable example is Pibrac, designed by Hunt for Frederick Ecclestone du Faur. Pibrac is also on the Register of the National Estate, Hunt was ruined by the Depression of the 1890s. He died in Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, eleven days after suffering from Brights disease. His personal effects, recorded in the hospital Admission Book, consisted of a metal box and he was buried at South Head Cemetery, Vaucluse, Sydney. He was close to destitute at the time of his death and his home, Cranbrook Cottage, had been repossessed by the mortgagor, it was demolished in 1925 to make room for the widening of New South Head Road. The site of the cottage is marked by a rock garden. Havilah, homestead Hunter Valley NSW Riversdale House at Chevalier College, Burradoo, architecture of Australia Francis Greenway Edmund Blacket John H. Buckeridge John Horbury Hunt, Radical Architect 1838–1904, author, Peter Reynolds, Historic Houses Trust Of New Sou,2008. Architect Extraordinary – the Life and Work of John Horbury Hunt, 1838–1904, author, J. M. Freeland, Cassell, Historic Houses Trust of NSW – John Horbury Hunt – Radical Architect St Peters Cathedral, Armidale – History Australian Dictionary of Biography Booloominbah and other buildings
19.
Holman Hunt
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William Holman Hunt OM was an English painter and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. His paintings were notable for their attention to detail, vivid color. These features were influenced by the writings of John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, for Hunt it was the duty of the artist to reveal the correspondence between sign and fact. Of all the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Hunt remained most true to their ideals throughout his career and he was always keen to maximize the popular appeal and public visibility of his works. After eventually entering the Royal Academy art schools, having initially been rejected and he formed the Pre-Raphaelite movement in 1848, after meeting the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Along with John Everett Millais they sought to revitalise art by emphasising the detailed observation of the world in a spirit of quasi-religious devotion to truth. This religious approach was influenced by the qualities of medieval art. He had many pupils including Robert Braithwaite Martineau, after a failed engagement to his model Annie Miller, he married Fanny Waugh, who later modelled for the figure of Isabella. When she died in childbirth in Italy, he sculpted her tomb at Fiesole, having it brought down to the English Cemetery in Florence and he had a close connection with St. Marks Church in Florence, and paid for the communion chalice inscribed in memory of his wife and his second wife, Edith, was Fannys sister. At the time it was illegal in Great Britain to marry ones deceased wifes sister, hunts works were not initially successful, and were widely attacked in the art press for their alleged clumsiness and ugliness. He achieved some note for his intensely naturalistic scenes of modern rural and urban life, such as The Hireling Shepherd. Hunt also painted works based on poems, such as Isabella. He eventually built his own house in Jerusalem and he eventually had to relinquish painting because failing eyesight meant that he could not achieve the quality that he wanted. His last major works, including a version of The Light of the World, were completed with the help of his assistant. Hunt died on 7 September 1910 and was buried in St Pauls Cathedral in London, Hunt published an autobiography in 1905. Many of his writings are attempts to control the interpretation of his work. That year, he was appointed to the Order of Merit by King Edward VII, at the end of his life he lived in Sonning-on-Thames
20.
The Light of the World (painting)
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According to Hunt, I painted the picture with what I thought, unworthy though I was, to be by Divine command, and not simply as a good Subject. The door in the painting has no handle, and can therefore be opened only from the inside, Hunt,50 years after painting it, felt he had to explain the symbolism. In oil on canvas, it was begun around 1849/50, completed in 1893, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1854 and is now in a room off the large chapel at Keble College. It was claimed that four-fifths of Australias population viewed it, due to Hunts increasing infirmity and glaucoma, he was assisted in the completion of this version by English painter Edward Robert Hughes. Hunt was buried in St Pauls, a ninth smaller version of the painting, painted by Hunt in pastels between 1891 and 1896, is on display at Manchester City Art Gallery, England, which purchased it in 2014. This painting didnt inspire any popular devotion in the late Victorian period but inspired several musical works, engraved reproductions were widely hung in nurseries, schools and church buildings. Hunt, W. H. Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, holman Hunt and the Light of the World
21.
Archibald Prize
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The Archibald Prize is regarded as the most important portraiture prize in Australian art. It was first awarded in 1921 after the receipt of a bequest from J. F. Archibald, guido Belgiorno-Nettis said that judging the annual competitions was absolutely the most fun thing you can do as a trustee. The Archibald Prize is awarded annually and since July 2015 has been AU$100,000, the Peoples Choice Award, in which votes from the public viewing the finalists are collected to find a winner was first awarded in 1988. The award comes with a prize of A$3,500. In 1992 the Packing Room Prize was established, in which the staff who receive the portraits, the prize-winner is not always an Archibald finalist. Although the prize is said to be awarded by the staff, the Packing Room Prize is awarded annually and since June 2014, the prize has been A$1,500. To date there has never been an Archibald Prize winner who has also been a Packing Room Prize winner, for this reason winning the Packing Room Prize is known as the kiss of death award. Category, Archibald Prize finalists Lists of Archibald Prize finalists Since 1992, since 1999, Sydney based law firm Holding Redlich have sponsored a Salon des Refusés Peoples Choice Award. The Archibald is held at the time as the Sir John Sulman Prize, the Wynne Prize, the Mortimore Prize for Realism, the Australian Photographic Portrait Prize. The Archibald is the next richest portrait prize in Australia after the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize, in 1978 Brett Whiteley won the Archibald, Wynne and Sulman Prizes all in the same year, the only time this has happened. It was his win for the Archibald and the other prizes as well. Some works which do not make the Archibald Prize finalists are shown at the S. H. Ervin Gallery in the Archibald Salon des Refusés exhibition which began in 1992. The Archibald is one of the few art prizes in which the artists signature is covered up so as not to be seen by the judges during initial selection for the final. Given the small size of Australias art community, this is intended to discourage nepotism on the part of judges simply selecting their friends rather than making selections based on merit. Max Meldrum criticised the Archibald Prize winner in 1938, saying that women could not be expected to paint as well as men. Nora Heysen was the first woman to win the Archibald Prize, with a portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman, in 1953 several art students including John Olsen protested William Dargies winning portrait, the seventh time he had been awarded the prize. One protester tied a sign around her dog which said Winner Archibald Prize – William Doggie, dargie went on to win the prize again in 1956. This is now hanging at New Parliament House in Canberra, in 1975, John Bloomfields portrait of Tim Burstall was disqualified on the grounds that it had been painted from a blown up photograph, rather than from life
22.
William Beckwith McInnes
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William Beckwith McInnes was an Australian portrait painter, winner of the Archibald Prize seven times for his traditional style paintings. McInnes was born in St Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne to Malcolm McInnes and his wife Alice Agnes, despite lack of family artistic tradition, he was keen to draw from the time he could hold a pencil. In 1903, at 14 years of age, he enrolled in the school of the National Gallery of Victoria under Frederick McCubbin. Later he moved up to the school under Lindsay Bernard Hall. He won the first prizes for drawing the figure from life, and for painting a head from life, McInnes was represented in London at the exhibition of the Royal Institute of Painters in oils in 1913. McInnes returned to Melbourne in the same year, a one-man show was held at the Athenaeum gallery and nearly everything was sold. In 1920 he was permanently appointed, in 1921, he won the first of his Archibald Prizes for portraiture. McInnes revisited Europe in 1925 and on his return found he was in demand as a portrait painter. For many years he was unable to time to do landscape work. In 1928 he exhibited with the Royal Academy, and in 1933 he visited England again to paint the Duke of York, amongst other portraits by McInnes were those of the surgeons Archibald Watson and Wood Jones. McInnes had suffered from an imperfect heart all his life, his health became affected. He died on 9 November 1939 and he married Violet Muriel Musgrave in 1915, a capable flower painter, who survived him with four sons and two daughters. McInnes artwork has featured at the Art Gallery of South Australia. In addition, McInnes has painted a variety of important people in Australian history including officials and aristocratic families
23.
Harold Desbrowe-Annear
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Harold Desbrowe-Annear was an influential Australian architect who was at the forefront of the development of the Arts and Crafts movement in this country. During the 1890s he was an Instructor in architecture at the Working Mens College where he founded the T-Square in 1900, the club acted as a meeting point for Melbourne’s architects, artists and craft workers and helped to develop a strong Arts and Crafts culture in the city. Desbrowe-Annear was also a supporter of the Victorian Arts and Crafts Society, born in Happy Valley, Bendigo, Victoria in 1865, Desbrowe-Annear was the elder son of James Annear, mining contractor, and Eliza Ann. He had six older stepsisters, two sisters and a brother, after the family moved to Melbourne in 1875 Desbrowe-Annear attended Hawthorn Grammar School, matriculating in 1882. On 25 July 1891, he married Florence Susan Chadwick but by the end of World War I, due to irreconcilable differences, Desbrowe-Annear died on 22 June 1933 of heart disease, he was survived by Florence whom he had not divorced and their two sons James and Hector. In 1883, Desbrowe-Annear was articled to Melbourne architect William Salway and during this time his interest, in 1889 he chose to pursue a practice of his own having already received recognition for his architectural sketches and papers delivered to the Victorian Institute of Architects. In 1996, The Royal Australian Institute of Architects introduced the Harold Desbrowe-Annear Award to the best residential project of the year in Victoria and it is the highest honour in the state for Residential Architecture. It was influenced by Beaux-Arts civic design and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, the three houses that Desbrowe-Annear erected in Eaglemont were commissioned by his father-in-law James Chadwick in 1903. They were 36–38 The Eyrie, built as a residence for the architect and his family, 32–34 The Eyrie, known as Chadwick House and 55 Outlook Drive, known as the Officer House. While relatively modest in size, their design indicates that the architect was prepared to grasp the issue of the home as one of the most challenging of the 20th century. They embody the principles of William Morris in their truth to materials and place, structural honesty, functionalism, each house was thoughtfully positioned on the slope of the hill, with increasing setbacks from the street, so as not to block the views from within. The Springthorpe Memorial in the Boroondara Cemetery, Kew, was Desbrowe-Annears first Arts and Crafts venture, the design was influenced by William Lethaby’s writings on the iconography of the domed temple form in “Architecture, Mysticism & Myth”. The geographic alignment of the tomb ascertains that the light of the afternoon sun lights up the temple with brilliant colour. It explores the idea of the union of souls. Inglesby, also called the Francis house, in South Yarra was one of Desbrowe-Annears most famous houses and it was timber-framed with plain white roughcast walls inspired by Californian architect Irving Gill. The plan of Inglesby centred on a hall entered from the porch. It was flanked either side by the room and the living room accessed through sliding doors which when opened extended into a huge living area across the front of the house. Inglesbys low ceilings and horizontal flow aligned it also to the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, Desbrowe Annear House –38 The Eyrie Eaglemont, Banyule City The Annear House – 36–38 The Eyrie Heidelberg, Banyule City
24.
Gilbert Bayes
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Gilbert William Bayes was an English sculptor. Bayes was born in London into a family of artists, his father being Alfred Walter Bayes and he was one of four children and brother to the well-known artist and critic Walter Bayes, and to the Arts & Crafts designer Jessie Bayes. Bayes is perhaps best remembered for his interest in color, his association with the Royal Doulton Company and he also designed a number of war memorials, with public works throughout the former British Empire, from New South Wales to Bangalore. Bayes served as President of the Royal British Society of Sculptors, PRBS and he died in London in 1953. Bayes home at 4 Greville Place in St. Johns Wood bears a plaque placed by English Heritage in 2007. In 1906, Bayes married Gertrude Smith, a sculptor, in Farnham. Tata at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Blue Robed Bambino fountain at the Centre William Rappard, Geneva Reliefs featuring musicians on a building in Cavendish Square, the house had been the showroom of Brinmeads, the English piano manufacturer. National Archives article Gilbert Bayes Trust
25.
Will Ashton
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Sir John William Will Ashton OBE, ROI was a English-Australian artist and Director of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1937 to 1945. Ashton was born on 20 September 1881 in Clifton, York, England, the son of James Ashton, the Ashtons migrated to Adelaide, South Australia and was educated at Prince Alfred College from 1889-1897. Upon graduating Ashton entered the life of an artist, in 1900 he left for England to work and spent several years from 1902-1903 at the Académie Julian in Paris. Ashton had some of his works accepted by the Royal Academy of Arts, London, and the Salon de la Société des Artistes Français and returned to Adelaide in 1905. The sale of his work, Boulevard Montparnasse, Paris, to the National Gallery of South Australia enabled him to marry May Millman, on 31 January 1906 at Christ Church, North Adelaide. After holding exhibitions in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide, in 1912-14 he painted in Britain, Europe and Egypt. He was back in Australia for a year, but returned to London with his family in 1915 to 1917, others of his subsequent frequent overseas trips were in the company of Lionel Lindsay or Charles Bryant. The impressionist oil paintings he made on these trips always sold well on his return to Australia and he advised the National Gallery of South Australia and private collectors, and supported his family by examining for the Royal Drawing Society of which he was a member. He won the Godfrey Rivers Bequest prize in 1933 and 1938, Ashton also won the Wynne Prize for a second and third time in 1930 and in 1939. In 1937 Ashton became Director of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales, during his tenure he improved the gallery lighting, but other plans were postponed because of World War II. From 1944-1947 he was also Director of David Jones Art Gallery, a member of the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board from 1918, Ashton was chairman in 1953-1962. He was a member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters, a Vice-President of the Australian Painter-Etchers Society, and a member of the Society of Artists in Sydney, being awarded its medal in 1944. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1941 and was made a Knight Bachelor on 11 June 1960 for his service as Chairman of the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board, Ashton died of cancer at his home at Mosman on 1 September 1963. He was survived by three sons and by his second wife Winfreda Isabel Hoggard, whom he had married on 6 February 1961, on 9 May 1989, Lady Ashton was murdered in the Sydney North Shore suburb of Mosman by John Wayne Glover. A portrait of Will Ashton was painted by William Dargie and was bought by the Commonwealth Government
26.
William Dobell
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Sir William Dobell OBE was an Australian artist. William Dobell was born in Cooks Hill, a neighbourhood of Newcastle. His father was a builder and there were six children, Dobells artistic talents were evident early. In 1916, he was apprenticed to Newcastle architect, Wallace L. Porter, in 1925, he enrolled in evening art classes at the Sydney Art School, with Henry Gibbons as his teacher. He was influenced by George Washington Lambert and he was also gay and consequently never married, while several of his works carried strong homoerotic overtones. In 1929, Dobell was awarded the Society of Artists Travelling Scholarship and travelled to England to the Slade School of Fine Art where he studied under Philip Wilson Steer, in 1930, he won first prize for figure painting at Slade and also travelled to Poland. In 1931 he moved on to Belgium and Paris, and after 10 years in Europe returned to Australia – taking with him a new Expressionist style of painting as opposed to his earlier naturalistic approach, in 1939, he began as a part-time teacher at East Sydney Technical College. After the outbreak of war, he was drafted into the Civil Construction Corps of the Allied Works Council in 1941 as a camouflage painter, in 1944, he had his first solo exhibition including public collection loans at the inauguration of the David Jones Art Gallery, Sydney. In 1949, he visited New Guinea as a guest of Sir Edward Hallstrom with writers Frank Clune, the trip inspired a new series of tiny, brilliantly coloured landscapes. In 1950, he revisited New Guinea, on his return to Australia he continued to paint scenes of New Guinea, donner, the Chairman of General Motors, and Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia. In 1964, Dobell exhibited in a retrospective at the Art Gallery of New South Wales. He died in 1970 in Wangi Wangi, the sole beneficiary of his estate was the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation, which was founded on 19 January 1971. A film of Dobells life, titled Yours sincerely, Bill Dobell was made in 1981 by Brian Adams and Cathy Shirley for the Australian Broadcasting Commission and the William Dobell Art Foundation. Brian Adams book Portrait of an Artist – A biography of William Dobell was first published in 1983 by Hutchinson Publishing Group and it is published by Exisle Publishing. In 1943, Dobells portrait of Joshua Smith, titled Portrait of an artist, was awarded the Archibald Prize, public opinion was sharply divided, with most viewers puzzled by the unexpected portrait. It bears, nevertheless, a degree of likeness to the subject and is, I think. I find it a fact that it is a portrait within the meaning of the words in the will, Dobells style is unique in being able to adapt to suit the character of his subject. This was best described by James Gleeson, One of the things about Dobells portraiture is his ability to adjust his style to the nature of the personality he is portraying
27.
Max Dupain
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Maxwell Spencer Dupain AC was an Australian modernist photographer. Dupain received his first camera as a gift in 1924, spurring his interest in photography and he later joined the Photographic Society of NSW, where he was taught by Justin Newlan, after completing his tertiary studies, he worked for Cecil Bostock in Sydney. By 1934 Max Dupain had struck out on his own and opened a studio in Bond Street, in 1937, while on the south coast of New South Wales, he photographed the head and shoulders of a friend, Harold Salvage, lying on the sand at Culburra Beach. The image, entitled Sunbaker, subsequently became Dupains most famous piece, however, it was not until the 1970s that the photograph received wide recognition. It was purchased in 1976 by the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra and has become a national icon, during World War II Dupain served with the Royal Australian Air Force in both Darwin and Papua New Guinea helping to create camouflage. The war affected Dupain and his photography, by creating in him a greater awareness of truth in documentary, in 1947, these feelings were reinforced when he read a book Grierson on Documentary which defined the need for photography without pretence. The catchcry was the treatment of actuality. Dupain was keen to restart the studio with new perspective. Dupains documentary work of period is exemplified in his photograph Meat Queue. He used a more style of photography, capturing a moment of everyday interaction attempting any social comment. Dupain also worked extensively for the University of New South Wales and CSR Limited and made trips to the interior. In between this he devoted time to pursue his love of architecture, and began architectural photography, in 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, Dupain married Olive Cotton but they divorced soon after. A decade later, Dupain married Diana Illingworth and subsequently they had a daughter Danina and a son Rex, Dupain was given an OBE in the New Years honours list,1981. Dupain continued working until his death in 1992, for a full list, see, Max Dupain’s Australian Landscapes, Mead and Beckett, Australia,1988. Fine Houses of Sydney, Irving Robert, Kinstler John, Dupain Max, Methuen, Max Dupain Photographs published by Ure Smith, Sydney,1948. Sunbaker page at National Gallery of Australia site Max Dupain exhibition photography site National Library of Australia, Canberra
28.
Nora Heysen
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Nora Heysen AM was an Australian artist, the first woman to win the prestigious Archibald Prize in 1938 for portraiture and the first Australian woman appointed as an official war artist. Heysen was born in Hahndorf, South Australia as the child of landscape painter Sir Hans Heysen and was raised at The Cedars in Hahndorf in the Adelaide Hills. She studied art from 1926 to 1930 at the School of Fine Arts in Adelaide under F. Millward Grey and sold paintings to the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Art Gallery of South Australia in 1930. From 1930 to 1933, she continued to two days a week at the School, and worked in her own studio the rest of the time. In 1931 she visited Sydney with her parents, and spent two weeks studying at the Julian Ashton School, heysens first solo exhibition was held in Sydney in 1933. In 1934 she travelled to London with her family, remaining in Europe, after they returned home, when she returned to Australia she returned briefly to Adelaide and then moved to Sydney. In 1938 she entered two portraits in the Archibald Prize and her portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman was awarded the prize and she became the first woman to win the Archibald. There was a controversy involving criticism of her win by painter Max Meldrum, on 12 October 1943 she became the first woman to be appointed as an Australian war artist at the rank of captain. I was commissioned to depict the war effort. There was that restriction on what I did, so I was lent around to all the services, the air force, the navy and the army, to depict the women working at everything they did during the war. During her service Heysen completed over 170 works of art and was discharged from service in 1946 in New Guinea, while in New Guinea, Heysen met Dr. Robert Black, whom she married in 1953. Following her discharge from war service she went to London and later returned to Sydney in 1948 and she continued to paint, exhibit and travel with her husband. In 1993 she was awarded the Australia Councils Award for Achievement in the Arts, fifty Australians, Nora Heyson National Library of Australia. Nora Heysen Exhibition Williamson, Kate Art Interview, Nora Heysen Accessed, 2007-11-21 Mattingley, Nora, daughter of Hans Heysen, artist in her own right. Madame Elink Schuurman 1938 - Archibald Prize winning portrait Nora Heysen at the Art Gallery of New South Wales Motherhood 1941 – Ballarat Fine Art Gallery AAMWS1944 – Australian War Memorial
29.
Hal Missingham
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Harold Hal Missingham AO was an Australian artist, Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1945 to 1971, and president of the Australian Watercolour Institute from 1952 to 1955. Born in Claremont, Western Australia, Missingham was educated at Perth Boys School and he studied drawing at Perth Technical School, attended art schools in both Paris and London. From 1927 to 1928 Missingham worked in Canada as a freelance artist, before World War II he studied in Perth, Paris and London, where he became friendly with a number of leading artists and developed an interest in photography. He returned to Sydney in 1941 and after serving as a Signalman in the Second Australian Imperial Force helped to found the Studio of Realist Art, in 1945 he succeeded Will Ashton as the Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales, a post he retained until 1971. He oversaw the expansion of the gallery including the construction of the Captain Cook Wing from 1968 to 1970 and his collection policy made an outstanding contribution to Australian contemporary art and he was responsible for bringing a number of influential international exhibitions to the country. He retired to Darlington, in the hills east of Perth and he was survived by his wife Esther 1911-2013 to whom he was married for over 50 years. Esther died on 16 October 2013 aged 102
30.
First voyage of James Cook
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The first voyage of James Cook was a combined Royal Navy and Royal Society expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard HMS Endeavour, from 1768 to 1771. It was the first of three Pacific voyages of which Cook was the commander, the aims of this first expedition were to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun, and to seek evidence of the postulated Terra Australis Incognita or unknown southern land. The voyage was commissioned by King George III and commanded by Lieutenant James Cook, departing from Plymouth-Dock in August 1768, the expedition crossed the Atlantic, rounded Cape Horn and reached Tahiti in time to observe the transit of Venus. In September 1769 the expedition reached New Zealand, being the second Europeans to visit there, Cook and his crew spent the following six months charting the New Zealand coast, before resuming their voyage westward across open sea. In April 1770 they became the first Europeans to reach the east coast of Australia, making landfall at Point Hicks, the expedition continued northward along the Australian coastline, narrowly avoiding shipwreck on the Great Barrier Reef. In October 1770 the badly damaged Endeavour came into the port of Batavia in the Dutch East Indies and they resumed their journey on 26 December, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of Deal on 12 July. The voyage lasted almost three years, the year following his return Cook set out on a second voyage of the Pacific, which lasted from 1772 to 1775. His third and final voyage lasted from 1776 to 1779, the Royal Society suggested command be given to Scottish geographer Alexander Dalrymple, whose acceptance was conditional on a brevet commission as a captain in the Royal Navy. However, First Lord of the Admiralty Edward Hawke refused, going so far as to say he would cut off his right hand than give command of a Navy vessel to someone not educated as a seaman. The impasse was broken when the Admiralty proposed James Cook, an officer with a background in mathematics. Acceptable to both parties, Cook was promoted to Lieutenant and named as commander of the expedition, the vessel chosen by the Admiralty for the voyage was a merchant collier named Earl of Pembroke, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in North Yorkshire. She was ship-rigged and sturdily built with a broad, flat bow, a square stern, a flat-bottomed design made her well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and allowed her to be beached for loading and unloading of cargo and for basic repairs without requiring a dry dock. Her hull was sheathed and caulked, and a third internal deck installed to provide cabins, a longboat, pinnace and yawl were provided as ships boats, as well as a set of 28 ft sweeps to allow the ship to be rowed if becalmed or demasted. Alcohol supplies consisted of 250 barrels of beer,44 barrels of brandy and 17 barrels of rum, on 30 July 1768 the Admiralty authorised a ships company for the voyage, of 73 sailors and 12 Royal Marines. The voyage was commanded by 40-year-old Lieutenant James Cook and his second lieutenant was Zachary Hicks, a 29-year-old from Stepney with experience as acting commander of the Hornet, a 16-gun cutter. The third lieutenant was John Gore, a 16-year Naval veteran who had served as mate aboard HMS Dolphin during its circumnavigation of the world in 1766. Other notable people on the expedition include the official astronomer, Charles Green, then assistant to the Astronomer Royal, Joseph Banks had been appointed to the voyage as the official botanist. Banks funded seven others to him, a Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander
31.
Biennale of Sydney
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The Biennale of Sydney is an international festival of contemporary art, held every two years in Sydney, Australia. It is the largest and best-attended contemporary visual arts event in the country, alongside the Venice and São Paulo biennales and Documenta, it is one of the longest running exhibitions of its kind and was the first biennale to be established in the Asia-Pacific region. In 1973 the Biennale of Sydney held its first exhibition of 37 artists in the hall of the then newly opened Sydney Opera House. 1973, The Biennale of Sydney, Coordinator, Anthony Wintherbotham 1976, Recent International Forms in Art, Artistic Director, Thomas G. Writing in Art in America in October,2002, Michael Duncan said of the exhibition that it free rein to complex. Artists included, Mike Nelson, Chris Burden, Susan Hiller, Vito Acconci, Eleanor Antin, Henry Darger, Janet Cardiff, richard Grayson was the Artistic Director. The 2004 Biennale of Sydney was held from 4 June -15 August and it featured the work of 51 artists from 32 countries. The 2006 Biennale of Sydney was held from 8 June -27 August, dr Charles Merewether was the Artistic Director and Curator. A record of 316,811 visits were recorded over all venues, the festival included a wide range of works and mediums including installation, sculpture, performance, video, sound, photography and painting. 53 artists created 80 new works specifically for the exhibition in response to the concept Zones of Contact, the festival also featured three two-day symposia, over 50 talks, education programs and an Art Walk along the harbour foreshore between principal exhibition venues. The 16th Biennale of Sydney, Revolutions – Forms That Turn, took place from 18 June –7 September 2008 with leading international curator and it achieved record visitation of 436,150 and featured 175 artists from 42 countries. Cockatoo Island, a prison and shipyard, was used as a major new venue and won the Biennale a Sydney Music, Arts. Other venues included, Art Gallery of NSW, Pier 2/3 at Walsh Bay, Museum of Contemporary Art, Artspace, Sydney Opera House, the 16th Biennale of Sydney was awarded Australian Event of the Year & Best Cultural or Arts Event at the 2009 Australian Event Awards. The 17th Biennale of Sydney, titled THE BEAUTY OF DISTANCE, venues included Cockatoo Island, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Pier 2/3 at Walsh Bay, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney Opera House, Artspace and the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The 17th Biennale of Sydney achieved record attendance of more than 517,000 visits across all venues with 68 artists premiering new works made especially for the exhibition. The 17th Biennale of Sydney was also a finalist at the 2010 Australian Event Awards in the Best Cultural or Arts Event category, nearly half the artists created works especially for the exhibition, including many substantial collaborative installations. The exhibition drew record crowds, with more than 665,000 visits recorded over five venues, the Biennale Bar @ Pier 2/3, presented by Asahi Super Dry, was a popular after dark event taking place over five Friday nights in August. Designed by Asahi, the bar space welcomed visitors to the atmospheric Pier 2/3 and provided a backdrop for a social Friday night event, drawing a young
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Sydney Opera House
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The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, Australia. It is one of the 20th centurys most famous and distinctive buildings, designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the building was formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzons 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The government of New South Wales, led by the premier, Joseph Cahill, performances are presented by numerous performing artists, including four resident companies, Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. As one of the most popular attractions in Australia, more than eight million people visit the site annually. The building is managed by the Sydney Opera House Trust, an agency of the New South Wales State Government, on 28 June 2007, the Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The building covers 1.8 hectares of land and is 183 m long and 120 m wide at its widest point and it is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25 m below sea level. Although the roof structures are referred to as shells, they are precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs. Though the shells appear uniformly white from a distance, they feature a subtle chevron pattern composed of 1,056,006 tiles in two colours, glossy white and matte cream. The tiles were manufactured by the Swedish company Höganäs AB which generally produced stoneware tiles for the paper-mill industry. Apart from the tile of the shells and the curtain walls of the foyer spaces. Significant interior surface treatments also include off-form concrete, Australian white birch plywood supplied from Wauchope in northern New South Wales, of the two larger spaces, the Concert Hall is in the western group of shells, the Joan Sutherland Theatre in the eastern group. The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal requirements, with low entrance spaces. The smaller venues are within the podium, beneath the Concert Hall, a smaller group of shells set to the western side of the Monumental Steps houses the Bennelong Restaurant. The podium is surrounded by substantial open spaces, and the large stone-paved forecourt area with the adjacent monumental steps is regularly used as a performance space. The Sydney Opera House includes a number of venues, Concert Hall, With 2,679 seats. It contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, the largest mechanical action organ in the world. Joan Sutherland Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 1,507 seats, until 16 October 2012 it was known as the Opera Theatre. Drama Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 544 seats, used by the Sydney Theatre Company and other dance, Playhouse, An end-stage theatre with 398 seats
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Neville Wran
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Neville Kenneth Wran, AC, CNZM, QC was the Premier of New South Wales from 1976 to 1986. Wran was born in the Sydney suburb of Paddington, the eighth and last child of Joseph Wran and he was admitted as a solicitor in 1951, called to the Bar in 1957, and became a Queens Counsel in 1968. Wran began his career in 1970 when he became a member of the upper house of the Parliament of New South Wales. Three years afterwards, he moved to the house, the Legislative Assembly. Support for this move had been organised by the General Secretary of the FMWU and he then challenged Pat Hills for the state leadership of the ALP. In this challenge he had support from right-wing powerbroker John Ducker and left-winger Jack Ferguson. There were two rounds to the vote which resulted in a tie between Hills and Wran in the second ballot. However it was ruled that in the event of a tie in the second ballot, since Wran had won one vote more than Hills in the first ballot, Wran was therefore declared the new leader. In May 1976, six months after Gough Whitlams federal ALP governments dismissal, Wran led Labor to victory, narrowly defeating the Liberal Party premier, Sir Eric Willis. Wrans win was not assured until it became clear that Gosford and Hurstville had fallen to Labor by only 74 and 44 votes respectively, giving Wran a one-seat majority. In 1978, campaigning with the slogan Wrans our Man, his government won a 13-seat swing on the back of the largest primary vote for any party in a century, the Opposition Leader on that occasion, Peter Coleman, lost his seat. In 1981, Wran won a second Wranslide, picking up six seats for what was then Labors largest proportion of seats in Parliament. The Opposition Leader, Bruce McDonald, failed to be elected to the seat that he contested, Labor also reduced the Liberals to 14 seats, the same as its nominal junior partner, the National Country Party. He won a term in 1984, although he suffered an 11-seat swing. However, as journalist David Hickie explains, Wran attempted to undermine the influence of organised crime, Wran was also very popular, at one stage rating over 80 per cent approval in opinion polls. He was often talked about as a political leader and rated highly in national polls as an alternative Labor Leader to Bill Hayden. He featured in Haydens 1980 federal election campaign, along with Bob Hawke, Wran was a Labor premier at a time when most Australian governments were held by conservative coalitions. During his 10 years as Premier of New South Wales, the government embarked on a program of reform, priorities were public transport, the environment, consumer protection and job creation
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Australian Bicentenary
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The bicentenary of Australia was celebrated in 1988. It marked 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788, the event triggered debate on Australian national identity, Aboriginal rights, historical interpretation and multiculturalism. The bicentennial year of Captain Arthur Phillips arrival with the 11 ships of the First Fleet in Sydney Harbour in 1788, and the founding of the city of Sydney,1988 is considered the official bicentenary year of the founding of Australia. The Australian Bicentenary was marked by huge pomp and ceremony across Australia to mark anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney in 1788. The Australian Bicentennial Authority, pursuant to the Australian Bicentennial Authority Act 1980, was set up to plan, fund, state Councils were also created to ensure cooperation between the federal and state governments. The opening ceremony of the 16th World Scout Jamboree, which place at midnight on 31 December 1987, was the first official event of Australias Bicentenary. In collaboration with governments, the Commonwealth/State Bicentennial Commemorative Program was established with the development of Heritage Trails in each state. On Australia Day, Sydney Harbour hosted a re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet, the Hawke Government refused to fund the First Fleet re-enactment, because it believed this might offend Indigenous Australians. Radio 2GB in Sydney stepped in and held a fund raising appeal to keep the re-enactment on track, as well as this, the modern Darling Harbour precinct was completed and opened, as was the modern Sydney Football Stadium. Other events included the Bicentennial Beacons, a series of bonfires lit around Australia, a celebration featuring motor cycle riders from around Australia was also held in Canberra during the year. Not all events went well with the disastrous Round Australia Yacht Race claiming several lives, significant improvements to Australian roads were made through the Australian Bicentennial Road Development Program. The event was viewed as controversial. Planning for the event raised issues of identity and historical interpretation. Some wanted to remember the colonisation as an invasion while others wanted it to focus on historical re-enactments, the Uniting Church in Australia wanted people to boycott the event unless Aboriginal rights were recognised. The official slogan was Living Together which emphasised the theme of multi-culturism, prime Minister Malcolm Fraser intervened to change the motto to The Australian Achievement in order to be more celebratory. Bob Hawke later restored the original motto, the response from the right wing in the country was loud. The Institute of Public Affairs suggested that tradition had been sacrificed to appease a minority, the historian Geoffrey Blainey claimed the Bicentenary was attempting to re-write the British out of the history of Australia. On 26 January 1988, more than 40,000 people, including aborigines from across the country, the protesters marched through Sydney chanting for land rights
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Indigenous Australians
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Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, derived from ab and origo. The word was used in Australia to describe its indigenous peoples as early as 1789 and it soon became capitalised and employed as the common name to refer to all Indigenous Australians. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun and Aboriginal the adjectival form, however, use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to individuals has acquired negative connotations in some sectors of the community, and it is generally regarded as insensitive and even offensive. The more acceptable and correct expression is Aboriginal Australians or Aboriginal people, the term Indigenous Australians, which also includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found increasing acceptance, particularly since the 1980s. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many groups that often identify under names from local Indigenous languages. Anindilyakwa on Groote Eylandt off Arnhem Land, Palawah in Tasmania and these larger groups may be further subdivided, for example, Anangu recognises localised subdivisions such as Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja and Antikirinya. It is estimated that prior to the arrival of British settlers, the Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation Aboriginal Australians. This has been another factor in the promotion of the inclusive term Indigenous Australians. Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves fully as Torres Strait Islanders, a further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify themselves as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands which were annexed by Queensland in 1879, eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of 1992 involved. The term blacks has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since European settlement, while originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term black, the book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary Aboriginal culture
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Man Ray
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Man Ray was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in France. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements and he produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all. He was best known for his photography, and he was a renowned fashion, Man Ray is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called rayographs in reference to himself. During his career as an artist, Man Ray allowed few details of his life or family background to be known to the public. He even refused to acknowledge that he ever had an other than Man Ray. Man Ray was born as Emmanuel Radnitzky in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and he was the eldest child of Russian Jewish immigrants. He had a brother and two sisters, the youngest born in 1897 shortly after settled in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn. In early 1912, the Radnitzky family changed their surname to Ray, Man Rays brother chose the surname in reaction to the ethnic discrimination and antisemitism prevalent at the time. Emmanuel, who was called Manny as a nickname, changed his first name to Man, Man Rays father worked in a garment factory and ran a small tailoring business out of the family home. He enlisted his children to assist him from an early age, Man Rays mother enjoyed designing the familys clothes and inventing patchwork items from scraps of fabric. Man Ray wished to disassociate himself from his background. Mannequins, flat irons, sewing machines, needles, pins, threads, swatches of fabric, Art historians have noted similarities between Rays collage and painting techniques and styles used for tailoring. Mason Klein, curator of a Man Ray exhibition at the Jewish Museum, titled Alias Man Ray, The Art of Reinvention, Man Ray was the uncle of the photographer Naomi Savage, who learned some of his techniques and incorporated them into her own work. Man Ray displayed artistic and mechanical abilities during childhood and his education at Brooklyns Boys High School from 1904 to 1909 provided him with solid grounding in drafting and other basic art techniques. While he attended school, he educated himself with frequent visits to the art museums. After his graduation, Ray was offered a scholarship to study architecture, Man Rays parents were disappointed by their sons decision to pursue art, but they agreed to rearrange the familys modest living quarters so that Rays room could be his studio. The artist remained in the home over the next four years. During this time, he worked steadily towards becoming a professional painter, Man Ray earned money as a commercial artist and was a technical illustrator at several Manhattan companies
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David Gulpilil
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David Gulpilil Ridjimiraril Dalaithngu AM, is an Australian traditional dancer and actor. He is a Yolngu man of the Mandhalpuyngu speech of the Djinba language, as a young boy, Gulpilil was an accomplished hunter, tracker and ceremonial dancer. Unlike many Indigenous people of his generation, Gulpilil spent his childhood in the bush, there he received a traditional upbringing in the care of his family. He attended the school at Maningrida in Australias North East Arnhem Land, when he came of age, Gulpilil was initiated into the Mandhalpuyngu tribal group. His skin group totemic animal is the eagle and his homeland is Marwuyu, after appearing in his first film, he added English to several indigenous languages in which he was already fluent. In 1969, Gulpilils skill as a tribal dancer caught the attention of British filmmaker Nicolas Roeg, Roeg promptly cast the sixteen-year-old unknown to play a principal role in his internationally acclaimed motion picture Walkabout, released in 1971. Gulpilils on-screen charisma, combined with his acting and dancing skills, was such that he became an instant national and international celebrity and he travelled to distant lands, mingled with famous people, and was presented to heads of state. During these travels to promote the film, he met and was impressed with John Lennon, Bob Marley, Muhammad Ali, after his high-profile performance in Walkabout, Gulpilil went on to appear in many more films and television productions. He played a role in the commercially successful and critically acclaimed Storm Boy. He dominated the film The Last Wave, with his performance as tribal Aboriginal man Chris Lee and he also had a major role in Baz Luhrmanns Australia. Gulpilil has been a creative influence throughout his life in both dance and film. He initiated and narrated the film Ten Canoes which won a Special Jury Prize at the 2006 Cannes Festival, the prize-winning, low-budget film, based on 1, 000-year-old traditional story of misplaced love and revenge, features non-professional indigenous actors speaking their local language. De Heer directed Gulpilil in another film, The Tracker and he sang a role in the sole recording of Margaret Sutherlands 1964 opera The Young Kabbarli. At a conference in Adelaide in the summer of 2000, Gulpilil performed traditional dances and he continues to provide mentorship to them, while lending his support to social and political causes such as the pursuit of tribal land claims for indigenous people. In addition to his career in dance, music, film and television and he has written the text for two volumes of childrens stories based on Yolngu beliefs. These books also feature photographs and drawings by Australian artists and convey Gulpilils reverence for the landscape, people, Gulpilil appeared in an autobiographical stage production, Gulpilil, in March 2004 at the Adelaide Festival of Arts 2004. A documentary about his life, Gulpilil, One Red Blood, was aired on Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 2003, the title comes from a quote by Gulpilil, “We are all one blood. No matter where we are from, we are all one blood, in 2007, he starred in Richard Friars hour-long independent documentary, Think About It
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Frans van Mieris the Elder
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Frans van Mieris, the elder, was a Dutch Golden Age genre and portrait painter. The leading member of a Leiden family of painters, his sons Jan and Willem, Frans was born and died in Leiden, where his father Jan Bastiaans van Mieris was a goldsmith, carver of rubies and diamond setter. His father wished to train him to his own business, but Frans preferred drawing, and studied with Jacob Toorenvliets father, Abraham Toorenvliet, from his own fathers shop he became familiar with the ways and dress of people of distinction. Unlike Dou when he first left Rembrandt, or Jan Steen when he started on an independent career, characteristic of his art in its minute proportions is a shiny brightness and metallic polish. He repeatedly painted the satin skirt which Ter Borch brought into fashion and it questionable whether Houbraken has accurately recorded this masters birthday. One of his pieces, a party of ladies and gentlemen at an oyster luncheon, in the Hermitage at St Petersburg. Celebrated alike for composition and finish, it would prove that Mieris had reached his prime at the age of fifteen. In 1657 Mieris was married at Leiden in the presence of Jan Potheuck, a painter, Mieris had numerous and distinguished patrons. He received valuable commissions from Archduke Leopold, the elector-palatine, and Cosimo III de Medici and his practice was large and lucrative, but never engendered in him either carelessness or neglect. If there be a difference between the earlier and later work, it is that the former was clearer and more delicate in flesh, whilst the latter was often darker. When he died his clients naturally went over to his son Willem, but neither Willem nor Frans van Mieris the Younger equalled Frans the elder. The pictures of all the generations of the Mieris family were successfully imitated by A. D. Snaphaan, to those who would study his deceptive form of art a visit to the collection of Wörlitz near Dessau may afford instruction. In early June 2007, A Cavalier, dated to 1657-1659, was stolen from the Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney, the 20 cm by 16 cm painting had been donated to the Art Gallery of NSW in 1993 by media figure and philanthropist, James Fairfax. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. Selfportrait with cittern Art Gallery of New South Wales - collection search Works and literature
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John Fairfax
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John Fairfax, English-born journalist, is notable for the incorporation of the major newspapers of modern-day Australia. Fairfax was born in Barford, Warwickshire, the son of William Fairfax and his wife. The Fairfax family for years were lords of the manor of Barford. A year or two later he established himself at Leamington Hastings as a printer, bookseller and stationer, there, on 31 July 1827, he married Sarah Reading, daughter of James and Sarah Reading. He became the printer of the Leamington Spa Courier, and in 1835 he purchased an interest in another paper The Leamington Chronicle and he had a book binding business in Leamington. At this time Leamington was one of the spa towns in the UK. In 1836 Fairfax published a letter criticizing the conduct of a local solicitor, though judgment was given for the defendant, the solicitor appealed. Judgment was again given for Fairfax but the costs of the actions were so heavy that he had to apply to the Insolvency Court, after a voyage of about 130 days, they reached Sydney on 26 September 1838, Fairfax had just £5 in his pocket. Fairfax worked as a compositor for some months then on 1 April 1839 was appointed librarian of the Australian subscription library, the salary was only £100 a year but he had free quarters for his family in pleasant surroundings. He found he was able to get some typesetting, and he contributed articles to the various Sydney newspapers. What was possibly more important was his contacting through the library the best educated men of Sydney, one of these was a member of the staff of the Sydney Herald, Charles Kemp, with whom he joined forces to purchase the Herald for the sum of £10,000. The paper was bought on terms, friends helped the two men to find the deposit, and on 8 February 1841 they took control as proprietors. It was good combination for each had qualities that supplemented the others, they worked in harmony for 12 years and it was given the fuller title of the Sydney Morning Herald in 1842, and in spite of a period of depression both partners by 1853 were in prosperous positions. The partnership was dissolved in September 1853 and Charles, Johns eldest son, in the previous year his father had visited England and seeking out his old creditors repaid every man in full with interest added. Under Fairfax and his sons the paper increased in public favour. It was always conservative, G. B, barton in his Literature in New South Wales said in 1866 that its Toryism had increased in a direct ratio to the Radicalism of the constitution, and its prosperity in a direct ratio to its Toryism. The Herald was moved to its present site in 1856, a weekly journal, The Sydney Mail, was established, its first number was published on 7 July 1860, and it continued to appear until 1938. Fairfax was a religious man, a member of the Congregational Church at Pitt St
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