1.
Foss Maritime
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Foss Maritime is an American shipping company. The company was founded in 1889 by Thea Foss and her husband Andrew Foss, the company is now the largest tug and towing concern on the west coast of the United States. July 2,2013, Foss Marine Holdings announced that it all of its operations and resources under a single name. Foss was founded in 1889 by Thea Foss in Tacoma, Washington and she sold and rented out boats to appealing crowds of fishermen for 50 cents a day. Thea tripled her profit and then sold it for fifteen dollars and her easy profit boosted her business confidence to begin a full round tugboat company. Her signature styling of a tugboat was having white coating with a green trim around the skirt and this gave the Foss family the finances they needed to propel into a functioning business. During this point of time, they used many of their rowboats for ferrying purposes, in 1904, their family owned firm was transformed into the Foss Launch and Tow Co. which would go on to become one of the top maritime companies known on the West Coast. The Foss concern began with a single rowboat which Thea Foss rented to crews of vessels in Tacoma, under the management of Thea Foss, and the Foss family, the company then branched out into sailboats, naptha launches, gasoline-engined vessels, and scows and barges. When Thea Foss died in 1927, the company owned 27 gasoline, diesel, and steam powered vessels, in 1916 Foss Launch and Tug Company bought Captain O. G. Olsons Tacoma towing business, including the steam tugs Echo, Elf, Foss tug dieselised their fleet c.1930. In this way, they were in a position to weather the Depression. Their small competition either went under or were bought out, during the Second World War, Foss tugs were seconded to the US Navy to fight in the Pacific. Tugs were needed to help the Navy in the South Pacific, in the North Pacific with the Aleutian Campaign, more tugs were built in the emergency program and these became available after the war. Foss tug would buy and sell used tugboats and name them with a member of the family, many famous tugs from the Seattle area have been renamed for a Foss. The condition of the vessel and the amount of work contracts at the time dictated ownership, in the post war years, large pulp mills were built around Puget Sound, as were large bridges. These provided work for the tugs, cement, chemicals, pulp, aircraft, fish, and the Cold War, with the DEW line in Alaska, provided work. The North Slope oil boom continued the work for tugs after 1968, by this time Foss had expanded to deep sea work and had become harbor tugs in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Foss Maritime has 90 tugs and an number of barges
2.
Northwest Seaport
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The organization owns several large historic vessels moored at the Historic Ships Wharf in Seattles Lake Union Park. These vessels, especially the 1889 wooden tugboat Arthur Foss, are used as platforms for a variety of programs, ranging from shows. Northwest Seaport is adjacent to the Center for Wooden Boats on the shore of Lake Union in downtown Seattle, Northwest Seaport was founded in the early 1960s as the Save Our Ships project to save the Wawona. Save Our Ships bought the Wawona in 1964, followed by the light ship Relief, Northwest Seaport offers a variety of programs meant to reach a broad audience. Some programs are conducted in partnership with the Center for Wooden Boats, several boats and ships moored in South Lake Union make up the collection of Northwest Seaport. As of 2007 these vessels are on the National Register of Historic Places, The tugboat Arthur Foss, in 1898, in response to the Alaskan gold rush, she transported barges full of gold seeking miners and supplies up the Inside Passage. There are no other Alaskan Gold Rush vessels still operating today and she was cast by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer movie studio to play in its 1933 production Tugboat Annie. In World War II, Arthur Foss journeyed south to join the war effort, before the Battle of Wake Island began in late 1941, she was the last vessel to get away. After the war she was used in the timber industry, the Arthur Foss has a six-cylinder,700 horsepower diesel engine. Her top speed is 13 knots, the vessel is 120 feet long with a beam of 25 feet and a draft of 16 feet. When last operated the vessel was owned by Foss Launch and Tug who donated her to Northwest Seaport in 1970, Northwest Seaport renovated her in 2004. The vessel was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989 and is a city landmark as well, and a featured attraction at Seattles new South Lake Union Park. The vessel is open for tours on most summer weekends. Lightship #83, now called Swiftsure, is a lightvessel launched in Camden, New Jersey, in 1904 and now moored in Seattle, Washington. She steamed around the tip of South America to her first station at Blunts Reef in California, formerly known as Relief, Number 83 had numerous names on her sides, all of which indicated the location of her station. Swiftsure refers to the Swiftsure Bank near the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and she also guided ships near Umatilla Reef and the Columbia River Bar. Swiftsure is one of the oldest lightships in the country and the one to have her original steam engines. She is 129 feet long, with a beam of 28 feet, six inches and her aids to navigation include a 1,000 watt primary light, a 140-decibel Diaphone horn, and a 1,000 pound foredeck fog bell
3.
Museum Ship
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A museum ship, also called a memorial ship, is a ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public for educational or memorial purposes. Some are also used for training and recruitment purposes, mostly for the number of museum ships that are still operational. Many, if not most, museum ships are also associated with a maritime museum, only a few survive, sometimes because of historical significance, but more often due to luck and circumstance. The restoration and maintenance of museum ships presents problems for historians who are asked for advice, for instance, the rigging of sailing ships has almost never survived, and so the rigging plan must be reconstructed from various sources. Studying the ships also allows historians to analyze how life on and operation of the ships took place, numerous scientific papers have been written on ship restoration and maintenance, and international conferences are held discussing the latest developments. Another consideration is the distinction between a museum ship, and a ship replica. As repairs accumulate over time, less and less of the ship is of the materials. Visitors without historical background are often unable to distinguish between a historical museum ship and a ship replica, which may serve solely as a tourist attraction. Typically the visitor enters via gangplank, wanders around on the deck, then goes below, usually using the original stairways, giving a sense of how the crew got around. The interior features restored but inactivated equipment, enhanced with mementos including old photographs, explanatory displays, pages from the logs, menus. Some add recorded sound effects, audio tours or video displays to enhance the experience, in some cases, the ships radio room has been brought back into use, with volunteers operating amateur radio equipment. Often, the callsign assigned is a variation on the identification of the ship. For example, the submarine USS Cobia, which had the call NBQV, is now on the air as NB9QV. The World War II submarine USS Pampanito, berthed at the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, had the wartime call NJVT and is now on the air as NJ6VT, in other cases, such as the USS Missouri, a distinctive call is used. This radio work not only helps restore part of the vessel, a number of the larger museum ships have begun to offer hosting for weddings, meetings, other events, and sleepovers, and on a few ships still seaworthy, cruises. In the United States, this includes the USS Constitutions annual turnaround, a place on the deck is by invitation or lottery only, and highly prized. Many consider the appeal of an interesting old vessel on the city waterfront strong enough that any port city should showcase one or more museum ships. This may even include building a ship at great expense
4.
Tugboat
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A tug is a boat or ship that maneuvers vessels by pushing or towing them. Tugboats are powerful for their size and strongly built, and some are ocean-going, some tugboats serve as icebreakers or salvage boats. Early tugboats had steam engines, but today most have diesel engines, many tugboats have firefighting monitors, allowing them to assist in firefighting, especially in harbors. Seagoing tugs fall into four categories, The standard seagoing tug with model bow that tows its payload on a hawser. The notch tug which can be secured in a notch at the stern of a specially designed barge and this configuration is dangerous to use with a barge which is in ballast or in a head- or following sea. Therefore, notch tugs are usually built with a towing winch and these units stay combined under virtually any sea conditions and the tugs usually have poor sea-keeping designs for navigation without their barges attached. Vessels in this category are considered to be ships rather than tugboats. These vessels must show navigation lights compliant with those required of ships rather than required of tugboats. Articulated tug and barge units also utilize mechanical means to connect to their barges, the tug slips into a notch in the stern and is attached by a hinged connection. ATBs generally utilize Intercon and Bludworth connecting systems, aTBs are generally staffed as a large tugboat, with between seven and nine crew members. The typical American ATB operating on the east coast customarily displays navigational lights of a towing vessel pushing ahead, compared to seagoing tugboats, harbour tugboats are generally smaller and their width-to-length ratio is often higher, due to the need for a lower draught. In smaller harbours these are also termed lunch bucket boats, because they are only manned when needed and only at a minimum. The number of tugboats in a harbour varies with the harbour infrastructure, things to take into consideration includes ships with/without bow thrusters and forces like wind, current and waves and types of ship. River tugs are also referred to as towboats or pushboats and their hull designs would make open ocean operation dangerous. River tugs usually do not have any significant hawser or winch and their hulls feature a flat front or bow to line up with the rectangular stern of the barge, often with large pushing knees. Tugboat engines typically produce 500 to 2,500 kW, for safety, tugboats engines often feature two of each critical part for redundancy. A tugboats power is stated by its engines horsepower and its overall bollard pull. The largest commercial harbour tugboats in the 2000s-2010s, used for towing container ships or similar, had around 60-65 tons of bollard pull, Tugboats are highly maneuverable, and various propulsion systems have been developed to increase maneuverability and increase safety
5.
Washington Iron Works
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The Washington Winch is a steam-powered logging skidder, or cable winch. It was imported to Australia in the 1920s and was used to move the large Jarrah logs from the forests of Western Australia. It was later sold to the Forests Commission of Victoria for salvaging timber after the 1939 Black Friday fires and it is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, and managed by the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. Washington Iron Works was a company in Seattle, Washington, founded by John M. Frink, the company was active from 1882 until the 1980s when its various divisions – manufacturing cranes, logging equipment, and presses – were gradually sold off. Washington Iron Works engines revolutionized steam logging in the 1920s and 1930s, the steam-powered winches were mounted on heavy log skid frames which allowed the winch to be transported to new sites. Many Washington skidders can still be seen in North America, the Washington Winch operated either a high lead or a skyline system. The high lead system was not often used as it only partially lifted the logs off the ground, which caused the logs to become caught in rocks, and left behind a snig track, which deepened over time. The skyline system involved two large spars used to create a flying fox to lift logs over the rough ground, riggers climbed 60m up a large tree and headed the trunk, which would cause the tree to sway violently. They then secured the spar with guy cables and attached the tackle and this operation was dangerous and physically demanding, often taking a full day, with lunch sent up on a rope. The Washington Winch was used to harvest Alpine Ash which would then be used for products such as furniture, flooring. Information panel at site Slackline Rigging North Bend Rigging High lead Rigging
6.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
7.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
8.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
9.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
10.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
11.
Columbia Bar
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The Columbia Bar, also frequently called the Columbia River Bar, is a system of bars and shoals at the mouth of the Columbia River spanning the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington. The bar is about 3 miles wide and 6 miles long, the bar is where the rivers current dissipates into the Pacific Ocean, often as large standing waves. The waves are caused by the deposition of sediment as the river slows. The waves, wind, and current are hazardous for vessels of all sizes, the Columbia current varies from 4 to 7 knots westward, and therefore into the predominantly westerly winds and ocean swells, creating significant surface conditions. Unlike other major rivers, the current is focused like a fire hose without the benefit of a river delta, conditions can change from calm to life-threatening in as little as five minutes due to changes of direction of wind and ocean swell. The navigational channel is 2,640 feet wide at the west end, the channel is dredged to 55 feet in the northern three-quarters and 48 feet for the southern quarter. Inside the bar, the channel remains 600 feet wide and reduces to 43 feet deep and it is the only school for rough weather and surf rescue operation in the US, and is respected internationally as a center of excellence for heavy boat operations. Approximately 16 bar pilots, earning about $180,000 per year, guide ships across the bar and they generally consider the bar to be the area between the north and south jetties and Sand Island. Historically the regions mariners nickname was the Graveyard of the Pacific, the Graveyard also includes the rocky, rugged shoreline of the west coast of Vancouver Island, the shores of the Olympic Peninsula, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. As a practical tip, small craft are advised to cross the bar during the flood tide. The most accessible place to watch ships cross the bar is at the South Jetty viewing platform at Fort Stevens State Park located near Hammond and this is also the north end of the Oregon Coast Trail. For a more dramatic view, hike the steep 0.75 mile trail to the Cape Disappointment Lighthouse at the Cape Disappointment State Park located in Ilwaco, Washington. King & Winge Columbia, historic navigational aid into the Columbia River Rabboni, rough Bar photos at Columbia River Bar Pilots website Columbia River Bar Pilots Video produced by Oregon Field Guide
12.
Oregon Railway & Navigation Company
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The railroad operated from 1896 as a consolidation of several smaller railroads. OR&N was initially operated as an independent carrier, but Union Pacific purchased a majority stake of the line in 1898, the line became a subsidiary of UP titled the Oregon–Washington Railroad and Navigation Company in 1910. In 1936, Union Pacific formally absorbed the system, which became UPs gateway to the Pacific Northwest, the OR&N was made up of several railroads, Oregon Railway and Navigation Company traces its roots back as far as 1860. It was incorporated in 1879 in Portland, Oregon and operated between Portland and eastern Washington and Oregon until 1896, when it was reorganized into the Oregon Railroad, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company was the core 643 miles of the OR&N. Its route eventually became the backbone of Union Pacific Railroads mainline from Utah to the Pacific Northwest, Columbia and Palouse Railroad was incorporated in 1882 and built 145 miles of track. The track ran from Connell, Washington, where it interchanged with the Northern Pacific Railway and ran east through Hooper, La Crosse, Winona, at Colfax, one line ran northeast to Farmington, Washington, located on the Idaho state line. The other line ran southeast from Colfax to Moscow, Idaho, the railroad was a non-operating subsidiary of the OR&N in 1888 and was eventually sold to the OR&N in 1910. Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad was a wood-railed narrow-gauge railroad incorporated in 1868 at Walla Walla, Washington and built 46 miles of track from Wallula, the track went east from Wallula to Touchet, Frenchtown and Whitman. At Whitman, the line continued east to Walla Walla and a branch that was built in 1879 went south to Blue Mountain, the first 33 miles took 6 years to build. In 1881 the railroad came under the control of the OR&N, in 1910, the Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad was consolidated into the OR&N. Mill Creek Flume and Manufacturing was incorporated in 1880 as a narrow gauge lumber carrier operating 13 miles of track between Walla Walla and Dixie, in 1903 the Mill Creek Flume and Manufacturing Company was purchased by the OR&N and renamed the Mill Creek Railroad. The track was standardized in 1905, after the track was standardized, the OR&N sold the Mill Creek Railroad and it was merged into the Washington and Columbia River Railway which became part of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1907. Oregon Railway Extensions Company was incorporated in 1888 at Portland and built 69 miles of track with two branches, one branch ran from La Grande, Oregon where it interchanged with the OR&N and then ran northeast to Elgin. The other branch ran from Winona, Washington, to Seltice via St. John, Sunset, Thornton, the railroad was a non-operating subsidiary of the OR&N. In 1896 it was sold at foreclosure to the OR&N. Washington, the Washington and Idaho Railroad operated 154 miles of track. The Oregon Railway and Navigation Companys purchase of the Oregon Steam Navigation Company in 1880 gave it a route on the south side of the Columbia River. The company then pursued expansion of its Columbia River route, surveying from where the Oregon Steam Navigation tracks ended at Celilo, by 1882 the route along the Columbia River was complete. Starting in 1880, one of the competitors of the Oregon Railway, the company purchased right-of-way in 1882 from Alfred B
13.
Cape Cod, Massachusetts
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Cape Cod is a geographic cape extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer months, as defined by the Cape Cod Commissions enabling legislation, Cape Cod is conterminous with Barnstable County, Massachusetts. It extends from Provincetown in the northeast to Woods Hole in the southwest, since 1914, Cape Cod has been separated from the mainland by the Cape Cod Canal. The canal cuts 17.5 miles roughly across the base of the peninsula, though portions of the Cape Cod towns of Bourne. Two highway bridges cross the Cape Cod Canal, the Sagamore Bridge, in addition, the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight and limited passenger services onto the Cape. Cape territory is divided into fifteen towns with many villages, like Cape Cod itself, the islands south of the Cape have evolved from whaling and trading areas to become resort destinations, attracting wealthy families, celebrities, and other tourists. Both islands are also famous summer tourist destinations, commonly accessed by ferry from several locations on the cape, the phrases Cape Cod and the Islands and the Cape and Islands are often used to describe the whole region of Barnstable County, Dukes County, and Nantucket County. Several small islands right off Cape Cod, including Monomoy Island, Monomoscoy Island, Popponesset Island, the Forbes family-owned Naushon Island was first purchased by John Murray Forbes. Naushon is one of the Elizabeth Islands, many of which are privately owned, one of the publicly accessible Elizabeths is the southernmost island in the chain, Cuttyhunk, with a year-round population of 52 people. Cape Cod in particular is a retirement area,27. 8% of the population of Barnstable County is 65 years old or older. And the average age of residents is the highest of any area in New England, by voter registration numbers, Democrats outnumber Republicans by less in the three counties than in the whole of Massachusetts, to varying degrees. The name Cape Cod, as it was first used in 1602 and it remained that way for 125 years, until the Precinct of Cape Cod was incorporated as the Town of Provincetown. No longer in use over the ensuing decades, the name came to mean all of the land east of the Manomet and Scusset rivers – essentially along the line that became the Cape Cod Canal. The creation of the canal separated the majority of the peninsula from the mainland, most agencies, including the Cape Cod Commission and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, treat the Cape as an island with regard to disaster preparedness, groundwater management, and the like. Cape Cod Bay lies in between Cape Cod and the mainland – bounded on the north by a line between Provincetown and Marshfield. North of Cape Cod Bay is Massachusetts Bay, which contains the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, the Atlantic Ocean is to the east of Cape Cod, and to the southwest of the Cape is Buzzards Bay. The Cape Cod Canal, completed in 1916, connects Buzzards Bay to Cape Cod Bay, Cape Cod extends 65 miles into the Atlantic Ocean, with a breadth of between 1–20 miles, and covers more than 400 miles of shoreline. Its elevation ranges from 306 feet at its highest point, at the top of Pine Hill, in the Bourne portion of Joint Base Cape Cod, one of the biggest barrier islands in the world, Cape Cod shields much of the Massachusetts coastline from North Atlantic storm waves
14.
Columbia River
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The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada and it flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River and its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. By volume, the Columbia is the fourth-largest river in the United States, the rivers heavy flow and relatively steep gradient gives it tremendous potential for the generation of electricity. The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the regions culture and they have been used for transportation since ancient times, linking the many cultural groups of the region. The river system hosts many species of fish, which migrate between freshwater habitats and the saline waters of the Pacific Ocean. In the following decades, fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route, steamships along the river linked communities and facilitated trade, the arrival of railroads in the late 19th century, many running along the river, supplemented these links. Since the late 19th century, public and private sectors have developed the river. The development, commonly referred to as taming or harnessing of the river, has been massive, to aid ship and barge navigation, locks have been built along the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and dredging has opened, maintained, and enlarged shipping channels. Since the early 20th century, dams have been built across the river for the purposes of power generation, navigation, irrigation, and flood control. Today, a reservoir lies along nearly every US mile of the once free-flowing river. Production of nuclear power has taken place at two sites along the river, plutonium for nuclear weapons was produced for decades at the Hanford Site, which is now the most contaminated nuclear site in the US. All these developments have had a impact on river environments, mainly through industrial pollution. The Columbia begins its 1, 243-mile journey in the southern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia, Columbia Lake –2,690 feet above sea level – and the adjoining Columbia Wetlands form the rivers headwaters. The trench is a broad, deep, and long glacial valley between the Canadian Rockies and the Columbia Mountains in BC. Rounding the northern end of the Selkirk Mountains, the river turns south through a region known as the Big Bend Country, passing through Revelstoke Lake. Revelstoke, the Big Bend, and the Columbia Valley combined are referred to in BC parlance as the Columbia Country. Below the Arrow Lakes, the Columbia passes the cities of Castlegar, located at the Columbias confluence with the Kootenay River, the Pend Oreille River joins the Columbia about 2 miles north of the US–Canada border
15.
Astoria, Oregon
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Astoria is the seat of Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Situated near the mouth of the Columbia River, the city was named after the American investor John Jacob Astor and his American Fur Company founded Fort Astoria at the site in 1811,206 years ago. Astoria was incorporated by the Oregon Legislative Assembly on October 20,1876 and it holds the distinction of being the first permanent United States settlement on the Pacific coast and for having the first U. S. post office west of the Rocky Mountains. Located on the shore of the Columbia River, the city is served by the deepwater Port of Astoria. The population was 9,477 at the 2010 census, the Lewis and Clark Expedition spent the winter of 1805–06 at Fort Clatsop, a small log structure south and west of modern-day Astoria. The expedition had hoped a ship would come by to take them back east, today the fort has been recreated and is now a historical park. In 1811, British explorer David Thompson, the first person known to have navigated the length of the Columbia River. He arrived just two months after the Pacific Fur Companys ship, the Tonquin, the fort constructed by the Tonquin party established Astoria as a U. S. rather than a British, settlement. It became a vital post for American exploration of the continent and was used as an American claim in the Oregon boundary dispute with European nations. The Pacific Fur Company, a subsidiary of John Jacob Astors American Fur Company, was created to begin fur trading in the Oregon Country, during the War of 1812, in 1813, the companys officers sold its assets to their Canadian rivals, the North West Company. The fur trade would remain under British control until U. S. pioneers following the Oregon Trail began filtering into the town in the mid-1840s, the Treaty of 1818 established joint U. S. – British occupancy of the Oregon Country, in 1846, the Oregon Treaty divided the mainland at the 49th parallel north, and the southern portion of Vancouver Island south of this line was awarded to the British. Washington Irving, a prominent American writer with a European reputation, was approached by John Jacob Astor to mythologize the three-year reign of his Pacific Fur Company, Astoria, written while Irving was Astors guest, cemented the importance of the region in the American psyche. The first U. S. post office west of the Rocky Mountains was established in Astoria in 1847, Astoria attracted a host of immigrants beginning in the late 19th century, Nordic settlers, primarily Finns, and Chinese soon became larger parts of the population. By the late 1800s, 22% of Astorias population was Chinese, in 1883, and again in 1922, downtown Astoria was devastated by fire, partly because it was mostly wood and entirely raised off the marshy ground on pilings. Even after the first fire, the format was used. Frantic citizens resorted to dynamite, blowing up entire buildings to stop the fire from going further, Astorias economy centered on fishing, fish processing, and lumber. The lumber industry declined, Astoria Plywood Mill, the citys largest employer, closed in 1989
16.
James W. Troup
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James William Troup was an American steamship captain, Canadian Pacific Railway administrator and shipping pioneer. Captain James William Troup was born in Portland, Oregon in February,1855 and he was the son of Capt. Willam H. Troup, a prominent early steamboatman in the Pacific Northwest. His maternal grandfather was sailing ship Capt, James had a younger brother, Claud Troup who was also an accomplished steamboat captain. James Troup also had a son, Roy Troup, who became a steamboat captain, together with his father, Captain Troup built many of the early steamboats of the Columbia River and he went to work on the steamer Vancouver in 1872 at the age of 17. By the age of 20 he was captain of the propeller steamer Wasp. Troup went to work on the Columbia river above the Cascades, when the first Harvest Queen, a big new steamer was built in 1878, Troup was appointed her master, even though he was only 23 years of age. This required running the rapids either at Celilo Falls, the Cascades, in 1881, Troup ran Harvest Queen over Celilo Falls, where she was nearly wrecked, and then through the Cascades. In 1881, he also took Idaho through the Cascades, in 1883 Troup began working in British Columbia for J. A. Mara, owner of the Peerless and Spallumcheen, two steamboats running on Kamloops and Shuswap lakes and the Thompson River. He also won the trust of Captain John Irving as a steamboat captain. Irving also gave Troup command of the huge and difficult to manage sidewheeler Yosemite on the route from Victoria to New Westminster and he worked in Oregon until 1892, and during this time he supervised construction of many steamboats, including the famous T. J. In 1891, Victorian was launched at Portland, Oregon and this ship was an extremely large vessel for one built entirely of wood. She was also underpowered, and became one of Troups few design failures, on May 26,1888, Troup took the sternwheeler Hassalo through the Cascades of the Columbia, covering the six miles of whitewater in just seven minutes. Unlike the record run of the Thompson, though, the run of the Hassalo was witnessed by 3,000 people. While Troup was in Oregon, his old Canadian colleagues John Irving, Mara had joined with Frank S. Barnard and two others to form the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company. Mara persuaded Troup to return to Canada and supervise his companys operations on the inland lakes of British Columbia. Troup arrived back in Canada in March 1892 to take up his new post at Nelson and he designed many of the inland steamboats used on the lakes, and each boat was specifically built for a particular task, such as towing or passenger work. When Maras company was out by the Canadian Pacific Railway. When the Klondike Gold Rush generated a demand for shipping in 1898
17.
Klondike Gold Rush
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The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899. Gold was discovered there by miners on August 16,1896 and. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain and it has been immortalized in photographs, books, films, and artifacts. To reach the fields most took the route through the ports of Dyea. Here, the Klondikers could follow either the Chilkoot or the White Pass trails to the Yukon River, each of them was required to bring a years supply of food by the Canadian authorities in order to prevent starvation. In all, their equipment weighed close to a ton, which for most had to be carried in stages by themselves, together with mountainous terrain and cold climate this meant that those who persisted did not arrive until summer 1898. Once there, they found few opportunities and many left disappointed, mining was challenging as the ore was distributed in an uneven manner and digging was made slow by permafrost. As a result, some chose to buy and sell claims, building up huge investments. To accommodate the prospectors, boom towns sprang up along the routes and at their end Dawson City was founded at the confluence of the Klondike, from a population of 500 in 1896, the town grew to house around 30,000 people by summer 1898. Built of wood, isolated and unsanitary, Dawson suffered from fires, high prices, despite this, the wealthiest prospectors spent extravagantly gambling and drinking in the saloons. The Native Hän people, on the hand, suffered from the rush, being moved into a reserve to make way for the stampeders. From 1898, the newspapers that had encouraged so many to travel to the Klondike lost interest in it. In the summer of 1899, gold was discovered around Nome in west Alaska, the boom towns declined and the population of Dawson City fell. Gold mining activity lasted until 1903 when production peaked after heavier equipment was brought in, since then the Klondike has been mined on and off, and today the legacy draws tourists to the region and contributes to its prosperity. The indigenous peoples in north-west America had traded in copper prior to European expansion. Most of the tribes were aware that gold existed in region, in the second half of the 19th century, American prospectors began to spread into the area. Making deals with the Native Tlingit and Tagish tribes, the early prospectors opened the important routes of Chilkoot and White Pass, here, they encountered the Hän people, semi-nomadic hunters and fishermen who lived along the Yukon and Klondike Rivers. The Hän did not appear to know about the extent of the deposits in the region
18.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
19.
Tugboat Annie
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Tugboat Annie is a 1933 American Pre-Code film starring Marie Dressler and Wallace Beery as a comically quarrelsome middle-aged couple who operate a tugboat. Dressler and Beery were MGMs most popular screen team at that time, having made the bittersweet Min and Bill together. There is also a theory that her character is based on Kate A. Sutton, secretary. Tugboat Annie also features Robert Young and Maureen OSullivan as the pair of young lovers. The movie was written by Norman Reilly Raine and Zelda Sears, capt. Clarance Howden piloted the boat which was owned by Foss Tug And Barge of Tacoma. His son Richard Howden is seen rolling rope during the credits.1 million, a Canadian-filmed television series appeared in 1957, The Adventures of Tugboat Annie, starring Minerva Urecal. In The Railway Series book, The Twin Engines, Gordon the Big Engine references Tugboat Annie when he teases Donald, mentioned in the AA Big Book in the personal story of Dr. Bob, one of the co-founders of Alcoholics Anonymous. 1990s indie rock band Tugboat Annie was named for the character, Tugboat Annie at the Internet Movie Database
20.
Wake Island
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The island is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States that is also claimed by the Marshall Islands. Wake Island is one of the most isolated islands in the world, Wake Island is administered by the United States Air Force, under an agreement with the Department of the Interior. The center of activity on the atoll is at Wake Island Airfield which is used as a mid-Pacific refueling stop for military aircraft. The 9, 800-foot runway is the longest strategic runway in the Pacific islands, the Base Operations Support contractor at Wake is Chugach Alaska Corporation. About 94 people live on the island, and access to it is restricted, the island fell to Japanese forces, however,12 days later in a second attack, this one with extensive support from Japanese carrier-based aircraft returning from the attack on Pearl Harbor. Wake Island remained occupied by Japanese forces until the end of the war, the submerged and emergent lands at the atoll are a unit of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. For statistical purposes, Wake Island is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands by the International Organization for Standardization, Wake Island derives its name from British sea captain Samuel Wake, who rediscovered the atoll in 1796 while in command of the Prince William Henry. The name is attributed to Captain William Wake, who also is reported to have discovered the atoll from the Prince William Henry in 1792. Wake is located two-thirds of the way between Honolulu,2,300 statute miles to the east and Guam,1,510 statute miles to the west, the closest land is the uninhabited Bokak Atoll 348 mi in the Marshall Islands to the southeast. The atoll is to the west of the International Date Line and is in the Wake Island Time Zone, Sea surface temperatures are warm all year long, reaching above 80 °F in summer and autumn. Typhoons occasionally pass over the island, on September 16,1967, at 10,40 pm local time, the eye of Super Typhoon Sarah passed over the island. Sustained winds in the eyewall were 130 knots, from the north before the eye, there were no serious injuries, and the majority of the civilian population was evacuated after the storm. On August 28,2006, the United States Air Force evacuated all 188 residents, in the ancient Marshallese religion, rituals surrounding the tattooing of tribal chiefs, called Iroijlaplap, were done using fresh human bones, which required a human sacrifice. A man could save himself from being sacrificed if he obtained a wing bone from a large seabird said to have existed on Enen-kio. Small groups would brave traveling to the atoll in hopes of obtaining this bone, no archaeological evidence has been found to suggest that there was ever a permanent or temporary settlement by Marshall Islanders on Wake Island. Wake Island was first encountered by Europeans on October 2,1568 by Spanish explorer, after visiting Tuvalu and the Solomon Islands, the expedition headed north and came upon Wake Island, a low barren island, judged to be eight leagues in circumference. Since the date, October 2,1568, was the eve of the feast of Saint Francis of Assisi, in 1796, Captain Samuel Wake of the British merchantman Prince William Henry also came upon Wake Island, naming the atoll for himself. In 1823, Captain Edward Gardner, while in command of the British Royal Navys whaling ship H. M. S, bellona, visited an island at 19°15′00″N 166°32′00″E, which he judged to be 20–25 miles long
21.
Battle of Wake Island
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The Battle of Wake Island began simultaneously with the attack on Pearl Harbor and ended on 23 December 1941, with the surrender of the American forces to the Empire of Japan. The island was held by the Japanese for the duration of the Pacific War, in January 1941, the United States Navy constructed a military base on the atoll. On 19 August, the first permanent military garrison, understrength elements of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion, totaling 450 officers and men, were stationed on the island, under Major James P. S. The defense battalion was supplemented by Marine Corps fighter squadron VMF-211, consisting of 12 F4F-3 Wildcat fighters, also, present on the island were 68 U. S. Navy personnel and about 1,221 civilian workers for the Morrison-Knudsen Civil Engineering Company. Forty-five Chamorro men were employed by Pan American Airways at the facilities in Wake Island. On 28 November, Commander Winfield S. Cunningham reported to Wake to assume command of U. S. forces on the island. He had only 10 days to examine the defenses and assess his men before war broke out, the remaining four Wildcats were in the air patrolling, but because of poor visibility, failed to see the attacking Japanese bombers. These Wildcats did down two bombers on the following day, all of the Marine garrisons defensive emplacements were left intact by the raid, which primarily targeted the aircraft. Of the 55 Marine aviation personnel,23 were killed and 11 were wounded, following this attack, the Pan Am employees were evacuated, along with the passengers of a Clipper flying boat that had survived the attack unscathed. The Chamorro men were not allowed to board the plane and were left behind, the main camp was targeted on 9 December, destroying the civilian hospital and the Pan Am facility. The next day, bombers focused on Wilkes Island, following the raid on 9 December, the guns had been relocated in case the Japanese had photographed the positions. Wooden replicas were erected in their place, and the Japanese bombers attacked the decoy positions, a lucky strike on a civilian dynamite supply set off a chain reaction and destroyed the munitions for the guns on Wilkes. Marines fired at the fleet with their six 5-inch coast-defense guns. Major Devereux, the Marine commander under Cunningham, ordered the gunners to hold their fire until the enemy moved within range of the coastal defenses, yubaris superstructure was hit 11 times. The four Wildcats also succeeded in sinking the destroyer Kisaragi by dropping a bomb on her stern where the charges were stored. Both Japanese destroyers were lost with all hands, with Hayate becoming the first Japanese surface warship to be sunk in the war. The Japanese force withdrew without landing and this was the first Japanese setback of the war against the Americans. After the initial raid was fought off, American news media reported that, in fact, Cunningham sent a long list of critical equipment—including gunsights, spare parts, and fire-control radar—to his immediate superior, Commandant, 14th Naval District
22.
Strait of Juan de Fuca
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The Strait of Juan de Fuca is a large body of water about 95 miles long that is the Salish Seas outlet to the Pacific Ocean. The international boundary between Canada and the United States runs down the center of the Strait, barkley was the first non-indigenous person to find the strait, unless Juan de Fucas story was true. The strait was explored in detail between 1789 and 1791 by Manuel Quimper, José María Narváez, Juan Carrasco, Gonzalo López de Haro, the USGS defines the Strait of Juan de Fuca as a channel. It extends east from the Pacific Ocean between Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, to Haro Strait, San Juan Channel, Rosario Strait, and Puget Sound. The Pacific Ocean boundary is formed by a line between Cape Flattery and Tatoosh Island, Washington, and Carmanah Point, British Columbia, the northern coast of the Olympic Peninsula forms the southern boundary of the strait. In the eastern entrance to the Strait, the Race Rocks Archipelago is located in the current zone halfway between Port Angeles, Washington, and Victoria, BC. While the climate is oceanic in nature, the dry summers result in the Mediterranean classification in the Köppen system. Rainfall ranges from over 100 inches conditions at the west end to as little as 16 inches at the east end and this strait remains the subject of a maritime boundary dispute between Canada and the United States. The dispute is only over the boundary extending 200 miles west from the mouth of the strait. The maritime boundary within the strait is not in dispute, both governments have proposed a boundary based on the principle of equidistance, but with different basepoint selections, resulting in small differences in the line. Resolution of the issue should be simple, but has been hindered because it might influence other unresolved maritime boundary issues between Canada and the United States, the proposed equidistant boundary currently marks the northern boundary of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. British Columbias position is based on the principle of natural prolongation which developed in international law and it poses a dilemma for the federal government of Canada. In this Atlantic Ocean context, Canada favours an outcome based on the principle of equidistance. C, making Salish Sea official required a formal application to the Geographical Names Board of Canada. This latter definition was made official in 2009 by geographic boards of Canada, the United States Board on Geographic Names approved the name on November 12,2009. Some Pacific Coast murres paddle north to the bays of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to feed on herring. A live weather station of the Race Rocks
23.
Diesel engine
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Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a degree that it ignites atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as an engine or gas engine. In diesel engines, glow plugs may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, the original diesel engine operates on the constant pressure cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock. Low-speed diesel engines can have an efficiency that exceeds 50%. Diesel engines may be designed as either two-stroke or four-stroke cycles and they were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed later, in the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the US increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars accounts for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK. The worlds largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel, the definition of a Diesel engine to many has become an engine that uses compression ignition. To some it may be an engine that uses heavy fuel oil, to others an engine that does not use spark ignition. However the original cycle proposed by Rudolf Diesel in 1892 was a constant temperature cycle which would require higher compression than what is needed for compression ignition. Diesels idea was to compress the air so tightly that the temperature of the air would exceed that of combustion, to make this more clear, let it be assumed that the subsequent combustion shall take place at a temperature of 700°. Then in that case the pressure must be sixty-four atmospheres, or for 800° centigrade the pressure must be ninety atmospheres. In later years Diesel realized his original cycle would not work, Diesel describes the cycle in his 1895 patent application. Notice that there is no longer a mention of compression temperatures exceeding the temperature of combustion, now all that is mentioned is the compression must be high enough for ignition. In 1806 Claude and Nicéphore Niépce developed the first known internal combustion engine, the Pyréolophore fuel system used a blast of air provided by a bellows to atomize Lycopodium
24.
Foss Launch and Tug Company
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Foss Maritime is an American shipping company. The company was founded in 1889 by Thea Foss and her husband Andrew Foss, the company is now the largest tug and towing concern on the west coast of the United States. July 2,2013, Foss Marine Holdings announced that it all of its operations and resources under a single name. Foss was founded in 1889 by Thea Foss in Tacoma, Washington and she sold and rented out boats to appealing crowds of fishermen for 50 cents a day. Thea tripled her profit and then sold it for fifteen dollars and her easy profit boosted her business confidence to begin a full round tugboat company. Her signature styling of a tugboat was having white coating with a green trim around the skirt and this gave the Foss family the finances they needed to propel into a functioning business. During this point of time, they used many of their rowboats for ferrying purposes, in 1904, their family owned firm was transformed into the Foss Launch and Tow Co. which would go on to become one of the top maritime companies known on the West Coast. The Foss concern began with a single rowboat which Thea Foss rented to crews of vessels in Tacoma, under the management of Thea Foss, and the Foss family, the company then branched out into sailboats, naptha launches, gasoline-engined vessels, and scows and barges. When Thea Foss died in 1927, the company owned 27 gasoline, diesel, and steam powered vessels, in 1916 Foss Launch and Tug Company bought Captain O. G. Olsons Tacoma towing business, including the steam tugs Echo, Elf, Foss tug dieselised their fleet c.1930. In this way, they were in a position to weather the Depression. Their small competition either went under or were bought out, during the Second World War, Foss tugs were seconded to the US Navy to fight in the Pacific. Tugs were needed to help the Navy in the South Pacific, in the North Pacific with the Aleutian Campaign, more tugs were built in the emergency program and these became available after the war. Foss tug would buy and sell used tugboats and name them with a member of the family, many famous tugs from the Seattle area have been renamed for a Foss. The condition of the vessel and the amount of work contracts at the time dictated ownership, in the post war years, large pulp mills were built around Puget Sound, as were large bridges. These provided work for the tugs, cement, chemicals, pulp, aircraft, fish, and the Cold War, with the DEW line in Alaska, provided work. The North Slope oil boom continued the work for tugs after 1968, by this time Foss had expanded to deep sea work and had become harbor tugs in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Foss Maritime has 90 tugs and an number of barges
25.
Lake Union Park
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Lake Union Park is a 12-acre park located at the south end of Lake Union in Seattle, Washington in the South Lake Union neighborhood. The park is owned by the City of Seattle and operated by Seattle Parks, the park property was gradually acquired by the City, and the final 5 acres were transferred from the United States Navy to the City of Seattle on July 1,2000. After renovation, the current park space officially opened on September 25,2010, while the property was acquired by the City for the purpose of providing public park space, it was underutilized for a prolonged period due to a lack of attractive park features. Seattle Parks Foundation attempted to address that issue by conducting a campaign to raise the funds needed to improve the parks facilities. The capital campaign goal was $20 million, in addition, the Seattle City Council appropriated $4.228 million in funds to repair the propertys bulkhead and $5 million went to the project from the voter-approved 2000 Pro Parks Levy. The park design is optimized to provide access to water and green space, connect the neighborhoods, and celebrate the cultural, industrial. Lake Union Park also has a station for the South Lake Union Streetcar, the park includes a Historic Ships Wharf housing several historic vessels, including the tug Arthur Foss, the fireboat Duwamish, the lightship Swiftsure, and the steamer Virginia V. Several other large historic vessels visit the wharf, including the Hawaiian Chieftain and the Lady Washington, the property has several buildings, the largest of which is the former Naval Reserve building, colloquially called the Armory. In 2012, the Armory was fully restored and reopened as the new home of MOHAI, the new MOHAI was scheduled to open on December 29,2012. Seattle voters rejected a 1995 levy that would have funded development and construction of the Seattle Commons, supporters included Mayor Norm Rice and Paul Allen who later developed real estate in the area instead. Lake Union Park, Seattle Parks and Recreation Seattle Parks Foundation, maritime Heritage Network, a not-for-profit directory of maritime history resources in the Pacific Northwest
26.
Thea Foss
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Thea Christiansen Foss was the founder of Foss Maritime, the largest tugboat company in the western United States. She was the person on which the fictional character Tugboat Annie was based. Thea Christiansen came to the United States from Eidsberg, Ostfold, Norway and married Norwegian immigrant Andrew Foss in Minneapolis, Thea Foss launched the future tugboat firm on the Tacoma waterfront in the summer of 1889. She started the Foss Launch Company, which became the Seattle-based Foss Maritime Company. Thea Foss had nine children, Mary, Katie, Issabell, Lauren, Alexander, Tawann, Zach, Hanna and she had had three husbands, two of whom deserted her. Thea Foss died in Tacoma on the day before her 70th birthday and this was followed by the smash hit 1933 movie Tugboat Annie, starring Marie Dressler and Wallace Beery as a comically quarrelsome middle-aged couple who operate a tugboat. The Arthur Foss, one of the oldest wooden-hulled tugboats afloat in the United States, was cast by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer movie studio to play in this production, there is also a 1957 Canadian-filmed television series, The Adventures of Tugboat Annie starring Minerva Urecal. The Thea Foss Waterway, a 1. 5-mile mile inlet in Tacomas industrial area, the USS Amber, which had served as a patrol vessel in World War II, was renamed the Thea Foss after being purchased by Foss Marine Company. Thea Foss Lodge of the Daughters of Norway was instituted on 29 May 2004, Lodge #45 meets in the Chimacum, Washington. Foss Peak, a 6524 foot mountain summit in the Tatoosh Range of Mount Rainier National Park, Tugboat Annie, great stories from the Saturday Evening Post
27.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
28.
James P. Delgado
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James Preston Delgado is a maritime archaeologist, explorer and author. Delgado is a maritime archaeologist who has spent nearly four decades in underwater exploration, at age 14, he landed his first job as a fifty cent per hour assistant at the New Almaden Museum south of San Francisco, sweeping floors and washing windows. He spent many hours eagerly studying artifacts housed in the glass cases, hinckley of the History Department, who convinced Delgados parents to send him to University and not the local community college. In his sophomore year, he shifted to San Francisco State University as an education student working with the National Park Service. He graduated with a B. A. in American history and he remained with the NPS as the first Park Historian for Golden Gate National Recreation Area serving from 1979-1986. His destiny might have been as a land archaeologist if he were not transfixed by the sight of the gold rush-era ship Niantics unearthed timbers in San Franciscos Financial District when he was 20, Delgado worked with archaeologist Dr. Allen Pastron on several excavations beginning in 1979. Among the buried ships from 1849-1851 that he would help excavate or analyze are the storeships Niantic and General Harrison, the ships William Gray and Candace and he was principal author of the final NOS study on the Bikini Atoll wrecks. Bearss to work as project historian on the USS Monitor project with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and he then headed the NPS maritime preservation program—the National Maritime Initiative —as its founding chief, starting in 1987. He personally prepared the studies for 54 properties, including lightships, fireboats, tugboats, submarines. As of 2010, there were approximately 2,500 National Historic Landmarks in the United States, in 1991, he moved to Vancouver, British Columbia where he took on the role of Executive Director of the Vancouver Maritime Museum for the next fifteen years. During his museum tenure, he returned to university to undertake his Ph. D. in archaeology, following his graduation, he was named an Adjunct Member of the Faculty of the Department of Archaeology. He worked with famous novelist, raconteur and shipwreck hunter Clive Cussler, the presenter, master divers Mike and Warren Fletcher. In 2006, he moved to Texas and joined the Institute of Nautical Archaeology as Executive Director, in April 2008, he was elected President and CEO of this worldwide nautical archaeology organization. In October 2010, he left INA to become the Director of Maritime Heritage in the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries for the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration in Washington and he coordinates and at times supervises all maritime heritage activities in the 14 units in the NMS system. 1999 John Lyman Book Awards 2011 James L. Deetz Award Silent Killers, Submarines, nuclear Dawn, The Atomic Bomb from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War. Khubilai Khans Lost Fleet, In Search of a Legendary Armada, gold Rush Port, The Maritime Archaeology of San Franciscos Waterfront. Adventures of a Sea Hunter, In Search of Famous Shipwrecks, Marine and Underwater Archaeology on the Pacific Coast. CS1 maint, Uses editors parameter Joy Waldron Jasper, James P. Delgado, the USS Arizona, the ship, the men, the Pearl Harbor attack, and the symbol that aroused America
29.
Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
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The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships is the official reference work for the basic facts about ships used by the United States Navy. When the writing project was developed the parameters for this series were designed to cover only commissioned US Navy ships with assigned names, if the ship was not assigned a name it was not included in the histories written for the series. In addition to the entries, DANFS and the online links have been expanded to include appendices on small craft, histories of Confederate Navy ships. DANFS was published in print by the Naval Historical Center as bound volumes, ordered by ship name. Several volumes subsequently went out of print, in 1991 a revised Volume I Part A, covering only ship names beginning with A, was released. Work continues on revisions of the remaining volumes, volunteers at the Hazegray website undertook to transcribe the DANFS and make it available on the World Wide Web. The project goal is a transcription of the DANFS, with changes limited to correcting typographical errors. In 2008 the NHC was re-designated as the Naval History and Heritage Command and it has developed an online version of DANFS through a combination of optical character recognition and hand transcription. The NHHC is slowly updating its online DANFS to correct errors, the NHHC has begun a related project to place Ship History and Command Operations Reports online at their DANFS site. As the DANFS is a work of the U. S. government, its content is in the domain. Many websites organized by former and active members of U. S. Navy vessels include a copy of their ships DANFS entries. The Dictionary limits itself largely to basic descriptions and brief operational notes, and includes almost no analysis or historical context
30.
United States Department of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. They supervise their military services of the Department of the Navy. They are assisted by a Vice Chief of Naval Operations and an Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. Unlike its U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force counterparts, the Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. According to Navy Regulations Section 0204-2, the term Navy Department refers only to the offices at the seat of government. The bill passed in the House on 17 May 2007, but encountered opposition among members of the DoD civilian leadership and among senior Navy admirals, in the Senate, the provision was replaced in S. Amdt. 2011, an amendment in the nature of a substitute proposed by Senator Carl Levin of Michigan on 9 July 2007, the amendment removed the renaming provision and also made other changes. The House version including the provision was withdrawn in conference committee, Naval Vessel Register Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Navy Regulations, Accessed on 2011-03-23. Department of the Navy website US Marine Corps official website US Navy official website Department of Defense website Department of the Navy in the Federal Register
31.
Naval History and Heritage Command
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When the British invaded Washington in 1814 this collection, containing the finest works on naval history from America and abroad, was rushed to safety outside the Federal City. Thereafter the library had many locations, including a specially designed space in the State, War and he also began to collect and preserve naval records, particularly those of the American Civil War. Congress initially recognized his efforts by authorizing funds for staff and combining the library and records sections into the Office of Library. In 1915 the appropriations for publications, the library, and naval war records were combined, once America entered World War I, emphasis shifted to gathering documents on current naval operations. To handle World War I records in Washington, a Historical Section was established in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and housed in the new Navy Department Building on Constitution Avenue. When the war ended, Admiral Sims London collection, as well as photographs, the library, by now holding more than 50,000 volumes, remained in the State, War, and Navy Building. In 1921, a member of Admiral Sims wartime staff, Captain Dudley W. Knox, was named head of the Office of Naval Records and Library. For the next years he was the driving force behind the Navys historical program, earning for the office an international reputation in the field of naval archives. The Historical Section was absorbed into Naval Records and Library in 1927, knoxs additional appointment as the Curator for the Navy envisioned a display of our nations sea heritage in a naval museum in Washington. In 1961, Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, at President Franklin D. Roosevelts suggestion, Knox began several documentary series. Seven volumes pertaining to the Quasi War with France and seven volumes relating to the war with the Barbary Powers were ultimately published, World War II halted plans for similar publications on the American Revolution, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and World War I. During World War II, Knox turned his attention to collecting documents generated by operations in the global conflict. Knox served as Deputy Director of Naval History under the Director, in 1952 it was renamed the Naval History Division. The eventual home for the Navys historians was the Washington Navy Yard in Southeast Washington, the first component of the Naval History Division located in the yard was the Navy Museum, established in 1961. In 1963, the Operational Archives moved to the Navy Yard, the other sections of the Naval History Division followed in 1970, occupying several scattered buildings. An organizational change in 1971 shifted the Naval History Division from an establishment to a field activity called the Naval Historical Center, under the Chief of Naval Operations. In 1986, the Navy Art Collection and Gallery and the Naval Aviation History and Publication Division,2008 was a year of change for the Navys history program. First, the command was streamlined into four components, Histories and Archives, Museums and Collections, Integration and Outreach
32.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
33.
Alice (steam tug 1897)
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Alice was a Puget Sound steam passenger ship built in 1897. Alice was later rebuilt into a tug, and later converted to diesel power. As a tug, the vessel was in service until 1963 and this vessel should not be confused with the similarly designed vessel Alice, built in 1892, which later became Foss 18. Alice was built at Tacoma, Washington for Capt. Bradford, Alice replaced the steamer Susie on the run, with Susie then being sold to a Fairhaven concern, Franco-American Canning Company, for use as a cannery tender. In 1900, Bradford sold Alice to the Petersberg Packing Co. and Alice was transferred north to Alaska, in 1902, Alice was rebuilt as a cannery tender and put into operation purchased out of Juneau by the Todd Packing Co. Alice was then returned to Puget Sound, and served as a tug for Delta V. Smyth Towing Company. In 1930, Delta V. Smyth did an extensive rebuild of the Alice at Olympia, Washington, the installed engine was rated at 135 horsepower. In 1932, Alice was featured along with a number of other Puget Sound tugboats in the feature film Tugboat Annie. The film, which was based on a version of the life of Thea Foss. The film required a staged tugboat “race”, which was won by the Peter Foss, under the command of Capt. Arthur Hopstead, Alice was commanded in the race by Capt. In 1941, Delta V. Smyth sold Alice to Foss Launch, as Simon Foss the vessel remained in active service until 1963. In 1963 marine historian Gordon R. Newell bought Simon Foss from the Foss concern and he changed the name back to Alice and stated that the vessel would be used as “editorial headquarters for the preparation of the Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Alice was then purchased by the Hargitt family and moved to Anacortes, Newell, Gordon R. ed. H. W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest, Superior Publishing Co. Seattle, WA Newell, Gordon R. Pacific Tugboats, Superior Publishing, seattle, WA1957 Newell, Gordon R. Ships of the Inland Sea, Superior Publishing Co
34.
Cyrus Walker (sidewheel tug)
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Cyrus Walker was a sidewheel tug active in Puget Sound in the second half of the 19th century. Domingo Marcucci built the Cyrus Walker at San Francisco, California at his Steamboat Point shipyard in 1864 and she was 120 foot long side-wheel steamboat, with a 28-foot beam and an 8-foot hold. She was equipped with two steam engines and a surface condenser. George W Bullene, who put machinery in her at the Pacific Iron Works, captain Bullene delivered Cyrus Walker to Port Gamble, Puget Sound in October,1864. It was active at least as late as 1893, a Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon, and Alaska, Alexander Nicholls Press, Vancouver, BC ISBN 0-920034-08-X
35.
Duwamish (fireboat)
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Duwamish was one of the most powerful fireboats in the United States several times over her 75-year working life. She is the second oldest vessel designed to fight fires in the USA, after Edward M. Cotter, in Buffalo, Duwamish was built in 1909 for the Seattle Fire Department in Richmond Beach, Washington, just north of Seattle. She was powered by double vertical steam engines capable of driving her at 10.5 knots. She was equipped with three American LaFrance steam piston pumps rated at a capacity of 3,000 US gallons per minute each and she was originally designed to ram and sink burning wooden vessels, as a last resort, and was equipped with a ram bow for doing so. On July 30,1914, Duwamish was involved in fighting the fire on the Grand Trunk Pacific dock, in the 1930s, as a cost-saving measure, the Seattle City Council directed that Duwamish be used as a tug to push the citys garbage scow. After an upgrade in 1949, the delivered a total of 22,800 US gallons per minute. This capacity was exceeded in 2003 by the Los Angeles Fire Departments Warner Lawrence. Duwamish is 120 feet long with a 28-foot beam and a 9. 6-foot draft and her registered gross tonnage is 322 short tons. Retired in 1985, Duwamish was purchased by the Puget Sound Fireboat Foundation and she is permanently moored at the Historic Ships Wharf near the Museum of History & Industry at South Lake Union Park in Seattle. Visitors may board the vessel when volunteer staff is available, Duwamish was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989. Historic preservation Duwamish Native American tribe Duwamish River Sea Scouting Seattle tugboats Biography of Eugene L. McAllaster, designer of Duwamish
36.
Echo (steam tug)
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The steam tug Echo operated in the early 1900s on Puget Sound. Echo was built at Tacoma in 1906 by Crawford and Reid for Captain O. G. Olson, Echo was propeller-driven and 66.5 long. Echo pumped water on board Lion until the fire was out, while a boat from the cutter Grant took off her crew, in 1916, Foss Launch and Tug Company bought Captain O. G. Olson’s Tacoma towing business, including the steam tugs Echo, Elf, in 1921, Perry Moore became Echo ‘s chief engineer. Echo Echo Elf in Tacoma Harbor Olympian, another steam tug owned by Capt. O. G. Olson
37.
Goliah (steam tug 1849)
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The steamer Goliah was the second tug boat ever built in the United States. The long service life of this caused it to become known as the “everlasting” Goliah. This vessel was readily recognizable by its size and sidewheels. It should not be confused with a number of vessels named either Goliah or Goliath which were also operating as tugs. This vessel was sometimes known as the Defender. Goliah was built in New York City, William H. Webb built the wooden hull and T. F. The original purpose for Goliah was to tow sailing vessels in, previous steamers, which had not been purpose-built for the task, had been underpowered and many ships had been lost as a result. On completion Webb sold the vessel to parties who intended to enter it into the Sacramento River trade, the new owners ran into financial difficulties, and the Goliah was seized by marshals acting on behalf of their creditors. Regardless of this, on April 1,1850, Goliahs owners took the vessel out of the harbor, quite illegally and they then set out for California, which in that time required a voyage around Cape Horn, at the southern tip of South America. Goliah managed to reach St. Thomas (then not U. S. Territory, but rather part of the Danish West Indies, Goliah arrived in San Francisco on January 1,1851. On arrival, the vessel was lengthened and ran as a boat on the Sacramento under the name of Defender. During this time, Goliah was engaged in competition with the New World. At one point, this competition produced gunfire between the passengers and crews of the two steamboats when Goliah, or so it is alleged, attempted to ram and sink the New World. Goliah was soon bought off by the California Steam Navigation Company, which was building a monopoly on Sacramento river shipping, Capt. George Flavel ran the vessel. Goliah was later run off the coast of California under the command of Capt. Robert Haley, in the spring of 1854, Goliah rescued the passengers of the steamship Yankee Blade which had wrecked off Point Concepcion. Goliah was subsequently shortened, and ran for years as a towboat in San Francisco harbor, finally passing into the hands of the Wrights. The Wrights again lengthened Goliah and placed the vessel on the route from San Francisco to Humboldt County. After a short time in service she was abandoned and laid over on the Mission Bay mudflats in San Francisco until 1864
38.
USS Goliah (SP-1494)
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USS Goliah, also listed as ID-1494, was an armed tug that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel and tug from 1918 to 1919. SS Goliah was built as a tug in 1907 by John H. Dialogue and Sons at Camden. The Navy purchased her from her owners, the Puget Sound Tug Company of Seattle and she was commissioned as USS Goliah on 31 January 1918 at Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California, with Lieutenant Werner Tornroth, USNRF, in command. She arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, on 8 April 1918, after a voyage to Bermuda and the Azores between 18 May 1918 and 24 June 1918 as an escort tug, she arrived at New York City for overhaul, where she stayed until 8 August 1918. She then briefly served at New London as a patrol craft, departing New London on 6 September 1918, Goliah operated as a towing ship between São Miguel Island in the Azores, Bermuda, and New London until arriving at Brest, France on 26 November 1918. Goliah performed harbor towing work at Brest until she was decommissioned on 29 November 1919, the U. S. Navy loaned Goliah to the United States Shipping Board on 30 November 1919 and transferred her to the Shipping Boards permanent custody and control on 7 October 1921. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, the entry can be found here. NavSource Online, Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive Goliah
39.
Richard Holyoke (steam tug)
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Richard Holyoke was a seagoing steam tug boat built in 1877 in Seattle, Washington and which was in service on Puget Sound and other areas of the northwest Pacific coast until 1935. The vessel was considered to be one of the most powerful tugs of its time, Richard Holyoke was among the first seagoing tugs to be built on Puget Sound. The vessel was constructed by shipbuilders Hiram Doncaster and William McCurdy at Seabeck, in 1891, Holyoke was owned by the Washington Mill Co. which joined with four other mills to form their own tug and towing company, called the Puget Sound Tug Boat Company. Each mill contributed one tug to the new company, and the Holyoke was the contribution of Washington Mill co, Holyoke, as the vessel was generally known, participated in numerous towing and salvage operations over the years. Some the more notable are described in this article, in early February 1896, Richard Holyoke was dispatched to Point Wilson, where the iron-hulled British sailing ship Kilbrannan had grounded. Despite the efforts of Holyoke and four other powerful seagoing tugs, Kilbrannan was not a total loss, as eventually a special channel was dredged and the vessel was floated free. The tows included the sternwheeler W. K, merwin, the former Russian sidewheel gunboat Politkofsky stripped and converted to a fuel barge, and the small schooner William J. Bryant. Both Richard Holyoke and William J. Bryant were able to make it back to Puget Sound, after a difficult voyage, the tugs were able to get 11 of the sternwheelers in tow to St. Michael, where one was wrecked shortly after arrival. At about 3,30 pm on January 8, Clallams master, however, when the boats were lowered into the water, they either overturned in the waves or were battered into the ships sides, and 54 people were killed. Those remaining on board began bailing out the ship with buckets, Captain Hall got a tow line over and took Clallam under tow. This was in between Smith Island and San Juan Island, although Victoria was closer, the weather conditions were such that it seemed best to head for the American shore. The tug Sea Lion joined them at about 1,00 a. m. on January 9, Clallam never got to the shore. Captain Roberts realized she was about to founder and signaled the Holyoke to cast off the towline, Holyoke misunderstood Captain Roberts’ signal to cast off the tow line, so it had to be cut lest the sinking Clallam drag Holyoke down with her. Clallam rolled over and sank quickly at about 1,15 a. m, the tugs then went to rescue the people in the water, saving most or all of the 36 who had remained aboard. Capt. Edward D. Hickman, then serving as mate on Richard Holyoke and he suffered from poor health as a result for a long time afterwards. In 1916 the Holyoke was sold to the Port Blakely Mill Company to be used for construction then being engaged in at Port Blakely by the Skinner. In 1923 Skinner and Eddy sold Holyoke to the Bellingham Tug, in 1924 the vessel was equipped with wireless. In 1930 or 1931, the vessel was out of service
40.
Wallowa (steam tug)
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Arthur Foss, built in 1889, as the Wallowa, in Portland, Oregon, it is the oldest wooden-hulled tugboat afloat in the United States. It started off towing sailing ships over the Columbia River bar, Wallowa was built in 1889 in Portland, Oregon for the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company. The steam engines for the new vessel came from a tug, Donald. As built, Wallowa was 111.5 feet long, with a beam of 23.75 feet, Capt. George A. Pease, one of the most experienced pilots on the Columbia River, took Wallowa downriver from Portland to Astoria on September 3,1889. A. F. Goodrich and John S. Kidd served as engineers on the tug in its early years, the first master of Wallowa was Capt. R. E. Howes was born in 1846 in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and had been captain of the tug Donald, from which the engines had come for Wallowa. Donald had been used to tow vessels across the bar at the mouth of the Columbia River. Wallowa was taken on its first inspection trip across the Columbia bar on September 23,1889, present on board were a number of O. R. & N officials, including the chief of maritime and riverine operations, Capt. James W. Troup. Wallowa returned to Astoria that afternoon, having been found to be satisfactory for bar service. In 1898, in response to the Klondike Gold Rush, she transported barges full of gold-seeking miners, there is only one other Alaskan Gold Rush vessel still operating today. After the gold rush, she returned to the Pacific Northwest, in 1929, she was purchased by Foss Tug & Launch Company, and leased to MGM Studios to star in the 1933 blockbuster hit Tugboat Annie. Afterwards, Foss rebuilt the ship from the waterline up, and installed a state-of-the-art,700 hp Washington Ironworks diesel engine, a year later, a power-steering assist system was installed, because the prop wash from the more powerful engine made steering virtually impossible for a single person. In February 1941 Arthur Foss was sent under charter agreement with contractors, Pacific Naval Air Bases to Wake Island for construction of harbors, in March she was joined by Justine Foss at Wake. Arthur Foss, under Captain Oscar Rolstad, was assigned the task of towing barges loaded with supplies, twelve hours out of Wake, the news of the attack on Pearl Harbor was received. While underway, the crew hastily mixed all the paint onboard with engine grease, the ship was spotted by US naval scout planes and escorted into Pearl Harbor on December 28,1941 where Admiral Claude Bloch cited the crew for action beyond the call of duty. Arthur Foss was the last vessel to escape Wake Island before Imperial Japanese forces captured the island on 23 December 1941, Arthur Foss was acquired by the US Navy in 1942, renamed Dohasan and designated YT-335 and later YTM-335. In 1946 the tug was returned to Foss Towing and Barge Co. Arthur Foss has a six-cylinder,700 horsepower diesel engine that produces 18,382 lb. ft of torque, at 200RPM. Her top speed is 13 knots, the vessel is 120 feet long with a beam of 23.9 feet and a draft of 16 feet
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