1.
DC Comics
–
DC Comics, Inc. is an American comic book publisher. It is the unit of DC Entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. a division of Time Warner, the company has also published non-DC Universe-related material, including Watchmen, V for Vendetta and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo. The initials DC came from the popular series Detective Comics. Random House distributes DC Comics books to the market, while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market. DC Comics and its major, longtime competitor Marvel Comics together shared 70% of the American comic book market in 2016, entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications in autumn 1934. The company debuted with the tabloid-sized New Fun, The Big Comic Magazine #1 with a date of February 1935. That title evolved into Adventure Comics, which continued through issue #503 in 1983, in 2009 DC revived Adventure Comics with its original numbering. In 1935, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the creators of Superman, created Doctor Occult. Wheeler-Nicholsons third and final title, Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936, the themed anthology series would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27. By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson had gone, Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfelds accountant, listed as owners. Major Wheeler-Nicholson remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued, shortly afterward, Detective Comics, Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied, also known as Nicholson Publishing, at a bankruptcy auction. Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a fourth title, Action Comics, Action Comics #1, the first comic book to feature the new character archetype—soon known as superheroes—proved a sales hit. The company quickly introduced such popular characters as the Sandman and Batman. That year, Gaines let Liebowitz buy him out, and kept only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, at that point, Liebowitz promptly orchestrated the merger of All-American and Detective Comics into National Comics. Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, Independent News, National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961. The company began to move aggressively against what it saw as copyright-violating imitations from other companies, such as Fox Comics Wonder Man and this extended to DC suing Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel, at the time comics top-selling character. Despite the fact that parallels between Captain Marvel and Superman seemed more tenuous, the courts ruled that substantial and deliberate copying of copyrighted material had occurred, faced with declining sales and the prospect of bankruptcy if it lost, Fawcett capitulated in 1955 and ceased comics publication
DC Comics
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1987 test logo.
DC Comics
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The current DC Comics logo
2.
Vertigo (DC Comics)
–
Vertigo is an imprint of the American comic book publisher DC Comics. These comics were free to contain violence, substance abuse, sexuality, nudity, profanity. Although its initial publications were primarily in the horror and fantasy genres, it has published works dealing with crime, social commentary, speculative fiction, biography. Originally publishing a mix of company- and creator-owned work, its current focus is on the latter and it pioneered in North America an increasingly common publishing model, in which monthly series are periodically collected into collected editions which are kept in print for bookstore sale. Vertigo series have won the comics industrys Eisner Award, including the best continuing series of various years, several of its publications have been adapted to film and episodic television. Vertigo originated in 1993 under the stewardship of Karen Berger, a literature and art-history student. 2, and Shade, the Changing Man vol,2, the Black Orchid miniseries, fantasy series The Sandman vol. 2, and horror titles Hellblazer and The Saga of the Swamp Thing and these seven titles, all of which carried a Suggested for Mature Readers label on their covers, shared a sophistication-driven sensibility the fan press dubbed the Bergerverse. Several DC titles bearing the age advisory, such as Green Arrow and The Question and these titles included Enigma, Sebastian O, Mercy, and Shadows Fall. Vertigo was launched in January 1993 with a mixture of existing ongoing series continued under the new imprint, new ongoing series, new mini-series and their publishing plan for the first year involved two new titles – whether ongoing/limited series or one-shots – each month. The existing series were Shade the Changing Man, The Sandman, Hellblazer, Animal Man, Swamp Thing, the first comic book published under the Vertigo imprint was the first issue of Death, The High Cost of Living, a 3-issue series by Neil Gaiman and Chris Bachalo. The following month saw the debut of Sandman, Mystery Theatre by Matt Wagner and Steven T. Seagle, haunting, film noir-ish. and starring original Sandman Wesley Dodds in a title whose sensibilities echo crime genre fiction. Joining it was J. M. DeMatteis and Paul Johnsons 64-page one-shot Mercy, Gaimans The Books of Magic limited-series was relaunched as an ongoing series written by John Ney Rieber, and illustrated by Peter Gross, Gary Amaro, and Peter Snejbjerg. The design layout continued with little variation until issues cover-dated July 2002 which introduced an across-the-top layout ahead of 2003s Vertigo X 10th anniversary celebration. The distinctive design was designed to be used on all Vertigo books except the hardcovers, trade paperbacks, in addition, a 16-page Vertigo Sampler was also produced and bundled with copies of Capital City Distributions Advance Comics solicitation index. Works previously published by DC under other imprints, but which fit the character of Vertigo, have been reprinted under this imprint. This has included issues of Vertigos launch series, V for Vendetta, and books from discontinued imprints, such as Transmetropolitan. Two of the new ongoing series did not last long, Kid Eternity was cancelled after 16 issues, Sandman Mystery Theatre and most of the pre-existing series continued for several years, including Sandman which reached its planned conclusion with #75
Vertigo (DC Comics)
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Panel of Vertigo comics creators at San Diego
ComicCon 2007.
Vertigo (DC Comics)
–
Vertigo
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Cartoon
–
A cartoon is a type of two-dimensional illustration. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist, the concept originated in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, in the 21st century, cartoons could be published on the Internet. A cartoon is a drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days. Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design so that a bag of soot patted or pounced over the cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster. Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London, tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed with the eye by the weavers on the loom. In modern print media, a cartoon is an illustration or series of illustrations and this usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster, Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips. Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher, many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon. The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes names like Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti, Bill Hoest, Jerry Marcus and Virgil Partch began as magazine gag cartoonists and moved to syndicated comic strips. Richard Thompson is noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration, the sports section of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester Chet Browns All in Sport. Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites, although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire. The art usually acts as a metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and sometimes use multiple panels, editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock, David Low, Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe. Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are daily in newspapers worldwide. In the United States, they are not commonly called cartoons themselves, nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as cartoonists
Cartoon
–
John Leech, Cartoon no.1: Substance and Shadow, 1843, satirized preparatory cartoons for frescoes in the Palace of Westminster, creating the modern meaning of "cartoon".
Cartoon
–
Example of a modern cartoon. The text was excerpted by cartoonist Greg Williams from the Wikipedia article on
Dr. Seuss.
Cartoon
–
Nast depicts the
Tweed Ring: "Who stole the people's money?" / "'Twas him."
5.
Socialism
–
Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective, or cooperative ownership, to citizen ownership of equity, or to any combination of these. Although there are varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them. Socialist economic systems can be divided into both non-market and market forms, non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend, the feasibility and exact methods of resource allocation and calculation for a socialist system are the subjects of the socialist calculation debate. Core dichotomies associated with these concerns include reformism versus revolutionary socialism, the term is frequently used to draw contrast to the political system of the Soviet Union, which critics argue operated in an authoritarian fashion. By the 1920s, social democracy and communism became the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement, by this time, Socialism emerged as the most influential secular movement of the twentieth century, worldwide. Socialist parties and ideas remain a force with varying degrees of power and influence in all continents. Today, some socialists have also adopted the causes of social movements. The origin of the term socialism may be traced back and attributed to a number of originators, in addition to significant historical shifts in the usage, for Andrew Vincent, The word ‘socialism’ finds its root in the Latin sociare, which means to combine or to share. The related, more technical term in Roman and then medieval law was societas and this latter word could mean companionship and fellowship as well as the more legalistic idea of a consensual contract between freemen. The term socialism was created by Henri de Saint-Simon, one of the founders of what would later be labelled utopian socialism. Simon coined socialism as a contrast to the doctrine of individualism. They presented socialism as an alternative to liberal individualism based on the ownership of resources. The term socialism is attributed to Pierre Leroux, and to Marie Roch Louis Reybaud in France, the term communism also fell out of use during this period, despite earlier distinctions between socialism and communism from the 1840s. An early distinction between socialism and communism was that the former aimed to only socialise production while the latter aimed to socialise both production and consumption. However, by 1888 Marxists employed the term socialism in place of communism, linguistically, the contemporary connotation of the words socialism and communism accorded with the adherents and opponents cultural attitude towards religion. In Christian Europe, of the two, communism was believed to be the atheist way of life, in Protestant England, the word communism was too culturally and aurally close to the Roman Catholic communion rite, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists. Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848, at the time when the Communist Manifesto was published, socialism was respectable on the continent and this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany
Socialism
–
Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker
Socialism
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The celebration of the election of the Commune, 28 March 1871. The
Paris Commune was a major early implementation of socialist ideas
Socialism
–
G. D. H. Cole, English socialist theorist who was a member of the
Fabian Society as well as the main theorist of
guild socialism
Socialism
–
Leon Trotsky,
Vladimir Lenin, and
Lev Kamenev at the Second Communist Party Congress, 1919.
6.
The Masses
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It was succeeded by The Liberator and then later The New Masses. It published reportage, fiction, poetry and art by the radicals of the time such as Max Eastman, John Reed, Dorothy Day. Piet Vlag, an eccentric socialist immigrant from the Netherlands, founded the magazine in 1911, vlag’s dream of a co-operatively operated magazine never worked well, and after just a few issues, he left for Florida. These Greenwich Village artists and writers asked one of their own, Max Eastman, John Sloan, Art Young, Louis Untermeyer, and Inez Haynes Gillmore mailed a terse letter to Eastman in August 1912, “You are elected editor of The Masses. In the first issue, Eastman wrote the manifesto, A Free Magazine — This magazine is owned and published cooperatively by its editors. It has no dividends to pay, and nobody is trying to make out of it. The Masses was to some extent defined by its association with New York’s artistic culture. ”The Masses was very much embedded in a specific metropolitan milieu, the magazine carved out a unique position for itself within American Left print culture. It was more open to Progressive Era reforms, like womens suffrage, at the same time it fiercely criticized more mainstream leftist publications like The New Republic for insufficient radicalism. After Eastman assumed leadership, and especially after August 1914, the denouncements of the war were frequent. Only so can we indicate its underlying causes, its futility. The business manager, Merrill Rogers, made efforts to be in compliance by seeking counsel from George Creel, glintenkamp, Art Young, and Merrill Rogers. The trial opened April 15,1918, and despite the onslaught of prejudicial emotions, the Masses cohort, aware of the prosecutory artifice, played up a lackadaisical performance of absurdist humor. Each time the band played the Star Spangled Banner Merrill Rogers jumped to the floor to salute the flag. Only after the time that the band played the tune and only after the Judge asked him did Rogers finally dispense with the salute. ”Louis Untermeyer commented, “As the trial went on it was evident that the indictment was a legal subterfuge. Before releasing the jury for deliberation, Judge Learned Hand altered the charges against the defendants and attempted to preface the jury of their constitutional duties. Hand dismissed all the charges against Josephine Bell, and dismissed the first count – “conspiracy to cause mutiny and refusal of duty”—against the remaining defendants. ”After deliberating from Thursday afternoon to Saturday, first, the jury was unable to come to a unanimous decision. Not only did the other eleven jurors demand the prosecutor to levy charges against the lone juror) but moved to drag the socialist supporter out into the street, Judge Hand, given the uproar, declared a mistrial. In September 1918, The Masses were back on trial, this time joined by John Reed, aside from new defense attorneys, the proceedings remained very similar to the first trial
The Masses
–
June 1914 issue of The Masses. Cover Illustration was drawn by
John French Sloan and depicts the
Ludlow Massacre
The Masses
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"Physically Fit", a drawing by Henry J. Glintenkamp, published in the magazine in 1917, that was cited in the indictment.
The Masses
–
John French Sloan 's satirical take on the
Armory Show, captioned "A Slight Attack of Dimentia Brought on by Excessive Study of the Much Talked of Cubist Pictures in the International Exhibition in New York."
7.
Orangeville, Illinois
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Orangeville is a village in Stephenson County, Illinois. The population was 793 at the 2010 census, up from 751 in 2000, the areas earliest white settlers arrived in the year 1833, and the village was platted in 1851 by John Bower, who is considered the village founder. In 1867 Orangeville was incorporated as a village, the towns central business district contains several 19th century commercial buildings, many of which were built during the railroad boom of 1888–1914. By the time the Great Depression was ongoing, business in Orangeville had started to decline, although recently infrastructure jumps have given back some of its old decor. Orangeville is about two miles south of the Illinois–Wisconsin border and about 35 miles west of Rockford, Illinois, before 1837, the area was occupied by Native Americans who utilized it for hunting grounds, the Sioux tribe had a camp near Oneco. Game that populated the Orangeville area included buffalo and deer, John H. Curtis purchased the 80 acres of land, which included the area that would eventually become Orangeville, on January 1,1838 at the Dixon Land Office. Curtis constructed a dam on Richland Creek, and on the creeks west bank erected a gristmill, Curtis died in 1843 and both mills stood idle until John Bower arrived in 1846, with his family, after having visited the area the year before. Bower purchased the 80 acres and the mills, throughout the 1830s and 1840s farmers from New York and Pennsylvania, known as the Pennsylvania Dutch, arrived to settle the area around present-day Orangeville. Of the first 14 settlers to the area,13 were Pennsylvania Dutch, a Dr. Thomas Van Valsah led a wagon train from Pennsylvania to Stephenson County in 1837. The village of Orangeville was founded by John Bower, popularly confused as Bowers, Bower came to Stephenson County in 1845 and, on October 16,1846, bought the land that would be platted as Orangeville from for $950. Bower built the Union House in 1849 on a portion of what became Orangeville in 1851, though the town was platted by Bower in 1851, it was not incorporated until 1867. It is possible that the incorrect name Bowersville was a version of Bowers mill. The plat also showed 48 original town lots, at the outset, Bower brought wagon loads of lumber from Galena and Chicago to the settlement, and by 1849 he had reconstructed and improved the gristmill. The mill was completed in 1850 at a cost of $8,000, Charles Moore, who would become the first President of the village when it was incorporated, came to the town, lured by Bowers efforts, in 1849. George Hamilton built a store and soon began to build houses. In September 1852 construction began on Orangevilles first church, by 1854, Orangeville was in competition with the village of Oneco as a growing center of commerce. That year, the government decided that population growth in the two villages warranted the establishment of a post office. On an appointed day, residents of both villages lined up on the sides of the according to which town they supported as the location for the post office
Orangeville, Illinois
–
Sign upon entering the village of Orangeville.
Orangeville, Illinois
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The current Orangeville
post office; in 1854 the village narrowly won an election over Oneco for post office location.
Orangeville, Illinois
–
The
Central House hotel and the
People's State Bank were the first and last commercial buildings built in downtown Orangeville.
Orangeville, Illinois
–
The
Orangeville Masonic Lodge was built by the
AF and AM in 1876, but is used by all of Orangeville's
fraternal organizations.
8.
Stephenson County, Illinois
–
Stephenson County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 47,711, Stephenson County is included in the Freeport, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Rockford-Freeport-Rochelle, IL Combined Statistical Area. The land that became Stephenson County was first settled by William Waddams in 1832, five years later in 1837, Stephenson County was formed out of Jo Daviess and Winnebago counties. The county was named for Colonel Benjamin Stephenson, an official of the Illinois Territory. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 565 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.33 inches in January to 4.46 inches in June, the population density was 84.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 22,081 housing units at a density of 39.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 86. 5% white,9. 0% black or African American,0. 6% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,1. 2% from other races, and 2. 5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2. 9% of the population, in terms of ancestry,46. 6% were German,12. 5% were Irish,10. 0% were English, and 8. 0% were American. The average household size was 2.36 and the family size was 2.90. The median age was 43.1 years, the median income for a household in the county was $43,304 and the median income for a family was $54,224. Males had an income of $41,672 versus $29,510 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,608, about 12. 3% of families and 14. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24. 1% of those under age 18 and 7. 3% of those age 65 or over. There are five high schools and one private high Schools in the county
Stephenson County, Illinois
–
A northerly look across Stephenson County's western edge from an overlook near
Kent, Illinois
Stephenson County, Illinois
–
Illinois's location in the
U.S.
9.
Illinois
–
Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
Illinois
–
Mississippian copper plate found at the Saddle Site in
Union County, Illinois
Illinois
–
Flag
Illinois
–
Illinois in 1718, approximate modern state area highlighted, from Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi by
Guillaume de L'Isle.
Illinois
–
Native women and children fleeing the
Battle of Bad Axe during the
Black Hawk War
10.
Monroe, Wisconsin
–
Monroe, known as the Swiss Cheese Capital of the USA, is a city in and the county seat of Green County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,827 at the 2010 census, the city is bordered by the Town of Monroe to the north and the Town of Clarno to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.83 square miles. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $36,922, males had a median income of $32,050 versus $22,112 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,657, about 2. 4% of families and 5. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 3% of those under age 18 and 8. 1% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,827 people,4,810 households, the population density was 2,241.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 5,101 housing units at a density of 1,056.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 8% White,0. 6% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 7% Asian,2. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 9% of the population. 36. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.87. The median age in the city was 41.1 years. 22. 5% of residents were under the age of 18, 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 24% were from 25 to 44,26. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 9% male and 52. 1% female, the Monroe School District is the largest school district in Green County, serving around 2,700 pupils, and having an open enrollment procedure. The district also has an high school and middle school. St. Victor Catholic elementary school serves the community. Monroe has a campus of Blackhawk Technical College, the sole institution of post-secondary education. WIS11 runs around Monroe on the bypass, WIS59 ends in the northeast corner of the city near the Monroe Clinic. WIS69 runs on the bypass for 1 mile with WIS81, WIS81 runs around Monroe on the bypass. Monroe Municipal Airport serves the city and surrounding communities, Cheese Country Trail Wisconsin and Southern Railroad serves the city with freight service
Monroe, Wisconsin
–
The
Richardsonian Romanesque style courthouse, located on the Square, was built in 1891.
Monroe, Wisconsin
–
Location in
Green County and the state of
Wisconsin.
11.
John Vanderpoel
–
John Henry Vanderpoel, born Johannes van der Poel, was a Dutch-American artist and teacher, best known as an instructor of figure drawing. His book The Human Figure, an art school resource featuring numerous of his drawings based on his teaching at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, was published in 1907. Vanderpoel was born in the Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands, the seventh of ten children and his mother died in 1867, and in 1869 he emigrated with his father and siblings to the United States. He studied at the Chicago Academy of Design, which became the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1886 he went to Europe, studying for two years at Académie Julian in Paris with Gustave Boulanger and Jules Lefebvre. Vanderpoel exhibited five paintings at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, was a member of artists societies. He received a medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 in St. Louis. He worked with Lucille Wilcox Joullin during his stay in Chicago, Vanderpoel also created murals, including one on the ceiling of a theater at DePaul University and a sixty-foot painting at a Los Angeles hotel. In spite of his successes as a muralist and easel painter, Vanderpoel was better known as an instructor at the Art Institute and he was an influential teacher who adhered to the beaux-arts tradition while denouncing modernism. Among Vanderpoels many students were artists J. C, leyendecker, Frederick Carl Frieseke, and Georgia OKeeffe, who wrote in her autobiography that Vanderpoel was one of the few real teachers I have known. Vanderpoels younger sister Matilda, an artist who, like him, had attended and then taught at the Art Institute, Vanderpoel had developed a reputation as one of Americas foremost authorities on figure drawing. His book The Human Figure, published in 1907, featured many of his pencil and charcoal drawings, george Bridgman wrote in a foreword included in some editions of the book, insight into nature was the result of a lifetime of earnest, patient and persistent study. He analyzed and recorded the figure both in mass and detail, in good taste and discriminating judgment, with a closeness to nature that has never been equaled. Will always remain a masterpiece in art, mr. Vanderpoel has left behind him a great and powerful influence. In 1910, Vanderpoel moved to St. Louis, accepting an offer from Edward Gardner Lewis to join the faculty of Peoples University as head of the Art Academys drawing and painting department. He died in St. Louis on May 2,1911, of heart disease, two years after his death, the Vanderpoel Memorial Art Galleries were established in Chicagos Beverly Hills neighborhood. The collection features works by Vanderpoel, including drawings that were published in The Human Figure, the collection now numbers over five hundred pieces. A street and a school in Chicago are also named in his honor
John Vanderpoel
–
John Vanderpoel
John Vanderpoel
–
The Perplexing Problem by John Vanderpoel
John Vanderpoel
John Vanderpoel
12.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
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A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
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An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
13.
Chicago Daily News
–
The Chicago Daily News was an afternoon daily newspaper published between 1876 and 1978 in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The Daily News was founded by Melville E. Stone, Percy Meggy, byron Andrews, fresh out of Hobart College, was one of the first reporters. Victor F. Lawson bought the Chicago Daily News in 1876, Stone remained involved as an editor and later bought back an ownership stake, but Lawson took over full ownership again in 1888. Lawson introduced many innovations to the business including advancements in newspaper promotion, classified advertising, and syndication of news stories, serials, the Chicago Daily News became known for its distinctive, aggressive writing style which 1920s editor Henry Justin Smith likened to a daily novel. In its heyday from the 1930s to 1950s it was syndicated and boasted a first-class foreign news service. In 1922, the rival Chicago Tribune began to experiment with radio news at Westinghouse-owned KYW-AM, the Daily News entered into a partnership with The Fair Department Store to launch WGU-AM, which would later be renamed WMAQ-AM. The newspaper would take full ownership of the station and absorb shared band rival WQJ-AM, which was jointly owned by the Calumet Baking Powder Company. WMAQ would pioneer many firsts in radio—one of them the first complete Chicago Cubs season broadcast on radio in 1925, in 1930, the station obtained a license for an experimental television station, W9XAP, but had already begun transmitting from it just prior to its being granted. Working with Sears Roebuck stores by providing them with the receivers, ulises Armand Sanabria was the television pioneer behind this and other early Chicago television experiments. The Chicago Tribune, not to be out of radio, purchased WDAP. In 1931 The Daily News sold WMAQ to NBC, in 1929, it moved into a new 26-floor headquarters building at 400 West Madison Street. Designed by architects Holabird & Root, the Art Deco structure became a Chicago landmark and it featured a mural by John W. Norton depicting the newspaper production process. Field already owned the morning Chicago Sun-Times, and the Daily News moved into the Sun-Times building on North Wabash Avenue, a few years later Mike Royko became the papers lead columnist, and quickly rose to local and national prominence. In 1977 the Daily News was redesigned and added features intended to increase its appeal to younger readers, the Chicago Daily News published its last edition on Saturday, March 4,1978. There was a subsequent attempt to make it as an afternoon daily, the paper went back into publication with a weekend edition dated August 4–5,1979. The publisher of the revival was former Illinois governor Richard B and this final attempt to gain popularity was not successful and the paper finally went back out of publication a few months later. The headquarters of the Daily News and sister newspaper the Sun-Times was located at 401 North Wabash before the building was demolished and it is now the site of Trump International Hotel and Tower. The Chicago Daily News was awarded the Pulitzer Prize thirteen times, the Founding of the Chicago Daily News
Chicago Daily News
–
Daily News Building
Chicago Daily News
–
The Chicago Daily News was a major daily 1876-1978
Chicago Daily News
–
Editor A. B. Blair 1915.
Chicago Daily News
–
Sun Times & Daily News Headquarters
14.
Chicago Tribune
–
The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
Chicago Tribune
–
An 1870 advertisement for Chicago Tribune subscriptions.
Chicago Tribune
–
The lead editorial in the first issue the Chicago Tribune published after the
Great Chicago Fire
Chicago Tribune
–
Truman was widely expected to lose the 1948 election and the Chicago Tribune ran the incorrect headline, "
Dewey Defeats Truman ".
Chicago Tribune
–
Tribune Tower,
Hood & Howells, architects, opened 1925
15.
Art Students League of New York
–
The Art Students League of New York is an art school located on West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Although artists may study full-time, there have never been any degree programs or grades, the League also maintains a significant permanent collection of student and faculty work, and publishes an online journal of writing on art-related topics, entitled LINEA. The breakaway group of students included women, and was originally housed in rented rooms at 16th Street. Influential board members from this period included painter Thomas Eakins. Membership continued to increase, forcing the League to relocate to larger spaces. In 1889, the League participated in the founding of the American Fine Arts Society, together with the Society of American Artists, the American Fine Arts Building at 215 West 57th Street, constructed as their joint headquarters, has continued to house the League since 1892. In the late 1890s and early 1900s an increasing number of artists came to study. Among them was a young Miss Wilhelmina Weber Furlong and eventually her husband Thomas Furlong, the avant-garde couple served the league in executive and administrative roles and as student members throughout the American modernism movement. Alice Van Vechten Brown, who would later develop some of the first art programs in American higher education, in the years after World War II, the G. I. Bill played an important role in the history of the League by enabling returning veterans to attend classes. As of 2010, the League remains an important part of New York City art life, from 1906 until 1922, and again after the end of World War II from 1947 until 1979, the League operated a summer school of painting at Woodstock, New York. In 1995, the Leagues facilities expanded to include the Vytlacil campus in Sparkill, New York, named after and based upon a gift of the property, since its inception, the Art Students League has employed notable professional artists as instructors and lecturers. Most engagements have been for a year or two, and some, like those of sculptor George Grey Barnard, were quite brief. Others have taught for decades, notably Frank DuMond and George Bridgman, bridgmans successor was Robert Beverly Hale. In 1988, Robert Cenedella took over the George Grosz Chair, luis Mora, Robert Neffson, Maxfield Parrish, Jules Pascin, Joseph Pennell, Richard C. Pionk, Larry Poons, Richard Pousette-Dart, Abraham Rattner, Peter Reginato, Frank J. Alden Weir, and William Zorach
Art Students League of New York
–
Fine Arts Building on West 57th, May, 2009
16.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
17.
Chicago Inter-Ocean
–
The Chicago Inter Ocean, also known as the Chicago Inter-Ocean, is the name used for most of its history for a newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois, from 1865 until 1914. Its editors included Charles A. Dana and Byron Andrews, the history of the Inter Ocean can be traced back to 1865 with the founding of the Chicago Republican, a partisan newspaper that supported the Republican party. William Penn Nixon became president of the Inter-Ocean in 1876 and remained there, also as editor-in-chief, with the building of transcontinental railroads, it was possible to deliver periodical newspapers by mail throughout the central and western U. S. The growth of newspapers printed on inexpensive newsprint in the 1890s led to another upheaval in the newspaper industry. Many non-Chicago subscribers to the Inter Ocean no longer needed the weekly paper, the weakened paper fell in 1895 into the hands of Charles Yerkes, the notorious Chicago streetcar boss, who returned the newspaper to the partisan, subordinate role it had fulfilled in its youth. George Wheeler Hinman bought a controlling interest in the paper in 1906, the paper stopped publication in 1914. Readers decided that Keeleys new consolidated newspaper should be named The Chicago Herald and this further consolidation created the Chicago Herald-Examiner. The Inter Ocean was published in three locations during its career, from 1873 to 1880, it stood at 119 Lake Street, and from 1880 to 1890 it stood at 85 West Madison. The Inter-Ocean Building sat on the northwest corner of Madison and Dearborn in Chicago’s Loop, the then-famous clock-spire — with its steep hip roof and its strings of colored lights — singled out this building from its fellows in the block. The clock-tower was removed sometime before the building’s demolition, the Inter-Ocean Building was converted into the Hotel Grant sometime around 1895, when the Inter-Ocean newspaper fell on hard times. It was considered a second-class Chicago hotel, the building was razed in either 1940 or 1941. Its replacement sat there until 1981, when a new skyscraper was built on the site — Three First National Plaza
Chicago Inter-Ocean
–
1883 Advertisement for editions of the Inter Ocean
Chicago Inter-Ocean
–
Building occupied by the Inter Ocean from 1890 on.
18.
Political cartoon
–
An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is a drawing containing a commentary expressing the artists opinion. An artist who writes and draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist and they typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills. The pictorial satire of William Hogarth has been credited as the precursor to the political cartoon and his pictures combined social criticism with sequential artistic scenes. A frequent target of his satire was the corruption of early-18th-century British politics and his art often had a strong moralizing element to it, such as in his masterpiece of 1719, A Rakes Progress. However, his work was only tangentially politicized and was regarded on its artistic merits. George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend produced some of the first overtly political cartoons, Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon. The times in which Gillray lived were peculiarly favourable to the growth of a school of caricature. Party warfare was carried on with vigour and not a little bitterness. Gillrays incomparable wit and humour, knowledge of life, fertility of resource, keen sense of the ludicrous, george Cruikshank became the leading cartoonist in the period following Gillray. His early career was renowned for his caricatures of English life for popular publications. He gained notoriety with his prints that attacked the royal family. His work included a personification of England named John Bull who was developed from about 1790 in conjunction with other British satirical artists such as James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson. The art of the cartoon was further developed with the publication of the periodical Punch in 1841, founded by Henry Mayhew. It was bought by Bradbury and Evans in 1842, who capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies to turn the magazine into a preeminent national institution. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 50s included John Leech, Richard Doyle, John Tenniel and Charles Keene. This group became known as The Punch Brotherhood, which also included Charles Dickens who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman, Punch authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week, created in response to Dickens departure from Household Words. For over five decades he was a steadfast social witness to the sweeping changes that occurred during this period alongside his fellow cartoonist John Leech. By the mid 19th century, major newspapers in many countries featured cartoons designed to express the publishers opinion on the politics of the day
Political cartoon
–
An editorial cartoon of
Andrew Johnson and
Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter at Work Repairing the Union". The caption reads: (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended."
Political cartoon
–
A Rake's Progress, Plate 8, 1735, and retouched by Hogarth in 1763 by adding the Britannia emblem
Political cartoon
–
The world being carved up into spheres of influence between
Pitt and
Napoleon. James Gillray, "probably the most famous political cartoon of all time—it has been stolen over and over and over again by cartoonists ever since."
Political cartoon
–
'The British Lion's Vengeance...', cartoon by
John Tenniel in the aftermath of the
Indian Rebellion of 1857.
19.
Puck (magazine)
–
Puck was the first successful humor magazine in the United States of colorful cartoons, caricatures and political satire of the issues of the day. It was published from 1871 until 1918, a collection of Puck cartoons dating from 1879 to 1903 is maintained by the Special Collections Research Center of The George Washington University. The weekly magazine was founded by Joseph Ferdinand Keppler in St. Louis and it began publishing English and German language editions in March 1871. Five years later, the German edition of Puck moved to New York City, the English language edition soon followed on March 14,1877. The publication lasted two years, the final edition was distributed September 5,1918. A typical 32-page issue contained a political cartoon on the front cover. There was always a double-page color centerfold, usually on a political topic, there were numerous black-and-white cartoons used to illustrate humorous anecdotes. A page of editorials commented on the issues of the day, and this led Shakespeares Puck character to be recast as a charming near-naked boy and used as the title of the magazine. Puck was the first magazine to carry illustrated advertising and the first to successfully adopt full-color lithography printing for a weekly publication, the magazine consisted of 16 pages measuring 10 inches by 13.5 inches with front and back covers in color and a color double-page centerfold. The cover always quoted Puck saying, What fools these mortals be, the jaunty symbol of Puck is conceived as a putto in a top hat who admires himself in a hand-mirror. He appears not only on the magazine covers but over the entrance to the Puck Building in New Yorks Nolita neighborhood, in May 1893, Puck Press published A Selection of Cartoons from Puck by Joseph Keppler featuring 56 cartoons chosen by Keppler as his best work. Also during 1893, Keppler temporarily moved to Chicago and published a smaller-format, shortly thereafter, Joseph Keppler died, and Henry Cuyler Bunner, editor of Puck since 1877 continued the magazine until his own death in 1896. Harry Leon Wilson replaced Bunner and remained editor until he resigned in 1902, Joseph Keppler, Jr. then became the editor. S. Pughe, Rose ONeill, Charles Taylor, James Albert Wales and its prime targets, however, were not just corrupt machine politicians. The magazine included as well what it, like the letterpress, condemned as the political agenda of the Catholic Church, especially its new Pope. If allowed to proceed unimpeded, the pope and his minions, along with Tammanys bosses and supporters, Puck was not about to let that happen. In cartoons and editorials spanning two decades, the magazine blasted and often conjoined both Tammany and the papacy with invidious comparisons that left few readers in doubt as to their sympathies. Puck was housed from 1887 in the landmark Chicago-style, Romanesque Revival Puck Building at Lafayette and Houston streets, the steel-frame building was designed by architects Albert and Herman Wagner in 1885, as the worlds largest lithographic pressworks under a single roof, with its own electricity-generating dynamo
Puck (magazine)
–
Columbia wearing a warship bearing the words "World Power" as her "Easter bonnet", cover of Puck (April 6, 1901).
Puck (magazine)
Puck (magazine)
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c. 1878:
Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz accosts U.S. Representative
James G. Blaine chopping a tree in the forest
Puck (magazine)
–
European Royalties: Go West! (after assassination of
Alexander II of Russia) March 30, 1881
20.
Life (magazine)
–
Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special, Life returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life. com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc. s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30,2012 the LIFE. com URL became a channel on Time. com. When Life was founded in 1883, it was developed as similar to the British magazine and it was published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes and social commentary. The Luce Life was the first all-photographic American news magazine, the magazines role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes, Life was founded January 4,1883, in a New York City artists studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75 per cent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller, both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and was very successful managing the side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, Mitchell created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots, he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the humor magazines Judge and Puck. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Lifes first literary editor, the motto of the first issue of Life was, While theres Life, theres hope. The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers and we shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. The magazine was a success and soon attracted the leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson, three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4, a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by such illustrators as Palmer Cox
Life (magazine)
–
Cover art for Life, 27 January 1910 issue, illustration by
Coles Phillips.
Life (magazine)
–
Logo of Life magazine
Life (magazine)
–
A cover of the earlier Life magazine from 1911
Life (magazine)
–
1922 cover, "The
Flapper " by F. X. Leyendecker
21.
Judge (magazine)
–
Judge was a weekly satirical magazine published in the United States from 1881 to 1947. It was launched by artists who had seceded from its rival Puck, the founders included cartoonist James Albert Wales, dime novels publisher Frank Tousey and author George H. Jessop. The first printing of Judge was on October 29,1881 and it was 16 pages long and printed on quarto paper. While it did initially, it soon had trouble competing with Puck. William J. Arkell purchased the magazine in the middle 1880s, Arkell used his considerable wealth to persuade the cartoonistss Eugene Zimmerman and Bernard Gillam to leave Puck. A supporter of the Republican Party, Arkell persuaded his cartoonists to attack the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland, with G. O. P. aid, Judge boomed during the 80s and 90s, surpassing its rival publication in content and circulation. By the early 1890s, the circulation of the magazine reached 50,000, circulation for Judge was about 85,000 in the 1890s. By the 1900s, the magazine had become successful, reaching a circulation of 100,000 by 1912, edward Anthony was an editor in the early 1920s. Anthony was later co-author of Frank Bucks first two books, Bring em Back Alive and Wild Cargo, harold Ross was an editor of Judge between April 5 and August 2,1924. He used the experience on the magazine to start his own in 1925, the success of The New Yorker, as well as the depression, put pressure on the magazine. It became a monthly in 1932 and ceased circulation in 1947, Judge was resurrected in October 1953 as a 32-page weekly. David N. Laux was President and Publisher with Mabel Search as editorial director, contributors included Arthur L. Lippman and Victor Lasky. There were several sections, one-liners, cartoons and longer essays with mostly a conservative bent. A collection of Judge and Puck cartoons dating from 1887–1900 is maintained by the Special Collections Reference Center of The George Washington University, the collection is located in GWs Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library and is open to researchers
Judge (magazine)
–
Cover of Judge (August 12. 1882), featuring a cartoon by JAW about the American Navy's aid during the
Bombardment of Alexandria
Judge (magazine)
–
"To begin with, 'I'll paint the town red", by Grant E. Hamilton, The Judge vol. 7, 31 January 1885.
Judge (magazine)
–
An 1896 cartoon, on
William Jennings Bryan 's
"Cross of Gold" speech
Judge (magazine)
–
An 1899 cover of Judge magazine showing a cartoon of U.S. President
William McKinley
22.
William Randolph Hearst
–
Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak and he later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Politically he espoused the Progressive Movement, speaking on behalf of the working class and he controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines and thereby exercised enormous political influence. He also called for war in 1898 against Spain—as did many other newspaper editors—but he did it in sensational fashion, after 1918, he called for an isolationist foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs. He was at once a militant nationalist, a fierce anti-communist, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians. He was a supporter of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932–34, but then broke with FDR. His life story was the inspiration for Charles Foster Kane. His famous mansion, Hearst Castle, on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark. William R. Hearst was born in San Francisco, to mining engineer, goldmine owner and U. S. senator George Hearst. His paternal great-grandfather was John Hearst, of Ulster Protestant origin and he migrated to America from Ballybay, County Monaghan as part of the Cahans Exodus with his wife and six children in 1766 and settled in South Carolina. Their immigration to South Carolina was spurred in part by the governments policy that encouraged the immigration of Irish Protestants. The names John Hearse and John Hearse Jr, the Hearse spelling of the family name never was used afterward by the family members themselves, or any family of any size. Hearsts mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was also of Irish ancestry and she was the first woman regent of University of California, Berkeley, funded many anthropological expeditions and founded the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Following preparation at St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire, while there he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the A. D. Searching for an occupation, in 1887, Hearst took over management of a newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, a self-proclaimed populist, Hearst went on to publish stories of municipal and financial corruption, often attacking companies in which his own family held an interest. Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market, outcault, the inventor of color comics, and all of Pulitzers Sunday staff as well. Another prominent hire was James J. Montague, who came from the Portland Oregonian, Hearst imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and quickly established himself as the most attractive employer among New York newspapers. Hearsts activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, While others Talk, the New York Journal and its chief rival, the New York World, mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as yellow journalism, after Outcaults Yellow Kid comic
William Randolph Hearst
–
Hearst in 1906, photograph by
James E. Purdy
William Randolph Hearst
–
An ad asking automakers to place ads in Hearst chain, noting their circulation.
William Randolph Hearst
–
From left to right: Hearst,
Robert Vignola and Arthur Brisbane in New York, during the filming of Vignola's
The World and His Wife (1920)
William Randolph Hearst
–
William Hearst with fascists: Alfred Rosenberg, Carl Bomer, Tilo von Trota, Rosenberg's adjutant
23.
New York Evening Journal
–
The New York Journal-American was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 to 1966. Both were published by Hearst from 1895 to 1937, the American and Evening Journal merged in 1937. The Journal-American was a publication with several editions in the afternoon, Joseph Pulitzers younger brother Albert founded the New York Morning Journal in 1882. John R. McLean briefly acquired the paper in 1895, Hearst founded the Evening Journal about a year later. Hearst entered into a war with the New York World. In October 1896, Outcault defected to Hearsts New York Journal, many believed that as part of this, aside from any nationalistic sentiment, Hearst may have helped to initiate the Spanish–American War of 1898 to increase sales. A year later, on January 12,1913, McManus launched his Bringing Up Father comic strip, the comics expanded into two full pages daily and a 12-page Sunday color section with leading King Features Syndicate strips. Uncle Remus, Dinglehoofer and His Dog, Donald Duck, Tippie, Right Around Home, Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, tad Dorgan, known for his boxing and dog cartoons as well as the comic character Judge Rummy, joined the Journals staff in 1905. Rube Goldberg also became a cartoonist with the Journal-American, the Evening Journal was home to famed investigative reporter Nellie Bly, who began writing for the paper in 1914 as a war correspondent from the battlefields of World War I. Bly eventually returned to the United States and was given her own column that she wrote right up until her death in 1922, popular columnists included Westbrook Pegler, O. O. McIntyre, Benjamin De Casseres and Dorothy Kilgallen. Kilgallen also wrote articles that appeared on the days as her column on different pages, sometimes the front page. Regular Journal-American contributor Jimmy Cannon was one of the highest paid sports columnists in the United States, Society columnist Maury Henry Biddle Paul, who wrote under the pseudonym Cholly Knickerbocker, became famous and coined the term Café Society. John F. Kennedy contributed to the newspaper during a career he had as a journalist during the final months of World War II. Beginning in 1938, Max Kase was the editor until the newspaper expired in 1966. The fashion editor was Robin Chandler Duke, jack OBrian was television critic for the Journal-American and exposed the 1958 quiz-show scandal that involved cheating on the popular television program Twenty-One. Ford Frick was a sportswriter for the American before becoming president of baseballs National League, Frick was hired by Wilton S. Farnsworth, who was sports editor of the American from 1914–37 until becoming a boxing promoter. Bill Corum was a sportswriter for the Journal-American who also served nine years as president of the Churchill Downs race track, frank Graham covered sports there from 1945–65 and was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame, as were colleagues Charley Feeney and Sid Mercer. Before becoming a news columnist elsewhere, Jimmy Breslin was a Journal-American sportswriter in the early 1960s and he authored the book Cant Anybody Here Play This Game
New York Evening Journal
New York Evening Journal
–
The front page of the June 26, 1906 issue of the New York American, prior to merger. The murder of
Stanford White is its headline.
24.
New York American
–
The New York Journal-American was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 to 1966. Both were published by Hearst from 1895 to 1937, the American and Evening Journal merged in 1937. The Journal-American was a publication with several editions in the afternoon, Joseph Pulitzers younger brother Albert founded the New York Morning Journal in 1882. John R. McLean briefly acquired the paper in 1895, Hearst founded the Evening Journal about a year later. Hearst entered into a war with the New York World. In October 1896, Outcault defected to Hearsts New York Journal, many believed that as part of this, aside from any nationalistic sentiment, Hearst may have helped to initiate the Spanish–American War of 1898 to increase sales. A year later, on January 12,1913, McManus launched his Bringing Up Father comic strip, the comics expanded into two full pages daily and a 12-page Sunday color section with leading King Features Syndicate strips. Uncle Remus, Dinglehoofer and His Dog, Donald Duck, Tippie, Right Around Home, Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, tad Dorgan, known for his boxing and dog cartoons as well as the comic character Judge Rummy, joined the Journals staff in 1905. Rube Goldberg also became a cartoonist with the Journal-American, the Evening Journal was home to famed investigative reporter Nellie Bly, who began writing for the paper in 1914 as a war correspondent from the battlefields of World War I. Bly eventually returned to the United States and was given her own column that she wrote right up until her death in 1922, popular columnists included Westbrook Pegler, O. O. McIntyre, Benjamin De Casseres and Dorothy Kilgallen. Kilgallen also wrote articles that appeared on the days as her column on different pages, sometimes the front page. Regular Journal-American contributor Jimmy Cannon was one of the highest paid sports columnists in the United States, Society columnist Maury Henry Biddle Paul, who wrote under the pseudonym Cholly Knickerbocker, became famous and coined the term Café Society. John F. Kennedy contributed to the newspaper during a career he had as a journalist during the final months of World War II. Beginning in 1938, Max Kase was the editor until the newspaper expired in 1966. The fashion editor was Robin Chandler Duke, jack OBrian was television critic for the Journal-American and exposed the 1958 quiz-show scandal that involved cheating on the popular television program Twenty-One. Ford Frick was a sportswriter for the American before becoming president of baseballs National League, Frick was hired by Wilton S. Farnsworth, who was sports editor of the American from 1914–37 until becoming a boxing promoter. Bill Corum was a sportswriter for the Journal-American who also served nine years as president of the Churchill Downs race track, frank Graham covered sports there from 1945–65 and was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame, as were colleagues Charley Feeney and Sid Mercer. Before becoming a news columnist elsewhere, Jimmy Breslin was a Journal-American sportswriter in the early 1960s and he authored the book Cant Anybody Here Play This Game
New York American
New York American
–
The front page of the June 26, 1906 issue of the New York American, prior to merger. The murder of
Stanford White is its headline.
25.
Cooper Union
–
Inspired in 1830 when Peter Cooper learned about the government-supported École Polytechnique in France, Cooper Union was established in 1859. The Cooper Union originally granted each admitted student a full-tuition scholarship, following its own financial crisis, the school decided to abandon this policy starting in the Fall of 2014, but each incoming student receives at least a half-tuition merit scholarship. The college is divided into three schools, the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture, the School of Art, and it offers undergraduate and masters degree programs exclusively in the fields of architecture, fine arts, and engineering. It is a member of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, until 2014 Cooper Union was one of the very few American institutions of higher learning to offer a full-tuition scholarship – valued at approximately $150,000 as of 2012 – to every admitted student. Cooper Union has historically been one of the most selective colleges in the United States, both the art and architecture schools have acceptance rates below 5%. Cooper Union received 2,536 applications for the 2014–2015 academic year, as a result of its record low acceptance ratio for the fall 2010 incoming class, Cooper Union was named by Newsweek as the #1 Most Desirable Small School and #7 Most Desirable School overall. The Cooper Union was founded in 1859 by American industrialist Peter Cooper, who was an inventor, successful entrepreneur. Cooper was a son who had less than a year of formal schooling, yet went on to become an industrialist. Cooper designed and built Americas first steam engine, and made a fortune with a glue factory. After achieving wealth, he turned his skills to successful ventures in real estate, insurance. Coopers dream was to give talented young people the one privilege he lacked and he also wished to make possible the development of talent that otherwise would have gone undiscovered. According to The New York Times in 1863, Those only are supposed to pay anything who are abundantly able, discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, or sex was expressly prohibited. Since the opening of this institute all who desire, and particularly those who work for their own support, can avail themselves, free of charge, of all the advantages the institution affords. The early institution also had a reading room open day and night, and a new four-year nighttime engineering college for men. A daytime engineering college was added in 1902 thanks to funds contributed by Andrew Carnegie Initial board members included Daniel F. Tiemann, Peter Coopers dream of providing an education equal to the best has since become reality. Since 1859, the Cooper Union has educated thousands of artists, architects, after 1864 there were a few attempts to merge Cooper Union and Columbia University, but these were never realized. The Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum, was founded in 1897 as part of Cooper Union by Sarah, Eleanor, Cooper Unions Foundation Building is an Italianate brownstone building designed by architect Fred A. Petersen, one of the founders of the American Institute of Architects. It was the first structure in New York City to feature rolled-iron I-beams for structural support, Petersen patented a fire-resistant hollow brick tile he used in the buildings construction
Cooper Union
–
The Cooper Union's Foundation Building, at
Cooper Square and
Astor Place
Cooper Union
–
The interior of the Great Hall c. 2005
Cooper Union
–
Photo of
Abraham Lincoln taken February 27, 1860 in
New York City by
Mathew Brady, the day of his famous
Cooper Union speech
Cooper Union
–
Renovated Great Hall entrance, with main hall partially visible through open doors
26.
Good Morning (magazine)
–
Good Morning was an American political humor magazine published launched in May 1919 by Ellis O. Jones, formerly an associate editor of Life magazine and veteran radical cartoonist Art Young. Both had worked together on the staff of the left wing monthly The Masses, funded in large part by donations, the magazine was financially troubled from the outset and over time it was forced to decrease in frequency from weekly to semi-monthly to monthly. Costs still continued to outstrip revenues, however, and the publication was terminated in October 1921, an effort by Young to revive the publication in 1922 as the Art Young Quarterly failed after just a single issue. The short-lived magazine Good Morning began early in 1919 through the joint efforts of 53-year-old cartoonist Art Young, as Young later recalled, I had considered it a privilege to draw for the Liberator. That was and still is a condition accepted by those who contribute to radical magazines which are not self-sustaining, yet ones individual economic responsibilities sometimes call for a more fruitful arrangement. It was Jones, formerly associated with Young on the staff of The Masses, Young organized a meeting in a Manhattan restaurant to organize the new publication. Those gathered decided to attempt to reignite the dispirited socialist movement through a magazine which would satirize the whole capitalistic works. A discussion was held at the meeting about a prospective name. Banter between Young and Jones generated the name Good Morning — a familiar phrase which intentionally played upon an advertising slogan in vogue at the time, there were no misgivings expressed about this name by those in attendance. As was the case with The Liberator, Young and Jones sought to capitalize their publication through donations from wealthy benefactors, for three months Young made the rounds of New York Citys progressive establishment, soliciting operating funds for a new journal. Young and Jones set a target for themselves of raising $10,000 prior to the launch — enough to keep the new publication afloat financially for a year. With The Liberator and other competing for funding from the same limited set of donors. Young and Jones decided to proceed with their new magazine despite having accumulated more than half of what they believed to be the necessary funds. The first issue appeared dated May 8,1919 in a run of 10,000 copies. Hopes for the financial stability rested upon a belief that labor unions would contribute funds for bulk subscriptions. About five months after the launch of Good Morning Ellis Jones became critical of the management of the business. This departure left Art Young is sole possession of the franchise as editor, a steady stream of expenses took their toll, including the cost of a stenographer, paper, printers, and general office costs. Inadequate attention was paid to the selling of advertisements, which imperiled the magazines cash-flow
Good Morning (magazine)
–
Cover of the debut issue of Good Morning magazine, featuring a drawing by publisher Art Young.
Good Morning (magazine)
–
"The Poor Fish," a recurring meme from Good Morning, reprised the "Henry Dubb" character of cartoonist
Ryan Walker as an unthinking apologist for the capitalist system.
27.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
Republican Party (United States)
–
Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
Republican Party (United States)
–
Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
Republican Party (United States)
–
Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
Republican Party (United States)
–
Richard Nixon,
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
28.
Left wing
–
Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy and social inequality. The term left wing can also refer to the radical, reforming, use of the term Left became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815 when it was applied to the Independents. The word wing was appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, throughout the 19th century in France, the main line dividing left and right was between supporters of the French Republic and those of the Monarchy. The June Days Uprising during the Second Republic was an attempt by the Left to assert itself after the 1848 Revolution, in the mid-19th century, nationalism, socialism, democracy, and anti-clericalism became features of the French Left. After Napoleon IIIs 1851 coup and the subsequent establishment of the Second Empire, Marxism began to rival radical republicanism, the influential Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published in 1848, asserted that all human history is the history of class struggle. They predicted that a revolution would eventually overthrow bourgeois capitalism and create a classless, stateless. It was in period that the word wing was appended to both Left and Right. Following a split between supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin, anarchists formed the International Workers Association, the Second International became divided over the issue of World War I. Those who opposed the war, such as Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, in the United States after Reconstruction, the phrase the Left was used to describe those who supported trade unions, the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement. More recently in the United States, left-wing and right-wing have often used as synonyms for Democratic and Republican. Since the Right was populist, both in the Western and the Eastern Bloc, anything viewed as art was called leftist in all Europe. The following positions are typically associated with left-wing politics, during the industrial revolution, leftists supported trade unions. At the beginning of the 20th century, many leftists advocated strong government intervention in the economy, leftists continue to criticize what they perceive as the exploitative nature of globalization, the race to the bottom, and unjust lay-offs. Other leftists believe in Marxian economics, which are based on the theories of Karl Marx. Marxian economics does not exclusively rely upon Marx, it draws from a range of Marxist and non-Marxist sources, the political relevance of farmers has divided the left. In Das Kapital, Marx scarcely mentioned the subject, Mao Zedong believed that it would be rural peasants, not urban workers, who would bring about the proletarian revolution. Both Karl Marx and the early socialist William Morris arguably had a concern for environmental matters, according to Marx, Even an entire society, a nation, or all simultaneously existing societies taken together. Are not owners of the earth and they are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations
Left wing
–
5 May 1789: Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles
Left wing
–
Labour union demonstrators at the 1912
Lawrence textile strike.
29.
John Sloan
–
John French Sloan was a twentieth-century painter and etcher and one of the founders of the Ashcan school of American art. He was also a member of the known as The Eight. He is best known for his genre scenes and ability to capture the essence of neighborhood life in New York City. Sloan grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he lived and worked until 1904 and he and his two sisters were encouraged to draw and paint from an early age. In the fall of 1884 he enrolled at the prestigious Central High School in Philadelphia, where his classmates included William Glackens and Albert C. In the spring of 1888, his father experienced a breakdown that left him unable to work. He dropped out of school in order to work full-time as an assistant cashier at Porter and Coates and his duties were light, allowing him many hours to read the books and examine the works in the stores print department. It was there that Sloan created his earliest surviving works, among which are copies after Dürer. He also began making etchings, which were sold in the store for a modest sum. In 1890, the offer of a higher salary persuaded Sloan to leave his position to work for A. Edward Newton, at Newtons, Sloan designed greeting cards and calendars and continued to work on his etchings. In that same year he attended a night drawing class at the Spring Garden Institute. He soon left Newtons business in quest of greater freedom as a commercial artist. In 1892, he working as an illustrator in the art department of The Philadelphia Inquirer. Later that same year, Sloan began taking evening classes at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts under the guidance of the realist Thomas Anshutz, among his fellow students was his old schoolmate William Glackens. In 1892, Sloan met Robert Henri, a painter and charismatic advocate of artistic independence who became his mentor. Henri encouraged Sloan in his work and eventually convinced him to turn to painting. They shared a common outlook and in the coming years promoted a new form of realism. In 1893, Sloan and Henri founded the short-lived Charcoal Club together, whose members would also include Glackens, George Luks, towards the end of 1895, Sloan decided to leave The Philadelphia Inquirer to work in the art department of The Philadelphia Press
John Sloan
–
Sloan in 1891
John Sloan
–
June 1914 cover of The Masses depicting the
Ludlow Massacre
John Sloan
–
John French Sloan, McSorley's Bar, 1912,
Detroit Institute of Arts
John Sloan
–
Self-portrait, 1890, oil on window shade, 14 x 11 7/8 inches,
Delaware Art Museum, Gift of Helen Farr Sloan, 1970. A young man teaching himself to oil paint from a book, Sloan painted on whatever was available—in this case a window shade—and from the only model available, himself.
30.
Racism
–
Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
Racism
–
A rally against
school integration in 1959.
Racism
–
1902 use of the word "racism".
Racism
–
Students protesting against
racial quotas in
Brazil. The sign reads: "Want vacancy? Pass the
entry exam!"
Racism
–
Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, Germany, 1933
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