1.
Frank Gehry
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Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned attractions and it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28,1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Sadie Thelma and Irving Goldberg. His father was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish parents, a creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood. With these scraps from her husbands store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses. His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and he would spend time drawing with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. So the creative genes were there, Gehry says, but my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasnt gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things and he was given the Hebrew name Ephraim by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah. In 1947, his family immigrated to the United States settling in California, Gehry got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern Californias School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi, according to Gehry, I was a truck driver in L. A. going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasnt very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasnt very good at and didnt like and you know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, What do I like. And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings and those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, Gehry graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. After graduating from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in other jobs. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge and he left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry returned to Los Angeles to work for Victor Gruen Associates, in 1957 he was given the chance to design and construct his first private residence at the age of 28, with friend and old classmate Greg Walsh. Built in Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita’s family neighbor Melvin David, The David Cabin, completed in 1958, beams protrude from the exterior sides and exposed, unfinished ceiling beams are prominent features. In 1961, he moved to Paris where he worked for architects Pereira, in 1962, Gehry established a practice in Los Angeles which became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967 and then Gehry Partners in 2001
2.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
3.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
7.
St. Patrick station
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St. Patrick is a subway station on the Yonge–University line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located under University Avenue at Dundas Street West, wi-Fi service is available at this station. The station, which opened in 1963, is named for the nearby St. Patricks Church. It is one of two stations in the system to have a tubular shape created by the tunnel boring machine, the other such station being Queens Park. The murder of a schoolgirl here in 1975 prompted the TTC to adopt system-wide safety measures such as the first police patrols on the subway and the installation of emergency telephones and alarms. One of the three cross passages was blocked off, as well as at Queens Park station, to prevent it being used as a spot for criminals. The Canadian Airmans Memorial was erected in the median of University Avenue above the station in 1984 and it is also within a very short walking distance, west along Dundas Street, to the original Chinatown. The organization successfully raised funds and designed the renovations of Museum Station, to date improvements at this station have not been finalized, and funding has not been secured. There are plans to make the station accessible with installation of elevators in 2018 or the latest by 2025, media related to St. Patrick Station at Wikimedia Commons St. Patrick Station at the Toronto Transit Commission AGO, The art of the subway redesign
8.
Toronto streetcar system
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The Toronto streetcar system is a network of eleven streetcar routes in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. It is both the largest and busiest light-rail system in North America as well as the largest tramway in the Americas in terms of ridership, number of cars, the network is concentrated primarily in Downtown Toronto and in proximity to the citys waterfront. Much of the route network dates to the 19th century. Most of Torontos streetcar routes operate on trackage shared with vehicular traffic. Some routes operate wholly or partly within their own rights-of-way, at the eight downtown stations, excepting Union, from Queens Park to College on Line 1 Yonge–University, streetcars stop on the street outside the station entrances. Torontos streetcars provide most of the downtown cores surface transit service, four of the TTCs five most heavily used surface routes are streetcar routes. In 2013, ridership on the system totalled more than 100 million. In 1861, the City of Toronto issued a transit franchise for a horse-drawn street railway. Alexander Eastons Toronto Street Railway opened the first street railway line in Canada on September 11,1861, operating from Yorkville Town Hall to the St. Lawrence Market. At the end of the TSR franchise, the City government ran the railway for eight months, the TRC was the first operator of horseless streetcars in Toronto. The first electric car ran on August 15,1892, there came to be problems with interpretation of the franchise terms for the City. By 1912, the city limits had extended significantly, with the annexation of communities to the north and the east and the west. After many attempts to force the TRC to serve these areas, the City created its own street railway operation, the Toronto Civic Railways to do so, repeated court battles forced the TRC to build new cars, but they were of old design. When the TRC franchise ended in 1921, the Toronto Transportation Commission was created, the TTC began in 1921 as solely a streetcar operation, with the bulk of the routes acquired from the private TRC and merged with the publicly operated Toronto Civic Railways. In 1923, the TTC took over the Lambton, Davenport and Weston routes of the Toronto Suburban Railway, in 1925, routes were operated on behalf of the Township of York, but the TTC was contracted to operate them. One of these routes was the former TSR Weston route, in 1927, the TTC became the operator of three radial lines of the former Toronto and York Radial Railway. The last TTC-operated radial closed in 1948, after the Second World War, many cities across North America and Europe began to eliminate their streetcar systems in favour of buses. In 1966, the TTC announced plans to eliminate all streetcar routes by 1980, Streetcars were considered out of date, and their elimination in almost all other cities made it hard to buy new vehicles and maintain the existing ones
9.
505 Dundas
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The 505 Dundas is a streetcar line run by the Toronto Transit Commission in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It runs on two pairs of tracks laid in the same lanes used by car traffic. Two 600 volt direct current overhead cables supply the power to the streetcars. The route was previously un-numbered and was named Dundas, the route starts at Dundas West subway station on the Bloor-Danforth line and goes south along Dundas Street West. The street curves southeast and passes Howard Park, here it briefly merges with the 506 Carlton line as it passes over a bridge for the main Canadian National Railways line that runs down to Union Station. To the east of the bridge past Lansdowne Avenue it continues on its own again, at Ossington Avenue, it turns eastward and passes through Torontos original Chinatown and goes by the Art Gallery of Ontario before meeting up with the St. Patrick subway station at University Avenue. Shortly after that it crosses Yonge Street and passes by the Dundas subway station and it continues east towards Broadview Avenue where it turns north and merges with the 504 King streetcar line. Both streetcars end their journey at Broadview subway station on the Bloor-Danforth line, the route operates seven days a week from early morning to after midnight. During weekday rush hours, day time and early evenings, average service frequency is 5–7 minutes, saturday daytime services have an average frequency of 5–7 minutes with Sunday daytime service frequency averaging 6–8 minutes. Toronto streetcar system Toronto Transit Commission 505 Dundas Route 505 Dundas map
10.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
11.
Canadian art
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Canadian art refers to the visual as well as plastic arts originating from the geographical area of contemporary Canada. The nature of Canadian art reflects these diverse origins, as artists have taken their traditions, the Group of Seven is often considered the first uniquely Canadian artistic group and style of painting, however, this claim is challenged by some scholars and artists. Canadian art remains the combination of various influences. Like the peoples that produced them, Indigenous art traditions spanned territories that extended across the current national boundaries between Canada and the United States, as might be expected, art traditions vary enormously amongst and within these diverse groups. The distinct Métis cultures that have arisen from inter-cultural relationships with Europeans have also contributed new culturally hybrid art forms, during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, the Canadian government pursued an active policy of assimilation toward Indigenous peoples. It was not until the 1950s and 60s that Indigenous artists such as Mungo Martin, Bill Reid and Norval Morrisseau began to renew and, in some cases. Abbé Hughes Pommier is believed to be the first painter in New France, Pommier left France in 1664 and worked in various communities as a priest before taking up painting extensively. Few artists during this early period signed their works, making attributions today difficult, near the end of the 17th century, the population of New France was growing steadily but the territory was increasingly isolated from France. Fewer artists arrived from Europe, but artists in New France continued with commissions from the Church, two schools were established in New France to teach the arts and there were a number of artists working throughout New France up until the British Conquest. Pierre Le Ber, from a wealthy Montreal family, is one of the most recognized artists from this period, believed to be self-taught since he never left New France, Le Bers work is widely admired. In particular, his depiction of the saint Marguerite Bourgeoys was hailed as the single most moving image to survive from the French period by Canadian art historian Dennis Reid. While early religious painting told little about life, numerous ex-votos completed by amateur artists offered vivid impressions of life in New France. Ex-votos, or votive painting, were made as a way to thank God or the saints for answering a prayer, one of the best known examples of this type of work is Ex-voto des trois naufragés de Lévis. Five youths were crossing the Saint Lawrence River at night when their boat overturned in rough water, two girls drowned, weighed down by their heavy dresses, while two young men and one woman were able to hold on to the overturned boat until help arrived. Saint Anne is depicted in the sky, saving them and this work was donated to the church at Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré as an offering of thanks for the three lives saved. However itinerant artists, painters who travelled to communities to sell works. Dutch-born artist Gerard Edema is believed to have painted the first Newfoundland landscape in the early 18th century, the battle for Quebec left numerous British soldiers garrisoned in strategic locations in the territory. While off-duty, many of these soldiers sketched and painted the Canadian land and people, furthermore, drawing was also required by soldiers to record the land, as photography had not been invented
12.
Renaissance
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The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science, Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14th century. Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, the word Renaissance, literally meaning Rebirth in French, first appeared in English in the 1830s. The word also occurs in Jules Michelets 1855 work, Histoire de France, the word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century. The Renaissance was a movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism, however, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New Testament, were back from Byzantium to Western Europe. Political philosophers, most famously Niccolò Machiavelli, sought to describe life as it really was. Others see more competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance. Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins. During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand, Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia, silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought home during the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa, unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity, Arab logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Spain and Sicily and this work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history
13.
Baroque
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The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
14.
Henry Moore
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Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA was an English artist. He is best known for his monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. As well as sculpture, Moore produced many drawings, including a series depicting Londoners sheltering from the Blitz during the Second World War and his forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moores works are usually suggestive of the body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces, many interpreters liken the undulating form of his reclining figures to the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire. Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a coal miner and he became well-known through his carved marble and larger-scale abstract cast bronze sculptures, and was instrumental in introducing a particular form of modernism to the United Kingdom. His ability in later life to fulfill large-scale commissions made him exceptionally wealthy, despite this, he lived frugally, most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation, which continues to support education and promotion of the arts. Henry Moore was born in Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Mary Baker and his father was of Irish origin and became pit deputy and then under-manager of the Wheldale colliery in Castleford. He was an autodidact with an interest in music and literature, determined that his sons would not work in the mines, he saw formal education as the route to their advancement. Henry was the seventh of eight children in a family often struggled with poverty. He attended infant and elementary schools in Castleford, where he began modelling in clay and he professed to have decided to become a sculptor when he was eleven after hearing of Michelangelos achievements at a Sunday School reading. On his second attempt he was accepted at Castleford Grammar School, which several of his siblings had attended, where his headmaster soon noticed his talent and interest in medieval sculpture. His art teacher broadened his knowledge of art and, with her encouragement, he determined to make art his career, despite his early promise, Moores parents had been against him training as a sculptor, a vocation they considered manual labour with few career prospects. After a brief introduction as a student teacher, Moore became a teacher at the school he had attended, upon turning eighteen, Moore volunteered for army service. He was the youngest man in the Prince of Wales Own Civil Service Rifles regiment and was injured in 1917 in a gas attack, on 30 November at Bourlon Wood, during the Battle of Cambrai. After recovering in hospital, he saw out the remainder of the war as a training instructor. He recalled later, for me the war passed in a haze of trying to be a hero. And I still have that feeling, after the Great War Moore received an ex-servicemans grant to continue his education and in 1919 he became a student at the Leeds School of Art, which set up a sculpture studio especially for him
15.
David Milne (artist)
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David Milne, was a Canadian painter, printmaker, and writer. David Milne was born in the southwestern Ontario, village of Burgoyne (near in 1882 and he was the last of 10 children born to Scottish immigrant parents. His early education was in Paisley, followed by school in Walkerton, Ontario he performed well in school. During 1902 and 1903 he studied art through correspondence, eventually deciding to move to New York City in 1903 at the age of 21 In New York, he spent two years studying at the Art Students League. He had five paintings exhibited in the Armory Show of 1913, in 1912, he married Frances May and later they moved to Boston Corners, a small hamlet where Milne painted with oils and watercolours. Milne left Boston Corners in 1917 for basic training in Toronto for World War I and he was stationed in Quebec and then quarantined in England for a month, during which time World War I ended. Because of his background as an artist, he was asked to complete paintings and drawings as a war artist, Milne produced artworks of battlefields in France and Belgium as well as of soldiers in Kinmel Park Camp in England. Between the years of 1919 and 1929, Milne lived in Boston Corners, in 1929, Milne returned to Canada to paint in Temagami, Weston and Palgrave. He separated from his wife in 1933, moved to Port Severn, Ontario and sold many of his paintings to prominent art patrons Vincent Massey and Alice Massey. In the late 1930s, Milne settled down in Uxbridge, Ontario with Kathleen Pavey, a nurse, during the later years of his life, Milne worked again in watercolours, and changed his subject matter to more whimsical, fantasy and childlike inspirations. He continued to travel to Algonquin Park and Baptiste Lake to paint the Canadian landscape, on November 14,1952, Milne had a stroke. Over the next year he continued to suffer from strokes and died in the hospital in Bancroft. The prestigious American art critic Clement Greenberg described Milne as one of the three greatest North American artists of his generation, although he was overshadowed by the Group of Seven during his early career, David Milne is now recognized as one of Canadas foremost artists. After his death, the National Gallery of Canada organized a retrospective of his work, in 2005, an exhibit of Milnes watercolours traveled from the British Museum to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and then finally to the Art Gallery of Ontario. In 1952, works by David Milne along with those of Emily Carr, Goodridge Roberts, on June 29,1992 Canada Post issued Red Nasturtiums, David B. Milne,1937 in the Masterpieces of Canadian art series, the stamp was designed by Pierre-Yves Pelletier based on a painting Red Nasturtiums by David Brown Milne in the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. The 50¢ stamps are perforated 13 X13.5 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited, David Milne worked predominantly in oil paint, watercolour and drypoint printmaking. Milne was influenced in part by the European and American modernists exhibited through Alfred Stieglitzs gallery,291 and he also pushed himself to develop his own particular style that was stark yet beautiful and very expressively realized
16.
Downtown Toronto
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Downtown Toronto is the main central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located entirely within the district of Old Toronto, it is bounded by Bloor Street to the north, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don River to the east. It is also the centre of the City of Toronto. The Financial District, centred on the intersection of Bay Street and it contains the Toronto Stock Exchange, which is the largest in Canada and seventh in the world by market capitalization. The construction of skyscrapers in Downtown Toronto had started to increase during the 1960s. The retail core of the downtown is the Downtown Yonge area located along Yonge Street from Queen Street to College Street, there is a large cluster of retail centres and shops in the area, including the Toronto Eaton Centre indoor mall. There are an estimated 600 retail stores,150 bars and restaurants, in recent years the area has been experiencing a renaissance as the Business Improvement Area has brought in new retail and improved the cleanliness. The area has seen the opening of the Dundas Square public square. The area includes several live theatres, a complex at Dundas Square. Historical sites and landmarks include the Arts & Letter Club, the Church of the Holy Trinity, Mackenzie House, Maple Leaf Gardens, Old City Hall, the area of St. Lawrence to the east of the financial district is the oldest area of Toronto. It features heritage buildings, theatres, music, dining and many pubs and it is a community of distinct downtown neighbourhoods including the site of the original Town of York, which was Torontos first neighbourhood, dating back to 1793. The area boasts one of the largest concentrations of 19th century buildings in Ontario, further to the east is Corktown and the Distillery District. On Saturday there is a farmers market, to the west of the financial district is the Entertainment District. It is home to hundreds of restaurants, nightclubs, sporting facilities, boutiques, hotels, attractions, the district was formerly an industrial area and was redeveloped for entertainment purposes in the early 1980s, becoming a major centre for entertainment. The redevelopment started with the Mirvish family refurbishing of the Royal Alexandra Theatre, the area is now the site of Roy Thomson Hall and the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. The Yorkville area, to the north, north of Bloor Street and the Mink Mile, has more than 700 designer boutiques, spas, restaurants, hotels and it is a former village in its own right and since the early 1970s has developed into an up-scale shopping district. The intersection of Bloor and Yonge Streets is the intersection of the subway lines and is one of the busiest intersections in the city. At the intersection of Avenue Road and Bloor Street is the Royal Ontario Museum, the Harbourfront area to the south was formerly an industrial and railway lands area
17.
Grange Park (neighbourhood)
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Grange Park is a neighbourhood in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is bounded on the west by Spadina Avenue, on the north by College Street, on the east by University Avenue and it is within the Kensington-Chinatown City of Toronto planning neighbourhood. Its name is derived from the Grange Park public park, the commercial businesses of Chinatown extend to within this neighbourhood. Grange Park was initially an elite neighbourhood, with mansions lining Beverley Street, the neighbourhood took its name from The Grange, a mansion built in 1817 by DArcy Boulton, Auditor-General of Upper Canada and a member of the prominent Boulton family. The Grange is the oldest standing house in Toronto. It served as the first home of OCAD University, and today forms a wing of the Art Gallery of Ontario, the area was transformed into a working class, immigrant community by 1900 with rows of workers cottages. Many of the more prominent brick row houses, built in the Edwardian style, by 1914, the area had become predominantly Jewish as Eastern European Jewish immigrants left The Ward and moved west of University Avenue towards Spadina Avenue. Synagogues and other community institutions were located on McCaul, Beverley, among the more famous Jewish residents was the family of architect Frank Gehry, whose grandparents owned a rowhouse at 15 Beverley Street. Gehry later recalled that his first exposure to art came at the Art Gallery of Ontario, at the heart of the Neighbourhood lies Grange Park itself. The park was created in 1911, when Harriett Boulton gifted her property to be home for a new Art Museum of Toronto. Upkeep of the gardens to the south of Grange House was entrusted to the City of Toronto. In 1852 a fall fair held by the Provincial Agricultural Association of Canada West took place just west of University Avenue from north of Dundas Street to south of College Street, the fair was mainly displaying animals, but also a refreshment area, floral hall and a midway. This was the time for Toronto hosting, a fair that would be replaced by the Canadian National Exhibition in 1879. Grange Park is a mixed, but predominantly residential neighbourhood, the residential stock varies from working mens cottages built in the 1800s to semi-detached homes to mansions. Many of the buildings have been converted to use, including art galleries within the vicinity of the Art Gallery of Ontario, restaurants. Many of the homes are rented to students of the Ontario College of Art & Design, located on McCaul Street, in the western section, the businesses of Chinatown extend east from Spadina along Dundas to nearly Beverley, while the side streets have remained residential. The eastern section, along University Avenue, is predominantly institutional buildings facing on University Avenue, the buildings are higher than the neighbourhood and more recently built, and have expanded westward into the neighbourhood. Beverley Street north of Dundas has several century-old mansions on both sides of the street, some converted from residential to office uses, and others converted to multi-unit buildings, the residences of the north side of Dundas Street between Beverley and McCaul have all been converted to art galleries
18.
Dundas Street
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Dundas Street /ˈdʌnˌdæs/, is a major historic arterial road in Ontario, Canada. The road connects the city of Toronto with its western suburbs, three provincial highways—2,5, and 99—followed long sections of its course, although these highway segments have since been downloaded to the municipalities they passed through. A historic alternate name for the street was Governors Road, Dundas Street is also one of the few east–west routes to run uninterrupted through the Greater Toronto Area, from Toronto to Halton Region. Within Toronto, the TTCs 505 Dundas streetcar route serves the street from Riverdale to the Junction, the route of Dundas through the city of Toronto is irregular. The streets various sections were constructed as several smaller named streets, running parallel. Crossing the lower reaches of the Don River west of Broadview Avenue, at Yonge Street, Dundas intersects the citys unofficial heart at Yonge-Dundas Square, within sight of downtown landmarks such as the Eaton Centre and Ryerson University. Called Dundas Street West from this point westward, the route passes Canadas financial heart to the south on Bay Street, at Spadina Avenue, Dundas serves as the east–west axis of the citys largest Chinatown. West of Ossington Avenue, it meanders northwards towards Bloor Street near the intersection of Roncesvalles Avenue, proceeding due west from Keele through the Junction, Dundas parallels the CP Rail line through the mixed industrial-residential district. At Scarlett Road the route veers southwest toward a crossing over the Humber River valley. Beyond the river, Dundas serves as the boundary of the upscale Kingsway residential district. Passing the historic St. Georges Church-on-the-Hill, Dundas again heads southwest toward the village of Islington. The road passes through Mississauga, Oakville, and Burlington, the street loses the name Dundas St. west of Highway 6, as the route follows a still-provincially maintained stretch of Highway 5, entering rural Brant County near St. In London, the street ends just east of the confluence of the Thames River before it crosses the Kensington Bridge to west London, originally, this section was called Dundas Street West with the eastern portion being Dundas Street East. However, since construction in the mid-1980s, the western portion has been called Riverside Drive. Some Londoners still refer to Dundas Street East though no part of the street retains that name, immigrant communities have sprung up along the route of Dundas Street within Toronto, with most still retaining elements of their original character. This district was settled by emigrants from Portugal and Brazil. Downtown centre Dundas Street is centrally located in downtown Toronto, about midway between Front Street and Bloor Street and it serves as a major east–west thoroughfare for vehicular, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic downtown and beyond. Since the building of the Eaton Centre and the Yonge-Dundas Square and it is estimated that over 56 million people pass this intersection each year
19.
McCaul Street
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The following is a list of the arterial thoroughfares in Toronto. The city is organized in a grid pattern dating back to the laid out by Augustus Jones between 1793 and 1797. Most major roads are aligned in the north–south or east-west direction, in other words, major north–south roads are generally perpendicular to the Lake Ontario shoreline and major east–west roads are generally parallel to the lakes shoreline. The Toronto road system is influenced by its topography as some roads are aligned with the old Lake Iroquois shoreline. Major roads, which do not conform to the grid pattern, the following lists roads that do not follow the city grid, often referred to as contour roads. They are listed by the southernmost point of the road, from south to north, the neighbourhood of Oakwood–Vaughan, as well as Vaughan Road Academy, are named after this street. Vaughan Roads contour is the result of it being parallel to the partially buried Castle Frank Brook to the northeast, Bermondsey Road is named for the administrative borough in London, England. When the OConnor business park was constructed, the Peek Freans Biscuit Company was one of the first occupants, when a road was constructed alongside the new factory, Peek Freans requested it be named Bermondsey, the location of their head office. Bermondsey begins at OConnor Drive, where it continues east as Yardley Avenue and it zig-zags through the business park to the northwest, ending at Eglinton Avenue East. North of Eglinton, the road is known as Sloane Avenue, black Creek Drive was originally constructed as a southward extension of Highway 400. Trethewey Drive was a rural road formerly named Holmstead Drive on mine owner W. G. Tretheweys farm. In 1910, the property became the site of Toronto’s first airplane flight, Rexdale Boulevard is a short, but major east–west roadway in Rexdale, a neighbourhood in Toronto, and begins as a spur road off Islington Avenue just north of the 401. This spur originally began in the village of Weston as a road northwest to what would later become Brampton. The current road passes through a light industrial stretch of north Etobicoke. West of Highway 427, Rexdale becomes Derry Road and enters the city of Mississauga, Derry is also signed as Peel Regional Road 5, an east–west route that travels the entire length of the city of Mississauga and Peel Region. Derry Road is the boundary of Toronto Pearson International Airport. The intersection of Derry and Airport Road was once the site of Malton, at the intersection with Mavis Road, the road makes a large jog around the former village of Meadowvale. This jog created a stretch of road called Old Derry Road, Derry Road is named for the lost village of Derry West, which was located around the Hurontario and Derry intersection
20.
Beverley Street
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Beverley Street is a minor thoroughfare located in the central area of Toronto, Ontario. It is a road serving both directions with additional bicycle lanes along the curb side of the fully paved roadway. Due to these exclusive bike lanes, the acts as the principle north-south cyclist route for the western side of Torontos downtown area. Beginning at Queen Street West and terminating at College Street, the road continues northbound turning into St. George Street, the street is approximately one kilometre in length. Points of interest along the street include, the Grange Park, the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Italian Consulate General, the George Brown House, and it is designated bicycle route #35 in Torontos cycle network
21.
Royal Ontario Museum
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The Royal Ontario Museum is a museum of art, world culture and natural history in Toronto, Canada. The museum is north of Queens Park, in the University of Toronto district, the Museum subway station of the Toronto Transit Commission is named after the ROM, and since 2008, it is decorated to resemble the institutions collection. St. George station is close to the new entrance as well. Established on 16 April 1912 and opened on 19 March 1914, the museum was under the direct control and management of the University of Toronto until 1968, when it became an independent Crown agency of the government of Ontario. Today, the museum is Canadas largest field-research institution, with research, with more than six million items and forty galleries, the museums diverse collections of world culture and natural history contribute to its international reputation. The museum contains collections of dinosaurs, minerals and meteorites, Near Eastern and African art, Art of East Asia, European history. It houses the worlds largest collection of fossils from the Burgess Shale with more than 150,000 specimens, the museum also contains an extensive collection of design and fine arts, including clothing, interior, and product design, especially Art Deco. The Royal Ontario Museum was formally established on 16 April 1912, and was governed by the Government of Ontario. Its first assets were transferred from the University and the provincial Department of Education, coming from its predecessor the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts at the Toronto Normal School. On 19 March 1914, at 3,00 pm, the Duke of Connaught, also the Governor General of Canada, officially opened the Royal Ontario Museum to the public. The museums location at the edge of Torontos built-up area, far from the central business district, was selected mainly for its proximity to the University of Toronto. This was the first phase of a construction plan that intended on expanding the museum towards Queens Park Crescent. The first expansion to the Royal Ontario Museum publicly opened on 12 October 1933, the renovation saw the construction of the south wing fronting onto Queens Park, and required the demolition of Argyle House, a Victorian mansion once located at 100 Queens Park. As this occurred during the Great Depression, an effort was made to use primarily local building materials, teams of workers alternated weeks of service due to the physically draining nature of the job. In 1947, the ROM was dissolved as a body corporate and this would continue until 1968, when the Museum and the McLaughlin Planetarium were separated from the University to form a new corporation. On 26 October 1968, the ROM opened the McLaughlin Planetarium on the end of the property after receiving a $2 million donation from Colonel R. Samuel McLaughlin. By the 1980s, however, the audiences were dwindling. The space temporarily reopened from 1998 to 2002, after being leased to Childrens Own Museum, in 2009, the ROM sold the building to the University of Toronto for $22 million, and ensured that it would continue to be used for institutional and academic purposes
22.
Ontario Society of Artists
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The Ontario Society of Artists was founded in 1872. It is Canadas oldest continuously operating art society, the establishment of a provincial art museum and art school were the two foremost objectives of the Society. The list of objectives drawn up by the executive also included the fostering of Original Art in the province. Prominent businessman William Holmes Howland was invited to be President of the Society and it was not until 1900 that the Society was in a position to form an art museum. It began under the name Art Museum of Toronto and is now the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Museum began using the Toronto Public Library on College Street to exhibit its collection. It did so from 1910 until 1920, the Societys annual exhibitions held during this period were also held at the library. The Society, in 1920, began holding its annual shows in the new Art Gallery of Toronto, the Society was concerned about the lack of art education in Ontario. The Mechanics Institute provided basic classes in technical subjects but art instruction was limited to private lessons in the homes or studios of established artists, the Society obtained a grant of $1,000.00 in 1876. The grant allowed renovation of leased premises at 14 King Street West to create art school classrooms with the used as gallery space. The modest classrooms opened the Ontario School of Art on October 30,1876, although the school continued to flourish, its financial situation was uncertain because the Society could not secure long-term funding from the government. In 1883, a new arrangement between the Society and the government resulted in the moving to Normal School Building in St. James Square. By 1884, relations between the Society and the government collapsed, the Societys vice president and Royal Canadian Academy president, Lucius Richard OBrien, resigned. His exasperation appears in his letter of resignation, I beg to resign my position as member of the Council of the Ontario School of Art, the Society ceased involvement with the school until 1890. The efforts of the Society ultimately succeeded, with the development of what is now OCAD University, the OSA, from its earliest times, organized public events to showcase Ontario artists and provide a forum for emerging artists. Members of the Society have a program for emerging artists. The first exhibition was held at Frasers Gallery, Toronto, in April 1873, the Society continues to hold annual and special events. Original membership included persons from a variety of visual art professions, many of Ontarios foremost artists have belonged to the OSA. Early member records and artifacts of the Society are held by the Province of Ontario Archives, the Societys current membership exceeds 200 artists
23.
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
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The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is one of two components of the Legislature of Ontario, the other being the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. The Legislative Assembly is the second largest Canadian provincial deliberative assembly by number of members after the National Assembly of Quebec, the Assembly meets at the Ontario Legislative Building at Queens Park in the provincial capital of Toronto. The premier is Ontarios head of government, while the Lieutenant Governor, as representative of the Queen, the largest party not forming the government is known as the Official Opposition, its leader being recognized as Leader of the Opposition by the Speaker. The Ontario Legislature is sometimes referred to as the Ontario Provincial Parliament, Members of the assembly refer to themselves as Members of the Provincial Parliament as opposed to Members of the Legislative Assembly as in many other provinces. Ontario is the province to do so, in accordance with a resolution passed in the Assembly on April 7,1938. However, the Legislative Assembly Act refers only to members of the Assembly, the current assembly was elected on June 12,2014 as part of the 41st Parliament of Ontario. The first session of the 41st Parliament opened on July 2,2014, on Friday May 2,2014, the 40th Parliament of Ontario was dissolved by Lieutenant Governor David C. Onley on the advice of Premier Kathleen Wynne after the NDP, the election was held on June 12,2014, as a result of which Kathleen Wynnes Liberal Party formed a majority government. Queens Park is a metonym for the Legislative Assembly, in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster System, most laws originate with the cabinet, and are passed by the legislature after stages of debate and decision-making. Ordinary Members of the Legislature may introduce privately, play an role in scrutinizing bills in debate and committee. Members are expected to be loyal to both their parliamentary party and to the interests of their constituents, in the Ontario legislature this confrontation provides much of the material for Oral Questions and Members Statements. Legislative scrutiny of the executive is also at the heart of much of the carried out by the Legislatures Standing Committees. Finally, it is the task of the legislature to provide the personnel of the executive, as already noted, under responsible government, ministers of the Crown are expected to be Members of the Assembly. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the first and the legislature in Canada to have a Coat of Arms separate from the provincial coat of arms. Green and gold are the colours in the shield of arms of the province. The Mace is the symbol of the authority of the Speaker. Shown on the left is the current Mace, on the right is the original Mace from the time of the first parliament in 1792. The crossed Maces are joined by the shield of arms of Ontario, the crown on the wreath represents national and provincial loyalties, its rim is studded with the provincial gemstone, the amethyst
24.
Goldwin Smith
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Goldwin Smith was a British historian and journalist, active in the United Kingdom and Canada. Smith was born at Reading, Berkshire and he was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford, and after a brilliant undergraduate career he was elected to a fellowship at University College, Oxford. He threw his energy into the cause of university reform with another fellow of University College and his position as an authority on educational reform was further recognised by a seat on the Popular Education Commission of 1858. In 1868, when the question of reform at Oxford was again growing acute, he published a pamphlet, entitled The Reorganization of the University of Oxford. In 1865, he led the University of Oxford opposition to a proposal to develop Cripley Meadow north of Oxford railway station for use as a site of Great Western Railway workshops. His father had been a director of GWR, instead the workshops were located in Swindon. His aspiration that colonists and Americans should be attracted to Oxford was later realised by the will of Cecil Rhodes, as a historian, indeed, he left no abiding work, the multiplicity of his interests prevented him from concentrating on any one subject. The outbreak of the American Civil War proved a point in his life. Unlike most of the classes in England, he championed the cause of the North. Played a prominent part in converting English opinion, visiting America on a lecture tour in 1864, he received an enthusiastic welcome, and was entertained at a public banquet in New York. Andrew Dickson White, president of Cornell University at Ithaca, N. Y. invited him to take up a teaching post at the newly founded institution. But it was not until a change in Smith’s personal circumstances that led to his departure from England in 1868. He had resigned his chair at Oxford in 1866 in order to attend to his father, in the autumn of 1867, when Smith was briefly absent, his father took his own life. Possibly blaming himself for the tragedy, and now without an Oxford appointment and he held the professorship of English and Constitutional History in the Department of History at Cornell University for a number of years. Goldwin Smith Hall, which is located in Cornells Arts Quad, is named in his honour. In 1871 he moved to Toronto, where he edited the Canadian Monthly, and subsequently founded the Week and the Bystander, and he continued to take an active interest in English politics. As a Liberal, he opposed Benjamin Disraeli, and was a supporter of Irish Disestablishment. He expressly stated that “if he ever had a leader, his leader was John Bright
25.
Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable
26.
The Grange (Toronto)
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The Grange is a historic Georgian manor in downtown Toronto, Ontario. It was the first home of the Art Museum of Toronto, Today, it is part of the Art Gallery of Ontario. The structure was built in 1817, making it the 12th oldest surviving building in Toronto and it was built for DArcy Boulton, one of the towns leading citizens and part of the powerful Boulton family that played an important role in the Family Compact. Originally, it was considerably west of the city, but over time, the house was inherited by DArcys son and Toronto mayor, William Henry Boulton. When he died in 1874, the passed to his widow. She remarried the prominent scholar Goldwin Smith, and the lived in The Grange for the rest of their lives. Upon Goldwins Smiths death in 1910, the couple bequeathed the building to the Art Museum of Toronto, the building also served as the first home of the Ontario College of Art and Design, now OCAD University. Since the early 20th century, the Art Gallery of Ontario has been expanded a number of times, the expanse of lawn to the south of the building, what is left of the grounds, is operated by the city as Grange Park. Also on the old grounds is St. George Church, which was founded by the Boultons, only the tower and original Sunday school building remain. In 1970, The Grange was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in recognition of the significance to the history of Toronto. The Grange was built in 1817 as the home of DArcy Boulton, his wife, Sarah Anne and it was located on 100 acres of land that extended from Queen Street in the south to Bloor Street in the north and from Beverley Street east to McCaul Street. The north section of the property was sold to Bishop Strachan in 1828, to be used for the establishment of King’s College, an Anglican university. Property to the south was donated in the 1830s and 1840s for St. George the Martyr Church and St. Patricks Market, both still in existence. The original house, designed by an architect, was two storeys high,60 by 40 feet in area, with a low hipped roof containing a circular window. It is likely that the bricks were made on the property from the heavily clayed soil, the windows are double-hung with brick lintels and louvered wooden shutters. They are 12-over-12 sash on the floor and 8-over-8 sash on the second. The front door has a moulded reveal and a semi-circular fanlight, originally, the gate of the building extended to Queen Street, however the gates have been crowded back to the head of John Street. As was the custom at the time, The Grange was built in the middle of a hundred-acre park lot and it received the name The Grange after a family estate in England
27.
Grange Park (Toronto)
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The Park lends its name to the Grange Park neighbourhood in the vicinity of the park. Grange Park features a pool, childrens playground, and numerous trees. Historically, it was the backyard of The Grange that eventually was expanded and these hours are shortened towards the end of the summer and closed in the winter. Because of the drain, the drain is usually opened a couple of hours prior to closing. The wading pool features sloped beach style zero-depth entry along some directions, recently the large curved cement steps have been dotted with metal spikes and blocks to discourage use by skateboarders. Unfortunately, these create a trip hazard to users of the wading pool. During the winter, Grange residents usually operate an ice rink. Grange Park is officially owned by the Art Gallery of Ontario, the late Harriet Boulton, also known as Mrs. Goldwin Smith, provided in will that the Grange and annexed lands which was her home would be gifted to the Art Museum of Toronto. The land to the south of the Grange were to be available for use as a park in perpetuity. Title to the Grange and the Park are vested in the Art Gallery of Ontario, an agreement between the City of Toronto and the Art Museum of Toronto was made on January 20,1911 regarding Grange Park. One of the current issues and debates is whether to open up the fence between Grange Park and the adjoining Butterfield Park into one contiguous park. This would improve access to Grange Park by OCAD students, and these discussions resulted in a proposal to establish the Grange Park Advisory Committee, a proposal which was discussed at a bi-lingual community meeting held on May 21,2008. The proposal was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Art Gallery of Ontario, gPACs co-chairs are Councilor Adam Vaughan and Rupert Duchesne a trustee of the AGO. The current focus of GPAC in October 2008 is to undertake an examination of the health of the park. Grange Community Association, established in 2008 City of Toronto, Parks and Recreation Homepage Grange Community Association Grange Park Advisory Committee
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OCAD University
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OCAD University, formerly the Ontario College of Art and Design, is a public university located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The school is within the Grange Park neighbourhood, and adjacent to the Art Gallery of Ontario, the school is Canadas largest and oldest educational institution for art and design. OCAD U offers courses through the Faculties of Art, Design, Liberal Arts and Sciences, the enabling legislation is Ontario College of Art and Design University Act,2002. The Universitys beginnings stretch back to the project of the Ontario Society of Artists whose objectives included the development of art education in Ontario, in 1971–72, Roy Ascott radically challenged the pedagogy and curriculum structure of the College. In 2008, OCAD president Sara Diamond changed the pedagogy and she emphasised academics over studio time and required full-time instructors to hold an advanced degree. There was some controversy as two faculty resigned over the changes, in 2010, Tom Travis, then president of Dalhousie University in Halifax, was conducted a confidential review of how OCAD was managed. He found that the number of faculty and administrators was excessive. He recommended that deans be given more autonomy, Sara Diamond adopted most of his 30 recommendations, for example, giving department deans more power. OCAD University has had a number of names over time, Ontario School of Art, 1876–86 founded by the Ontario Society of Artists to provide professional training in art. The OCAD campus consists of a campus and a south campus. The south campus consists of buildings that are situated on Richmond Street West. Buildings at OCAD are referred to by their street addresses, some buildings are also assigned a building number that is encoded as the first digit in 4-digit room numbers. The Main Building traces its roots to the first building that the school constructed, now known as the George A. Reid Wing, the building was designed by the school’s principal George A. Reid in the Georgian style and opened on 30 September 1921. On 17 January 1957, the first extension, a modernist building known today as the A. J. Casson Wing, was completed and was opened, two more extensions to the building were subsequently added in 1963 and 1967. In 2000, funding was secured from Ontario’s SuperBuild program to build an extension to the Main Building. Through Rod Robbie of Robbie/Young + Wright Architects, Will Alsop of Alsop Architects was made aware of the project and was selected in 2002. A joint venture was formed between the two firms and the new building, now known as the Sharp Centre for Design, was completed in 2004, the main library on campus is the Dorothy H. Hoover Library, located in the Annex Building. The Learning Zone, also located in the Annex Building, houses the OCAD Zine Library, Art & Design Annuals, a number of galleries or exhibition spaces exist both on-campus and off-campus, a faculty gallery is also planned as part of the proposed Mirvish-Gehry development
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Darling and Pearson
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Pearson and Darling was an architectural firm based in Toronto from 1897 through 1923, a key player in shaping the urban look of the city and the rest of Canada in the first half of the 20th century. The firm was organized first as Darling, Curry, Sproatt, & Pearson in 1892, with partners Frank Darling, S. George Curry, Henry Sproatt, and John A. Pearson. From 1893 through 1896 it evolved into Darling, Sproatt & Pearson, then finally Pearson and their subsequent projects included the first tall steel-frame building in Canada, the tallest building in Canada for three decades, and the largest single building in the British Commonwealth. After the deaths of Frank Darling in 1923 and Pearson in 1940, the firm continued as Clark, Darling and Downey Architects Incorporated in 1977. The firm lives on now as Toronto-based Stanford Downey Architects Incorporated, alpha Delta Phi Toronto Chapter House,1894. Originally known as the Ince house University of Toronto Faculty of Law, Flavelle House,1901 Union Bank Building,500 Main Street, Winnipeg, with the George A. Fuller Co
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Beaux-Arts architecture
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Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920, in contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, for the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, site considerations tended toward social and urbane contexts. In the façade shown to the right, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in an action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. The prestige of the École gave the style Beaux-Arts a second wind in combining the new manner with the traditional training and they were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning and his Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a personal style freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement, the Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, bosworth, Carnegie Mellon University, designed by Henry Hornbostel, and the University of Texas, designed by Paul Philippe Cret. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad, two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other, Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library. Another prominent U. S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, in the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this back to America. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century, notably all three prairie provinces legislative buildings are in this style. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s, national Theatre, Melbourne General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth Argus Building. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York, A Photographic Guide United States, sixteenth Street Architecture – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D. C
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Group of Seven (artists)
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The Group of Seven, also known as the Algonquin School, was a group of Canadian landscape painters from 1920 to 1933, originally consisting of Franklin Carmichael, Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Frank Johnston, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, later, A. J. Casson was invited to join in 1926, Edwin Holgate became a member in 1930, and LeMoine FitzGerald joined in 1932. Two artists commonly associated with the group are Tom Thomson and Emily Carr, although he died before its official formation, Thomson had a significant influence on the group. Emily Carr was also associated with the Group of Seven. The Group was succeeded by the Canadian Group of Painters in the 1933, the Art Gallery of Ontario, in its earlier incarnation as the Art Gallery of Toronto, was the site of their first exhibition as the Group of Seven. The McMichael was founded by Robert and Signe McMichael, who began collecting paintings by the Group of Seven and their contemporaries in 1955. Tom Thomson, J. E. H. MacDonald, Arthur Lismer, Frederick Varley, Frank Johnston, in 1913, they were joined by A. Y. Jackson and Lawren Harris. They often met at the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto to discuss their opinions and this group received monetary support from Harris and Dr. James MacCallum. Harris and MacCallum jointly built the Studio Building in 1914 in the Rosedale ravine to serve as a meeting and working place for the new Canadian art movement. MacCallum owned land on Georgian Bay and Thomson worked as a guide in nearby Algonquin Park, the informal group was temporarily split up during World War I, during which Jackson and Varley became official war artists. A further blow to the group came in 1917 when Thomson died while canoeing in Algonquin Park and he appeared to have suffered a blow to the head and showed no signs of drowning. The circumstances of his death remain mysterious, the seven who formed the original group reunited after the war. They continued to travel throughout Ontario, especially the Muskoka and Algoma regions, sketching the landscape, in 1919, they decided to make themselves into a group devoted to a distinct Canadian form of art which didnt exist yet, and began to call themselves the Group of Seven. It is unknown who specifically chose these seven men, but it is believed to have been Harris, by 1920, they were ready for their first exhibition thanks to the constant support and encouragement of Eric Brown, the director of the National Gallery at that time. Prior to this, many believed the Canadian landscape was not worthy of being painted. Reviews for the 1920 exhibition were mixed, but as the decade progressed the Group came to be recognized as pioneers of a new, Canadian, after Frank Johnston left the group in 1920 to move to Winnipeg, A. J. Casson was invited to join in 1926. Franklin Carmichael had taken a liking to him and had encouraged Casson to sketch, the Groups champions during its early years included Barker Fairley, a co-founder of Canadian Forum magazine, and the warden of Hart House at the University of Toronto, J. Burgon Bickersteth. The members of the Group began to travel elsewhere in Canada for inspiration, including British Columbia, Quebec, Nova Scotia, after Samuel Gurney Cresswell and other painters on Royal Navy expeditions, these were the first artists of European descent who depicted the Arctic
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George Weston
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George Weston was a Canadian businessman and the founder of George Weston Limited. He became Toronto’s biggest baker with Canada’s largest bread factory, Weston began his career at the age of twelve as a bakers apprentice and went on to become a bread route salesman. By the turn of the century, he was throughout the city for his Weston’s Home-Made Bread. In addition to being a local businessman, he was also a prominent Methodist. George Weston was born to William and Ann Weston at Oswego, New York, by the time George turned four, the family, British immigrants who first settled in Canada, had returned to Toronto after some time in the United States. As one of eight children, George aspired to be a minister of the Gospel from an age and, in fact. But the family continued to struggle and funding any kind of education was beyond its means. On completing public school, George was sent out into the workforce, young George was apprenticed to C. J. Frogley, a baker with a small shop at 850 Yonge Street, north of Bloor Street, then on the outskirts of Toronto. After a number of years, Frogley abandoned the location and another baker by the name of G. H. Bowen eventually set-up shop there, after a year or so, Bowen moved the bakery to Sullivan Street, not far from today’s Art Gallery of Ontario. George found employment with Bowen, who is said to have taken enough interest in the lad to see that he learned the business the way it should be learned. Over the course of his career, George did everything from baking bread, to making deliveries. Eventually, George became a salesman and in 1882 went into business for himself. Two years later, with his business prospering, he bought out the bakery of his former employer, years later, George Weston recalled those early days, I baked 250 loaves the first day. I delivered them — drove my own waggon — called on every customer myself and it was on Sullivan Street where George Weston, with one wood burning oven and two journeymen bakers, developed his Home-Made Bread. Made from a combination of the best Manitoba No.1 Hard Wheat and Ontario Fall Wheat, in equal proportions. In 1889, the bakery was still a small operation with two bread wagons but by 1894 it had undergone four expansions and he also began introducing the latest in technology, such as mechanical mixers, to make the process less labour-intensive. By the 1890s, he had renamed his bakery G. Weston’s Bread Factory, technological advances aside, Weston attributed the growth of his business to the quality of his bread. Merit did it — the merit of my bread and you wont find any better bread than mine
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Frank Porter Wood
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Frank Porter Wood was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He is best remembered for his gifts and bequests of artworks to the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto. Wood was born in Peterborough, Ontario to Canadian immigrants of mixed parentage, his father was Irish and he married Emma Matilda Junkin in 1906 and had three daughters, Mary Dorothy Porter Wood, Frances Junkin Wood and Joyce Rogers Wood. In 1897, he started working in Peterborough, Ontario as a clerk of Central Canada Loan, in 1899, Wood moved to Montreal to work at the National Trust, incorporated a year earlier by Cox and his brother Edward Rogers Wood. Later in life, he became a Vice-President of the National Trust, in 1903, Wood started up, with Sir Frank Wilton Baillie and his brother James W. Baillie, a brokerage firm, Baillie Brothers and Company, which operated on the Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1910, Wood became President of Burlington Steel, in 1912, the Bankers’ Bond Company Limited was formed to succeed Baillie, Wood, and Croft. Until his death in 1955, Wood continued to participate in the Canadian business community as a financier, Wood and his family were consummately modest, they never spoke of their accolades and were quickly forgotten. Wood, however, will be remembered not for his business accomplishments but for his love of the arts, to this date, he is still the single most generous donor of the Art Gallery of Ontario. “He is given a place of honour among the collectors of Old Master paintings in Toronto”, according to David McTavish of Queen’s University. Wood was a client of Sir Joseph Duveen, McTavish, D. Campbell, Sheila D. ed. From Rembrandt to Renoir in Toronto, Frank P. Woods role as private collector, public adviser, the private collector and the public institution. Toronto, ON, University of Toronto Art Centre, pp.298, 441–442,448,493,517. A Gainsborough Bill for the Prince of Wales, London, UK, The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd. Jacob van Ruisdael, A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings, Drawings, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press. Three Paintings, The Frank P. Wood Bequest, Toronto, ON, Art Gallery of Toronto. Listening to the Sirens, Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig, berkeley, CA, University of California Press. Brown, George William, David M. Hayne, Francess G. Halpenny, Toronto, ON, University of Toronto Press. McCall, George Henry, Adriaan Jacob Barnouw, Paintings by the Great Dutch Masters of the Seventeenth Century
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Edward Rogers Wood
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Wood was born in Peterborough, Ontario to a Northern Irish father and a Scottish mother. He married Agnes Euphemia Smart in Toronto on July 18,1891 and they had a son, William and a daughter, Mildred. In his early teens, Edward Wood joined the G. N. W, telegraph Company owned by Peterboroughs Mayor George Albertus Cox and later Senator George Albertus Cox. After completing school Edward joined Coxs financial firm, Central Canada Loan & Savings Company, both men incorporated in 1898 the National Trust Company in Toronto, Ontario. National Trust became part of Bank of Nova Scotia as Scotia Trust in 1997, in 1901 Cox and Wood formed Dominion Securities with the purpose of underwriting and retailing of provincial, municipal, and utility bonds. In 1902 Edward Wood shifted Dominion Securities into industrial finance by financing of Dominion Iron & Steel, in 1910 he formed Dominion Steel Corporation, where his younger brother Frank Porter Wood was a President. Edward and Euphemia Wood built and lived in Wymilwood with his family from 1902 to 1924 and they donated Wymilwood, an Elizabethan-style mansion now called Falconer Hall to the University of Toronto and is now part of the UofT law school. In 1920-24 they laid out, built and moved to Glendon Hall on Bayview Avenue, woods 20-year-younger brother Frank P Wood and his wife, Emma later built and located nearby in an estate now used as Crescent School. In 1950, by then a widow, Pheme Wood died and bequeathed Glendon Hall to the University of Toronto with the intent that it be used by the Department of Botany for a university botanical gardens. Following 10 years of mixed academic use the University turned over the estate in 1961 to its newly created affiliate, Edward had died in Toronto in 1941. They are buried in the Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto, adjacent to the grave of George Albertus Cox, “Out of the Wood Work, The Wood Family’s Benefactions to Victoria University, ” Papers of the Canadian Methodist Historical Society, vol. “Glendon Hall and the Canadian Rose Society, ” The Canadian Rose Annual, pp.31 –42, University of Michigan Library, International Press Limited, Toronto. Brown, George William, David M. Hayne, Francess G. Halpenny, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press. The Light, Brazilian Traction, Light and Power Company Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press. Title Canadian Multinationals and International Finance, the Steam Boat Era in the Muskokas Volume II - The Golden Years to Present. Erin, Ontario, Canada, Boston Mills Press, minister of National Revenue v. National Trust Co. Phillips, Jim, Roy McMurtry, John T. Saywell, essays in the History of Canadian Law. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, University of Toronto Prss. p.410
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Eaton family
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The Eaton family of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, were owners of the Eatons department stores, a national chain that was founded in 1869, and became bankrupt in 1999. At the familys height, their net worth was around $2 billion, today, after the stores demise, The Boys—John, Chuck, Thor and George—are collectively worth around $450 million. The Eatons were well known for their lifestyle and generous philanthropy. Today, they and their wives and children continue to hold prominent positions in Torontos society circles, notes Not exhaustive - listing is generally restricted to siblings of Timothy Eaton, his children, spouses, and significant descendants. - order of succession as the head of Eatons
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Matthew Teitelbaum
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Matthew D. Teitelbaum is a Canadian art historian, who is currently the director of Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. A native of Toronto, Teitelbaum is the son of the late painter Mashel Teitelbaum and he holds a B. A. in Canadian history from Carleton University and an M. Phil. in modern European painting and sculpture from the Courtauld Institute of Art. He has taught and lectured at Harvard University, York University, Teitelbaum first held curatorial positions with the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and the Mendel Art Gallery. He later joined the Art Gallery of Ontario in 1993 as chief curator and was appointed as the Michael and Sonja Koerner Director. As the museums director and CEO, he oversaw the institution’s $306 million expansion and renovation of its Beaux-Arts building by the architect Frank Gehry, Teitelbaum is married to Susan M. Cohen, who served as the executive director of the W. Garfield Weston Foundation. They have two sons, Max and Elijah, honorary Doctor of Law, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Chevalier dans lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres, France Art Gallery of Ontario profile
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Postmodernism
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Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid to late 20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism which marked a departure from modernism. Accordingly, postmodern thought is characterized by tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, irreverence. The term postmodernism has been applied both to the era following modernity, and to a host of movements within that era that reacted against tendencies in modernism. Postmodernism includes skeptical critical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, architecture, fiction, feminist theory, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard. The term postmodern was first used around the 1880s, John Watkins Chapman suggested a Postmodern style of painting as a way to depart from French Impressionism. In 1921 and 1925, postmodernism had been used to new forms of art. In 1942 H. R. Hays described it as a new literary form, however, as a general theory for a historical movement it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee, Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918. Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post modern world happened between 1937 and 1957, post-structuralism resulted similarly to postmodernism by following a time of structuralism. It is characterized by new ways of thinking through structuralism, contrary to the original form, postmodernist describes part of a movement, Postmodern places it in the period of time since the 1950s, making it a part of contemporary history. Martin Heidegger rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of subjectivity and objectivity, instead of resisting the admission of this paradox in the search for understanding, Heidegger requires that we embrace it through an active process of elucidation he called the hermeneutic circle. He stressed the historicity and cultural construction of concepts while simultaneously advocating the necessity of an atemporal, in this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another principal forerunner of post-structuralist and postmodernist thought. Instead, Foucault focused on the ways in which such constructs can foster cultural hegemony, violence and his writings have had a major influence on the larger body of postmodern academic literature. These metanarratives still remain in Western society but are now being undermined by rapid Informatization, Richard Rorty argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. For Baudrillard, “simulation is no longer that of a territory and it is the generation by models of a real without origin or a reality, a hyperreal. In Analysis of the Journey, a journal birthed from postmodernism, Douglas Kellner insists that the assumptions and his terms defined in the depth of postmodernism are based on advancement, innovation, and adaptation. Extensively, Kellner analyzes the terms of theory in real-life experiences and examples. Kellner used science and technology studies as a part of his analysis
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