1.
576i50
–
576i is a standard-definition video mode originally used for broadcast television in most countries of the world where the utility frequency for electric power distribution is 50 Hz. Because of its association with the colour encoding system, it is often referred to as simply PAL, PAL/SECAM or SECAM when compared to its 60 Hz NTSC-colour-encoded counterpart. The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines, and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution and its basic parameters common to both analogue and digital implementations are,576 scan lines or vertical pixels of picture content,25 frames per second. Digital information not to be displayed as part of the image can be transmitted in the lines, teletext and other services. Analogue television signals have no pixels, they are rastered in scan lines, in digital applications, the number of pixels per line is an arbitrary choice as long as it fulfils the sampling theorem. Values above about 500 pixels per line are enough for conventional broadcast television, DVB-T, DVD and DV allow better values such as 704 or 720. The video format can be transported by major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB and ISDB, and on DVD, when 576i video is transmitted via baseband, most of the differences between the one-letter systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate. Digital video uses its own separate space, so even the minor colour space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain. When 576i is used to transmit content that was composed of 25 full progressive frames per second. This is the opposite of NTSC, motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PALs standard of 25 frames per second and this also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital 24p. Depending on the system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cents. More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the pitch of the soundtrack. Conversion methods exist that can convert 24 frames per second video to 25 frames per second with no speed increase, however image quality suffers when conversions of this type are used. This method is most commonly employed through conversions done digitally, and is employed in situations where the importance of preserving the speed of the video outweighs the need for image quality. Many movie enthusiasts prefer PAL over NTSC despite the formers speed-up, because the results in telecine judder. States the majority of authorities on the subject favour PAL over NTSC for DVD playback quality, also DVD reviewers often make mention of this cause. For example, in his PAL vs. NTSC article, the founder of MichaelDVD says, Personally, I find all but intolerable and find it very hard to watch a movie on an NTSC DVD because of it
576i50
–
Spectrum of a System I (bands IV and V) television channel with PAL or SECAM colour
2.
720p50
–
720p is a progressive HDTV signal format with 720 horizontal lines and an aspect ratio of 16,9, normally known as widescreen HDTV. The number 720 stands for the 720 horizontal scan lines of display resolution. The p stands for progressive scan, i. e. non-interlaced, when broadcast at 60 frames per second, 720p features the highest temporal resolution possible under the ATSC and DVB standards. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9. 720i is a term found in numerous sources and publications. Typically, it is an error in which the author is referring to the 720p HDTV format. However, in cases it is incorrectly presented as an actual alternative format to 720p. No proposed or existing broadcast standard permits 720 interlaced lines in a frame at any frame rate. Progressive scanning reduces the need to prevent flicker by anti-aliasing single high contrast horizontal lines and it is also easier to perform high-quality 50↔60 Hz conversion and slow-motion clips with progressive video. A 720p60 video has advantage over 480i and 1080i60 in that it reduces the number of 3,2 artifacts introduced during transfer from 24 frame/s film. However, 576i and 1080i50, which are common in Europe, generally do not suffer from pull down artifacts as film frames are simply played at 25 frames and the audio pitch corrected by 25/24ths. As a result, 720p60 is used for U. S. broadcasts while European HD broadcasts often use 1080i50 24* frame, arte, a dual-language French-German channel produced in collaboration by ARD, ZDF and France Télévisions, broadcasts in German at 720p50 but in French at 1080i50. EBU Technical paper on HDTV formats
720p50
–
This chart shows the most
common display resolutions, 720p being one of the 16:9 formats shown in dark green.
3.
1080i50
–
1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
1080i50
–
An example frame of poorly deinterlaced video. Despite the fact that most TV transmissions are interlaced, plasma and LCD display technologies are progressively scanned. Consequently, flat-panel TVs convert an interlaced source to progressive scan for display, which can have an adverse impact on motion portrayal on inexpensive models.
4.
Strasbourg
–
Strasbourg is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany in the region of Alsace. In 2014, the city proper had 276,170 inhabitants, Strasbourgs metropolitan area had a population of 773,347 in 2013, making it the ninth largest metro area in France and home to 13% of the Grand Est regions inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014, Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is also the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, Strasbourgs historic city centre, the Grande Île, was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012. Economically, Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as a hub of road, rail, the port of Strasbourg is the second largest on the Rhine after Duisburg, Germany. Before the 5th century, the city was known as Argantorati, a Celtic Gaulish name Latinized first as Argentorate, after the 5h century, the city became known by a completely different name Gallicized as Strasbourg. That name is of Germanic origin and means Town of roads, Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which forms the eastern border of the modern city. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres from. The natural courses of the two eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city. This section of the Rhine valley is an axis of north-south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself. The city is some 400 kilometres east of Paris, in spite of its position far inland, Strasbourgs climate is classified as Oceanic, with warm, relatively sunny summers and cold, overcast winters. Precipitation is elevated from mid-spring to the end of summer, but remains largely constant throughout the year, on average, snow falls 30 days per year. The highest temperature recorded was 38.5 °C in August 2003. The lowest temperature recorded was −23.4 °C in December 1938. Nonetheless, the disappearance of heavy industry on both banks of the Rhine, as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city have reduced air pollution
Strasbourg
Strasbourg
Strasbourg
Strasbourg
5.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
6.
La Cinq
–
La Cinq was Frances first privately owned free terrestrial television network. Created by politician Jérôme Seydoux and Italian media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the contract for Frances fifth terrestrial network, which was supposed to have been in effect for an 18-year term, was granted to Seydoux and Berlusconi in November 1985. Programming began on 20 February 1986 at 8,30 pm, the first program on La Cinq was Voilà la Cinq, on 20 November 1985, the government granted an 18-year concession to France Cinq, allowing them to operate the fifth national television network. At a press conference on 22 November 1985, Jérome Seydoux and Silvio Berlusconi presented the focus and he also promised to feature well-liked TV or film stars. Determined to block this project,60 senators had the Constitutional Council declare The Eiffel Tower Amendment unconstitutional on 13 December 1985 and this forced the government to draft a new bill, which was accepted by Parliament on 21 December. The programs were repeated four to five hours and had up to three commercial breaks per show. The first hosts had formerly been presenters on TF1, Antenne 2, a continuity announcer presented the programs. Starting in February 1986, American TV series aired during daytime, La Cinqs children-oriented programming block, Youpi. Lécole est finie, began broadcasting on 2 March 1987, series were also aired in Italy as they had been licensed by Fininvest. The block helped popularise Japanese animation in France — it was prominent in 1989 to be a target of criticism by then-representative Ségolène Royal. Beginning in 1987, La Cinq ran into financial problems that would later be escalated by the privatisation of TF1 in the late 1980s. Robert Hersant took over the channel in February 1987 and would remain the president until September 1990. In 1989, the audience share peaked at 13. 0%. When Yves Sabouret and Hachette took over control of La Cinq in the fall of 1990, on 2 April 1991, the channels second and final logo was introduced. Instead of trying to reduce the budget deficit, Hachette commissioned an abundance of newer television series, including American import Twin Peaks. The continued commission and production of programmes by La Cinq increased the channels budget deficit significantly, by mid-1991. As a result, Berlusconi sold the rights of several of the programmes to AB Productions. On 17 December 1991, in a move, the channel laid off 576 employees
La Cinq
–
La Cinq
7.
La Sept
–
La Sept was a French television broadcaster and production company created on 23 February 1986 to develop cultural and educational programming for transmission via the TDF1 satellite. In 1985, Georges Fillioud, French Minister of Transport, charged Pierre Desgraupes with creating programs for one or more of the five channels of the high power satellite TDF1 launched in 1988 and it was chaired by historian George Duby. In March 1989, the name of La Sept changed. In April 1989, the Conseil supérieur de laudiovisuel granted permission to broadcast on one of TDF 1s channels, the station broadcast three hours and 30 minutes of programmes per day, each programme broadcast twice. On 30 May 1992, La Sept lost its role of broadcaster to Arte, on 27 September 1993 it changed its name to Sept-ARTE, and became ARTE France on 1 August 2000. Michael Nyman released an album, La Sept, containing music recorded for the network
La Sept
–
La Sept
8.
DVB-T
–
This system transmits compressed digital audio, digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream, using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing modulation. It is also the format widely used worldwide for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video, in the case of DVB-T, there are two choices for the number of carriers known as 2K-mode or 8K-mode. These are actually 1,705 or 6,817 sub-carriers that are approximately 4 kHz or 1 kHz apart, DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes. The DVB-T Standard is published as EN300744, Framing structure, channel coding, many countries that have adopted DVB-T have published standards for their implementation. These include the D-book in the UK, the Italian DGTVi, DVB-T has been further developed into newer standards such as DVB-H, which was a commercial failure and is no longer in operation, and DVB-T2, which was initially finalised in August 2011. DVB-T as a digital transmission delivers data in a series of blocks at the symbol rate. DVB-T is a COFDM transmission technique which includes the use of a Guard Interval and it allows the receiver to cope with strong multipath situations. Within a geographical area, DVB-T also allows single-frequency network operation, in such cases the signals from each transmitter in the SFN needs to be accurately time-aligned, which is done by sync information in the stream and timing at each transmitter referenced to GPS. The length of the Guard Interval can be chosen and it is a trade-off between data rate and SFN capability. The longer the interval the larger is the potential SFN area without creating intersymbol interference. It is possible to operate SFNs which do not fulfill the guard interval condition if the self-interference is properly planned and monitored, with reference to the figure, a short description of the signal processing blocks follows. Source coding and MPEG-2 multiplexing Compressed video, compressed audio, one or more MPEG-PSs are joined together into an MPEG transport stream, this is the basic digital stream which is being transmitted and received by TV sets or home Set Top Boxes. Allowed bitrates for the transported data depend on a number of coding and modulation parameters, splitter Two different MPEG-TSs can be transmitted at the same time, using a technique called Hierarchical Transmission. It may be used to transmit, for example a standard definition SDTV signal, generally, the SDTV signal is more robust than the HDTV one. At the receiver, depending on the quality of the received signal, MUX adaptation and energy dispersal The MPEG-TS is identified as a sequence of data packets, of fixed length. With a technique called energy dispersal, the sequence is decorrelated. External interleaver Convolutional interleaving is used to rearrange the transmitted data sequence, Internal encoder A second level of error correction is given by a punctured convolutional code, which is often denoted in STBs menus as FEC. There are five valid coding rates, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, Internal interleaver Data sequence is rearranged again, aiming to reduce the influence of burst errors
DVB-T
–
Spectrum of a DVB-T signal in 8k mode (note the flat-top characteristics)
9.
DVB-T2
–
DVB has been standardized by ETSI. This system transmits compressed digital audio, video, and other data in physical layer pipes, the higher offered bit rate, with respect to its predecessor DVB-T, makes it a system suited for carrying HDTV signals on the terrestrial TV channel. As of 2014, it was implemented in broadcasts in the United Kingdom, Italy, Finland, Germany, Sweden, Thailand Flanders, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Denmark, Romania, in March 2006 DVB decided to study options for an upgraded DVB-T standard. The novel system should provide a minimum 30% increase in payload, the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 agreed with the regulator Ofcom to convert one UK multiplex to DVB-T2 to increase capacity for HDTV via DTT. They expected the first TV region to use the new standard would be Granada in November 2009 and it was expected that over time there would be enough DVB-T2 receivers sold to switch all DTT transmissions to DVB-T2, and H.264. Ofcom published its decision on 3 April 2008, for HDTV using DVB-T2 and H.264. ITV and C4 had, as expected, applied to Ofcom for the 2 additional HD slots available from 2009 to 2012. Ofcom indicated that it found a channel covering 3.7 million households in London. Ofcom indicated that they would look for more unused UHF channels in other parts of the UK, the DVB-T2 draft standard was ratified by the DVB Steering Board on 26 June 2008, and published on the DVB homepage as DVB-T2 standard BlueBook. It was handed over to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute by DVB. ORG on 20 June 2008, the ETSI process resulted in the DVB-T2 standard being adopted on 9 September 2009. The ETSI process had several phases, but the changes were text clarifications. Since the DVB-T2 physical layer specification was complete, and there would be no further technical enhancements, a draft PSI/SI specification document was also agreed with the DVB-TM-GBS group. Prototype receivers were shown in September IBC2008 and more recent version at the IBC2009 in Amsterdam, as of 2012, Appear TV also produce DVB-T2 receivers, DVB-T2 modulators and DVB-T2 gateways. Other companies like ENKOM or IfN develop software based decoding, NORDIG published a DVB-T2 receiver specification and performance requirement on 1 July 2009. The DTGs test house, DTG Testing are testing Freeview HD products against this specification, many tests broadcast transmission using this standard are being in process in France, with local Gap filler near Rennes CCETT. DVB-T2 was tested in October 2010, in Geneva region, with Mont Salèves repeater, a mobile van was testing BER, strength, and quality reception, with special PCs used as spectrum analysers, constellation testers. The van was moving in Canton Geneva, and France, however, there were none demonstrated in TELECOM2011 at Palexpo. The following characteristics have been devised for the T2 standard, COFDM modulation with QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, OFDM modes are 1k, 2k, 4k, 8k, 16k, and 32k
DVB-T2
–
DVB-T2 test modulator developed by BBC Research & Innovation.
DVB-T2
–
Spectrum of a DVB-T2 Signal (8 MHz Channel)
10.
Orange SA
–
Orange S. A. formerly France Télécom S. A. is a French multinational telecommunications corporation. It has 256 million customers worldwide and employs 95,000 people in France, in 2015, the group had revenue of €40 billion. The companys head office is located in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, the current CEO is Stéphane Richard. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, Orange has been the companys main brand for mobile, landline, internet and IPTV services since 2006. It originated in 1994 when Hutchison Whampoa acquired a stake in Microtel Communications during the early 1990s. It became a subsidiary of Mannesmann in 1999 and was acquired by France Télécom in 2000, the company was rebranded as Orange in July 2013. In 1792, under the French Revolution, the first communication network was developed to enable the rapid transmission of information in a warring and that was the optical telegraphy network of Claude Chappe. In 1878, after the invention of the telegraph and then the invention of the telephone. Telephone Services were added to the ministry when they were nationalised in 1889, however, it was not until 1923 that the second T appeared and the department of P&T became PTT. In 1941, a General Direction of Telecommunications was created within this ministry, then, in 1944, the National Centre of Telecommunications Studies was created to develop the telecommunications industry in France. In the 1970s, France tried extra hard to make up its delay on other countries with the programme delta LP and it was at the time when the majority of the local loop was built, that is all the cables linking the users to the operator. Moreover, with the help of French manufacturers, digital switching, the Minitel, until 1988, France Télécom was known as the Direction Générale des Télécommunications, a division of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. This was in response to a European directive, aimed at making competition mandatory in public services from 1 January 1998, the 2 July 1990 Bill changed France Télécom into an operator of public law, with Marcel Roulet the first Chairman. Since then, the company has had a body corporate from the State. It was privatised by Lionel Jospins Plural Left government starting on 1 January 1998, the French government, both directly and through its holding company ERAP, continues to hold a stake of almost 27% in the company. In addition, the government Conseil of Ministers names the CEO, in 1982 Telecom introduced Minitel online ordering for its customers. In September 1995, Michel Bon was appointed to run France Télécom Group, in 1997, the capital of the new public company was successfully floated whereas the dot-com bubble phenomenon made the stock exchanges bullish. A second share offering occurred in 1998, Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd, and on 28 April 1994 the Orange brand was launched in the UK mobile phone market
Orange SA
–
Orange Marine operates
cable-laying ships
Orange SA
–
Orange S.A.
Orange SA
–
As a result of
deregulation, Orange operates phone booth in Wellington, New Zealand.
Orange SA
–
Orange's former head office in Paris at 6, Place d'Alleray.
11.
TV Vlaanderen Digitaal
–
TV Vlaanderen is a digital satellite television service provider for the Flanders region in Belgium, using the SES Astra satellites at Astra 19. 2°E and at Astra 23. 5°E. TV Vlaanderens customers are people living in Flanders. Like the Dutch satellite television provider CanalDigitaal, TV Vlaanderen is owned by M7 Group S. A, the Flemish public and commercial broadcasts are not freely available via satellite. To receive the Flemish broadcasts, a Smartcard is required to decipher the Mediaguard signal, a standard DVB-S2 receiver is used, which can also receive free-to-air broadcasts
TV Vlaanderen Digitaal
–
TV Vlaanderen
12.
SKY Italia
–
Sky Italia is an Italian digital satellite television platform owned by Sky plc. It is similar in ways to Sky in the United Kingdom and Sky Ireland in Ireland, which is partly owned by 21st Century Fox. Pay TV services on Sky Italia are encrypted in NDS VideoGuard, the VideoGuard set-top boxes that have been provided since July 2010 are identical to the Sky+ HD boxes used in the UK. Sky Italia was founded in July 2003 by the merger of TELE+, since July 2010 Sky Italia has been giving the Sky Digital Key and the My Sky HD box for free to every new customer. The My Sky boxes launched on 22 November 2005 - based on a new digital receiver with HDD recording capabilities, subsequently, the My Sky HD boxes were added. The My Sky HD service had provided with an extra charge until July 2010. The service is identical to the BSkyB Sky+ HD. On 28 June 2010, Sky Italia changed its brands and logos, Sky Italia offers eight packages of channels, five base-level Channel Packs and three optional Sky Packs enhancements. Sky Primafila has got some similarities to BSkyBs Sky Movies Box Office, the HD service has been offered without any extra charge since 2009. There are 37 HDTV channels so far broadcasting on Sky, due to become 50 by the end of 2011, on 1 October 2010, Sky activated its first 3D channel, Sky Sport 3D, available without any extra cost to the Sport pack subscribers. The very first event Sky Sport 3D aired was the 2010 Ryder Cup, on 25 December 2010, Sky launched another 3D channel, Sky Cinema 3D, airing 3D movies, available for free for Cinema pack subscribers. These channel have been replaced by Sky 3D on 6 September 2011, on many channels, foreign-sourced content is broadcast either with an option to choose between Italian and English language soundtracks, or with Italian subtitles. Sky Italia uses the Hot Bird 6/8/9 satellites at 13. 0°E, Tom Mockridge, the then head of Sky Italia replaced Rebekah Brooks as chief executive of News International after she had resigned on 15 July 2011. Andrea Zappia replaced Tom Mockridge as CEO on 1 August 2011, on 7 October 2011 Sky Italia announced it reached the 5 million subscribers benchmark. The enlarged company would be likely to be called Sky Europe, the sale was announced on 25 July 2014 which was subject to regulatory and shareholder approval. The acquisition was completed on 13 November, March, the European Commission approves the merger between TELE+ and Stream TV. 31 July, Sky Italia is founded, April, Sky Italia abandons SECA encryption system to switch to the NDS, managed by the News Corporation. November, Skys subscribers reach 3 million, may, Sky Italia are awarded the broadcast rights to the 2006 FIFA World Cup
SKY Italia
–
Sky Box HD
Pace
SKY Italia
13.
SES Astra
–
SES Astra SA was a corporate subsidiary of SES, based in Betzdorf, in eastern Luxembourg, that maintained and operated the Astra series of geostationary communication satellites between 2001 and 2011. Formed in 1985 as Société Européenne des Satellites, it was Europes first private satellite operator, in November 2001, upon the purchase of GE Americom from General Electric, SES Global was formed as the parent company to SES Americom and SES Astra. SES Astra was formed at time as a subsidiary company to contain all of SESs existing European based satellite operations. In September 2011, SES Astra and sister subsidiary SES World Skies were merged back into SES S. A. to streamline operations under a management system. Subsidiaries of SES Astra, such as HD Plus and ASTRA Broadband Services became direct subsidiaries of SES. At the end of 2011, Astra satellite broadcasts were received in over 135 million households in Europe, another 67.8 million households received Astra services via a cable headend, and 9.8 million households received Astra services via an IPTV network. The satellite constellation was broadcasting 200 high definition TV channels, sixteen million households watched high definition TV channels via Astra satellites. SES Astra was involved in the introduction of digital TV, HDTV, Europes first commercial 3D TV channel, Sky 3D launched from the Astra 28. 2°E position on 1 October 2010. ASTRA2Connect Astra Digital Radio ASTRA Platform Services HD+ High Above List of broadcast satellites SES S. A
SES Astra
–
Parabolic antennas of ASTRA in
Unterföhring
SES Astra
–
SES Astra
14.
Hot Bird
–
Hot Bird is a group of satellites operated by Eutelsat, located at 13°E over the Equator and with a transmitting footprint over Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Only digital radio and television channels are transmitted by the Hot Bird constellation, in addition there are a few interactive and IP services. The satellites currently operate at 13° East and are numbered 13B, 13C, Hot Bird 1 was launched by Ariane 44LP on 28 March 1995. The 13° East slot predates the launch, with Eutelsat 1F1 having been located there as early as 1983, Hot Bird 3 was launched by Ariane 44LP on 2 September 1997 and intended to be moved to 10°E to become Eurobird 10. During the drift from 13°E to 10°E, the satellite suffered loss of power from one solar array and it was nevertheless successfully moved to 10°E, but could only operate at a reduced capacity. Since then, it is operating at 4°E under the name Eurobird 4, at last it was moved to 75°E and renamed to ABS_1B. It has reached end-of-life. 5°E and renamed Eurobird 2, six transponders are leased to Arabsat under the name Badr 2, after having been called Arabsat 2D. Hot Bird 6 was launched by Atlas V401 on 21 July 2002, starting on 12 June 2009, the day of Iranian elections, deliberate interference affecting this satellite was traced to Iran. Hot Bird 6 is the carrier for BBC Persian Television. As of 2013, it is replaced with Hot Bird 10 Hot Bird 7 was lost in December 2002 during the Ariane 5 ECA launch and its replacement, Hot Bird 7A was successfully launched on 11 March 2006. Hot Bird 8 was launched by Proton on 5 August 2006, with a launch mass of 4.9 tonnes, Hot Bird 8 is the largest and the most powerful broadcast satellite serving Europe. Hot Bird 9 was launched by Ariane 5 ECA in December 2008 and its entry into service enabled the Hot Bird 7A satellite to be redeployed to 9° East and rebranded Eurobird 9A, increasing capacity to 38 Ku band transponders at this orbital position. Hot Bird 10 was launched by Ariane 5 ECA in February 2009 with NSS-9, Spirale A, the Eutelat 33E satellite is located at 33° East, Eutelsat’s premium video neighbourhood for cable and satellite broadcasting in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Bis TV Cyfrowy Polsat Eurosport Globecast NC+ NOVA Greece NOVA Cyprus Press TV Sky Italia Tivù Sat Viacom Up to 1000 television, official Eutelsat Satellites Eutelsat Hot Bird UnOfficial Hot Bird Frequency List Hot Bird 3D Channels
Hot Bird
–
Hot Bird Official Logo
15.
Kabel Deutschland
–
Kabel Deutschland is the largest cable television operator in Germany. Kabel Deutschland was subject to a takeover bid by the British Vodafone Group in September 2013. Kabel Deutschland GmbH, operates in 13 of the 16 States of Germany except Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, in 2006, of the 15.4 million households passed by their cable the company served 9. The cable network was established from the mid-1980s on by the German federal post office, Kabel Deutschland was split into nine regional companies, of which three were sold to other investors until 2002. The remaining six were sold in 2003 to the US investment firms Providence Equity Partners, Apax Partners, from February 2006 to September 2010, Kabel Deutschland was majority-owned by Providence Equity Partners. On 24 June 2013, Vodafone announced a bid for Kabel Deutschland valued at €7.7 billion. The board recommended the bid above that of rival Liberty Global, on 23 September the deal was approved by the European Commission, and shortly after Vodafone completed its acquisition of 76. 57% of shares in the company. With a basic plan, Kabel Deutschland offers about 30 free-to-air analogue TV, all analogue TV channels are available in the digital DVB-C encoding format, Plus an additional 70 television channels are not available in analogue. On top of that, about 100 digital Pay TV channels can be ordered as a subscription-based service and this includes Germanys Pay TV broadcasters Sky Deutschland as well as Kabel Deutschlands own offerings. Kabel Deutschland broadcasts from Astras 3A satellite at 23. 5° east, furthermore, Kabel Deutschland offers Internet and telephone services. For historic reasons, Kabel Deutschland cannot offer its products directly to all who are connected via Kabel Deutschlands network, in the early 1980s, when the cable network was established, Kabel Deutschlands predecessor, Deutsche Bundespost had to leave in-house cables to other companies or the house owners. This turned out to be a significant obstacle since Kabel Deutschland now has to make contracts with hundreds of small cable operators
Kabel Deutschland
–
Kabel Deutschland Ltd.
16.
Unitymedia
–
Liberty Global plc is an American international telecommunications and television company. It was formed in 2005 by the merger of the arm of Liberty Media. Liberty Global is the largest broadband service provider outside the US. Liberty Global had a revenue of $18.3 billion in 2015. Its cable services pass 55.8 million homes, with 28.6 million customers or 59 million RGUs, in 2016, Liberty Global was ranked 88th on the Forbes Worlds Most Innovative Companies list. Liberty Global Inc. was founded in 2005 when Liberty Media International, Inc. and UnitedGlobalCom, LMI and UGC became subsidiaries of Liberty Global. The new entity had operations in 18 countries and networks over approximately 23 million homes, Liberty acquired German company Unitymedia in November 2009 for $5.2 billion. Unitymedia was Libertys first German acquisition and the largest private-equity exit in Europe in 2009, in 2010, Liberty sold its stake in Jupiter Telecommunications, a Japanese telecommunications-services provider as Liberty shifted its resources back toward Europe. In January 2013, Liberty Global raised its stake in Belgium-based Telenet from 50. 2% to 58%, in June 2013, Liberty Global acquired British cable group Virgin Media for $24 billion in cash and stock. The agreement expanded Liberty into Europes largest cable market, the acquisition was ranked as one of the 10 largest cable deals of all time. Liberty agreed on October 28 to sell Chellomedia for $1.035 billion except for its Benelux unit to AMC Networks and it was reported that this acquisition would make Liberty Global the largest broadband company in the world. Liberty Global announced it would be acquiring Dutch cable company Ziggo for €10 billion in January 2014, the acquisition was completed in November 2014, when the services of UPC Nederland began to be merged into the new business. Liberty Global and Discovery Communications became joint owners of All3Media in May 2014 in a £500 million joint deal, in July 2014, Liberty Global acquired a 6. 4% stake in ITV plc, valued at £481 million. Libertys stake in the company increased to 9. 9% in July 2015, in November 2015, Liberty Global announced its acquisition of Cable & Wireless Communications. The $5.3 billion deal would expand Liberty Global into the Caribbean, the acquisition was completed in May 2016. In 2015, Liberty established the stock Liberty Latin American & Caribbean focusing on Panama, Liberty Global paid approximately $195 million for a 3. 4% stake in Lions Gate Entertainment Group in November 2015. Liberty CEO Mike Fries joined the Lions Gate board of directors as part of the acquisition, Liberty invested £7. 5million in global broadband cable network Technetix in July 2016. In November 2016, Liberty Globals Virgin Media subsidiary released its Netflix, in June 2015, Vodafone confirmed talks with Liberty Global focused on potential partnerships, but denied that a full merger was in the works
Unitymedia
–
Liberty Global plc
17.
Ziggo
–
Ziggo is the largest cable operator in the Netherlands, providing cable television, broadband Internet, and telephone service to both residential and commercial customers. The company is the result of the merger between Multikabel, @Home Network, and Casema and launched officially on 16 May 2008, later followed by a merger with UPC Nederland in the first quarter of 2015, at that time the second largest cable company in the Netherlands. It kept the brand name Ziggo and its main competitors are KPN and CanalDigitaal. Most of the capital was up to 2012 held by holding companies of two private equity firms, Cinven and Warburg Pincus. On 21 March 2012, Ziggo was listed on the NYSE Euronext stock exchange, additionally, there are options traded on the Ziggo share. Cinven and Warburg Pincus started to reduce their stake in Ziggo, in March 2013 Liberty Global acquired a 12. 65% stake in Ziggo. This increased to 15% in April and 28. 5% in July, on 27 January 2014 Liberty Global announced that it would be acquiring all remaining shares in Ziggo for €10 billion. The takeover was subject to approval and was expected to close by the second quarter of 2014. In May 2014 the European Commission announced opening an investigation to assess whether the proposed acquisition of Ziggo by Liberty Global is in line with the EU Merger Regulation. The opening of an in-depth inquiry does not prejudge the outcome of the investigation, in November 2014 Liberty Global took over Ziggo. In December 2014 the shares of Ziggo N. V. were delisted from Euronext Amsterdam as Ziggo was converted into the Dutch private limited company Ziggo Holding B. V, on 5 January 2015 Ziggo started to harmonize its cable network with the UPC Nederland cable network. The name UPC was finally phased out in favor of Ziggo on 13 April 2015, on 15 February 2016, British telecommunications company Vodafone announced the merger of their Dutch operations Vodafone Netherlands with Liberty Global, the owner of Ziggo. The deal was closed on 31 December, creating a new parent company for both Ziggo and Vodafone, called VodafoneZiggo, with a 50/50 joint ownership by Liberty Global, in 2014 the Ziggo cable network passed 6.983 million homes in the Netherlands. Ziggo offers analog and digital television to 4.089 million subscribers of which 3.321 million watch digital. In recent years the number of analogue channels has been reduced to make bandwidth available for digital HD channels. At the moment Ziggo uses both the Nagravision and Irdeto conditional access system, nevertheless, about 40 TV channels and also 40 radio channels are transmitted in clear. Basic service is called Kabel TV and includes both analogue and digital channels, consists of about 40 digital and 25 analogue television channels and it consists of all the major Dutch networks and some of the main networks of neighbouring countries. Additional TV and radio channels are available through TV Standard, Movies & Series XL, every additional package comes with Stingray Music which offers 35 additional radio channels, as well as interactive video on demand services
Ziggo
–
Regional office of Ziggo at the Spaarneplein 2,
The Hague
Ziggo
–
Ziggo Holding B.V.
Ziggo
–
Ziggo Dome indoor arena in
Amsterdam
18.
Cablecom
–
UPC Switzerland LLC, trading exclusively under the brand name UPC, is the largest broadband cable operator in Switzerland. Founded 1994 through multiple mergers between companies, it is part of Liberty Global Europes UPC Broadband division since the end of 2005. In the 1930s the first cable network operators started to broadcast a variety of channels to households via cable. One of these cable network operators was Rediffusion S. A. established in 1931, at the end of the 1950s Rediffusion began to broadcast the first black/white television channels from the Üetliberg antenna tower in Zürich. In 1994 Rediffusion and other independent cable network companies merged to form Cablecom, owned by Siemens, VEBA, Cablecom acquired the successful Internet service provider SwissOnline in 1998. Over the following years the network operator grew by acquiring various cable network companies including, for instance Balcab. These takeovers allowed cablecom to extend its network throughout Switzerland, in 2000 the previous owners of Cablecom sold out to the British-American NTL for a price of 5.8 billion Swiss francs. In the years followed, operative business was sustainably improved. In the wake of financial difficulties NTL sold Cablecom to a group of banks, the owners planned to go public with Cablecom in the middle of October 2005. After Liberty Global Europe, an owned subsidiary of Liberty Global acquired Cablecom for 2.8 billion on 30 September 2005. In the years that followed Cablecom invested in its network development, in 2007 the company launched high definition television. Two years later introduced its first combination deals. In 2010 Cablecom launched the DigiCard enabling customers to enjoy digital TV without having to connect a device to their Television set. Cablecom began offering Video on Demand with HD and 3D content in early 2011, Cablecom was relaunched as upc cablecom in April 2011 with the slogan “More Power, More Joy”. With the upc cablecom brand the company wishes to be perceived on the market as a subsidiary of Liberty Global while retaining its legacy as part of Swiss telecommunications history, in the course of rebranding the red wrench was replaced by a new logo. In June upc cablecom signed an agreement with Orange to keep an option open of offering customers mobile telephony products in the future, at the beginning of 2013 the entertainment platform Horizon was launched onto the Swiss market. Therefore, the television and radio channels differ between the three grids. UPC TV Mini consists of approximately 55 television channels, including 21 high-definition simulcast channels, the channels differ between the three regional grids, with a focus on carrying channels in the regions main language
Cablecom
–
UPC Cablecom Holdings GmbH
19.
HOT (Israel)
–
Hot Telecommunication Systems Ltd. is a company that provides cable television, last-mile Internet access, broadband and telecommunication services in Israel. It also provides various data services and network services at different rates, services to the business sector. In November 2004, Hot Telecom commenced providing domestic fixed line services to residential. The company’s shares are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and is a constitute of the TA-100 Index, in March 2013, the company employed 3,958 workers. The three original companies had not competed with each other since each had been regulated with specific cities, Hot offers about 200 local and foreign-language channels in its digital television services. Hot also offers several exclusive channels under the Hot brand name, many HOT subscribers must now have a digital converter box installed if they wish to view broadcasts. Not long after it was created, Hot began offering local service using VoIP, a voice-over-internet technology. Hot is not an Internet service provider and is permitted to offer last mile access. As of 2006, Hot has about 950,000 clients - 60% of these are using the television services, over 400,000 are using the internet services. As of late 2005, Hot offers a wide VOD service, offering contents from almost all channels, Hot also has a start over service in a few of Hot owned channels, as of 2008. In December 2010, Hot received a license to operate an Internet service provider in the form of a child company, Hot has been criticized for refusing to provide service to certain areas of Israel, despite being bound by contract to do so. Regions especially lacking are those that are predominantly Haredi and Arab-Israeli, patients in area hospitals who wish to make use of internet services provided via Hot are charged 20 shekels a day. Hot has been accused of using extortionist tactics in its service, including refusal to log customer requests to cancel service. HOT3 - The main channel of Hot, which airs US shows, yes - the competing satellite television provider. Official website Hot TV Guide Cable Internet – support site Hot Customer Service Hot Customer Service stories List of Hot channels
HOT (Israel)
–
Golden Channels logo from the 1990s
HOT (Israel)
–
Manhole cover of the company, Israel
20.
IPTV
–
Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region
IPTV
–
Bandwidth capacity for simultaneously two HDTV streams, two SD streams, additional to HSD and voice
IPTV
–
A simplified network diagram for IPTV
21.
Telecom Italia
–
Telecom Italia is an Italian telecommunications company headquartered in Rome, which provides telephony services, mobile services, and DSL data services. The companys stock is traded in the Borsa Italiana, in 1925, the phone network was reorganised by Benito Mussolini cabinet and Stipel company was established in the same year. The original core of Telecom Italia includes also 4 more different companies, TIMO, Teti, TELVE, each of them worked in a specific geographical area. It was in 1964 that these companies merged in one single group and it was run by the Italian Ministry of Finance. SIP was a monopoly from 1964 to 1996 and Italian people had to pay the Canone Telecom in order to have a phone at home. Telecom Italia was officially created on 27 July 1994 by the merger of several telecommunication companies among which SIP, Iritel, Italcable, Telespazio and this was due to a plan of reorganization of the telecommunication sector presented by IRI to the Minister of Finance. In 1995, the mobile telephony division was spun off as TIM, interbusiness, Italy’s largest Internet network, was created and in the same period with TIN and the first ISPs, Internet became a reality in Italy too. By 2001, the company was in debt and was bought by Marco Tronchetti Provera, Telecom Italia Media, the Groups multimedia company was formed in 2003 from Seat Pagine Gialle, focussing its business on the television sector with La7 and MTV channels. After the reorganization of editorial activities, in 2005 Telecom Italia acquired Tin. it, the Telecom Italia Group also operates in South America, in Brazil as TIM Brasil, and in Argentina and Paraguay with Telecom Argentina Group. TIM Brasil has its headquarters in Rio de Janeiro. Telecom Italia had bigger debts in 2005, and, one year later, in 2007 the company was bought by Telco. Telefónica currently owns 46% of Telco, the company that controls 22% of Telecom Italia. In late 2013, Telefónica announced its intention to acquire the entirety of Telco by January 2014, in 2015, Telecom Italia Group started a rebranding process of the telephony and mobile businesses under the single TIM brand. In the same year, the Board of Directors approved the new division, the Infrastrutture Wireless Italiane, or INWIT. It was revealed in October 2015 that shareholders Vivendi would raise their stakes further in the company from its current level of 15. 49%, Telecom Italia Mobile illegally charged money for Internet providing renew subscriptions for 5 years to its customers during the free subscription renewals. On 8 August 2012, TIM Brasil became involved in a scandal in Brazilian news after the release of report by the Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency Anatel. The report points that on TIMs prepaid voice plan, called Infinity, in just one day,8.1 million calls were dropped and the total profit was approximately $2 million. It also operates in international services, for other operators and corporations
Telecom Italia
Telecom Italia
–
Geographical division of the 5 companies in 1925
Telecom Italia
–
Telecom Italia in the world: Italy, Brazil and Argentina are the strategic markets where the Telecom Italia Group operates (dark blue).
Telecom Italia
–
Registered office of Telecom Italia in via Gaetano Negri, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy
22.
Darty
–
Darty plc was a multinational electrical retailing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange, until it was purchased by the French retailer Fnac in July 2016, in 1957, the Darty family — the father and his three sons, Nathan, Marcel and Bernard — managed a small store of textiles. The Darty brothers started to stock, and, to attract customers. In a few days, the stock was sold, in 1967, the Darty brothers transferred to a larger warehouse. In 1988, the company proceeded with the repurchase of the company by its employees through a management buyout thus showing economic, the operation was a success, since 90% of employees took part and controlled 56% of the capital. At the end of 1988, Darty opened its hundredth store, in 1993, Darty was bought by Kingfisher plc, which integrated Darty and Comet in a European entity based in Paris, Kingfisher Electricals S. A. In 1999, this led to Darty opening up an internet site. In 2006, Darty launched DartyBox, which is an ADSL internet, television, the company was demerged from Kingfisher plc in July 2003. In July 2007, the company bought Menaje Del Hogar, a retail chain based in Spain. On 6 July 2009, the company sold its Swiss operation, on 31 July 2012, Kesa Electricals was renamed Darty plc. In March 2014, Darty launched its own marketplace that lists products and services from Darty, in November 2015, Darty plc reached an agreement to merge with the French retailer Fnac. In March 2016, Darty announced it had agreed to be purchased by Steinhoff International for £673 million. Fnac returned with an offer, resulting in a bidding war between Fnac and Conforama during April 2016. The Fnac offer was declared unconditional on 19 July 2016, thereby allowing the takeover to be completed and it had sourcing offices based in Paris and Hong Kong, as well as a wholly owned wholesaler of electrical accessories, Dacem, which supplied all of Dartys European operations
Darty
–
Darty
23.
Free (ISP)
–
Free is a French telecommunications company, subsidiary of Iliad that provides voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications to consumers in France. Its head office is in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, Free provides ISP services in France and in the 30 OECD countries. Developing its own 3G and 4G networks, Free Mobile was launched in 2012, Free was the third ISP in France to offer Internet access without a subscription or a surcharged phone number, on 26 April 1999. Unlike its predecessors in the niche of access without subscription, Frees offer was not restricted in time or number of subscribers, in 2002, Free was the first ISP to provide a V.92 connection. Since September 2002, Free contributed significantly to French ADSL boom, the offer was able to launch as soon as the incumbent was forced to stop abuse of dominant position and to apply fair wholesale prices. Unbundling, in France, refers to the obligation for the incumbent carrier France Telecom to lease the Local loop, because it is a natural monopoly. Free has to pay a fee of €9 per month. Although more expensive than the real cost of €7.63, since January 2003, a Freenaut has maintained an unofficial website showing figures and graphics about Free unbundled network deployment. Another Freenaut website has provided network status monitoring maps Unbundling status and these initiatives are made possible thanks to the transparency of Frees network, their equipment replies to ping and has a meaningful reverse DNS. On 11 November 2006, Free announced the deployment of a new fiber to the network for its subscribers. The initial plans goal is to cover Paris as well as towns in the Paris suburbs. By December 2007, the work was 30% finished, and the work was progressing at a furious pace. On 31 August 2007, Free updated the offer more details. Download bandwidth shall be 100 Mbit/s and TV services shall be available for two televisions, at the price of €29. 99/month. Free has developed its own fiber network technology, called Iliad P2P, based on Ethernet in the First Mile, high curvature optic fibers are manufactured by the Dutch company Draka. The deployment is still essentially in the phase, and large-scale deployment to customers is foreseen. On 26 June 2008, Maxime Lombardini and the mayor inaugurated Frees FTTH network in a district of Montpellier. On March 2008, Iliad made the commitment to cover Paris at 75% by the half of 2009
Free (ISP)
–
Free head office in Paris.
24.
KPN
–
KPN is a Dutch landline and mobile telecommunications company. KPN started as a public company and is based in The Hague. KPN took on its present form on 1 January 1989 when the PTT was privatised, before the spin-off of TPG, the company also controlled the national Dutch postal services. The Dutch government progressively privatized KPN beginning in 1994, reducing its stake to 6. 4% in 2005, in 2001 KPN tried to merge with the Belgian telco Belgacom. It did not succeed because of the objections of the Belgian government, in 2001, Spanish Telefonica expressed an interest in buying KPN. The Japanese mobile telephone company NTT DoCoMo holds a 2% stake in KPN Mobile NV, from 2002 until 2007 KPN Mobile provided i-mode services on its mobile phone networks. I-mode as introduced by KPNs E-Plus in Germany in March 2002, KPN partly owned KPNQwest, a telecommunications company equally owned by KPN and the American Qwest Communications International. The company was set to bring together the state-of-the-art fibre-optic networks of the two partners and the Internet services expertise and customer base of EUnet International, the company collapsed in a bankruptcy in 2002. KPN also has operational synergies through joint ventures with TDC and Swisscom, in 2007 KPN acquired Getronics N. V. a worldwide ICT services company with more than 22,000 employees, and almost doubled its former size. KPN is still divesting parts of Getronics that didnt meet their core interests, recently they sold a Dutch department of Getronics named Business Application Services to CapGemini for about €250,000,000. In August 2013, América Móvil offered to take over the remaining 70% stake of the Dutch telecommunications company for 7.2 billion Euros, América Móvil currently owns close to 30% of KPN. The Dutch Government has issued a warning on this proposed takeover of KPN by Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim, as part of his ambition to expand his telecom empire. Current main share holders are, Stichting Preferente Aandelen B KPN50. 07% America Movil 14. 86% Norges Bank 3. 09% BlackRock 2. 69% Ontario Teachers Pension Plan 2. 19% JP Morgan Chase & Co 1. The foundation exercised an option to gain roughly 50% of the KPN shares in order to protect KPN against a hostile takeover. This stock has been withdrawn on a special meeting held on the 10th of January 2014. In the Netherlands, KPN has 6.3 million fixed-line telephone customers and its mobile division, KPN Mobile, has more than 33 million subscribers in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, and Spain under different brand names. KPN operates a mobile network for 2G and 3G technologies. 4G has recently rolled out and, as of March 2014
KPN
–
KPN Head Office in
The Hague
25.
Du (telco)
–
Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company, commercially rebranded as du in February 2007, is one of the two telecom operators in the United Arab Emirates. Du offers fixed line, mobile telephony, internet and digital services across the United Arab Emirates. Du’s official name is Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company and it was commercially branded as du in February 2007. The company had 4.5 million subscribers as of the end of March 2011, revenue of $1. 08bn was 157% up on the previous year. Before the launch of services in 2006, shareholders offered 20% of their shares in an IPO, Emirates Bank and Emirates Financial services managed the share sale. EITC is 39. 50% owned by Emirates Investment Authority,20. 08% by Mubadala Development Company and it is listed on the Dubai Financial Market and trades under the name du. In 2012 du achieved like for like revenues of AED10.16 billion, mobile data revenue increased by 74% on 2011 taking overall data revenues to AED1.76 billion for 2012, an increase from 2011 data revenues at AED1.01 billion. The company’s EBITDA growth for the 2012 was AED3.99 billion,37. 10%, net profit before royalty grew by 55. 81% to reach AED2.82 billion in 2012. The Federal Government confirmed the royalty charge for 2012 at 5% of revenue and 17. 5% of profit, the company also provide carrier services for businesses and satellite up/downlink services for TV broadcasters. Subscribers to du mobile services can be identified by the dialing prefix 055 and 052, on February 11,2007, du launched its own mobile service with call tariffs almost identical to those of Etisalat, thus eliminating any possibility of price competition between the two providers. Products and services promoted by du include du Live, pay As You Go prepaid plan with its WoW recharge card, Emirati Plan, du TV+, the TV/Internet dual-play package Talk and Surf and the TV/Internet/Landline triple-play package Talk, Surf and Watch. Du also has an online service portal SelfCare for bill payment, for businesses, services include Closed Business User Group free calling, and preferred International Destinations. Du Broadcast Services division brings scalable media technology platforms and telecommunication solutions to the broadcast community through its teleport, in Feb 2015, du started offering VoLTE through its 4G LTE network. The total number of du stores in the UAE is 56 in May 2013, in addition, du offers its products and services at more than 3000 authorised dealers in the UAE and through its online shop, accessible at http, //shop. du. ae. Du currently has an overall employee Emiratisation level of 31%, with 41% of hired UAE Nationals in executive positions, the telecom company has an established Emiratisation scheme, Masar, and regularly participates in career fairs across the UAE to capture the attention of young Emiratis. In 2012, du doubled the number of Emirati staff in their fully Emirati-managed and operated Fujairah-based UAE National Call Centre up to 120 employees, also in 2012,146 Emiratis have successfully graduated from their 18-month Masar Graduate Trainee programme. Du has been involved in corporate governance initiatives in the UAE, Middle East. Included among these is the sponsorship of the Abu Dhabi Corporate Governance Conference, Du has been ranked first in the S&P/Hawkamah Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Index 2011
Du (telco)
–
The crowd at Bocelli's concert at du Arena in Abu Dhabi, UAE sponsored by du's entertainment platform du Live!
Du (telco)
–
The du logo in use since 2006
Du (telco)
26.
A1 Telekom Austria
–
A1 Telekom Austria is a major Austrian fixed and mobile network operator. It has been operating commercially since 1994 and in testing since 1992 and it launched under the name Mobilkom Austria. After the merger with Telekom Austria in July 2010 it operates under the new name of A1 Telekom Austria, A1 Telekom Austria is a 100% subsidiary of Telekom Austria. A1 Telekom Austria offers convergent communication solutions, the product portfolio includes Fixed line and mobile telephony, internet, IT services, IPTV, wholesale services as well as mobile payment solutions. It offers products under the brands A1, Bob and Yesss. as well as Red Bull MOBILE, the company launched GPRS in 2000. Three years later A1 introduced UMTS which was upgraded first to HSDPA in 2007, followed by LTE in September 2010 and DC-HSPA+ in December 2010. In October 2013 A1 Telekom Austria AG acquired 2 x 70 MHz in mobile frequencies in the Austrian multiband auction, the total expenses amounted to EUR1.03 billion. As a consequence of the acquisition of Orange Austria by Hutchison, in 2013 the Austrian segment saw a 10. 3% increase in mobile customers to around 5.7 million as a result of the acquisition of Yesss. In line with this A1 Telekom Austria AGs market share increased by 4.7 percentage points to 42. 6%, Fixed access lines increased to 2.3 million in 2013. A1 TV posted an increase of 7. 7% to 235,700 customers
A1 Telekom Austria
–
A1 Telekom Austria AG
27.
Streaming media
–
Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves
Streaming media
–
A live stream from a camera pointed at a fish tank, Schou FishCam
Streaming media
–
A typical
webcast, streaming in an embedded media player
28.
Franco-German
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Especially in the context of the European Union, the cooperation between the countries reaches immense coordination and collaboration. In recent times, France and Germany are among the most enthusiastic proponents of the integration of the EU. They are sometimes described as the engine or core countries pushing for moves. The death of Charlemagnes son Louis the Pious and the partition of the Frankish Empire in the 843 Treaty of Verdun marked the end of a single state. After the 880 Treaty of Ribemont, the border between western and eastern kingdom remained almost unchanged for some 600 years, Germany went on with a centuries-long attachment with Italy, while France grew into deeper relations with England. The later Emperor Charles V, a member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, inherited the Low Countries, when he also inherited Spain in 1516, France was surrounded by Habsburg territories and felt under pressure. The resulting tension between the two caused a number of conflicts such as the War of the Spanish Succession, until the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 made them allies against Prussia. The Thirty Years War, devastating large parts of the Holy Roman Empire, although the war was mostly a conflict between Protestants and Catholics, Catholic France sided with the Protestants against the Austrian-led Catholic Imperial forces. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 gave France part of Alsace, the 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen consolidated this result by bringing several towns under French control. In 1681, Louis XIV marched into the city of Strasbourg on September 30, meanwhile, the expanding Muslim Ottoman Empire became a serious threat to Austria. The Vatican initiated a so-called Holy League against the enemy of Christian Europe. While Austria was occupied with the Great Turkish War, France initiated the War of the Grand Alliance, the attempt to conquer large parts of southern Germany ultimately failed when German troops were withdrawn from the Ottoman border and moved to the region. Although a German national state was on the horizon, the loyalties of the German population were primarily with smaller states. The French war against Prussia was justified through its role as guarantor of the Peace of Westphalia, Frederick the Great led the defense of Prussia for 7 years, and though heavily outnumbered, defeated his French and Austrian invaders. Prussia and France clashed multiple times, and many more times than the other countries and this started years of hatred between the two countries. Frederick the Great was soon respected by all of his enemies, German nationalism emerged as a strong force after 1807 as Napoleon conquered much of Germany and brought in the new ideals of the French Revolution. Napoleon put an end to the millennium-old Holy Roman Empire in 1806, forming his own Confederation of the Rhine, and reshaped the political map of the German states, which were still divided. The wars, often fought in Germany and with Germans on both sides as in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, also marked the beginning of what was explicitly called French–German hereditary enmity
Franco-German
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50th anniversary of reconciliation, 8 July 2012: Dr.
Angela Merkel (left), Federal Chancellor of Germany, with
François Hollande (right), President of the French Republic.
Franco-German
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Franco-German relations
Franco-German
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The Carolingian Empire, as divided in 843
Franco-German
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Proclamation of the
German Empire at
Versailles Palace, 18 January 1871, by
Anton von Werner.
