1.
Walter Liberty Vernon
–
Walter Liberty Vernon was an English architect who migrated to Australia and pursued his career as an architect in Sydney, New South Wales. He is noted for designing multiple government buildings which are still standing, Vernon was born 11 August 1846 in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England, the son of a bankers clerk, Robert Vernon and Margaret Liberty. He was articled in 1862 to a London architect, W. G. Habershon, after completing his studies, he pursued a practice as an architect in London and married Margaret Anne Jones in 1870 at Newport, Wales. His London practice was successful, but he suffered from asthma and received medical advice to leave England. Thus, he migrated to Australia. Vernon established a practice in Sydney but later joined the Government Architects Branch in 1890 as Government Architect. The activities of this office were boosted in 1894 when extra funding was committed as a way of creating relief work during the Depression, as an architect practising in Australia, Vernon favoured what were later known as Federation styles such as Federation Arts and Crafts and Federation Free Style. Examples of the former were his fire station in St Johns Road, Glebe, Jenolan Caves House in the Blue Mountains, examples of the latter were his fire stations in The Avenue, Randwick, Darlinghurst Road, Darlinghurst, and Pyrmont Street, Pyrmont. The last two are on the Register of the National Estate, another example of Federation Free Style is the former police station, Taylor Square, Darlinghurst, also on the National Estate. In a stylistic departure, he designed the station in Bourke Street, Surry Hills, in the Romanesque style. For more substantial buildings, Vernon continued the tradition whereby such buildings were designed in a Classical style. Notable examples were the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Mitchell Library, Central railway station and Newcastle Court House, the Art Gallery has been described as masterly symmetry featuring Ionic colonnades. Central Station has been described as the grandest railway station in Australia and his office was also responsible for the public decorations during the Federation celebrations of 1901. He retired as New South Wales Government Architect in 1911 and returned to private practice, the latter, also born in England, was a practitioner of the Federation Arts and Crafts and Federation Bungalow styles. One of the buildings designed by Vernon and Joseland was the Paterson Reid and Bruce building, York Street, Sydney, in 1911, Vernon judged the competition entries for Parliament House in Wellington, New Zealand, after the original buildings were destroyed in a 1907 fire. Vernon had a career as an architect, with approximately fifty of his buildings being on the Register of the National Estate. He is known as a key practitioner of various Federation styles, Vernon Circle in Canberra is named after him, as is the Vernon Pavilion in Sydneys Centennial Park. Vernon died on 17 January 1914 and his funeral at St James Church, Sydney on 19 January was attended by a large. The following Vernon buildings are on the Register of the National Estate
Walter Liberty Vernon
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Walter Liberty Vernon
Walter Liberty Vernon
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Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney
Walter Liberty Vernon
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Registrar-General's Building, Sydney
Walter Liberty Vernon
–
Newcastle Court House
2.
The Domain
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The Domain is 34 hectares of open space in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the edge of the Sydney central business district. The Domain adjoins the Royal Botanic Gardens and is managed by the Royal Botanic Gardens Trust and it is a popular venue for outdoor concerts, open-air events, large political gatherings and rallies and is used daily by the people of Sydney for exercise and relaxation. By July 1788, six months after the First Fleet had landed in Sydney Cove, Governor Arthur Phillip had established a farm in the cove immediately to the east. Further up the valley of the stream flowed into Farm Cove. It covered the area east of the Tank Stream to the head of Woolloomooloo Bay, the farm had been established for growing grain, but was soon moved to Parramatta, because of the poor sandy soil. The Farm Cove area was leased out for private farming for the next twenty years. Despite a ditch being dug to define its boundary in 1792 the Domain was gradually encroached upon by others in subsequent years, Governor Blighs attempts to reclaim the Domain was among the many causes of the ‘Rum Rebellion’ of 26 January 1808. As soon as he arrived in 1810, Bligh’s successor Governor Macquarie built stone walls around the Government House garden, the traditional foundation date of the Botanic Gardens is taken as the date of completion of Mrs Macquaries Road, on 13 June 1816. By 1817 the Domain was completely enclosed and the system completed including several gates to regulate horse-drawn traffic. The Domain itself was cleared of trees and opened as an area in the 1830s. Eventually, the Inner Domain, the area closest to Government House, was consumed by the Government Gardens while the area now known as the Domain was then the Outer Domain. Despite the Domain being whittled away in subsequent years it remained an important buffer to the Gardens, the native vegetation was cleared and the gullies of Phillip Precinct filled. During the 1830s the expansive green space of the Domain was now opened to the public, the Domain west of Macquarie Street was then sold to pay for the construction of new Government House and Circular Quay. The Art Gallery of New South Wales was built on the side of the Domain. Cricket matches, which had played in Hyde Park since the early 19th century. New South Wales had beaten Victoria by three wickets in their first inter-colonial match held in Melbourne in 1856, the return match was played in the Domain on from 14–16 January 1857 and New South Wales won again, this time by 65 runs. Although used for cricket for the next 14 years, the Domain was not a high quality ground even by the standards of the day and it was a rough, uneven, open paddock and cricketers had a constant battle with the public who insisted it was public parkland
The Domain
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The Domain viewed from above from the city centre (south-west)
The Domain
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Mrs Macquarie's Chair was created in 1816.
The Domain
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The International Exhibition of 1879 at the
Garden Palace
The Domain
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Czech journalist Egon Kisch in the Domain warning of the dangers of fascism, 1935.
3.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
Sydney
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The
Sydney Opera House and
CBD at dusk from
Jeffrey Street,
Kirribilli in December 2008
Sydney
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A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove, by convict artist
Thomas Watling in 1794
Sydney
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Sydney Cove from
Dawes Point, 1817
4.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
New South Wales
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286 kg (630 lb) gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from
Hill End during the Gold Rush
New South Wales
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Flag
New South Wales
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Japanese POW camp in Cowra, 1944, several weeks before the
Cowra breakout
New South Wales
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A short-lived
South Maitland Railway (SMR) Railcar travelling between
Weston and
Abermain, 1962. The SMR is notable for being the second last system in Australia to use steam haulage.
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
6.
Fine art
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Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and dance. Today, the fine arts commonly include additional forms, such as film, photography, video production/editing, design, sequential art, conceptual art, and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learning or in museums, fine art, in that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the applied arts. The word fine does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question and this definition originally excluded the applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts. According to some writers the concept of a category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art, A Cultural History locates the invention in the 18th century, There was a traditional “system of the arts” in the West before the eighteenth century. ”Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton, though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance. The separation of arts and crafts that often exists in Europe, in Japanese aesthetics the activities of everyday life are depicted by integrating not only art with craft but man-made with nature. Traditional Chinese art distinguished within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting. A high status was given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, jade carving, weaving. Drawing is a form of expression and is one of the major forms of the visual arts. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning. Mosaics are images formed with pieces of stone or glass. They can be decorative or functional, an artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper, except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy, the reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of another work of art in a different medium — for instance, a painting — but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression, prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. But there are other kinds, discussed below. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an edition, in modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a limited edition
Fine art
–
Self-Portrait with Two Circles, oil on canvas,
Rembrandt, c. 1665–1669.
Fine art
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Black Square, oil on canvas,
Kazimir Malevich, 1923–29
Fine art
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History of art
Fine art
–
Mosaic of
Christ Pantocrator from
Hagia Sophia
7.
Visual art
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The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, literature, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines involve aspects of the arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design. Current usage of the visual arts includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts. The increasing tendency to painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes, training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. Visual arts have now become a subject in most education systems. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a variety of tools. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used, the main techniques used in drawing are, line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman, drawing goes back at least 16,000 years to Paleolithic cave representations of animals such as those at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain. In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture, drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier, like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet, in shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt, in the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis. The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost, one of the best remaining representations are the hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. Apart from the manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages
Visual art
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Vincent van Gogh:
The Church at Auvers (1890)
Visual art
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Mosaic of Battle of Issus
Visual art
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Nefertari with Isis
Visual art
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Raphael:
Spasimo (1514-1516)
8.
Asian art
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The history of Asian art, or Eastern art, includes a vast range of influences from various cultures and religions. Developments in Asian art historically parallel those in Western art, in general a few centuries earlier, Chinese art, Indian art, Korean art, Japanese art, each had significant influence on Western art, and, vice versa. Near Eastern art also had a significant influence on Western art, excluding prehistoric art, the art of Mesopotamia represents the oldest forms of Asian art. Balinese art is art of Hindu-Javanese origin that grew from the work of artisans of the Majapahit Kingdom, from the 16th until the 20th centuries, the village of Kamasan, Klungkung, was the centre of classical Balinese art. During the first part of the 20th century, new varieties of Balinese art developed, since the late twentieth century, Ubud and its neighboring villages established a reputation as the center of Balinese art. Ubud and Batuan are known for their paintings, Mas for their woodcarvings, Celuk for gold and silver smiths, eiseman correctly pointed out that Balinese art is actually carved, painted, woven, and prepared into objects intended for everyday use rather than as object d art. This groundbreaking period of creativity reached a peak in the late 1930s, a stream of famous visitors, including Charlie Chaplin and the anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, encouraged the talented locals to create highly original works. During their stay in Bali in the mid-1930s, Bateson and Mead collected over 2000 paintings, predominantly from the village of Batuan, among western artists, Spies and Bonnet are often credited for the modernization of traditional Balinese paintings. From the 1950s onwards Baliese artists incorporated aspects of perspective and anatomy from these artists, more importantly, they acted as agents of change by encouraging experimentation, and promoted departures from tradition. The result was an explosion of expression that increased the rate of change in Balinese art. Buddhist art traveled with believers as the spread, adapted. It developed to the north through Central Asia and into Eastern Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, bhutanese art is similar to the art of Tibet. Both are based upon Vajrayana Buddhism, with its pantheon of divine beings, the major orders of Buddhism in Bhutan are Drukpa Kagyu and Nyingma. The former is a branch of the Kagyu School and is known for documenting the lineage of Buddhist masters. The Nyingma order is known for images of Padmasambhava, who is credited with introducing Buddhism into Bhutan in the 7th century, according to legend, Padmasambhava hid sacred treasures for future Buddhist masters, especially Pema Lingpa, to find. The treasure finders are also frequent subjects of Nyingma art, each divine being is assigned special shapes, colors, and/or identifying objects, such as lotus, conch-shell, thunderbolt, and begging bowl. All sacred images are made to specifications that have remained remarkably unchanged for centuries. Wall paintings and sculptures, in regions, are formulated on the principal ageless ideals of Buddhist art forms
Asian art
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Kalachakra Dance Mask
Asian art
Asian art
–
Ming Dynasty Xuande Archaic Porcelain Vase
Asian art
–
" Deity " Zhong Kui the Demon Queller
9.
St James railway station, Sydney
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St James railway station is located on the City Circle, at the northern end of Hyde Park in the Sydney central business district. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Airport, Inner West & South and it is named after the nearby St James Church. Part of the Bradfield Plan, St James station was intended to be a major interchange with the Eastern Suburbs line on Sydneys underground rail system. Plans for the construction of St James included railway lines in four directions, four platforms were completed, but the two inner platforms, intended to support Bradfields proposed eastern and western suburbs lines, were never put into service. When the Eastern Suburbs line was built it was done so via a different route via Town Hall. In the 1990s, the two platforms were connected by filling in the track space between the two inner platforms, resulting in the single, large island platform seen today. The station itself was designed by New South Wales Government Architect George McRae, an example of Inter-War Stripped Classical architecture influenced by Art Deco. One distinctive feature of the station is a sign from the late 1930s advertising Chateau Tanunda Brandy installed by Tucker, Lingard & Co. St James station opened on 20 December 1926 with the opening of the city line from Central. For the first 30 years, St James station was used as a station for the Bankstown, East Hills. As a terminating station, St James was equipped with a signal box. The St James signal box, equipped with pistol grips, was the smallest such box in New South Wales. Trains arriving at St James would disembark passengers on one of the platforms, then the train would move to a siding and reverse direction. During non-peak hours the driver would move to the other end of the train while the train was on the siding. During peak hours the train would take on a driver in the last car while at the platform, then proceed to one of the sidings. Completion of the City Circle loop did not occur until 30 years after St James station opened. Construction of the city line as far as Wynyard was completed in 1932. Construction was halted during World War II and was intermittent after it resumed in 1945 due to inconsistent funding, as a result of this, St Jamess terminating facilities were no longer regularly used
St James railway station, Sydney
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Elizabeth Street entrance in June 2011
St James railway station, Sydney
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Facade of the station's main above-ground entrance on
Elizabeth Street in 1954
St James railway station, Sydney
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Platform 1
St James railway station, Sydney
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Centre of the large island platform, showing part of the track space between the two island platforms as built, now filled in. The edge of the original island platform on the right is visible near the centre of the photograph. The walls at the far end are of temporary construction: doors give access to the disused sections of the central platforms and rail tunnels.
10.
Martin Place railway station
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Martin Place railway station is located on the Eastern Suburbs line, serving the Sydney central business district. Named after Martin Place, it is served by Sydney Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line services, Martin Place station opened on 23 June 1979 when the Eastern Suburbs line opened from Central to Bondi Junction. In 2010, work commenced on an upgrade to the station, the upgrade was completed in April 2011. The station consists of a platform and a turnback siding east of the station. A service tunnel extends from Martin Place railway station under Sydney Hospital into The Domain, the tunnel carries air conditioning services from an underground room, which is located beneath two ventilation towers in The Domain, by the side of the road behind Sydney Hospital. Media related to Martin Place railway station at Wikimedia Commons Station details Sydney Trains
Martin Place railway station
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Phillip Street entrance in February 2015
Martin Place railway station
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Station under construction in October 1951
Martin Place railway station
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Concourse in April 2010
Martin Place railway station
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Westbound view from Platform 2 in June 2006
11.
Sydney Explorer
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The Sydney Explorer is an Australian open top bus tourist sightseeing service operating in the Sydney central business district and Eastern Suburbs. On 23 November 1980, the Urban Transit Authority commenced operating the Sydney Explorer looping the Sydney central business district. It was operated with Mercedes-Benz O305 and O405 buses that apart from being painted in red Sydney Explorer livery, in 1990, a fleet of six Pressed Metal Corporation bodied Mercedes-Benz O405 coaches were introduced. In September 1998, the Bondi & Bay Explorer was introduced operating from Circular Quay to the Eastern Suburbs and it was operated by four Ansair bodied Scania L113CRLs painted in a blue livery. In November 2010, both services were sold to City Sightseeing who had been operating open top bus tours in Sydney since the early 2000s, no buses were included in the sale, with City Sightseeing continuing to operate its existing routes only with its fleet of MCW Metrobuses. From May 2012 new Anhui Ankai buses were introduced on these routes, operations initially operated under the City Sightseeing brand, before the Sydney Explorer name was reintroduced in late 2012 for both routes. When Ensignbus sold the City Sightseeing business in 2011, it retained ownership of the Sydney operation, in 2016, Sydney Explorer relinquished its City Sightseeing franchise and became a Big Bus Tours affiliate. A casualty of the takeover by City Sightseeing was the pass on the Sydney Explorer which was no longer valid. This used to allow unlimited use on the Sydney and Bondi Explorer buses. The Sydney Explorer now stops at 26 different locations in Sydney, Sydney Pass good way to explore city, cant inherit frequent-flier miles Daily Breeze 2 October 2005 page B7 For a fun thing to do, see Sydney Explorer The Mosman Daily 20 September 2007 page 27
Sydney Explorer
–
Ankai HFF6121GS-3 at
Circular Quay in June 2014
12.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
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Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
13.
Garden Palace
–
The Garden Palace was a large, purpose-built exhibition building constructed to house the Sydney International Exhibition in 1879 in Sydney, Australia. It was designed by James Barnet and constructed by John Young and this was largely due to the importation from England of electric lighting, which enabled work to be carried out around the clock. The dome was 100 feet in diameter and 210 feet in height. The building was over 244 metres long and had a space of over 112,000 metres with 4.5 million feet of timber,2.5 million bricks and 243 tons of galvanised corrugated iron. The building was similar in respects to the later Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Sydneys first hydraulic lift was contained in the north tower, the Garden Palace was sited at what is today the southwestern end of the Royal Botanic Garden. It was constructed primarily from timber, which ensured its complete destruction when engulfed by fire in the morning of September 22,1882. The Garden Palace at that time was used by a number of Government Departments and many significant records were destroyed in the fire, notably records of squatting occupation in New South Wales. The only extant remains of the Garden Palace are its carved Sydney sandstone gateposts and wrought iron gates, a 1940s-era sunken garden and fountain featuring a statue of Cupid marks the former location of the Palaces dome. Few artefacts from the International Exhibition survived the fire, one of which is a carved statue of an elephant, from Ceylon. Royal Exhibition Building - Melbournes exhibition building
Garden Palace
–
The Sydney International Exhibition (1879)
Garden Palace
–
Sydney's Garden Palace; an architectural drawing from the 1870s
14.
Conrad Martens
–
Conrad Martens was an English-born landscape painter active on HMS Beagle from 1833, and in Australia from 1835. Conrad Martens father was a merchant who came originally to London as Austrian Consul, like his two brothers, John William and Henry, he studied landscape painting under the prominent watercolourist Copley Fielding. In 1832 he joined the ship Hyacinth as a topographical artist, in Montevideo near the end of 1833 he met Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, who engaged him as a draughtsman to replace the ships artist Augustus Earle who had fallen ill. Martens left the Beagle at Valparaiso in the half of 1834 and took passage to Sydney via Tahiti. Martens was introduced to the New South Wales gentry and soon achieved success in Sydney with several commissions and he went on to become the most proficient, prominent and prolific landscape artist in the colony. The Beagle arrived in 1836, and Darwin and Captain Fitzroy commissioned a number of paintings from the Beagles voyages in Tierra Del Fuego, other large commissions followed, and in 1837 some of Martens Australian watercolours were exhibited at the Royal Society in London. In 1839, however, a drought triggered a recession which was to last until the 1850s. In the 1840s he turned to lithographs, which allowed him to sell the work many times over - his View of Sydney from the North Shore was especially popular. Conrad Martens married Jane Carter, of Welsh heritage and the child of William and Jane Carter at St James Church, Sydney. Janes father, a barrister and first Master in Chancery of the Supreme Court of NSW had purchased one of Martens paintings. In late 1851 Martens sailed to Brisbane, travelling back via road, across the Great Dividing Range to the Darling Downs, en route, he lodged with squatters and pastoralists, drawing their houses and properties, and hoping for commissions. The plan succeeded, and Martens was eventually commissioned to paint over seventy watercolours and he exhibited at the Victorian Fine Arts Society in Melbourne in 1853, and at the Paris Universal Exhibition in 1855. Eventual improvement in the Australian economy in the later 1850s led to an increase in significant commissions, a famous painting is North Head, Sydney Harbour. In 1862 he received a message from Darwin, and replied congratulating him on the success of The Origin of Species and he sent Darwin a watercolour of Brisbane River and exhibited at the International Exhibition in London. In 1863 he became Assistant Librarian in the Parliamentary Library, securing his financial position, nevertheless, he exhibited at the Paris International Exhibition in 1867. From the later 1860s Martens suffered from angina, and he died from an attack on 21 August 1878. He is buried at St Thomas cemetery, North Sydney, visual arts of Australia Richard Keynes. Fossils, Finches and Fuegians, Charles Darwins Adventures and Discoveries on the Beagle and this book contains several reproductions of Martens work
Conrad Martens
–
Portrait of Conrad Martens, 187-? (sepia toned photo),
National Library of Australia
Conrad Martens
–
Watercolour painted during the survey of
Tierra del Fuego showing the Beagle being hailed by native Fuegians.
Conrad Martens
–
A watercolor of a native from the
Tierra del Fuego, painted by Conrad Martens when he and
Charles Darwin visited the area during the
Voyage of the Beagle (1832–34).
15.
Sydney International Exhibition
–
The Sydney International Exhibition in 1879 was the first Worlds Fair at the southern hemisphere. After being granted self-governance during the 1850s the Australian colonies, Victoria and New South Wales, saw an economic growth as result of the discovery. After 20 years proposals were made for organizing an exhibition modelled on the exhibitions of Europe, with an aim to promote commerce and industry, along with art, science. In 1879 Melbourne filed a plan to the Parliament, however Sydney wanted to be the first and managed to organize an exhibition in record time. The Sydney International Exhibition opened in the autumn of 1879, but it wasnt really universal, Melbourne decided to start their exhibition shortly after the one in Sydney, so the participants could transport their exhibits during the winter of 1880. After the exhibitions many of the exhibits were selected to be at display in the Technological, Industrial, the Garden Palace itself was used by the government until a fire destroyed the building in 1882. Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition Melbourne International Exhibition Garden Palace
Sydney International Exhibition
–
The Sydney International Exhibition
16.
John Horbury Hunt
–
John Horbury Hunt was a Canadian-born architect who worked in Sydney, Australia and rural New South Wales from 1863. Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of a builder, Hunt was trained in Boston, Massachusetts and he worked in Sydney with Edmund Blacket for seven years prior to pursuing his own practice. His output was varied and included cathedrals, churches, chapels, houses, homesteads, stables. Probably his first building designed in Australia was the Superintendents Residence at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, a few years later he designed the Catherine Hayes Hospital, which was also built at the Prince of Wales Hospital, with the design modified by Thomas Rowe. In Armidale, New South Wales, he designed St Peters Anglican Cathedral and Booloominbah and it has been said that Undoubtedly men such as Hunt. Have, through their buildings and their ideas, stiffened the intellectual backbone of Australian architecture and he was instrumental in bringing the North American Shingle Style to Australia. The outstanding example of style was Highlands, a two-storey home designed by Hunt. Situated in Highlands Avenue, Wahroonga, Sydney, Highlands is listed on the Register of the National Estate, another notable example is Pibrac, designed by Hunt for Frederick Ecclestone du Faur. Pibrac is also on the Register of the National Estate, Hunt was ruined by the Depression of the 1890s. He died in Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, eleven days after suffering from Brights disease. His personal effects, recorded in the hospital Admission Book, consisted of a metal box and he was buried at South Head Cemetery, Vaucluse, Sydney. He was close to destitute at the time of his death and his home, Cranbrook Cottage, had been repossessed by the mortgagor, it was demolished in 1925 to make room for the widening of New South Head Road. The site of the cottage is marked by a rock garden. Havilah, homestead Hunter Valley NSW Riversdale House at Chevalier College, Burradoo, architecture of Australia Francis Greenway Edmund Blacket John H. Buckeridge John Horbury Hunt, Radical Architect 1838–1904, author, Peter Reynolds, Historic Houses Trust Of New Sou,2008. Architect Extraordinary – the Life and Work of John Horbury Hunt, 1838–1904, author, J. M. Freeland, Cassell, Historic Houses Trust of NSW – John Horbury Hunt – Radical Architect St Peters Cathedral, Armidale – History Australian Dictionary of Biography Booloominbah and other buildings
John Horbury Hunt
–
John Horbury Hunt and his wife outside their cottage in the Sydney suburb of
Bellevue HIll
John Horbury Hunt
–
Hunt's grave at South Head Cemetery,
Vaucluse, Sydney
John Horbury Hunt
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Sacred Heart Convent,
c. 1930s,
Vaucluse, New South Wales
John Horbury Hunt
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Cloncorrick,
Darling Point, New South Wales
17.
Holman Hunt
–
William Holman Hunt OM was an English painter and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. His paintings were notable for their attention to detail, vivid color. These features were influenced by the writings of John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, for Hunt it was the duty of the artist to reveal the correspondence between sign and fact. Of all the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Hunt remained most true to their ideals throughout his career and he was always keen to maximize the popular appeal and public visibility of his works. After eventually entering the Royal Academy art schools, having initially been rejected and he formed the Pre-Raphaelite movement in 1848, after meeting the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Along with John Everett Millais they sought to revitalise art by emphasising the detailed observation of the world in a spirit of quasi-religious devotion to truth. This religious approach was influenced by the qualities of medieval art. He had many pupils including Robert Braithwaite Martineau, after a failed engagement to his model Annie Miller, he married Fanny Waugh, who later modelled for the figure of Isabella. When she died in childbirth in Italy, he sculpted her tomb at Fiesole, having it brought down to the English Cemetery in Florence and he had a close connection with St. Marks Church in Florence, and paid for the communion chalice inscribed in memory of his wife and his second wife, Edith, was Fannys sister. At the time it was illegal in Great Britain to marry ones deceased wifes sister, hunts works were not initially successful, and were widely attacked in the art press for their alleged clumsiness and ugliness. He achieved some note for his intensely naturalistic scenes of modern rural and urban life, such as The Hireling Shepherd. Hunt also painted works based on poems, such as Isabella. He eventually built his own house in Jerusalem and he eventually had to relinquish painting because failing eyesight meant that he could not achieve the quality that he wanted. His last major works, including a version of The Light of the World, were completed with the help of his assistant. Hunt died on 7 September 1910 and was buried in St Pauls Cathedral in London, Hunt published an autobiography in 1905. Many of his writings are attempts to control the interpretation of his work. That year, he was appointed to the Order of Merit by King Edward VII, at the end of his life he lived in Sonning-on-Thames
Holman Hunt
–
Self-portrait, 1867,
Galleria degli Uffizi,
Florence
Holman Hunt
–
William Holman Hunt
Holman Hunt
–
Our English Coasts, 1852 ('Strayed Sheep')
Holman Hunt
–
Hunt in his eastern dress, photo by
Julia Margaret Cameron
18.
The Light of the World (painting)
–
According to Hunt, I painted the picture with what I thought, unworthy though I was, to be by Divine command, and not simply as a good Subject. The door in the painting has no handle, and can therefore be opened only from the inside, Hunt,50 years after painting it, felt he had to explain the symbolism. In oil on canvas, it was begun around 1849/50, completed in 1893, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1854 and is now in a room off the large chapel at Keble College. It was claimed that four-fifths of Australias population viewed it, due to Hunts increasing infirmity and glaucoma, he was assisted in the completion of this version by English painter Edward Robert Hughes. Hunt was buried in St Pauls, a ninth smaller version of the painting, painted by Hunt in pastels between 1891 and 1896, is on display at Manchester City Art Gallery, England, which purchased it in 2014. This painting didnt inspire any popular devotion in the late Victorian period but inspired several musical works, engraved reproductions were widely hung in nurseries, schools and church buildings. Hunt, W. H. Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, holman Hunt and the Light of the World
The Light of the World (painting)
–
The Light of the World
19.
Archibald Prize
–
The Archibald Prize is regarded as the most important portraiture prize in Australian art. It was first awarded in 1921 after the receipt of a bequest from J. F. Archibald, guido Belgiorno-Nettis said that judging the annual competitions was absolutely the most fun thing you can do as a trustee. The Archibald Prize is awarded annually and since July 2015 has been AU$100,000, the Peoples Choice Award, in which votes from the public viewing the finalists are collected to find a winner was first awarded in 1988. The award comes with a prize of A$3,500. In 1992 the Packing Room Prize was established, in which the staff who receive the portraits, the prize-winner is not always an Archibald finalist. Although the prize is said to be awarded by the staff, the Packing Room Prize is awarded annually and since June 2014, the prize has been A$1,500. To date there has never been an Archibald Prize winner who has also been a Packing Room Prize winner, for this reason winning the Packing Room Prize is known as the kiss of death award. Category, Archibald Prize finalists Lists of Archibald Prize finalists Since 1992, since 1999, Sydney based law firm Holding Redlich have sponsored a Salon des Refusés Peoples Choice Award. The Archibald is held at the time as the Sir John Sulman Prize, the Wynne Prize, the Mortimore Prize for Realism, the Australian Photographic Portrait Prize. The Archibald is the next richest portrait prize in Australia after the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize, in 1978 Brett Whiteley won the Archibald, Wynne and Sulman Prizes all in the same year, the only time this has happened. It was his win for the Archibald and the other prizes as well. Some works which do not make the Archibald Prize finalists are shown at the S. H. Ervin Gallery in the Archibald Salon des Refusés exhibition which began in 1992. The Archibald is one of the few art prizes in which the artists signature is covered up so as not to be seen by the judges during initial selection for the final. Given the small size of Australias art community, this is intended to discourage nepotism on the part of judges simply selecting their friends rather than making selections based on merit. Max Meldrum criticised the Archibald Prize winner in 1938, saying that women could not be expected to paint as well as men. Nora Heysen was the first woman to win the Archibald Prize, with a portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman, in 1953 several art students including John Olsen protested William Dargies winning portrait, the seventh time he had been awarded the prize. One protester tied a sign around her dog which said Winner Archibald Prize – William Doggie, dargie went on to win the prize again in 1956. This is now hanging at New Parliament House in Canberra, in 1975, John Bloomfields portrait of Tim Burstall was disqualified on the grounds that it had been painted from a blown up photograph, rather than from life
Archibald Prize
–
H. Desbrowe Annear by
W B McInnes was the first (1921) Archibald Prize winner
20.
William Beckwith McInnes
–
William Beckwith McInnes was an Australian portrait painter, winner of the Archibald Prize seven times for his traditional style paintings. McInnes was born in St Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne to Malcolm McInnes and his wife Alice Agnes, despite lack of family artistic tradition, he was keen to draw from the time he could hold a pencil. In 1903, at 14 years of age, he enrolled in the school of the National Gallery of Victoria under Frederick McCubbin. Later he moved up to the school under Lindsay Bernard Hall. He won the first prizes for drawing the figure from life, and for painting a head from life, McInnes was represented in London at the exhibition of the Royal Institute of Painters in oils in 1913. McInnes returned to Melbourne in the same year, a one-man show was held at the Athenaeum gallery and nearly everything was sold. In 1920 he was permanently appointed, in 1921, he won the first of his Archibald Prizes for portraiture. McInnes revisited Europe in 1925 and on his return found he was in demand as a portrait painter. For many years he was unable to time to do landscape work. In 1928 he exhibited with the Royal Academy, and in 1933 he visited England again to paint the Duke of York, amongst other portraits by McInnes were those of the surgeons Archibald Watson and Wood Jones. McInnes had suffered from an imperfect heart all his life, his health became affected. He died on 9 November 1939 and he married Violet Muriel Musgrave in 1915, a capable flower painter, who survived him with four sons and two daughters. McInnes artwork has featured at the Art Gallery of South Australia. In addition, McInnes has painted a variety of important people in Australian history including officials and aristocratic families
William Beckwith McInnes
–
McInnes's Portrait of Miss Collins won the 1924
Archibald Prize
21.
Harold Desbrowe-Annear
–
Harold Desbrowe-Annear was an influential Australian architect who was at the forefront of the development of the Arts and Crafts movement in this country. During the 1890s he was an Instructor in architecture at the Working Mens College where he founded the T-Square in 1900, the club acted as a meeting point for Melbourne’s architects, artists and craft workers and helped to develop a strong Arts and Crafts culture in the city. Desbrowe-Annear was also a supporter of the Victorian Arts and Crafts Society, born in Happy Valley, Bendigo, Victoria in 1865, Desbrowe-Annear was the elder son of James Annear, mining contractor, and Eliza Ann. He had six older stepsisters, two sisters and a brother, after the family moved to Melbourne in 1875 Desbrowe-Annear attended Hawthorn Grammar School, matriculating in 1882. On 25 July 1891, he married Florence Susan Chadwick but by the end of World War I, due to irreconcilable differences, Desbrowe-Annear died on 22 June 1933 of heart disease, he was survived by Florence whom he had not divorced and their two sons James and Hector. In 1883, Desbrowe-Annear was articled to Melbourne architect William Salway and during this time his interest, in 1889 he chose to pursue a practice of his own having already received recognition for his architectural sketches and papers delivered to the Victorian Institute of Architects. In 1996, The Royal Australian Institute of Architects introduced the Harold Desbrowe-Annear Award to the best residential project of the year in Victoria and it is the highest honour in the state for Residential Architecture. It was influenced by Beaux-Arts civic design and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, the three houses that Desbrowe-Annear erected in Eaglemont were commissioned by his father-in-law James Chadwick in 1903. They were 36–38 The Eyrie, built as a residence for the architect and his family, 32–34 The Eyrie, known as Chadwick House and 55 Outlook Drive, known as the Officer House. While relatively modest in size, their design indicates that the architect was prepared to grasp the issue of the home as one of the most challenging of the 20th century. They embody the principles of William Morris in their truth to materials and place, structural honesty, functionalism, each house was thoughtfully positioned on the slope of the hill, with increasing setbacks from the street, so as not to block the views from within. The Springthorpe Memorial in the Boroondara Cemetery, Kew, was Desbrowe-Annears first Arts and Crafts venture, the design was influenced by William Lethaby’s writings on the iconography of the domed temple form in “Architecture, Mysticism & Myth”. The geographic alignment of the tomb ascertains that the light of the afternoon sun lights up the temple with brilliant colour. It explores the idea of the union of souls. Inglesby, also called the Francis house, in South Yarra was one of Desbrowe-Annears most famous houses and it was timber-framed with plain white roughcast walls inspired by Californian architect Irving Gill. The plan of Inglesby centred on a hall entered from the porch. It was flanked either side by the room and the living room accessed through sliding doors which when opened extended into a huge living area across the front of the house. Inglesbys low ceilings and horizontal flow aligned it also to the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, Desbrowe Annear House –38 The Eyrie Eaglemont, Banyule City The Annear House – 36–38 The Eyrie Heidelberg, Banyule City
Harold Desbrowe-Annear
–
36–38 The Eyrie
Harold Desbrowe-Annear
–
Springthorpe Memorial, Booroondara Cemetery
22.
Gilbert Bayes
–
Gilbert William Bayes was an English sculptor. Bayes was born in London into a family of artists, his father being Alfred Walter Bayes and he was one of four children and brother to the well-known artist and critic Walter Bayes, and to the Arts & Crafts designer Jessie Bayes. Bayes is perhaps best remembered for his interest in color, his association with the Royal Doulton Company and he also designed a number of war memorials, with public works throughout the former British Empire, from New South Wales to Bangalore. Bayes served as President of the Royal British Society of Sculptors, PRBS and he died in London in 1953. Bayes home at 4 Greville Place in St. Johns Wood bears a plaque placed by English Heritage in 2007. In 1906, Bayes married Gertrude Smith, a sculptor, in Farnham. Tata at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Blue Robed Bambino fountain at the Centre William Rappard, Geneva Reliefs featuring musicians on a building in Cavendish Square, the house had been the showroom of Brinmeads, the English piano manufacturer. National Archives article Gilbert Bayes Trust
Gilbert Bayes
–
The Queen of Time,
Selfridges, London, 1928
Gilbert Bayes
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Destiny, war memorial, Albion Gardens,
Ramsgate, Kent, 1920
Gilbert Bayes
–
Prehistoric Period
Gilbert Bayes
–
Classic period
23.
Will Ashton
–
Sir John William Will Ashton OBE, ROI was a English-Australian artist and Director of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1937 to 1945. Ashton was born on 20 September 1881 in Clifton, York, England, the son of James Ashton, the Ashtons migrated to Adelaide, South Australia and was educated at Prince Alfred College from 1889-1897. Upon graduating Ashton entered the life of an artist, in 1900 he left for England to work and spent several years from 1902-1903 at the Académie Julian in Paris. Ashton had some of his works accepted by the Royal Academy of Arts, London, and the Salon de la Société des Artistes Français and returned to Adelaide in 1905. The sale of his work, Boulevard Montparnasse, Paris, to the National Gallery of South Australia enabled him to marry May Millman, on 31 January 1906 at Christ Church, North Adelaide. After holding exhibitions in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide, in 1912-14 he painted in Britain, Europe and Egypt. He was back in Australia for a year, but returned to London with his family in 1915 to 1917, others of his subsequent frequent overseas trips were in the company of Lionel Lindsay or Charles Bryant. The impressionist oil paintings he made on these trips always sold well on his return to Australia and he advised the National Gallery of South Australia and private collectors, and supported his family by examining for the Royal Drawing Society of which he was a member. He won the Godfrey Rivers Bequest prize in 1933 and 1938, Ashton also won the Wynne Prize for a second and third time in 1930 and in 1939. In 1937 Ashton became Director of the National Art Gallery of New South Wales, during his tenure he improved the gallery lighting, but other plans were postponed because of World War II. From 1944-1947 he was also Director of David Jones Art Gallery, a member of the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board from 1918, Ashton was chairman in 1953-1962. He was a member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters, a Vice-President of the Australian Painter-Etchers Society, and a member of the Society of Artists in Sydney, being awarded its medal in 1944. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1941 and was made a Knight Bachelor on 11 June 1960 for his service as Chairman of the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board, Ashton died of cancer at his home at Mosman on 1 September 1963. He was survived by three sons and by his second wife Winfreda Isabel Hoggard, whom he had married on 6 February 1961, on 9 May 1989, Lady Ashton was murdered in the Sydney North Shore suburb of Mosman by John Wayne Glover. A portrait of Will Ashton was painted by William Dargie and was bought by the Commonwealth Government
Will Ashton
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"Near Newport", 1930
24.
William Dobell
–
Sir William Dobell OBE was an Australian artist. William Dobell was born in Cooks Hill, a neighbourhood of Newcastle. His father was a builder and there were six children, Dobells artistic talents were evident early. In 1916, he was apprenticed to Newcastle architect, Wallace L. Porter, in 1925, he enrolled in evening art classes at the Sydney Art School, with Henry Gibbons as his teacher. He was influenced by George Washington Lambert and he was also gay and consequently never married, while several of his works carried strong homoerotic overtones. In 1929, Dobell was awarded the Society of Artists Travelling Scholarship and travelled to England to the Slade School of Fine Art where he studied under Philip Wilson Steer, in 1930, he won first prize for figure painting at Slade and also travelled to Poland. In 1931 he moved on to Belgium and Paris, and after 10 years in Europe returned to Australia – taking with him a new Expressionist style of painting as opposed to his earlier naturalistic approach, in 1939, he began as a part-time teacher at East Sydney Technical College. After the outbreak of war, he was drafted into the Civil Construction Corps of the Allied Works Council in 1941 as a camouflage painter, in 1944, he had his first solo exhibition including public collection loans at the inauguration of the David Jones Art Gallery, Sydney. In 1949, he visited New Guinea as a guest of Sir Edward Hallstrom with writers Frank Clune, the trip inspired a new series of tiny, brilliantly coloured landscapes. In 1950, he revisited New Guinea, on his return to Australia he continued to paint scenes of New Guinea, donner, the Chairman of General Motors, and Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia. In 1964, Dobell exhibited in a retrospective at the Art Gallery of New South Wales. He died in 1970 in Wangi Wangi, the sole beneficiary of his estate was the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation, which was founded on 19 January 1971. A film of Dobells life, titled Yours sincerely, Bill Dobell was made in 1981 by Brian Adams and Cathy Shirley for the Australian Broadcasting Commission and the William Dobell Art Foundation. Brian Adams book Portrait of an Artist – A biography of William Dobell was first published in 1983 by Hutchinson Publishing Group and it is published by Exisle Publishing. In 1943, Dobells portrait of Joshua Smith, titled Portrait of an artist, was awarded the Archibald Prize, public opinion was sharply divided, with most viewers puzzled by the unexpected portrait. It bears, nevertheless, a degree of likeness to the subject and is, I think. I find it a fact that it is a portrait within the meaning of the words in the will, Dobells style is unique in being able to adapt to suit the character of his subject. This was best described by James Gleeson, One of the things about Dobells portraiture is his ability to adjust his style to the nature of the personality he is portraying
William Dobell
–
William Dobell, 1942, photograph by
Max Dupain
William Dobell
–
Sir William Dobell visiting an art class at the Newcastle Technical College Art School in 1956
25.
Max Dupain
–
Maxwell Spencer Dupain AC was an Australian modernist photographer. Dupain received his first camera as a gift in 1924, spurring his interest in photography and he later joined the Photographic Society of NSW, where he was taught by Justin Newlan, after completing his tertiary studies, he worked for Cecil Bostock in Sydney. By 1934 Max Dupain had struck out on his own and opened a studio in Bond Street, in 1937, while on the south coast of New South Wales, he photographed the head and shoulders of a friend, Harold Salvage, lying on the sand at Culburra Beach. The image, entitled Sunbaker, subsequently became Dupains most famous piece, however, it was not until the 1970s that the photograph received wide recognition. It was purchased in 1976 by the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra and has become a national icon, during World War II Dupain served with the Royal Australian Air Force in both Darwin and Papua New Guinea helping to create camouflage. The war affected Dupain and his photography, by creating in him a greater awareness of truth in documentary, in 1947, these feelings were reinforced when he read a book Grierson on Documentary which defined the need for photography without pretence. The catchcry was the treatment of actuality. Dupain was keen to restart the studio with new perspective. Dupains documentary work of period is exemplified in his photograph Meat Queue. He used a more style of photography, capturing a moment of everyday interaction attempting any social comment. Dupain also worked extensively for the University of New South Wales and CSR Limited and made trips to the interior. In between this he devoted time to pursue his love of architecture, and began architectural photography, in 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, Dupain married Olive Cotton but they divorced soon after. A decade later, Dupain married Diana Illingworth and subsequently they had a daughter Danina and a son Rex, Dupain was given an OBE in the New Years honours list,1981. Dupain continued working until his death in 1992, for a full list, see, Max Dupain’s Australian Landscapes, Mead and Beckett, Australia,1988. Fine Houses of Sydney, Irving Robert, Kinstler John, Dupain Max, Methuen, Max Dupain Photographs published by Ure Smith, Sydney,1948. Sunbaker page at National Gallery of Australia site Max Dupain exhibition photography site National Library of Australia, Canberra
Max Dupain
–
Dupain in 1938
Max Dupain
–
Sunbaker (1937)
Max Dupain
–
Adelaide street scene by Dupain (1946)
26.
Nora Heysen
–
Nora Heysen AM was an Australian artist, the first woman to win the prestigious Archibald Prize in 1938 for portraiture and the first Australian woman appointed as an official war artist. Heysen was born in Hahndorf, South Australia as the child of landscape painter Sir Hans Heysen and was raised at The Cedars in Hahndorf in the Adelaide Hills. She studied art from 1926 to 1930 at the School of Fine Arts in Adelaide under F. Millward Grey and sold paintings to the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Art Gallery of South Australia in 1930. From 1930 to 1933, she continued to two days a week at the School, and worked in her own studio the rest of the time. In 1931 she visited Sydney with her parents, and spent two weeks studying at the Julian Ashton School, heysens first solo exhibition was held in Sydney in 1933. In 1934 she travelled to London with her family, remaining in Europe, after they returned home, when she returned to Australia she returned briefly to Adelaide and then moved to Sydney. In 1938 she entered two portraits in the Archibald Prize and her portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman was awarded the prize and she became the first woman to win the Archibald. There was a controversy involving criticism of her win by painter Max Meldrum, on 12 October 1943 she became the first woman to be appointed as an Australian war artist at the rank of captain. I was commissioned to depict the war effort. There was that restriction on what I did, so I was lent around to all the services, the air force, the navy and the army, to depict the women working at everything they did during the war. During her service Heysen completed over 170 works of art and was discharged from service in 1946 in New Guinea, while in New Guinea, Heysen met Dr. Robert Black, whom she married in 1953. Following her discharge from war service she went to London and later returned to Sydney in 1948 and she continued to paint, exhibit and travel with her husband. In 1993 she was awarded the Australia Councils Award for Achievement in the Arts, fifty Australians, Nora Heyson National Library of Australia. Nora Heysen Exhibition Williamson, Kate Art Interview, Nora Heysen Accessed, 2007-11-21 Mattingley, Nora, daughter of Hans Heysen, artist in her own right. Madame Elink Schuurman 1938 - Archibald Prize winning portrait Nora Heysen at the Art Gallery of New South Wales Motherhood 1941 – Ballarat Fine Art Gallery AAMWS1944 – Australian War Memorial
Nora Heysen
–
Photograph of Heysen by
Harold Cazneaux, 1939, Sydney
27.
Hal Missingham
–
Harold Hal Missingham AO was an Australian artist, Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales from 1945 to 1971, and president of the Australian Watercolour Institute from 1952 to 1955. Born in Claremont, Western Australia, Missingham was educated at Perth Boys School and he studied drawing at Perth Technical School, attended art schools in both Paris and London. From 1927 to 1928 Missingham worked in Canada as a freelance artist, before World War II he studied in Perth, Paris and London, where he became friendly with a number of leading artists and developed an interest in photography. He returned to Sydney in 1941 and after serving as a Signalman in the Second Australian Imperial Force helped to found the Studio of Realist Art, in 1945 he succeeded Will Ashton as the Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales, a post he retained until 1971. He oversaw the expansion of the gallery including the construction of the Captain Cook Wing from 1968 to 1970 and his collection policy made an outstanding contribution to Australian contemporary art and he was responsible for bringing a number of influential international exhibitions to the country. He retired to Darlington, in the hills east of Perth and he was survived by his wife Esther 1911-2013 to whom he was married for over 50 years. Esther died on 16 October 2013 aged 102
Hal Missingham
–
Moya Dyring with
Claude Bonin-Pissarro (left), and the director of the National Art Gallery, Hal Missingham
28.
First voyage of James Cook
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The first voyage of James Cook was a combined Royal Navy and Royal Society expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard HMS Endeavour, from 1768 to 1771. It was the first of three Pacific voyages of which Cook was the commander, the aims of this first expedition were to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun, and to seek evidence of the postulated Terra Australis Incognita or unknown southern land. The voyage was commissioned by King George III and commanded by Lieutenant James Cook, departing from Plymouth-Dock in August 1768, the expedition crossed the Atlantic, rounded Cape Horn and reached Tahiti in time to observe the transit of Venus. In September 1769 the expedition reached New Zealand, being the second Europeans to visit there, Cook and his crew spent the following six months charting the New Zealand coast, before resuming their voyage westward across open sea. In April 1770 they became the first Europeans to reach the east coast of Australia, making landfall at Point Hicks, the expedition continued northward along the Australian coastline, narrowly avoiding shipwreck on the Great Barrier Reef. In October 1770 the badly damaged Endeavour came into the port of Batavia in the Dutch East Indies and they resumed their journey on 26 December, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of Deal on 12 July. The voyage lasted almost three years, the year following his return Cook set out on a second voyage of the Pacific, which lasted from 1772 to 1775. His third and final voyage lasted from 1776 to 1779, the Royal Society suggested command be given to Scottish geographer Alexander Dalrymple, whose acceptance was conditional on a brevet commission as a captain in the Royal Navy. However, First Lord of the Admiralty Edward Hawke refused, going so far as to say he would cut off his right hand than give command of a Navy vessel to someone not educated as a seaman. The impasse was broken when the Admiralty proposed James Cook, an officer with a background in mathematics. Acceptable to both parties, Cook was promoted to Lieutenant and named as commander of the expedition, the vessel chosen by the Admiralty for the voyage was a merchant collier named Earl of Pembroke, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in North Yorkshire. She was ship-rigged and sturdily built with a broad, flat bow, a square stern, a flat-bottomed design made her well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and allowed her to be beached for loading and unloading of cargo and for basic repairs without requiring a dry dock. Her hull was sheathed and caulked, and a third internal deck installed to provide cabins, a longboat, pinnace and yawl were provided as ships boats, as well as a set of 28 ft sweeps to allow the ship to be rowed if becalmed or demasted. Alcohol supplies consisted of 250 barrels of beer,44 barrels of brandy and 17 barrels of rum, on 30 July 1768 the Admiralty authorised a ships company for the voyage, of 73 sailors and 12 Royal Marines. The voyage was commanded by 40-year-old Lieutenant James Cook and his second lieutenant was Zachary Hicks, a 29-year-old from Stepney with experience as acting commander of the Hornet, a 16-gun cutter. The third lieutenant was John Gore, a 16-year Naval veteran who had served as mate aboard HMS Dolphin during its circumnavigation of the world in 1766. Other notable people on the expedition include the official astronomer, Charles Green, then assistant to the Astronomer Royal, Joseph Banks had been appointed to the voyage as the official botanist. Banks funded seven others to him, a Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander
First voyage of James Cook
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Earl of Pembroke, later HMS Endeavour, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. By
Thomas Luny, dated 1790
First voyage of James Cook
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Route of the first voyage of
James Cook
First voyage of James Cook
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Cook's map of New Zealand
First voyage of James Cook
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E. Phillips Fox, Landing of Captain Cook at Botany Bay, 1770, 1902
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Biennale of Sydney
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The Biennale of Sydney is an international festival of contemporary art, held every two years in Sydney, Australia. It is the largest and best-attended contemporary visual arts event in the country, alongside the Venice and São Paulo biennales and Documenta, it is one of the longest running exhibitions of its kind and was the first biennale to be established in the Asia-Pacific region. In 1973 the Biennale of Sydney held its first exhibition of 37 artists in the hall of the then newly opened Sydney Opera House. 1973, The Biennale of Sydney, Coordinator, Anthony Wintherbotham 1976, Recent International Forms in Art, Artistic Director, Thomas G. Writing in Art in America in October,2002, Michael Duncan said of the exhibition that it free rein to complex. Artists included, Mike Nelson, Chris Burden, Susan Hiller, Vito Acconci, Eleanor Antin, Henry Darger, Janet Cardiff, richard Grayson was the Artistic Director. The 2004 Biennale of Sydney was held from 4 June -15 August and it featured the work of 51 artists from 32 countries. The 2006 Biennale of Sydney was held from 8 June -27 August, dr Charles Merewether was the Artistic Director and Curator. A record of 316,811 visits were recorded over all venues, the festival included a wide range of works and mediums including installation, sculpture, performance, video, sound, photography and painting. 53 artists created 80 new works specifically for the exhibition in response to the concept Zones of Contact, the festival also featured three two-day symposia, over 50 talks, education programs and an Art Walk along the harbour foreshore between principal exhibition venues. The 16th Biennale of Sydney, Revolutions – Forms That Turn, took place from 18 June –7 September 2008 with leading international curator and it achieved record visitation of 436,150 and featured 175 artists from 42 countries. Cockatoo Island, a prison and shipyard, was used as a major new venue and won the Biennale a Sydney Music, Arts. Other venues included, Art Gallery of NSW, Pier 2/3 at Walsh Bay, Museum of Contemporary Art, Artspace, Sydney Opera House, the 16th Biennale of Sydney was awarded Australian Event of the Year & Best Cultural or Arts Event at the 2009 Australian Event Awards. The 17th Biennale of Sydney, titled THE BEAUTY OF DISTANCE, venues included Cockatoo Island, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Pier 2/3 at Walsh Bay, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney Opera House, Artspace and the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The 17th Biennale of Sydney achieved record attendance of more than 517,000 visits across all venues with 68 artists premiering new works made especially for the exhibition. The 17th Biennale of Sydney was also a finalist at the 2010 Australian Event Awards in the Best Cultural or Arts Event category, nearly half the artists created works especially for the exhibition, including many substantial collaborative installations. The exhibition drew record crowds, with more than 665,000 visits recorded over five venues, the Biennale Bar @ Pier 2/3, presented by Asahi Super Dry, was a popular after dark event taking place over five Friday nights in August. Designed by Asahi, the bar space welcomed visitors to the atmospheric Pier 2/3 and provided a backdrop for a social Friday night event, drawing a young
Biennale of Sydney
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Sydney Biennale 2004 - Jimmie Durham's Still Life with Stone and Car in front of the
Sydney Opera House
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Sydney Opera House
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The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, Australia. It is one of the 20th centurys most famous and distinctive buildings, designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the building was formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzons 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The government of New South Wales, led by the premier, Joseph Cahill, performances are presented by numerous performing artists, including four resident companies, Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. As one of the most popular attractions in Australia, more than eight million people visit the site annually. The building is managed by the Sydney Opera House Trust, an agency of the New South Wales State Government, on 28 June 2007, the Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The building covers 1.8 hectares of land and is 183 m long and 120 m wide at its widest point and it is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25 m below sea level. Although the roof structures are referred to as shells, they are precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs. Though the shells appear uniformly white from a distance, they feature a subtle chevron pattern composed of 1,056,006 tiles in two colours, glossy white and matte cream. The tiles were manufactured by the Swedish company Höganäs AB which generally produced stoneware tiles for the paper-mill industry. Apart from the tile of the shells and the curtain walls of the foyer spaces. Significant interior surface treatments also include off-form concrete, Australian white birch plywood supplied from Wauchope in northern New South Wales, of the two larger spaces, the Concert Hall is in the western group of shells, the Joan Sutherland Theatre in the eastern group. The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal requirements, with low entrance spaces. The smaller venues are within the podium, beneath the Concert Hall, a smaller group of shells set to the western side of the Monumental Steps houses the Bennelong Restaurant. The podium is surrounded by substantial open spaces, and the large stone-paved forecourt area with the adjacent monumental steps is regularly used as a performance space. The Sydney Opera House includes a number of venues, Concert Hall, With 2,679 seats. It contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, the largest mechanical action organ in the world. Joan Sutherland Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 1,507 seats, until 16 October 2012 it was known as the Opera Theatre. Drama Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 544 seats, used by the Sydney Theatre Company and other dance, Playhouse, An end-stage theatre with 398 seats
Sydney Opera House
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Sydney Opera House
Sydney Opera House
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Sydney Opera House showing ferry boat
Sydney Opera House
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Interior of the Concert Hall
Sydney Opera House
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Bennelong Point with tram depot in the 1920s (top left-hand side of photograph)
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