1.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
–
Yonge Street in 1900
2.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
Ontario
–
Algonquin Provincial Park, Cache Lake
Ontario
–
Flag
Ontario
–
Summer at
Sandbanks Provincial Park on Lake Ontario.
Ontario
–
The
Niagara Escarpment on the
Bruce Peninsula.
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Art museum
–
An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
Art museum
–
The Louvre in
Paris,
France, is one of the world's largest museums and
the most visited art museum in the world.
Art museum
–
The Gallery of
Cornelis van der Geest,
Willem van Haecht, 1628. A private picture gallery as an early precursor of the modern museum.
Art museum
–
University of Tartu Art Museum is the oldest museum in
Estonia.
Art museum
–
The art collection at the
Palace of Versailles in
France was periodically open for 'respectable' public viewing.
5.
St. Patrick station
–
St. Patrick is a subway station on the Yonge–University line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located under University Avenue at Dundas Street West, wi-Fi service is available at this station. The station, which opened in 1963, is named for the nearby St. Patricks Church. It is one of two stations in the system to have a tubular shape created by the tunnel boring machine, the other such station being Queens Park. The murder of a schoolgirl here in 1975 prompted the TTC to adopt system-wide safety measures such as the first police patrols on the subway and the installation of emergency telephones and alarms. One of the three cross passages was blocked off, as well as at Queens Park station, to prevent it being used as a spot for criminals. The Canadian Airmans Memorial was erected in the median of University Avenue above the station in 1984 and it is also within a very short walking distance, west along Dundas Street, to the original Chinatown. The organization successfully raised funds and designed the renovations of Museum Station, to date improvements at this station have not been finalized, and funding has not been secured. There are plans to make the station accessible with installation of elevators in 2018 or the latest by 2025, media related to St. Patrick Station at Wikimedia Commons St. Patrick Station at the Toronto Transit Commission AGO, The art of the subway redesign
St. Patrick station
–
St. Patrick
St. Patrick station
–
Canadian Airman's Memorial
6.
Toronto streetcar system
–
The Toronto streetcar system is a network of eleven streetcar routes in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. It is both the largest and busiest light-rail system in North America as well as the largest tramway in the Americas in terms of ridership, number of cars, the network is concentrated primarily in Downtown Toronto and in proximity to the citys waterfront. Much of the route network dates to the 19th century. Most of Torontos streetcar routes operate on trackage shared with vehicular traffic. Some routes operate wholly or partly within their own rights-of-way, at the eight downtown stations, excepting Union, from Queens Park to College on Line 1 Yonge–University, streetcars stop on the street outside the station entrances. Torontos streetcars provide most of the downtown cores surface transit service, four of the TTCs five most heavily used surface routes are streetcar routes. In 2013, ridership on the system totalled more than 100 million. In 1861, the City of Toronto issued a transit franchise for a horse-drawn street railway. Alexander Eastons Toronto Street Railway opened the first street railway line in Canada on September 11,1861, operating from Yorkville Town Hall to the St. Lawrence Market. At the end of the TSR franchise, the City government ran the railway for eight months, the TRC was the first operator of horseless streetcars in Toronto. The first electric car ran on August 15,1892, there came to be problems with interpretation of the franchise terms for the City. By 1912, the city limits had extended significantly, with the annexation of communities to the north and the east and the west. After many attempts to force the TRC to serve these areas, the City created its own street railway operation, the Toronto Civic Railways to do so, repeated court battles forced the TRC to build new cars, but they were of old design. When the TRC franchise ended in 1921, the Toronto Transportation Commission was created, the TTC began in 1921 as solely a streetcar operation, with the bulk of the routes acquired from the private TRC and merged with the publicly operated Toronto Civic Railways. In 1923, the TTC took over the Lambton, Davenport and Weston routes of the Toronto Suburban Railway, in 1925, routes were operated on behalf of the Township of York, but the TTC was contracted to operate them. One of these routes was the former TSR Weston route, in 1927, the TTC became the operator of three radial lines of the former Toronto and York Radial Railway. The last TTC-operated radial closed in 1948, after the Second World War, many cities across North America and Europe began to eliminate their streetcar systems in favour of buses. In 1966, the TTC announced plans to eliminate all streetcar routes by 1980, Streetcars were considered out of date, and their elimination in almost all other cities made it hard to buy new vehicles and maintain the existing ones
Toronto streetcar system
–
Toronto streetcar system
Toronto streetcar system
–
Streetcars at Bay and Queen in 1923
Toronto streetcar system
–
This Peter Witt streetcar, preserved at the
Halton County Radial Railway, has been restored into the TTC’s original 1921 livery.
Toronto streetcar system
–
Track and trolley coach overhead plan of Toronto in October, 1965. The map features detailed plans of Danforth, St.Clair, Lansdowne, Russell and Roncesvalles carhouses, Eglinton Garage and Hillcrest Complex.
7.
505 Dundas
–
The 505 Dundas is a streetcar line run by the Toronto Transit Commission in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It runs on two pairs of tracks laid in the same lanes used by car traffic. Two 600 volt direct current overhead cables supply the power to the streetcars. The route was previously un-numbered and was named Dundas, the route starts at Dundas West subway station on the Bloor-Danforth line and goes south along Dundas Street West. The street curves southeast and passes Howard Park, here it briefly merges with the 506 Carlton line as it passes over a bridge for the main Canadian National Railways line that runs down to Union Station. To the east of the bridge past Lansdowne Avenue it continues on its own again, at Ossington Avenue, it turns eastward and passes through Torontos original Chinatown and goes by the Art Gallery of Ontario before meeting up with the St. Patrick subway station at University Avenue. Shortly after that it crosses Yonge Street and passes by the Dundas subway station and it continues east towards Broadview Avenue where it turns north and merges with the 504 King streetcar line. Both streetcars end their journey at Broadview subway station on the Bloor-Danforth line, the route operates seven days a week from early morning to after midnight. During weekday rush hours, day time and early evenings, average service frequency is 5–7 minutes, saturday daytime services have an average frequency of 5–7 minutes with Sunday daytime service frequency averaging 6–8 minutes. Toronto streetcar system Toronto Transit Commission 505 Dundas Route 505 Dundas map
505 Dundas
–
A westbound 505 Dundas streetcar at the intersection of Dundas and
Dufferin Street
8.
French language
–
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
French language
–
The
"arrêt" signs (French for "stop") are used in
Canada while the international stop, which is also a valid French word, is used in France as well as other French-speaking countries and regions.
French language
–
Regions where French is the main language
French language
–
Town sign in
Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of
Rechmaya in
Lebanon.
French language
–
An obsolete 100
Lebanese pound note with the French language inscriptions "Banque du Liban" and "Cent livres".
9.
Canadian art
–
Canadian art refers to the visual as well as plastic arts originating from the geographical area of contemporary Canada. The nature of Canadian art reflects these diverse origins, as artists have taken their traditions, the Group of Seven is often considered the first uniquely Canadian artistic group and style of painting, however, this claim is challenged by some scholars and artists. Canadian art remains the combination of various influences. Like the peoples that produced them, Indigenous art traditions spanned territories that extended across the current national boundaries between Canada and the United States, as might be expected, art traditions vary enormously amongst and within these diverse groups. The distinct Métis cultures that have arisen from inter-cultural relationships with Europeans have also contributed new culturally hybrid art forms, during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, the Canadian government pursued an active policy of assimilation toward Indigenous peoples. It was not until the 1950s and 60s that Indigenous artists such as Mungo Martin, Bill Reid and Norval Morrisseau began to renew and, in some cases. Abbé Hughes Pommier is believed to be the first painter in New France, Pommier left France in 1664 and worked in various communities as a priest before taking up painting extensively. Few artists during this early period signed their works, making attributions today difficult, near the end of the 17th century, the population of New France was growing steadily but the territory was increasingly isolated from France. Fewer artists arrived from Europe, but artists in New France continued with commissions from the Church, two schools were established in New France to teach the arts and there were a number of artists working throughout New France up until the British Conquest. Pierre Le Ber, from a wealthy Montreal family, is one of the most recognized artists from this period, believed to be self-taught since he never left New France, Le Bers work is widely admired. In particular, his depiction of the saint Marguerite Bourgeoys was hailed as the single most moving image to survive from the French period by Canadian art historian Dennis Reid. While early religious painting told little about life, numerous ex-votos completed by amateur artists offered vivid impressions of life in New France. Ex-votos, or votive painting, were made as a way to thank God or the saints for answering a prayer, one of the best known examples of this type of work is Ex-voto des trois naufragés de Lévis. Five youths were crossing the Saint Lawrence River at night when their boat overturned in rough water, two girls drowned, weighed down by their heavy dresses, while two young men and one woman were able to hold on to the overturned boat until help arrived. Saint Anne is depicted in the sky, saving them and this work was donated to the church at Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré as an offering of thanks for the three lives saved. However itinerant artists, painters who travelled to communities to sell works. Dutch-born artist Gerard Edema is believed to have painted the first Newfoundland landscape in the early 18th century, the battle for Quebec left numerous British soldiers garrisoned in strategic locations in the territory. While off-duty, many of these soldiers sketched and painted the Canadian land and people, furthermore, drawing was also required by soldiers to record the land, as photography had not been invented
Canadian art
–
Haida totem pole, Thunderbird Park, British Columbia
Canadian art
–
Map of New France made by Samuel de Champlain in 1612.
Canadian art
–
A View of Montreal in Canada, Taken from Isle St. Helena in 1762 by
Thomas Davies
Canadian art
–
Red Maple by
A.Y. Jackson from 1914
10.
Renaissance
–
The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science, Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14th century. Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, the word Renaissance, literally meaning Rebirth in French, first appeared in English in the 1830s. The word also occurs in Jules Michelets 1855 work, Histoire de France, the word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century. The Renaissance was a movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism, however, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New Testament, were back from Byzantium to Western Europe. Political philosophers, most famously Niccolò Machiavelli, sought to describe life as it really was. Others see more competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance. Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins. During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand, Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia, silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought home during the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa, unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity, Arab logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Spain and Sicily and this work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history
Renaissance
–
David, by
Michelangelo (
Accademia di Belle Arti,
Florence) is a masterpiece of Renaissance and world art.
Renaissance
–
Renaissance
Renaissance
–
Leonardo da Vinci 's
Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) shows clearly the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in
Vitruvius '
De architectura (1st century BC), Leonardo tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man.
Renaissance
–
Portrait of a young woman (c. 1480-85) (
Simonetta Vespucci) by
Sandro Botticelli
11.
Baroque
–
The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
Baroque
–
The Triumph of the Immaculate by
Paolo de Matteis
Baroque
–
The Church of
Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, designed by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Baroque
–
Brooch of an African,
Walters Art Museum
Baroque
–
Aeneas Flees Burning Troy,
Federico Barocci, 1598
12.
Henry Moore
–
Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA was an English artist. He is best known for his monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. As well as sculpture, Moore produced many drawings, including a series depicting Londoners sheltering from the Blitz during the Second World War and his forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moores works are usually suggestive of the body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces, many interpreters liken the undulating form of his reclining figures to the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire. Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a coal miner and he became well-known through his carved marble and larger-scale abstract cast bronze sculptures, and was instrumental in introducing a particular form of modernism to the United Kingdom. His ability in later life to fulfill large-scale commissions made him exceptionally wealthy, despite this, he lived frugally, most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation, which continues to support education and promotion of the arts. Henry Moore was born in Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Mary Baker and his father was of Irish origin and became pit deputy and then under-manager of the Wheldale colliery in Castleford. He was an autodidact with an interest in music and literature, determined that his sons would not work in the mines, he saw formal education as the route to their advancement. Henry was the seventh of eight children in a family often struggled with poverty. He attended infant and elementary schools in Castleford, where he began modelling in clay and he professed to have decided to become a sculptor when he was eleven after hearing of Michelangelos achievements at a Sunday School reading. On his second attempt he was accepted at Castleford Grammar School, which several of his siblings had attended, where his headmaster soon noticed his talent and interest in medieval sculpture. His art teacher broadened his knowledge of art and, with her encouragement, he determined to make art his career, despite his early promise, Moores parents had been against him training as a sculptor, a vocation they considered manual labour with few career prospects. After a brief introduction as a student teacher, Moore became a teacher at the school he had attended, upon turning eighteen, Moore volunteered for army service. He was the youngest man in the Prince of Wales Own Civil Service Rifles regiment and was injured in 1917 in a gas attack, on 30 November at Bourlon Wood, during the Battle of Cambrai. After recovering in hospital, he saw out the remainder of the war as a training instructor. He recalled later, for me the war passed in a haze of trying to be a hero. And I still have that feeling, after the Great War Moore received an ex-servicemans grant to continue his education and in 1919 he became a student at the Leeds School of Art, which set up a sculpture studio especially for him
Henry Moore
–
Moore in 1975
Henry Moore
–
A replica in Mexico City of the [Chac Mool] stone statue at
Chichen Itza,
Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. This reclining
Toltec -
Maya figure influenced Moore's sculpture.
Henry Moore
–
West Wind, 1928–29; Moore's first public commission was carved from
Portland stone and shows the influence of
Michelangelo 's figures for the
Medici Chapel and the
Chac Mool figure.
Henry Moore
–
Women and Children in the Tube (1940) (Art.IWM ART LD 759)
13.
David Milne (artist)
–
David Milne, was a Canadian painter, printmaker, and writer. David Milne was born in the southwestern Ontario, village of Burgoyne (near in 1882 and he was the last of 10 children born to Scottish immigrant parents. His early education was in Paisley, followed by school in Walkerton, Ontario he performed well in school. During 1902 and 1903 he studied art through correspondence, eventually deciding to move to New York City in 1903 at the age of 21 In New York, he spent two years studying at the Art Students League. He had five paintings exhibited in the Armory Show of 1913, in 1912, he married Frances May and later they moved to Boston Corners, a small hamlet where Milne painted with oils and watercolours. Milne left Boston Corners in 1917 for basic training in Toronto for World War I and he was stationed in Quebec and then quarantined in England for a month, during which time World War I ended. Because of his background as an artist, he was asked to complete paintings and drawings as a war artist, Milne produced artworks of battlefields in France and Belgium as well as of soldiers in Kinmel Park Camp in England. Between the years of 1919 and 1929, Milne lived in Boston Corners, in 1929, Milne returned to Canada to paint in Temagami, Weston and Palgrave. He separated from his wife in 1933, moved to Port Severn, Ontario and sold many of his paintings to prominent art patrons Vincent Massey and Alice Massey. In the late 1930s, Milne settled down in Uxbridge, Ontario with Kathleen Pavey, a nurse, during the later years of his life, Milne worked again in watercolours, and changed his subject matter to more whimsical, fantasy and childlike inspirations. He continued to travel to Algonquin Park and Baptiste Lake to paint the Canadian landscape, on November 14,1952, Milne had a stroke. Over the next year he continued to suffer from strokes and died in the hospital in Bancroft. The prestigious American art critic Clement Greenberg described Milne as one of the three greatest North American artists of his generation, although he was overshadowed by the Group of Seven during his early career, David Milne is now recognized as one of Canadas foremost artists. After his death, the National Gallery of Canada organized a retrospective of his work, in 2005, an exhibit of Milnes watercolours traveled from the British Museum to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and then finally to the Art Gallery of Ontario. In 1952, works by David Milne along with those of Emily Carr, Goodridge Roberts, on June 29,1992 Canada Post issued Red Nasturtiums, David B. Milne,1937 in the Masterpieces of Canadian art series, the stamp was designed by Pierre-Yves Pelletier based on a painting Red Nasturtiums by David Brown Milne in the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. The 50¢ stamps are perforated 13 X13.5 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited, David Milne worked predominantly in oil paint, watercolour and drypoint printmaking. Milne was influenced in part by the European and American modernists exhibited through Alfred Stieglitzs gallery,291 and he also pushed himself to develop his own particular style that was stark yet beautiful and very expressively realized
David Milne (artist)
–
Milne in his New York City studio, 1909
14.
Frank Gehry
–
Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned attractions and it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28,1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Sadie Thelma and Irving Goldberg. His father was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish parents, a creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood. With these scraps from her husbands store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses. His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and he would spend time drawing with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. So the creative genes were there, Gehry says, but my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasnt gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things and he was given the Hebrew name Ephraim by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah. In 1947, his family immigrated to the United States settling in California, Gehry got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern Californias School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi, according to Gehry, I was a truck driver in L. A. going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasnt very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasnt very good at and didnt like and you know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, What do I like. And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings and those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, Gehry graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. After graduating from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in other jobs. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge and he left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry returned to Los Angeles to work for Victor Gruen Associates, in 1957 he was given the chance to design and construct his first private residence at the age of 28, with friend and old classmate Greg Walsh. Built in Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita’s family neighbor Melvin David, The David Cabin, completed in 1958, beams protrude from the exterior sides and exposed, unfinished ceiling beams are prominent features. In 1961, he moved to Paris where he worked for architects Pereira, in 1962, Gehry established a practice in Los Angeles which became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967 and then Gehry Partners in 2001
Frank Gehry
–
Frank Gehry in 2007
Frank Gehry
–
External video
Frank Gehry
–
Gehry Residence in
Santa Monica,
California
Frank Gehry
–
Chiat/Day Building in
Venice, California
15.
Downtown Toronto
–
Downtown Toronto is the main central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located entirely within the district of Old Toronto, it is bounded by Bloor Street to the north, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don River to the east. It is also the centre of the City of Toronto. The Financial District, centred on the intersection of Bay Street and it contains the Toronto Stock Exchange, which is the largest in Canada and seventh in the world by market capitalization. The construction of skyscrapers in Downtown Toronto had started to increase during the 1960s. The retail core of the downtown is the Downtown Yonge area located along Yonge Street from Queen Street to College Street, there is a large cluster of retail centres and shops in the area, including the Toronto Eaton Centre indoor mall. There are an estimated 600 retail stores,150 bars and restaurants, in recent years the area has been experiencing a renaissance as the Business Improvement Area has brought in new retail and improved the cleanliness. The area has seen the opening of the Dundas Square public square. The area includes several live theatres, a complex at Dundas Square. Historical sites and landmarks include the Arts & Letter Club, the Church of the Holy Trinity, Mackenzie House, Maple Leaf Gardens, Old City Hall, the area of St. Lawrence to the east of the financial district is the oldest area of Toronto. It features heritage buildings, theatres, music, dining and many pubs and it is a community of distinct downtown neighbourhoods including the site of the original Town of York, which was Torontos first neighbourhood, dating back to 1793. The area boasts one of the largest concentrations of 19th century buildings in Ontario, further to the east is Corktown and the Distillery District. On Saturday there is a farmers market, to the west of the financial district is the Entertainment District. It is home to hundreds of restaurants, nightclubs, sporting facilities, boutiques, hotels, attractions, the district was formerly an industrial area and was redeveloped for entertainment purposes in the early 1980s, becoming a major centre for entertainment. The redevelopment started with the Mirvish family refurbishing of the Royal Alexandra Theatre, the area is now the site of Roy Thomson Hall and the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. The Yorkville area, to the north, north of Bloor Street and the Mink Mile, has more than 700 designer boutiques, spas, restaurants, hotels and it is a former village in its own right and since the early 1970s has developed into an up-scale shopping district. The intersection of Bloor and Yonge Streets is the intersection of the subway lines and is one of the busiest intersections in the city. At the intersection of Avenue Road and Bloor Street is the Royal Ontario Museum, the Harbourfront area to the south was formerly an industrial and railway lands area
Downtown Toronto
–
Aerial view of the
Financial District in Downtown Toronto
Downtown Toronto
–
Aerial view of the
Financial District from the
CN Tower at night
Downtown Toronto
–
Aerial view of downtown
Downtown Toronto
–
View of downtown Toronto from Gardiner Expressway.
16.
Grange Park (neighbourhood)
–
Grange Park is a neighbourhood in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is bounded on the west by Spadina Avenue, on the north by College Street, on the east by University Avenue and it is within the Kensington-Chinatown City of Toronto planning neighbourhood. Its name is derived from the Grange Park public park, the commercial businesses of Chinatown extend to within this neighbourhood. Grange Park was initially an elite neighbourhood, with mansions lining Beverley Street, the neighbourhood took its name from The Grange, a mansion built in 1817 by DArcy Boulton, Auditor-General of Upper Canada and a member of the prominent Boulton family. The Grange is the oldest standing house in Toronto. It served as the first home of OCAD University, and today forms a wing of the Art Gallery of Ontario, the area was transformed into a working class, immigrant community by 1900 with rows of workers cottages. Many of the more prominent brick row houses, built in the Edwardian style, by 1914, the area had become predominantly Jewish as Eastern European Jewish immigrants left The Ward and moved west of University Avenue towards Spadina Avenue. Synagogues and other community institutions were located on McCaul, Beverley, among the more famous Jewish residents was the family of architect Frank Gehry, whose grandparents owned a rowhouse at 15 Beverley Street. Gehry later recalled that his first exposure to art came at the Art Gallery of Ontario, at the heart of the Neighbourhood lies Grange Park itself. The park was created in 1911, when Harriett Boulton gifted her property to be home for a new Art Museum of Toronto. Upkeep of the gardens to the south of Grange House was entrusted to the City of Toronto. In 1852 a fall fair held by the Provincial Agricultural Association of Canada West took place just west of University Avenue from north of Dundas Street to south of College Street, the fair was mainly displaying animals, but also a refreshment area, floral hall and a midway. This was the time for Toronto hosting, a fair that would be replaced by the Canadian National Exhibition in 1879. Grange Park is a mixed, but predominantly residential neighbourhood, the residential stock varies from working mens cottages built in the 1800s to semi-detached homes to mansions. Many of the buildings have been converted to use, including art galleries within the vicinity of the Art Gallery of Ontario, restaurants. Many of the homes are rented to students of the Ontario College of Art & Design, located on McCaul Street, in the western section, the businesses of Chinatown extend east from Spadina along Dundas to nearly Beverley, while the side streets have remained residential. The eastern section, along University Avenue, is predominantly institutional buildings facing on University Avenue, the buildings are higher than the neighbourhood and more recently built, and have expanded westward into the neighbourhood. Beverley Street north of Dundas has several century-old mansions on both sides of the street, some converted from residential to office uses, and others converted to multi-unit buildings, the residences of the north side of Dundas Street between Beverley and McCaul have all been converted to art galleries
Grange Park (neighbourhood)
–
The Grange, from which the area gets its name.
17.
Dundas Street
–
Dundas Street /ˈdʌnˌdæs/, is a major historic arterial road in Ontario, Canada. The road connects the city of Toronto with its western suburbs, three provincial highways—2,5, and 99—followed long sections of its course, although these highway segments have since been downloaded to the municipalities they passed through. A historic alternate name for the street was Governors Road, Dundas Street is also one of the few east–west routes to run uninterrupted through the Greater Toronto Area, from Toronto to Halton Region. Within Toronto, the TTCs 505 Dundas streetcar route serves the street from Riverdale to the Junction, the route of Dundas through the city of Toronto is irregular. The streets various sections were constructed as several smaller named streets, running parallel. Crossing the lower reaches of the Don River west of Broadview Avenue, at Yonge Street, Dundas intersects the citys unofficial heart at Yonge-Dundas Square, within sight of downtown landmarks such as the Eaton Centre and Ryerson University. Called Dundas Street West from this point westward, the route passes Canadas financial heart to the south on Bay Street, at Spadina Avenue, Dundas serves as the east–west axis of the citys largest Chinatown. West of Ossington Avenue, it meanders northwards towards Bloor Street near the intersection of Roncesvalles Avenue, proceeding due west from Keele through the Junction, Dundas parallels the CP Rail line through the mixed industrial-residential district. At Scarlett Road the route veers southwest toward a crossing over the Humber River valley. Beyond the river, Dundas serves as the boundary of the upscale Kingsway residential district. Passing the historic St. Georges Church-on-the-Hill, Dundas again heads southwest toward the village of Islington. The road passes through Mississauga, Oakville, and Burlington, the street loses the name Dundas St. west of Highway 6, as the route follows a still-provincially maintained stretch of Highway 5, entering rural Brant County near St. In London, the street ends just east of the confluence of the Thames River before it crosses the Kensington Bridge to west London, originally, this section was called Dundas Street West with the eastern portion being Dundas Street East. However, since construction in the mid-1980s, the western portion has been called Riverside Drive. Some Londoners still refer to Dundas Street East though no part of the street retains that name, immigrant communities have sprung up along the route of Dundas Street within Toronto, with most still retaining elements of their original character. This district was settled by emigrants from Portugal and Brazil. Downtown centre Dundas Street is centrally located in downtown Toronto, about midway between Front Street and Bloor Street and it serves as a major east–west thoroughfare for vehicular, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic downtown and beyond. Since the building of the Eaton Centre and the Yonge-Dundas Square and it is estimated that over 56 million people pass this intersection each year
Dundas Street
–
Dundas Street
Dundas Street
–
Dundas St. within Toronto
Dundas Street
–
Looking north at the corner of
Yonge and Dundas, near
Yonge-Dundas Square
Dundas Street
–
Dundas Street, at the intersection of
Yonge Street
18.
McCaul Street
–
The following is a list of the arterial thoroughfares in Toronto. The city is organized in a grid pattern dating back to the laid out by Augustus Jones between 1793 and 1797. Most major roads are aligned in the north–south or east-west direction, in other words, major north–south roads are generally perpendicular to the Lake Ontario shoreline and major east–west roads are generally parallel to the lakes shoreline. The Toronto road system is influenced by its topography as some roads are aligned with the old Lake Iroquois shoreline. Major roads, which do not conform to the grid pattern, the following lists roads that do not follow the city grid, often referred to as contour roads. They are listed by the southernmost point of the road, from south to north, the neighbourhood of Oakwood–Vaughan, as well as Vaughan Road Academy, are named after this street. Vaughan Roads contour is the result of it being parallel to the partially buried Castle Frank Brook to the northeast, Bermondsey Road is named for the administrative borough in London, England. When the OConnor business park was constructed, the Peek Freans Biscuit Company was one of the first occupants, when a road was constructed alongside the new factory, Peek Freans requested it be named Bermondsey, the location of their head office. Bermondsey begins at OConnor Drive, where it continues east as Yardley Avenue and it zig-zags through the business park to the northwest, ending at Eglinton Avenue East. North of Eglinton, the road is known as Sloane Avenue, black Creek Drive was originally constructed as a southward extension of Highway 400. Trethewey Drive was a rural road formerly named Holmstead Drive on mine owner W. G. Tretheweys farm. In 1910, the property became the site of Toronto’s first airplane flight, Rexdale Boulevard is a short, but major east–west roadway in Rexdale, a neighbourhood in Toronto, and begins as a spur road off Islington Avenue just north of the 401. This spur originally began in the village of Weston as a road northwest to what would later become Brampton. The current road passes through a light industrial stretch of north Etobicoke. West of Highway 427, Rexdale becomes Derry Road and enters the city of Mississauga, Derry is also signed as Peel Regional Road 5, an east–west route that travels the entire length of the city of Mississauga and Peel Region. Derry Road is the boundary of Toronto Pearson International Airport. The intersection of Derry and Airport Road was once the site of Malton, at the intersection with Mavis Road, the road makes a large jog around the former village of Meadowvale. This jog created a stretch of road called Old Derry Road, Derry Road is named for the lost village of Derry West, which was located around the Hurontario and Derry intersection
McCaul Street
–
Vaughan Road
McCaul Street
–
Kingston Road
McCaul Street
–
Black Creek Drive
McCaul Street
–
John Street
19.
Beverley Street
–
Beverley Street is a minor thoroughfare located in the central area of Toronto, Ontario. It is a road serving both directions with additional bicycle lanes along the curb side of the fully paved roadway. Due to these exclusive bike lanes, the acts as the principle north-south cyclist route for the western side of Torontos downtown area. Beginning at Queen Street West and terminating at College Street, the road continues northbound turning into St. George Street, the street is approximately one kilometre in length. Points of interest along the street include, the Grange Park, the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Italian Consulate General, the George Brown House, and it is designated bicycle route #35 in Torontos cycle network
Beverley Street
–
Consulate General of Italy located on Beverley Street at the corner of
Dundas Street West.
20.
Royal Ontario Museum
–
The Royal Ontario Museum is a museum of art, world culture and natural history in Toronto, Canada. The museum is north of Queens Park, in the University of Toronto district, the Museum subway station of the Toronto Transit Commission is named after the ROM, and since 2008, it is decorated to resemble the institutions collection. St. George station is close to the new entrance as well. Established on 16 April 1912 and opened on 19 March 1914, the museum was under the direct control and management of the University of Toronto until 1968, when it became an independent Crown agency of the government of Ontario. Today, the museum is Canadas largest field-research institution, with research, with more than six million items and forty galleries, the museums diverse collections of world culture and natural history contribute to its international reputation. The museum contains collections of dinosaurs, minerals and meteorites, Near Eastern and African art, Art of East Asia, European history. It houses the worlds largest collection of fossils from the Burgess Shale with more than 150,000 specimens, the museum also contains an extensive collection of design and fine arts, including clothing, interior, and product design, especially Art Deco. The Royal Ontario Museum was formally established on 16 April 1912, and was governed by the Government of Ontario. Its first assets were transferred from the University and the provincial Department of Education, coming from its predecessor the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts at the Toronto Normal School. On 19 March 1914, at 3,00 pm, the Duke of Connaught, also the Governor General of Canada, officially opened the Royal Ontario Museum to the public. The museums location at the edge of Torontos built-up area, far from the central business district, was selected mainly for its proximity to the University of Toronto. This was the first phase of a construction plan that intended on expanding the museum towards Queens Park Crescent. The first expansion to the Royal Ontario Museum publicly opened on 12 October 1933, the renovation saw the construction of the south wing fronting onto Queens Park, and required the demolition of Argyle House, a Victorian mansion once located at 100 Queens Park. As this occurred during the Great Depression, an effort was made to use primarily local building materials, teams of workers alternated weeks of service due to the physically draining nature of the job. In 1947, the ROM was dissolved as a body corporate and this would continue until 1968, when the Museum and the McLaughlin Planetarium were separated from the University to form a new corporation. On 26 October 1968, the ROM opened the McLaughlin Planetarium on the end of the property after receiving a $2 million donation from Colonel R. Samuel McLaughlin. By the 1980s, however, the audiences were dwindling. The space temporarily reopened from 1998 to 2002, after being leased to Childrens Own Museum, in 2009, the ROM sold the building to the University of Toronto for $22 million, and ensured that it would continue to be used for institutional and academic purposes
Royal Ontario Museum
–
East-facing façade of the Royal Ontario Museum, built in 1933.
Royal Ontario Museum
–
Location of the gallery in Toronto
Royal Ontario Museum
–
Michael Lee-Chin Crystal opened in June 2007, an addition to the Royal Ontario Museum.
Royal Ontario Museum
–
The
mosaic ceiling of the
rotunda. The middle of the dome reads, "That all men may know His work."
21.
Ontario Society of Artists
–
The Ontario Society of Artists was founded in 1872. It is Canadas oldest continuously operating art society, the establishment of a provincial art museum and art school were the two foremost objectives of the Society. The list of objectives drawn up by the executive also included the fostering of Original Art in the province. Prominent businessman William Holmes Howland was invited to be President of the Society and it was not until 1900 that the Society was in a position to form an art museum. It began under the name Art Museum of Toronto and is now the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Museum began using the Toronto Public Library on College Street to exhibit its collection. It did so from 1910 until 1920, the Societys annual exhibitions held during this period were also held at the library. The Society, in 1920, began holding its annual shows in the new Art Gallery of Toronto, the Society was concerned about the lack of art education in Ontario. The Mechanics Institute provided basic classes in technical subjects but art instruction was limited to private lessons in the homes or studios of established artists, the Society obtained a grant of $1,000.00 in 1876. The grant allowed renovation of leased premises at 14 King Street West to create art school classrooms with the used as gallery space. The modest classrooms opened the Ontario School of Art on October 30,1876, although the school continued to flourish, its financial situation was uncertain because the Society could not secure long-term funding from the government. In 1883, a new arrangement between the Society and the government resulted in the moving to Normal School Building in St. James Square. By 1884, relations between the Society and the government collapsed, the Societys vice president and Royal Canadian Academy president, Lucius Richard OBrien, resigned. His exasperation appears in his letter of resignation, I beg to resign my position as member of the Council of the Ontario School of Art, the Society ceased involvement with the school until 1890. The efforts of the Society ultimately succeeded, with the development of what is now OCAD University, the OSA, from its earliest times, organized public events to showcase Ontario artists and provide a forum for emerging artists. Members of the Society have a program for emerging artists. The first exhibition was held at Frasers Gallery, Toronto, in April 1873, the Society continues to hold annual and special events. Original membership included persons from a variety of visual art professions, many of Ontarios foremost artists have belonged to the OSA. Early member records and artifacts of the Society are held by the Province of Ontario Archives, the Societys current membership exceeds 200 artists
Ontario Society of Artists
–
Ontario Society of Artists Members (1889)
22.
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
–
The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is one of two components of the Legislature of Ontario, the other being the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. The Legislative Assembly is the second largest Canadian provincial deliberative assembly by number of members after the National Assembly of Quebec, the Assembly meets at the Ontario Legislative Building at Queens Park in the provincial capital of Toronto. The premier is Ontarios head of government, while the Lieutenant Governor, as representative of the Queen, the largest party not forming the government is known as the Official Opposition, its leader being recognized as Leader of the Opposition by the Speaker. The Ontario Legislature is sometimes referred to as the Ontario Provincial Parliament, Members of the assembly refer to themselves as Members of the Provincial Parliament as opposed to Members of the Legislative Assembly as in many other provinces. Ontario is the province to do so, in accordance with a resolution passed in the Assembly on April 7,1938. However, the Legislative Assembly Act refers only to members of the Assembly, the current assembly was elected on June 12,2014 as part of the 41st Parliament of Ontario. The first session of the 41st Parliament opened on July 2,2014, on Friday May 2,2014, the 40th Parliament of Ontario was dissolved by Lieutenant Governor David C. Onley on the advice of Premier Kathleen Wynne after the NDP, the election was held on June 12,2014, as a result of which Kathleen Wynnes Liberal Party formed a majority government. Queens Park is a metonym for the Legislative Assembly, in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster System, most laws originate with the cabinet, and are passed by the legislature after stages of debate and decision-making. Ordinary Members of the Legislature may introduce privately, play an role in scrutinizing bills in debate and committee. Members are expected to be loyal to both their parliamentary party and to the interests of their constituents, in the Ontario legislature this confrontation provides much of the material for Oral Questions and Members Statements. Legislative scrutiny of the executive is also at the heart of much of the carried out by the Legislatures Standing Committees. Finally, it is the task of the legislature to provide the personnel of the executive, as already noted, under responsible government, ministers of the Crown are expected to be Members of the Assembly. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the first and the legislature in Canada to have a Coat of Arms separate from the provincial coat of arms. Green and gold are the colours in the shield of arms of the province. The Mace is the symbol of the authority of the Speaker. Shown on the left is the current Mace, on the right is the original Mace from the time of the first parliament in 1792. The crossed Maces are joined by the shield of arms of Ontario, the crown on the wreath represents national and provincial loyalties, its rim is studded with the provincial gemstone, the amethyst
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
–
Legislative Assembly of Ontario Assemblée législative de l'Ontario (
French)
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
–
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
–
The
Ontario Legislature and
Queen's Park
23.
Goldwin Smith
–
Goldwin Smith was a British historian and journalist, active in the United Kingdom and Canada. Smith was born at Reading, Berkshire and he was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford, and after a brilliant undergraduate career he was elected to a fellowship at University College, Oxford. He threw his energy into the cause of university reform with another fellow of University College and his position as an authority on educational reform was further recognised by a seat on the Popular Education Commission of 1858. In 1868, when the question of reform at Oxford was again growing acute, he published a pamphlet, entitled The Reorganization of the University of Oxford. In 1865, he led the University of Oxford opposition to a proposal to develop Cripley Meadow north of Oxford railway station for use as a site of Great Western Railway workshops. His father had been a director of GWR, instead the workshops were located in Swindon. His aspiration that colonists and Americans should be attracted to Oxford was later realised by the will of Cecil Rhodes, as a historian, indeed, he left no abiding work, the multiplicity of his interests prevented him from concentrating on any one subject. The outbreak of the American Civil War proved a point in his life. Unlike most of the classes in England, he championed the cause of the North. Played a prominent part in converting English opinion, visiting America on a lecture tour in 1864, he received an enthusiastic welcome, and was entertained at a public banquet in New York. Andrew Dickson White, president of Cornell University at Ithaca, N. Y. invited him to take up a teaching post at the newly founded institution. But it was not until a change in Smith’s personal circumstances that led to his departure from England in 1868. He had resigned his chair at Oxford in 1866 in order to attend to his father, in the autumn of 1867, when Smith was briefly absent, his father took his own life. Possibly blaming himself for the tragedy, and now without an Oxford appointment and he held the professorship of English and Constitutional History in the Department of History at Cornell University for a number of years. Goldwin Smith Hall, which is located in Cornells Arts Quad, is named in his honour. In 1871 he moved to Toronto, where he edited the Canadian Monthly, and subsequently founded the Week and the Bystander, and he continued to take an active interest in English politics. As a Liberal, he opposed Benjamin Disraeli, and was a supporter of Irish Disestablishment. He expressly stated that “if he ever had a leader, his leader was John Bright
Goldwin Smith
–
Goldwin Smith
Goldwin Smith
Goldwin Smith
–
Portrait of Goldwin Smith, by
Sir Edmund Wyly Grier, 1894.
Goldwin Smith
–
Bust of Goldwin Smith, by
Alexander Munro, 1866.
24.
Georgian architecture
–
Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable
Georgian architecture
–
Late Georgian; the west curve of
Park Crescent, London, by
John Nash
Georgian architecture
–
Massachusetts Hall at
Harvard University
Georgian architecture
–
Palladian Stowe House, by
William Kent
Georgian architecture
–
Sutton Lodge,
Sutton, London, once used by the Prince Regent,
George IV of the United Kingdom
25.
The Grange (Toronto)
–
The Grange is a historic Georgian manor in downtown Toronto, Ontario. It was the first home of the Art Museum of Toronto, Today, it is part of the Art Gallery of Ontario. The structure was built in 1817, making it the 12th oldest surviving building in Toronto and it was built for DArcy Boulton, one of the towns leading citizens and part of the powerful Boulton family that played an important role in the Family Compact. Originally, it was considerably west of the city, but over time, the house was inherited by DArcys son and Toronto mayor, William Henry Boulton. When he died in 1874, the passed to his widow. She remarried the prominent scholar Goldwin Smith, and the lived in The Grange for the rest of their lives. Upon Goldwins Smiths death in 1910, the couple bequeathed the building to the Art Museum of Toronto, the building also served as the first home of the Ontario College of Art and Design, now OCAD University. Since the early 20th century, the Art Gallery of Ontario has been expanded a number of times, the expanse of lawn to the south of the building, what is left of the grounds, is operated by the city as Grange Park. Also on the old grounds is St. George Church, which was founded by the Boultons, only the tower and original Sunday school building remain. In 1970, The Grange was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in recognition of the significance to the history of Toronto. The Grange was built in 1817 as the home of DArcy Boulton, his wife, Sarah Anne and it was located on 100 acres of land that extended from Queen Street in the south to Bloor Street in the north and from Beverley Street east to McCaul Street. The north section of the property was sold to Bishop Strachan in 1828, to be used for the establishment of King’s College, an Anglican university. Property to the south was donated in the 1830s and 1840s for St. George the Martyr Church and St. Patricks Market, both still in existence. The original house, designed by an architect, was two storeys high,60 by 40 feet in area, with a low hipped roof containing a circular window. It is likely that the bricks were made on the property from the heavily clayed soil, the windows are double-hung with brick lintels and louvered wooden shutters. They are 12-over-12 sash on the floor and 8-over-8 sash on the second. The front door has a moulded reveal and a semi-circular fanlight, originally, the gate of the building extended to Queen Street, however the gates have been crowded back to the head of John Street. As was the custom at the time, The Grange was built in the middle of a hundred-acre park lot and it received the name The Grange after a family estate in England
The Grange (Toronto)
–
The Grange in 2005
26.
Grange Park (Toronto)
–
The Park lends its name to the Grange Park neighbourhood in the vicinity of the park. Grange Park features a pool, childrens playground, and numerous trees. Historically, it was the backyard of The Grange that eventually was expanded and these hours are shortened towards the end of the summer and closed in the winter. Because of the drain, the drain is usually opened a couple of hours prior to closing. The wading pool features sloped beach style zero-depth entry along some directions, recently the large curved cement steps have been dotted with metal spikes and blocks to discourage use by skateboarders. Unfortunately, these create a trip hazard to users of the wading pool. During the winter, Grange residents usually operate an ice rink. Grange Park is officially owned by the Art Gallery of Ontario, the late Harriet Boulton, also known as Mrs. Goldwin Smith, provided in will that the Grange and annexed lands which was her home would be gifted to the Art Museum of Toronto. The land to the south of the Grange were to be available for use as a park in perpetuity. Title to the Grange and the Park are vested in the Art Gallery of Ontario, an agreement between the City of Toronto and the Art Museum of Toronto was made on January 20,1911 regarding Grange Park. One of the current issues and debates is whether to open up the fence between Grange Park and the adjoining Butterfield Park into one contiguous park. This would improve access to Grange Park by OCAD students, and these discussions resulted in a proposal to establish the Grange Park Advisory Committee, a proposal which was discussed at a bi-lingual community meeting held on May 21,2008. The proposal was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Art Gallery of Ontario, gPACs co-chairs are Councilor Adam Vaughan and Rupert Duchesne a trustee of the AGO. The current focus of GPAC in October 2008 is to undertake an examination of the health of the park. Grange Community Association, established in 2008 City of Toronto, Parks and Recreation Homepage Grange Community Association Grange Park Advisory Committee
Grange Park (Toronto)
–
Grange Park just before sunset
27.
OCAD University
–
OCAD University, formerly the Ontario College of Art and Design, is a public university located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The school is within the Grange Park neighbourhood, and adjacent to the Art Gallery of Ontario, the school is Canadas largest and oldest educational institution for art and design. OCAD U offers courses through the Faculties of Art, Design, Liberal Arts and Sciences, the enabling legislation is Ontario College of Art and Design University Act,2002. The Universitys beginnings stretch back to the project of the Ontario Society of Artists whose objectives included the development of art education in Ontario, in 1971–72, Roy Ascott radically challenged the pedagogy and curriculum structure of the College. In 2008, OCAD president Sara Diamond changed the pedagogy and she emphasised academics over studio time and required full-time instructors to hold an advanced degree. There was some controversy as two faculty resigned over the changes, in 2010, Tom Travis, then president of Dalhousie University in Halifax, was conducted a confidential review of how OCAD was managed. He found that the number of faculty and administrators was excessive. He recommended that deans be given more autonomy, Sara Diamond adopted most of his 30 recommendations, for example, giving department deans more power. OCAD University has had a number of names over time, Ontario School of Art, 1876–86 founded by the Ontario Society of Artists to provide professional training in art. The OCAD campus consists of a campus and a south campus. The south campus consists of buildings that are situated on Richmond Street West. Buildings at OCAD are referred to by their street addresses, some buildings are also assigned a building number that is encoded as the first digit in 4-digit room numbers. The Main Building traces its roots to the first building that the school constructed, now known as the George A. Reid Wing, the building was designed by the school’s principal George A. Reid in the Georgian style and opened on 30 September 1921. On 17 January 1957, the first extension, a modernist building known today as the A. J. Casson Wing, was completed and was opened, two more extensions to the building were subsequently added in 1963 and 1967. In 2000, funding was secured from Ontario’s SuperBuild program to build an extension to the Main Building. Through Rod Robbie of Robbie/Young + Wright Architects, Will Alsop of Alsop Architects was made aware of the project and was selected in 2002. A joint venture was formed between the two firms and the new building, now known as the Sharp Centre for Design, was completed in 2004, the main library on campus is the Dorothy H. Hoover Library, located in the Annex Building. The Learning Zone, also located in the Annex Building, houses the OCAD Zine Library, Art & Design Annuals, a number of galleries or exhibition spaces exist both on-campus and off-campus, a faculty gallery is also planned as part of the proposed Mirvish-Gehry development
OCAD University
–
Inside a class in 1931.
OCAD University
–
Logo of OCAD University
OCAD University
–
Aerial view of
Grange Park, with OCADU visible to the right, and the
Art Gallery of Ontario in the background.
OCAD University
–
Looking north on McCaul at OCAD
28.
Darling and Pearson
–
Pearson and Darling was an architectural firm based in Toronto from 1897 through 1923, a key player in shaping the urban look of the city and the rest of Canada in the first half of the 20th century. The firm was organized first as Darling, Curry, Sproatt, & Pearson in 1892, with partners Frank Darling, S. George Curry, Henry Sproatt, and John A. Pearson. From 1893 through 1896 it evolved into Darling, Sproatt & Pearson, then finally Pearson and their subsequent projects included the first tall steel-frame building in Canada, the tallest building in Canada for three decades, and the largest single building in the British Commonwealth. After the deaths of Frank Darling in 1923 and Pearson in 1940, the firm continued as Clark, Darling and Downey Architects Incorporated in 1977. The firm lives on now as Toronto-based Stanford Downey Architects Incorporated, alpha Delta Phi Toronto Chapter House,1894. Originally known as the Ince house University of Toronto Faculty of Law, Flavelle House,1901 Union Bank Building,500 Main Street, Winnipeg, with the George A. Fuller Co
Darling and Pearson
–
Canadian Bank of Commerce Building,
Toronto, 1930
Darling and Pearson
–
Art Gallery of Ontario sculpture court, in a 1929 photo
Darling and Pearson
–
197 Yonge Street, Toronto
Darling and Pearson
–
Summerhill-North Toronto CPR Station, its 140-foot clock tower modelled on the
Campanile di San Marco in Venice
29.
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920, in contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, for the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, site considerations tended toward social and urbane contexts. In the façade shown to the right, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in an action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. The prestige of the École gave the style Beaux-Arts a second wind in combining the new manner with the traditional training and they were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning and his Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a personal style freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement, the Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, bosworth, Carnegie Mellon University, designed by Henry Hornbostel, and the University of Texas, designed by Paul Philippe Cret. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad, two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other, Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library. Another prominent U. S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, in the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this back to America. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century, notably all three prairie provinces legislative buildings are in this style. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s, national Theatre, Melbourne General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth Argus Building. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York, A Photographic Guide United States, sixteenth Street Architecture – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D. C
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
The
Palais Garnier (1861-75), an example of
Second Empire Beaux Arts style, typically employing
Neo-Baroque decorative elements
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
Farmer Palace in
Kazan,
Russia
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
The
San Francisco War Memorial Opera House of 1932, among the last major American buildings constructed in the Beaux-Arts style
Beaux-Arts architecture
–
Beaux-Arts building decoration presenting images of the Roman
goddesses Pomona and
Diana. Note the naturalism of the postures and the
channeled rustication of the stonework.
30.
Group of Seven (artists)
–
The Group of Seven, also known as the Algonquin School, was a group of Canadian landscape painters from 1920 to 1933, originally consisting of Franklin Carmichael, Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Frank Johnston, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, later, A. J. Casson was invited to join in 1926, Edwin Holgate became a member in 1930, and LeMoine FitzGerald joined in 1932. Two artists commonly associated with the group are Tom Thomson and Emily Carr, although he died before its official formation, Thomson had a significant influence on the group. Emily Carr was also associated with the Group of Seven. The Group was succeeded by the Canadian Group of Painters in the 1933, the Art Gallery of Ontario, in its earlier incarnation as the Art Gallery of Toronto, was the site of their first exhibition as the Group of Seven. The McMichael was founded by Robert and Signe McMichael, who began collecting paintings by the Group of Seven and their contemporaries in 1955. Tom Thomson, J. E. H. MacDonald, Arthur Lismer, Frederick Varley, Frank Johnston, in 1913, they were joined by A. Y. Jackson and Lawren Harris. They often met at the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto to discuss their opinions and this group received monetary support from Harris and Dr. James MacCallum. Harris and MacCallum jointly built the Studio Building in 1914 in the Rosedale ravine to serve as a meeting and working place for the new Canadian art movement. MacCallum owned land on Georgian Bay and Thomson worked as a guide in nearby Algonquin Park, the informal group was temporarily split up during World War I, during which Jackson and Varley became official war artists. A further blow to the group came in 1917 when Thomson died while canoeing in Algonquin Park and he appeared to have suffered a blow to the head and showed no signs of drowning. The circumstances of his death remain mysterious, the seven who formed the original group reunited after the war. They continued to travel throughout Ontario, especially the Muskoka and Algoma regions, sketching the landscape, in 1919, they decided to make themselves into a group devoted to a distinct Canadian form of art which didnt exist yet, and began to call themselves the Group of Seven. It is unknown who specifically chose these seven men, but it is believed to have been Harris, by 1920, they were ready for their first exhibition thanks to the constant support and encouragement of Eric Brown, the director of the National Gallery at that time. Prior to this, many believed the Canadian landscape was not worthy of being painted. Reviews for the 1920 exhibition were mixed, but as the decade progressed the Group came to be recognized as pioneers of a new, Canadian, after Frank Johnston left the group in 1920 to move to Winnipeg, A. J. Casson was invited to join in 1926. Franklin Carmichael had taken a liking to him and had encouraged Casson to sketch, the Groups champions during its early years included Barker Fairley, a co-founder of Canadian Forum magazine, and the warden of Hart House at the University of Toronto, J. Burgon Bickersteth. The members of the Group began to travel elsewhere in Canada for inspiration, including British Columbia, Quebec, Nova Scotia, after Samuel Gurney Cresswell and other painters on Royal Navy expeditions, these were the first artists of European descent who depicted the Arctic
Group of Seven (artists)
–
Frederick Varley,
A. Y. Jackson,
Lawren Harris,
Barker Fairley,
Frank Johnston,
Arthur Lismer, and
J. E. H. MacDonald. Image ca. 1920, F 1066, Archives of Ontario, I0010313.
Group of Seven (artists)
–
Red Maple, 1914, by A.Y. Jackson
Group of Seven (artists)
–
Gas Chamber at Seaford a piece of war art by Frederick Varley
31.
George Weston
–
George Weston was a Canadian businessman and the founder of George Weston Limited. He became Toronto’s biggest baker with Canada’s largest bread factory, Weston began his career at the age of twelve as a bakers apprentice and went on to become a bread route salesman. By the turn of the century, he was throughout the city for his Weston’s Home-Made Bread. In addition to being a local businessman, he was also a prominent Methodist. George Weston was born to William and Ann Weston at Oswego, New York, by the time George turned four, the family, British immigrants who first settled in Canada, had returned to Toronto after some time in the United States. As one of eight children, George aspired to be a minister of the Gospel from an age and, in fact. But the family continued to struggle and funding any kind of education was beyond its means. On completing public school, George was sent out into the workforce, young George was apprenticed to C. J. Frogley, a baker with a small shop at 850 Yonge Street, north of Bloor Street, then on the outskirts of Toronto. After a number of years, Frogley abandoned the location and another baker by the name of G. H. Bowen eventually set-up shop there, after a year or so, Bowen moved the bakery to Sullivan Street, not far from today’s Art Gallery of Ontario. George found employment with Bowen, who is said to have taken enough interest in the lad to see that he learned the business the way it should be learned. Over the course of his career, George did everything from baking bread, to making deliveries. Eventually, George became a salesman and in 1882 went into business for himself. Two years later, with his business prospering, he bought out the bakery of his former employer, years later, George Weston recalled those early days, I baked 250 loaves the first day. I delivered them — drove my own waggon — called on every customer myself and it was on Sullivan Street where George Weston, with one wood burning oven and two journeymen bakers, developed his Home-Made Bread. Made from a combination of the best Manitoba No.1 Hard Wheat and Ontario Fall Wheat, in equal proportions. In 1889, the bakery was still a small operation with two bread wagons but by 1894 it had undergone four expansions and he also began introducing the latest in technology, such as mechanical mixers, to make the process less labour-intensive. By the 1890s, he had renamed his bakery G. Weston’s Bread Factory, technological advances aside, Weston attributed the growth of his business to the quality of his bread. Merit did it — the merit of my bread and you wont find any better bread than mine
George Weston
–
George Weston, Model Bakery, Toronto, from the Mercantile and Financial Times, summer 1899
George Weston
–
George Weston's first bakery, where he developed his "Real Home-Made Bread, Sullivan Street, Toronto, ca. 1895
George Weston
–
Model Bakery ad for Weston's Home-Made Bread, Toronto World, June 1900.
George Weston
–
Model Bakery employees, Spink Mlls, Pickering, Ontario, Pickering News, Christmas Number 1902.
32.
Frank Porter Wood
–
Frank Porter Wood was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He is best remembered for his gifts and bequests of artworks to the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto. Wood was born in Peterborough, Ontario to Canadian immigrants of mixed parentage, his father was Irish and he married Emma Matilda Junkin in 1906 and had three daughters, Mary Dorothy Porter Wood, Frances Junkin Wood and Joyce Rogers Wood. In 1897, he started working in Peterborough, Ontario as a clerk of Central Canada Loan, in 1899, Wood moved to Montreal to work at the National Trust, incorporated a year earlier by Cox and his brother Edward Rogers Wood. Later in life, he became a Vice-President of the National Trust, in 1903, Wood started up, with Sir Frank Wilton Baillie and his brother James W. Baillie, a brokerage firm, Baillie Brothers and Company, which operated on the Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1910, Wood became President of Burlington Steel, in 1912, the Bankers’ Bond Company Limited was formed to succeed Baillie, Wood, and Croft. Until his death in 1955, Wood continued to participate in the Canadian business community as a financier, Wood and his family were consummately modest, they never spoke of their accolades and were quickly forgotten. Wood, however, will be remembered not for his business accomplishments but for his love of the arts, to this date, he is still the single most generous donor of the Art Gallery of Ontario. “He is given a place of honour among the collectors of Old Master paintings in Toronto”, according to David McTavish of Queen’s University. Wood was a client of Sir Joseph Duveen, McTavish, D. Campbell, Sheila D. ed. From Rembrandt to Renoir in Toronto, Frank P. Woods role as private collector, public adviser, the private collector and the public institution. Toronto, ON, University of Toronto Art Centre, pp.298, 441–442,448,493,517. A Gainsborough Bill for the Prince of Wales, London, UK, The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd. Jacob van Ruisdael, A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings, Drawings, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press. Three Paintings, The Frank P. Wood Bequest, Toronto, ON, Art Gallery of Toronto. Listening to the Sirens, Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig, berkeley, CA, University of California Press. Brown, George William, David M. Hayne, Francess G. Halpenny, Toronto, ON, University of Toronto Press. McCall, George Henry, Adriaan Jacob Barnouw, Paintings by the Great Dutch Masters of the Seventeenth Century
Frank Porter Wood
–
Frank Porter Wood - 1924.
Frank Porter Wood
–
"
Portrait of a Gentleman, Isaak Abrahamsz Massa " by
Frans Hals, 1626, and donated to the
Art Gallery of Ontario in 1955 by
F.P. Wood.
Frank Porter Wood
–
The home of the art collector Frank P. Wood on Bayview Avenue that houses the Crescent School.
Frank Porter Wood
–
"
The Harvest Wagon " by
Thomas Gainsborough donated to the
Art Gallery of Ontario in 1955 by
Frank P Wood.
33.
Edward Rogers Wood
–
Wood was born in Peterborough, Ontario to a Northern Irish father and a Scottish mother. He married Agnes Euphemia Smart in Toronto on July 18,1891 and they had a son, William and a daughter, Mildred. In his early teens, Edward Wood joined the G. N. W, telegraph Company owned by Peterboroughs Mayor George Albertus Cox and later Senator George Albertus Cox. After completing school Edward joined Coxs financial firm, Central Canada Loan & Savings Company, both men incorporated in 1898 the National Trust Company in Toronto, Ontario. National Trust became part of Bank of Nova Scotia as Scotia Trust in 1997, in 1901 Cox and Wood formed Dominion Securities with the purpose of underwriting and retailing of provincial, municipal, and utility bonds. In 1902 Edward Wood shifted Dominion Securities into industrial finance by financing of Dominion Iron & Steel, in 1910 he formed Dominion Steel Corporation, where his younger brother Frank Porter Wood was a President. Edward and Euphemia Wood built and lived in Wymilwood with his family from 1902 to 1924 and they donated Wymilwood, an Elizabethan-style mansion now called Falconer Hall to the University of Toronto and is now part of the UofT law school. In 1920-24 they laid out, built and moved to Glendon Hall on Bayview Avenue, woods 20-year-younger brother Frank P Wood and his wife, Emma later built and located nearby in an estate now used as Crescent School. In 1950, by then a widow, Pheme Wood died and bequeathed Glendon Hall to the University of Toronto with the intent that it be used by the Department of Botany for a university botanical gardens. Following 10 years of mixed academic use the University turned over the estate in 1961 to its newly created affiliate, Edward had died in Toronto in 1941. They are buried in the Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto, adjacent to the grave of George Albertus Cox, “Out of the Wood Work, The Wood Family’s Benefactions to Victoria University, ” Papers of the Canadian Methodist Historical Society, vol. “Glendon Hall and the Canadian Rose Society, ” The Canadian Rose Annual, pp.31 –42, University of Michigan Library, International Press Limited, Toronto. Brown, George William, David M. Hayne, Francess G. Halpenny, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press. The Light, Brazilian Traction, Light and Power Company Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press. Title Canadian Multinationals and International Finance, the Steam Boat Era in the Muskokas Volume II - The Golden Years to Present. Erin, Ontario, Canada, Boston Mills Press, minister of National Revenue v. National Trust Co. Phillips, Jim, Roy McMurtry, John T. Saywell, essays in the History of Canadian Law. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, University of Toronto Prss. p.410
Edward Rogers Wood
–
Edward Rogers Wood
Edward Rogers Wood
–
Glendon Hall, Residence of ER Wood
Edward Rogers Wood
–
The home of the art collector
Frank P. Wood on Bayview Avenue next to his brother
34.
Eaton family
–
The Eaton family of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, were owners of the Eatons department stores, a national chain that was founded in 1869, and became bankrupt in 1999. At the familys height, their net worth was around $2 billion, today, after the stores demise, The Boys—John, Chuck, Thor and George—are collectively worth around $450 million. The Eatons were well known for their lifestyle and generous philanthropy. Today, they and their wives and children continue to hold prominent positions in Torontos society circles, notes Not exhaustive - listing is generally restricted to siblings of Timothy Eaton, his children, spouses, and significant descendants. - order of succession as the head of Eatons
Eaton family
–
Eaton Family mausoleum in Toronto, lions by sculptor
Eli Harvey
35.
Matthew Teitelbaum
–
Matthew D. Teitelbaum is a Canadian art historian, who is currently the director of Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. A native of Toronto, Teitelbaum is the son of the late painter Mashel Teitelbaum and he holds a B. A. in Canadian history from Carleton University and an M. Phil. in modern European painting and sculpture from the Courtauld Institute of Art. He has taught and lectured at Harvard University, York University, Teitelbaum first held curatorial positions with the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and the Mendel Art Gallery. He later joined the Art Gallery of Ontario in 1993 as chief curator and was appointed as the Michael and Sonja Koerner Director. As the museums director and CEO, he oversaw the institution’s $306 million expansion and renovation of its Beaux-Arts building by the architect Frank Gehry, Teitelbaum is married to Susan M. Cohen, who served as the executive director of the W. Garfield Weston Foundation. They have two sons, Max and Elijah, honorary Doctor of Law, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Chevalier dans lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres, France Art Gallery of Ontario profile
Matthew Teitelbaum
–
Teitelbaum in 2011.
36.
Postmodernism
–
Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid to late 20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism which marked a departure from modernism. Accordingly, postmodern thought is characterized by tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, irreverence. The term postmodernism has been applied both to the era following modernity, and to a host of movements within that era that reacted against tendencies in modernism. Postmodernism includes skeptical critical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, architecture, fiction, feminist theory, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard. The term postmodern was first used around the 1880s, John Watkins Chapman suggested a Postmodern style of painting as a way to depart from French Impressionism. In 1921 and 1925, postmodernism had been used to new forms of art. In 1942 H. R. Hays described it as a new literary form, however, as a general theory for a historical movement it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee, Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918. Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post modern world happened between 1937 and 1957, post-structuralism resulted similarly to postmodernism by following a time of structuralism. It is characterized by new ways of thinking through structuralism, contrary to the original form, postmodernist describes part of a movement, Postmodern places it in the period of time since the 1950s, making it a part of contemporary history. Martin Heidegger rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of subjectivity and objectivity, instead of resisting the admission of this paradox in the search for understanding, Heidegger requires that we embrace it through an active process of elucidation he called the hermeneutic circle. He stressed the historicity and cultural construction of concepts while simultaneously advocating the necessity of an atemporal, in this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another principal forerunner of post-structuralist and postmodernist thought. Instead, Foucault focused on the ways in which such constructs can foster cultural hegemony, violence and his writings have had a major influence on the larger body of postmodern academic literature. These metanarratives still remain in Western society but are now being undermined by rapid Informatization, Richard Rorty argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. For Baudrillard, “simulation is no longer that of a territory and it is the generation by models of a real without origin or a reality, a hyperreal. In Analysis of the Journey, a journal birthed from postmodernism, Douglas Kellner insists that the assumptions and his terms defined in the depth of postmodernism are based on advancement, innovation, and adaptation. Extensively, Kellner analyzes the terms of theory in real-life experiences and examples. Kellner used science and technology studies as a part of his analysis
Postmodernism
–
Portland Building, an example of
Postmodern architecture
Postmodernism
–
Detail of the postmodern
Abteiberg Museum in
Germany.
Postmodernism
–
Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006
Nobel Prize in Literature.
Postmodernism
–
Composer
Henryk Górecki.
37.
Toronto waterfront
–
The Toronto waterfront is the lakeshore of Lake Ontario in the City of Toronto, Ontario in Canada. It spans 46 kilometres between the mouth of Etobicoke Creek in the west, and the Rouge River in the East, Lake Ontario is a recent lake. As the last glaciation, the Laurentian glaciation receded, a number of lakes filled in basins adjacent to the glacier. One of those proglacial lakes was Lake Iroquois, Lake Iroquois was considerably deeper than Lake Ontario, as a lobe of the Laurentian glacier still filled the valley of what is now the St. Lawrence River. The southern boundary of Lake Iroquois was the Niagara escarpment, the lake flowed over the Niagara Escarpment east of Rochester, and flowed to the Atlantic Ocean down what is now the Mohawk River, to the Hudson River. The shoreline of Lake Iroquois can be observed in steep hills, casa Loma has a good view of the harbour, four kilometres away, as it is on the height of the old shoreline. When the glacier retreated from the St Lawrence Valley the shoreline receded to a shallower level than todays lake. This lake was call Admiralty Lake, some sources suggest the drainage of the lake triggered the Upper Dryas climatic change. Some sources suggest the lake drained all the way to sea level, the shore of Lake Ontario is mostly landfill, extending a kilometre or more from the natural shoreline. Adding to the silt deposits, Ashbridges Bay was filled in. The bay was filled in due to concerns about public health – locals had disposed of sewage, farm animal carcasses. Currently there are proposals to restore the natural watercourse of the Don. The modern harbour area was formed through landfill in the years around the First World War. The central waterfront functioned as an important industrial area for many years, to the east and west, Toronto expanded along the waterfront with new residential suburbs. West of the Humber River, outside the city limits, the waterfront has been mainly private lands fronting on the lake, East of the Humber River, within the city limits, the waterfront has been under the control of the government. The Sunnyside lakefront from the Humber east to Jameson was filled in, creating new lands for recreational, to the east of Sunnyside the lands were originally military grounds, centred on Fort York. The Garrison lands became the Exhibition grounds and have been ever since. To the east of the area, parklands were built along the waterfront from Ashbridges Bay east to the eastern city border at Victoria Park
Toronto waterfront
–
The waterfront through downtown Toronto
Toronto waterfront
–
Proglacial Lake Iroquois preceded Admiralty Lake and Lake Ontario.
Toronto waterfront
–
View of Toronto and the shorline of Lake Ontario, from the old shore of Lake Iroquois.
Toronto waterfront
–
Foot of
Yonge Street in 1910
38.
Titanium
–
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a transition metal with a silver color, low density. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and it is named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll, the most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride, a component of smoke screens and catalysts, and titanium trichloride, the two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, there are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant. Although they have the number of valence electrons and are in the same group in the periodic table. As a metal, titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio and it is a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile, lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high melting point makes it useful as a refractory metal and it is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity. Commercial grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa, equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys achieve tensile strengths of over 1400 MPa, however, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C. Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel, it is non-magnetic, machining requires precautions, because the material might gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a limit that guarantees longevity in some applications. The metal is an allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body-centered cubic β form at 882 °C. The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls, similar to zirconium and hafnium, an additional omega phase exists, which is thermodynamically stable at high pressures, but metastable at ambient pressures. This phase is usually hexagonal or trigonal and can be considered to be due to a soft longitudinal acoustic phonon of the β phase causing collapse of planes of atoms, like aluminium and magnesium, titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C in air and it is, however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation. When it first forms, this layer is only 1–2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly
Titanium
–
Titanium, 22 Ti
Titanium
–
Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated by this aqueous solution of
titanium trichloride.
Titanium
–
Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the
Titans of
Greek mythology.
Titanium
–
Titanium sponge, made by the
Kroll process
39.
The Globe and Mail
–
The Globe and Mail is a nationally distributed Canadian newspaper owned by The Woodbridge Company, based in Toronto and printed in six cities across the country. The Globe and Mail is regarded by some as Canadas newspaper of record, the predecessor to The Globe and Mail was The Globe, founded in 1844 by Scottish immigrant George Brown, who became a Father of Confederation. Browns liberal politics led him to court the support of the Clear Grits and he selected as the motto for the editorial page a quotation from Junius, The subject who is truly loyal to the Chief Magistrate will neither advise nor submit to arbitrary measures. The quotation is carried on the page to this day. By the 1850s, The Globe had become an independent and well-regarded daily newspaper and it began distribution by railway to other cities in Ontario shortly after Canadian Confederation. At the dawn of the century, The Globe added photography, a womens section, and the slogan Canadas National Newspaper. It began opening bureaus and offering subscriptions across Canada, on 23 November 1936, The Globe merged with The Mail and Empire, itself formed through the 1895 merger of two conservative newspapers, The Toronto Mail and Toronto Empire. Press reports at the stated, the minnow swallowed the whale because The Globes circulation was smaller than The Mail. The merger was arranged by George McCullagh, who fronted for mining magnate William Henry Wright and became the first publisher of The Globe, McCullagh committed suicide in 1952, and the newspaper was sold to the Webster family of Montreal. As the paper lost ground to The Toronto Star in the local Toronto market, the newspaper was unionised in 1955, under the banner of the American Newspaper Guild. From 1937 until 1974, the newspaper was produced at the William H, in 1965, the paper was bought by Winnipeg-based FP Publications, controlled by Bryan Maheswary, which owned a chain of local Canadian newspapers. FP put an emphasis on the Report on Business section that was launched in 1962. FP Publications and The Globe and Mail were sold in 1980 to The Thomson Corporation, after the acquisition there were few changes made in editorial or news policy. However, there was more attention paid to national and international news on the editorial, op-ed, the Globe and Mail has always been a morning newspaper. Since the 1980s, it has been printed in editions in six Canadian cities, Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary. Southern Ontario Newspaper Guild employees took their first ever strike vote at The Globe in 1982 and those negotiations ended without a strike, and the Globe unit of SONG still has a strike-free record. SONG members voted in 1994 to sever ties with the American-focused Newspaper Guild, shortly afterwards, SONG affiliated with the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada. Under the editorship of William Thorsell in the 1980s and 1990s, during this period, the paper continued to favour such socially liberal policies as decriminalizing drugs and expanding gay rights
The Globe and Mail
–
The January 25, 2013 front page of The Globe and Mail
The Globe and Mail
–
The Globe's Office in Toronto
The Globe and Mail
–
Globe and Mail staff await news of the
D-Day invasion. June 6, 1944.
40.
Toronto Star
–
The Toronto Star is a Canadian broadsheet daily newspaper. It is owned by Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. a division of Star Media Group, the Star was first printed on Toronto World presses, and at its formation The World owned a 51% interest in it as a silent partner. That arrangement only lasted for two months, during time it was rumoured that William Findlay Billy Maclean, the Worlds proprietor, was considering selling the Star to the Riordon family. After an extensive fundraising campaign among the Star staff, Maclean agreed to sell his interest to Hocken, the paper did poorly in its first few years. Hocken sold out within the year, and several owners followed in succession until Sir William Mackenzie bought it in 1896 and its new editors, Edmund E. Sheppard and Frederic Nicholls, moved the entire Star operation into the same building used by the magazine Saturday Night. This would continue until Joseph E, holy Joe Atkinson, backed by funds raised by supporters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, bought the paper. The supporters included Senator George Cox, William Mulock, Peter Charles Larkin, Atkinson was the Stars editor from 1899 until his death in 1948. Its early opposition and criticism of the Nazi regime saw the paper one of the first North American papers to be banned in Germany. He championed many causes that would come to be associated with the welfare state, old age pensions, unemployment insurance. The Government of Canada Digital Collections website describes Atkinson as a radical in the best sense of that term, the Star was unique among North American newspapers in its consistent, ongoing advocacy of the interests of ordinary people. The friendship of Atkinson, the publisher, with Mackenzie King, Atkinson became the controlling shareholder of the Star. The Star was frequently criticized for practising the yellow journalism of its era, for decades, the paper included heavy doses of crime and sensationalism, along with advocating social change. From 1910 to 1973, the Star published a weekend supplement, shortly before his death in 1948, Joseph E. Atkinson transferred ownership of the paper to a charitable organization given the mandate of continuing the papers liberal tradition. In 1949, the Province of Ontario passed the Charitable Gifts Act, barring charitable organizations from owning parts of profit-making businesses. It would continue to supply sponsored content to the CRBCs station CRCT, in 1971, the newspaper was renamed The Toronto Star and moved to a modern office tower at One Yonge Street by Queens Quay. The original Star Building at 80 King Street West was demolished to make room for First Canadian Place, the new building originally housed the papers presses. In 1992, the plant was moved to the Toronto Star Press Centre at the Highway 407 &400 interchange in Vaughan. In September 2002, the logo was changed, and The was dropped from the papers, during the 2003 blackout, the Star printed the paper at a press in Welland, Ontario
Toronto Star
–
The January 23, 2013, front page of The Toronto Star
Toronto Star
–
One Yonge Street – Current head office, built in 1970
Toronto Star
–
The
Old Toronto Star Building, 80 King West in the 1930s
Toronto Star
–
Toronto Star paperboy in
Whitby in 1940
41.
The Washington Post
–
The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
The Washington Post
–
Front page for May 21, 2015
The Washington Post
–
The headquarters of The Washington Post in
Washington, DC.
The Washington Post
–
Washington Post building in 1948
The Washington Post
–
The Monday, July 21, 1969, edition, with the headline
"'The Eagle Has Landed' — Two Men Walk on the Moon"
42.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
43.
J. M. W. Turner
–
Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA was an English Romanticist landscape painter. Turner was considered a figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting and he is commonly known as the painter of light. Joseph Mallord William Turner was baptised on 14 May 1775, and it is generally believed he was born between late April and early May. Turner himself claimed he was born on 23 April, but there is no proof and he was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, in London, England. His father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker and his mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778, the earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is from this period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswells Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales. Around 1786, Turner was sent to Margate on the north-east Kent coast, here he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area foreshadowing his later work. Turner returned to Margate many times in later life, by this time, Turners drawings were being exhibited in his fathers shop window and sold for a few shillings. His father boasted to the artist Thomas Stothard that, My son, in 1789, Turner again stayed with his uncle who had retired to Sunningwell in Berkshire. A whole sketchbook of work from time in Berkshire survives as well as a watercolour of Oxford. The use of sketches on location, as the foundation for later finished paintings. By the end of 1789, he had begun to study under the topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton. Turner learned from him the tricks of the trade, copying and colouring outline prints of British castles. He would later call Malton My real master, topography was a thriving industry by which a young artist could pay for his studies. In the same year of 1789 he entered the Royal Academy of Art schools, when he was 14 years old, Sir Joshua Reynolds, president of the Royal Academy, chaired the panel that admitted him. At first Turner showed a keen interest in architecture, but was advised by the architect Thomas Hardwick to continue painting and his first watercolour painting A View of the Archbishops Palace, Lambeth was accepted for the Royal Academy summer exhibition of 1790 when Turner was 15. As a probationer in the academy, he was drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures
J. M. W. Turner
–
Self-portrait, oil on canvas, circa 1799
J. M. W. Turner
–
Drawing of St John's Church, Margate by Turner from around 1786, when he would have been 11 or 12 years old. The ambitious but unsure drawing shows an early struggle with perspective, which can be contrasted with his later work
J. M. W. Turner
–
A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth – this watercolour was Turner's first to be accepted for the Royal Academy's annual exhibition in April 1790, the month he turned 15. The image is a technical presentation of Turner's strong grasp of the elements of perspective with several buildings at sharp angles to each other, demonstrating Turner's thorough mastery of Thomas Malton's topographical style.
J. M. W. Turner
–
Fishermen at Sea exhibited in 1796 was the first oil painting exhibited by Turner at the Royal Academy
44.
Jean-Michel Basquiat
–
Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist. By the 1980s, he was exhibiting his neo-expressionist paintings in galleries, the Whitney Museum of American Art held a retrospective of his art in 1992. Basquiats art focused on suggestive dichotomies, such as wealth versus poverty, integration versus segregation and he appropriated poetry, drawing, and painting, and married text and image, abstraction, figuration, and historical information mixed with contemporary critique. He died of an overdose at his art studio at age 27. Jean-Michel Basquiat was born in Brooklyn, New York, on December 22,1960, shortly after the death of his elder brother and he was the second of four children of Matilda Andrades and Gérard Basquiat. He had two sisters, Lisane, born in 1964, and Jeanine, born in 1967. His father, Gérard Basquiat, was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and his mother, Matilde Basquiat, Matilde instilled a love for art in her young son by taking him to art museums in Manhattan and enrolling him as a junior member of the Brooklyn Museum of Art. Basquiat was a child who learned how to read and write by age four and was a gifted artist. His teachers, such as artist Jose Machado, noticed his artistic abilities, by the age of 11, Basquiat was fully fluent in French, Spanish and English. In 1967, Basquiat started attending Saint Anns, an exclusive private school. He drew with Marc Prozzo, a friend from St. Anns, they created a childrens book, written by Basquiat. Basquiat became a reader of Spanish, French, and English texts. In September 1968, when Basquiat was about eight, he was hit by a car while playing in the street and his arm was broken and he suffered several internal injuries, and he eventually underwent a splenectomy. While he was recuperating from his injuries, his mother brought him the Grays Anatomy book to keep him occupied and this book would prove to be influential in his future artistic outlook. His parents separated that year and he and his sisters were raised by their father, the family resided in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, for five years, then moved to San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1974. After two years, they returned to New York City, when he was 13, his mother was committed to a mental institution and thereafter spent time in and out of institutions. At 15, Basquiat ran away from home and he slept on park benches in Tompkins Square Park, and was arrested and returned to the care of his father within a week. His father banished him from the household for dropping out of high school and he supported himself by selling T-shirts and homemade post cards
Jean-Michel Basquiat
–
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Jean-Michel Basquiat
–
SAMO color work at A's, Arleen Schloss, 1979
Jean-Michel Basquiat
–
"Scull" (1981)
Jean-Michel Basquiat
–
Untitled
acrylic,
oilstick, and
spray paint on
canvas, 1981
45.
Francis Bacon
–
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, PC KC was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England, after his death, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism and his works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. Most importantly, he argued this could be achieved by use of a sceptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves. This marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, Bacon was generally neglected at court by Queen Elizabeth, but after the accession of King James I in 1603, Bacon was knighted. He was later created Baron Verulam in 1618 and Viscount St. Alban in 1621, because he had no heirs, both titles became extinct upon his death in 1626, at 65 years of age. Bacon died of pneumonia, with one account by John Aubrey stating that he had contracted the condition while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat. Francis Bacon was born on 22 January 1561 at York House near the Strand in London, the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon by his wife, Anne Bacon. His mothers sister was married to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, biographers believe that Bacon was educated at home in his early years owing to poor health, which would plague him throughout his life. He received tuition from John Walsall, a graduate of Oxford with a leaning toward Puritanism. Bacons education was conducted largely in Latin and followed the medieval curriculum and he was also educated at the University of Poitiers. It was at Cambridge that he first met Queen Elizabeth, who was impressed by his precocious intellect and his studies brought him to the belief that the methods and results of science as then practised were erroneous. His reverence for Aristotle conflicted with his rejection of Aristotelian philosophy, on 27 June 1576, he and Anthony entered de societate magistrorum at Grays Inn. A few months later, Francis went abroad with Sir Amias Paulet, the state of government and society in France under Henry III afforded him valuable political instruction. For the next three years he visited Blois, Poitiers, Tours, Italy, and Spain, during his travels, Bacon studied language, statecraft, and civil law while performing routine diplomatic tasks. On at least one occasion he delivered diplomatic letters to England for Walsingham, Burghley, the sudden death of his father in February 1579 prompted Bacon to return to England. Sir Nicholas had laid up a sum of money to purchase an estate for his youngest son, but he died before doing so. Having borrowed money, Bacon got into debt, Bacon stated that he had three goals, to uncover truth, to serve his country, and to serve his church
Francis Bacon
–
Portrait of Francis Bacon, by
Frans Pourbus (1617),
Palace on the Water in
Warsaw.
Francis Bacon
–
The 18-year-old Francis Bacon. Inscription around his head reads: Si tabula daretur digna animum mallem,
Latin for "If one could but paint his mind" (see also below).
National Portrait Gallery, London
Francis Bacon
–
The
Italianate York Water Gate – the entry to York House, built about 1626, the year of Bacon's death
Francis Bacon
–
Francis Bacon's statue at
Gray's Inn, South Square, London
46.
Berenice Abbott
–
Abbott was born in Springfield, Ohio and brought up there by her divorced mother, née Lillian Alice Bunn. She attended Ohio State University for two semesters, but left in early 1918 and her university studies included theater and sculpture. Spending two years studying sculpture in Paris and Berlin and she studied at the Académie de la Grande Chaumiere in Paris and the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin. During this time, she adopted the French spelling of her first name, Berenice, in addition to her work in the visual arts, Abbott published poetry in the experimental literary journal transition. Abbott first became involved with photography in 1923, when Man Ray hired her as an assistant at his portrait studio in Montparnasse. Later she wrote, I took to photography like a duck to water, I never wanted to do anything else. Ray was impressed by her work and allowed her to use his studio to take her own photographs. In 1926, she exhibited her work in the gallery Au Sacre du Printemps, after a short time studying photography in Berlin, she returned to Paris in 1927 and started a second studio, on the rue Servandoni. Abbotts subjects were people in the artistic and literary worlds, including French nationals, expatriates, according to Sylvia Beach, To be done by Man Ray or Berenice Abbott meant you rated as somebody. Abbotts work was exhibited with that of Man Ray, André Kertész, and others in Paris, in the Salon de lEscalier and her portraiture was unusual within exhibitions of modernist photography held in 1928–9 in Brussels and Germany. In 1925, Man Ray introduced her to Eugène Atgets photographs and she became interested in Atgets work, and managed to persuade him to sit for a portrait in 1927. An early tangible result was the 1930 book Atget, photographe de Paris, Abbotts work on Atgets behalf would continue until her sale of the archive to the Museum of Modern Art in 1968. In addition to her book The World of Atget, she provided the photographs for A Vision of Paris, published a portfolio, Twenty Photographs and her sustained efforts helped Atget gain international recognition. In early 1929, Abbott visited New York City, ostensibly to find an American publisher for Atgets photographs, upon seeing the city again, however, Abbott immediately saw its photographic potential. Accordingly, she went back to Paris, closed up her studio and her first photographs of the city were taken with a hand-held Kurt-Bentzin camera, but soon she acquired a Century Universal camera which produced 8 x 10 inch negatives. Using this large format camera, Abbott photographed New York City with the diligence and her work has provided a historical chronicle of many now-destroyed buildings and neighborhoods of Manhattan. Abbott worked on her New York project independently for six years, unable to get support from organizations, foundations. She supported herself with work and teaching at the New School of Social Research beginning in 1933
Berenice Abbott
–
Berenice Abbott by
Hank O'Neal in New York City, November 18, 1979
Berenice Abbott
–
Bowery restaurant photograph for Changing New York, 1935.
Berenice Abbott
–
Encampment of the unemployed, New York City, 1935.
Berenice Abbott
–
Pike Street at
Henry Street (1936)
47.
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment
Pablo Picasso
–
Picasso in 1908
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso with his sister Lola, 1889
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso, 1901, Old Woman (Woman with Gloves), oil on cardboard, 67 x 52.1 cm,
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso, 1901-02, Femme au café (Absinthe Drinker), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm,
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia
48.
Jack Chambers (artist)
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John Jack Chambers was a Canadian artist and filmmaker. Born in London, Ontario, Chambers painting style shifted from surrealist-influenced to photo-realist-influenced and he used the term “Perceptual Realism” and later “perceptualism” to describe his style. He began working with film in the 1960s, completing six by 1970, Stan Brakhage proclaimed Chambers The Hart of London as one of the greatest films ever made. Chambers spent eight years studying and working in Europe after studying at H. B. Beal Secondary School, while in Europe he met Pablo Picasso, who suggested he continue his studies in Barcelona. He called his own work perceptual realism, a kind of based on his own dreams and memories. When he returned to London Chambers worked with fellow London native Greg Curnoe, in 1969 he was diagnosed with leukemia. For the rest of his life he painted more realistically, often depicting sites in London, an example of this is 401 Towards London No. 1, a view of Highway 401 heading westward towards London, in 1967 he founded Canadian Artists’ Representation, now a national organization of artists, after an argument with the National Gallery of Canada over reproduction rights and fees. His work is in the collections of the National Gallery of Canada, the Art Gallery of Ontario, an elementary school Jack Chambers Public School are named for him in London, and a tree was planted in his memory in Gibbons Park after his death. The 2012 retrospective of his work at the Art Gallery of Ontario has helped introduce his oeuvre to a new audience, Chambers evolved his theory of Perceptual Realism in the late 1960s in an essay of the same name. He argued for different types of realism and believed that his approach was unique, Perceptual Realism showed the essence of matter through light and material. Chambers called it “a faculty of inner vision where the object appears in the splendour of its essential namelessness, the foundations of Chambers’ painting technique were laid during his training in Spain. Many of his paintings from that show the influence of Surrealism. After his return to Canada in 1961 he experimented with paint application, by the mid-1960s his style changed again as he worked a sense of temporal movement into his paintings. Forms were fragmented in these paintings, “A painting gets put together just like an experience – in particles. ”In the mid-1960s Chambers also produced his silver paintings using aluminum pigment, other artists, including Andy Warhol, also experimented with this unusual metallic colour. Between 1964 and 1970, Chambers completed six films varying in length between nine minutes and 79 minutes, working in both black and white and colour film, his works were montages dealing on the surface with his domestic life and images of London, Ontario. They were also examinations of the contrast between nature and society, mosaic Hybrid Little Red Riding Hood R-34 Circle The Hart of London C. C. C. I. Life Still Films About Jack Chambers Chambers Jack Chambers (Cynthia Scott, CBC Man Alive program,1971,52 min Life Force Chambers, Tracks and Gestures Brakhage, Stan
Jack Chambers (artist)
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Still of The Hart of London (1970)
49.
Marc Chagall
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Marc Zakharovich Chagall was a Russian-French artist. Art critic Robert Hughes referred to Chagall as the quintessential Jewish artist of the twentieth century, according to art historian Michael J. Lewis, Chagall was considered to be the last survivor of the first generation of European modernists. For decades, he had also respected as the worlds preeminent Jewish artist. Using the medium of stained glass, he produced windows for the cathedrals of Reims and Metz, windows for the UN, and he also did large-scale paintings, including part of the ceiling of the Paris Opéra. Before World War I, he travelled between Saint Petersburg, Paris and Berlin, during this period he created his own mixture and style of modern art based on his idea of Eastern European Jewish folk culture. He had two basic reputations, writes Lewis, as a pioneer of modernism and as a major Jewish artist. He experienced modernisms golden age in Paris, where he synthesized the art forms of Cubism, Symbolism, and Fauvism, and the influence of Fauvism gave rise to Surrealism. Yet throughout these phases of his style he remained most emphatically a Jewish artist, when Matisse dies, Pablo Picasso remarked in the 1950s, Chagall will be the only painter left who understands what colour really is. Marc Chagall was born Moishe Segal in a Lithuanian Jewish family in Liozna, at the time of his birth, Vitebsks population was about 66,000, with half the population being Jewish. A picturesque city of churches and synagogues, it was called Russian Toledo, as the city was built mostly of wood, little of it survived years of occupation and destruction during World War II. Chagall was the eldest of nine children, the family name, Shagal, is a variant of the name Segal, which in a Jewish community was usually borne by a Levitic family. His father, Khatskl Shagal, was employed by a herring merchant and his father worked hard, carrying heavy barrels but earning only 20 roubles each month. Chagall would later include fish motifs out of respect for his father, writes Chagall biographer, Chagall wrote of these early years, Day after day, winter and summer, at six oclock in the morning, my father got up and went off to the synagogue. There he said his prayer for some dead man or other. On his return he made ready the samovar, drank some tea, hellish work, the work of a galley-slave. No word will ever ease my fathers lot, There was always plenty of butter and cheese on our table. Buttered bread, like a symbol, was never out of my childish hands. One of the sources of income of the Jewish population of the town was from the manufacture of clothing that was sold throughout Russia
Marc Chagall
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Chagall, c.1920 (by Pierre Choumoff)
Marc Chagall
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Chagall's Parents
Marc Chagall
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Portrait of Chagall by
Yehuda (Yuri) Pen, his first art teacher in Vitebsk
Marc Chagall
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Marc Chagall, 1912, Calvary (Golgotha), oil on canvas, 174.6 x 192.4 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York. Alternative titles: Kreuzigung Bild 2 Christus gewidmet [Golgotha. Crucifixion. Dedicated to Christ]. Sold through Galerie
Der Sturm (Herwarth Walden), Berlin to Bernhard Koehler (1849–1927), Berlin, 1913. Exhibited: Erster Deutscher Herbstsalon, Berlin, 1913
50.
Centre Georges Pompidou
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It was designed in the style of high-tech architecture by the architectural team of Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, along with Gianfranco Franchini. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg and it is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard dEstaing. As of 2006, the Centre Pompidou has had over 180 million visitors since 1977 and more than 5,209,678 visitors in 2013, including 3,746,899 for the museum. The sculpture Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a mobile that is 7.6 m tall, was placed in front of the Centre Pompidou in 2012. Hoping to renew the idea of Paris as a city of culture and art. Paris also needed a large, free library, as one did not exist at this time. At first the debate concerned Les Halles, but as the settled, in 1968. A year later in 1969, the new president adopted the Beaubourg project, in the process of developing the project, the IRCAM was also housed in the complex. By the mid-1980s, the Centre Pompidou was becoming the victim of its huge and unexpected popularity, its activities. By 1992, the Centre de Création Industrielle was incorporated into the Centre Pompidou, since re-opening in 2000 after a three-year renovation, the Centre Pompidou has improved accessibility for visitors. Now they can access the escalators if they pay to enter the museum. The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano, British architect Richard Rogers, the project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, the results of which were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate, world-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries. National Geographic described the reaction to the design as love at second sight, an article in Le Figaro declared Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou revolutionised museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, the Centre was built by GTM and completed in 1977. The building cost 993 million 1972 French francs, renovation work conducted from October 1996 to January 2000 was completed on a budget of 576 million 1999 francs. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the works by de Saint-Phalle. Video footage of the fountain appeared frequently throughout the French language telecourse, the Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers
Centre Georges Pompidou
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Centre Georges Pompidou
Centre Georges Pompidou
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Building technology
Centre Georges Pompidou
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Pablo Picasso 's works in the Centre
Centre Georges Pompidou
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The
Centre Pompidou-Metz.
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