1.
Tom Roberts
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Thomas William Tom Roberts was an Australian artist and a key member of the Heidelberg School, also known as Australian Impressionism. After attending art schools in Melbourne, he left for Europe in 1881 to further his training and he did much to promote en plein air painting and encouraged other artists to capture the national life of Australia. While he is best known for his narratives, among them Shearing the Rams. And Bailed Up, he achieved renown as a portraitist. Roberts was born in Dorchester, Dorset, England, although some mystery surrounds his actual birthdate, his birth certificate says 8 March 1856 and he migrated with his family to Australia in 1869 to live with relatives. He returned to England for three years of art study at the Royal Academy Schools from 1881 to 1884. While in London and Paris, he took in the influence of painters Jules Bastien-Lepage. Through the 1880s and 1890s Roberts worked in Victoria, in his studio at the studio complex of Grosvenor Chambers at 9 Collins Street. In 1896 he married 35-year-old Elizabeth Williamson and they had a son, many of his most famous paintings come from this period. Roberts was a maker of picture frames, and during the period 1903–1914. Roberts spent World War I in England assisting at a hospital, in Australia, he built a house at Kallista, near Melbourne. Elizabeth died in January 1928, and Roberts remarried, to Jean Boyes and he died in 1931 of cancer in Kallista near Melbourne. He is buried near Longford, Tasmania, Roberts painted a considerable number of fine oil landscapes and portraits, some painted at artist camps with his friend McCubbin. Perhaps the most famous in his time were two paintings, Shearing the Rams, now displayed in the National Gallery of Victoria and The Big Picture, displayed in Parliament House. The Big Picture, a depiction of the first sitting of the Parliament of Australia, was an enormous work, at the time it was exhibited, it was criticized because many critics did not feel that it fitted the definition of high art. Shearing would probably have been much messier than shown in the image, and with men chopping trees in Wood splitters. Roberts had more works on display in this exhibition than anyone else, in 1888 Roberts met Conder in Sydney and they painted together at Coogee beach. The younger Conder found these painting expeditions influential and decided to follow Roberts to Melbourne later that year to join him, while Conder painted Coogee Bay emphasising on the decorative qualities of form and colour, Roberts’ Holiday sketch at Coogee embodies his primary focus on the landscape’s natural effects
2.
Art Gallery of New South Wales
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The Art Gallery of New South Wales, located in The Domain in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, is the most important public gallery in Sydney and one of the largest in Australia. The Gallerys first public exhibition opened in 1874, admission is free to the general exhibition space, which displays Australian art, European and Asian art. A dedicated Asian Gallery was opened in 2003, on 24 April 1871, a public meeting was convened in Sydney to establish an Academy of Art for the purpose of promoting the fine arts through lectures, art classes and regular exhibitions. From 1872 until 1879 the Academys main activity was the organisation of art exhibitions. The first exhibition of art, under the auspices of the Academy, was held at the Chamber of Commerce. The Gallery’s collection was first housed at Clark’s Assembly Hall in Elizabeth Street where it was open to the public on Friday and Saturday afternoons. In 1882, the first Director, Eliezer Montefiore and his fellow trustees opened the art gallery on Sunday afternoons from 2 pm to 5 pm. The public should be afforded every facility to avail themselves of the educational and civilising influence engendered by an exhibition of works of art, bought, moreover, at the public expense. The destruction of the Garden Palace by fire in 1882 placed pressure on the government to provide a permanent home for the national collection, in 1883 private architect John Horbury Hunt was engaged by the trustees to submit designs. The same year there was a change of name to The National Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Gallery was incorporated by The Library and Art Gallery Act 1899. In 1895, the new Colonial Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon, was given the assignment to design the new permanent gallery, a watercolour gallery was added in 1901 and in 1902 the Grand Oval Lobby was completed. Over 300,000 people came to the Gallery during March, in 1921, the inaugural Archibald Prize was awarded to W. B. McInnes for Desbrowe Annear. The equestrian statues The offerings of peace and The offerings of war by Gilbert Bayes were installed in front of the facade in 1926. James Stuart MacDonald was appointed director and secretary in 1929, in 1936 the inaugural Sulman Prize was awarded to Henry Hanke for La Gitana. John William Ashton was appointed director and secretary in 1937, the first woman to win the Archibald Prize was Nora Heysen in 1938 with her portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman, the wife of the Consul General for the Netherlands. The same year electric light was installed at the Gallery to remain open at night for the first time. In 1943 William Dobell won the Archibald Prize for Joshua Smith, hal Missingham was appointed director and secretary in 1945. In 1958 the Art Gallery of New South Wales Act was amended, in 1969 construction began on the Captain Cook wing to celebrate the bicentenary of Cooks landing in Botany Bay
3.
Heidelberg School
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The Heidelberg School was an Australian art movement of the late 19th century. The movement has latterly been described as Australian Impressionism, Melbourne art critic Sidney Dickinson coined the term in a July 1891 review of works by Arthur Streeton and Walter Withers. He noted that these and other artists, who painted en plein air in Heidelberg on the citys outskirts. The term has evolved to cover painters who worked together at artists camps around Melbourne. Along with Streeton and Withers, Tom Roberts, Charles Conder, drawing on naturalist and impressionist ideas, they sought to capture Australian life, the bush, and the harsh sunlight that typifies the country. The works of artists are notable, not only for their merits as compositions. The Heidelberg Schools work provides a complement to these tales. The core group painted there on occasions at artists camps in the late 1880s. Besides Arthur Streeton and Walter Withers, other artists in the movement included Tom Roberts, Frederick McCubbin. See below for a list of associated artists. In August 1889, several artists of the Heidelberg School staged the 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition at Buxtons Rooms, Swanston Street, opposite the Melbourne Town Hall. Most of the 183 works included in the exhibition were painted on wooden panels, measuring 9 by 5 inches. Louis Abrahams, a member of the Box Hill artists camp, the works were displayed in broad Red Gum frames, some left unornamented, others decorated with verse and small sketches, giving the works an unconventional, avant garde look. The artists wrote in the catalogue, An effect is only momentary, two half-hours are never alike, and he who tries to paint a sunset on two successive evenings, must be more or less painting from memory. So, in works, it has been the object of the artists to render faithfully, and thus obtain first records of effects widely differing. The exhibition was a success with each work finding a buyer. The response from critics, however, was mixed, the artists pasted up the review outside the entrance of the venue—attracting many more passing pedestrians—and responded with a letter to the Editor of Smiths newspaper, The Argus. The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition is now regarded as an event in Australian art history
4.
Landscape painting
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In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. Sky is almost always included in the view, and weather is often an element of the composition, detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions, and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from Western painting and Chinese art, going well over a thousand years in both cases. Landscape views in art may be imaginary, or copied from reality with varying degrees of accuracy. If the primary purpose of a picture is to depict an actual, specific place, especially including buildings prominently, within a few decades it was used to describe vistas in poetry, and eventually as a term for real views. However the cognate term landscaef or landskipe for a patch of land had existed in Old English. The earliest pure landscapes with no figures are frescos from Minoan Greece of around 1500 BCE. The frescos from the Tomb of Nebamun, now in the British Museum, are a famous example. These were frequently used, as in the illustrated, to bridge the gap between a foreground scene with figures and a distant panoramic vista, a persistent problem for landscape artists. The Chinese style generally showed only a distant view, or used dead ground or mist to avoid that difficulty, aesthetic theories in both regions gave the highest status to the works seen to require the most imagination from the artist. They were often also poets whose lines and images illustrated each other, a revival in interest in nature initially mainly manifested itself in depictions of small gardens such as the Hortus Conclusus or those in millefleur tapestries. The frescos of figures at work or play in front of a background of trees in the Palace of the Popes. Several frescos of gardens have survived from Roman houses like the Villa of Livia, a particular advance is shown in the less well-known Turin-Milan Hours, now largely destroyed by fire, whose developments were reflected in Early Netherlandish painting for the rest of the century. Landscape backgrounds for various types of painting became prominent and skilful during the 15th century. The Italian development of a system of graphical perspective was now known all over Europe. Indeed, certain styles were so popular that they became formulas that could be copied again and again, after the publication of the Small Landscapes, landscape artists in the Low Countries either continued with the world landscape or followed the new mode presented by the Small Landscapes. The popularity of landscape scenes can be seen in the success of the painter Frans Post. Salvator Rosa gave picturesque excitement to his landscapes by showing wilder Southern Italian country, there are different styles and periods, and subgenres of marine and animal painting, as well as a distinct style of Italianate landscape
5.
Geelong
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Geelong is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia,75 kilometres south-west of the state capital, Melbourne. It is the second largest Victorian city, with an urban population of 191,440 as at June 2016. Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the hills of Waurn Ponds to the south, with Corio Bay to the east. Geelong is the centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality. Geelong was named in 1827, with the derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region, Jillong. The area was first surveyed in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne, the post office was open by June 1840. The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the industry of the Western District. During the gold rush, Geelong experienced a boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district. The city then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s, it one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills, ropeworks. Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries, redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as gentrification of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average. It is known for being home to the Geelong Football Club, today, Geelong stands as an emerging health, education and advanced manufacturing hub. The area of Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula was originally occupied by the Wathaurong Indigenous Australian tribe, the first nonindigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lt. John Murray, who commanded the brig HMS Lady Nelson. After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads, on 1 February 1802, led by John Bowen, they explored the immediate area, returning to the Lady Nelson on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, the Lady Nelson entered Port Phillip on 14 February, during this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after Philip Gidley King, Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip. Arriving not long after Murray was Matthew Flinders, who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802, in October of the same year, the HMS Calcutta led by Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the bay to establish the Sullivan Bay penal colony. Collins was dissatisfied with the chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant J. H. Tuckey to investigate alternate sites. The party spent 22 October to 27 October on the shore of Corio Bay
6.
Richmond, Victoria
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Richmond is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Australia,3 km south-east of Melbournes Central Business District in the local government area of the City of Yarra municipality. The 2011 Census listed Richmonds population as 26,121, three of the 82 designated major activity centres identified in the Melbourne 2030 Metropolitan Strategy are located in Richmond—the commercial strips of Victoria Street, Bridge Road and Swan Street. The residential segment of the suburb exists among a lively retail sector, Richmond was home to the Nine Network studios, under the callsign of GTV-9, until the studios moved to Docklands in 2011. Dimmeys is long associated with Richmond, although it is located in the suburb of Cremorne. The suburb is known for its popular factory outlets along Bridge Road. Richmond was named after Richmond Hill, London, with its outlook of the river bend, Victoria Gardens Shopping Centre is a large modern complex built in 2001 to service the inner eastern suburbs. The Loyal Studley Hotel was built in 1891 and is now used as a homewares shop, Richmond Power Station was built in 1891. The Burnley Theatre is now a commercial shop, but contains some elements of the original interiors, including the foyer. 450 Swan Street, completed in 1995, combines an old bank and modern building in outstanding example of deconstructivist architecture, Richmond Town Hall is a landmark building currently operated by the City of Yarra, which was built in the 1880s and redecorated during the interwar years. Hotels include The Mountain View Hotel, Corner Hotel, Great Britain Hotel, The Rising Sun and The Swan, with a large number of small homes in its narrow streets, Richmond has some of Melbournes best examples of residential architecture from most periods. Notable examples include The Malthouse, a conversion of silos into apartments by award winning architect Nonda Katsalidis. Lalor House on Church Street, named after and former home of Eureka Stockade upriser Peter Lalor, is a rich boom-style landmark, Richmond does have some parks and gardens and reserves, however, they are notably absent in the main centre of the suburb. The largest park is Citizens Park, bordering on Church and Highett Streets, other notable spaces include Barkly Gardens and the Allen Bain Reserve, as well as a number of smaller parks and reserves. Pridmore Park, Yarra Bank Reserve, Creswick Street Reserve and St James Park are in Hawthorn, Dickinsons Reserve, Yarra Bend Park, Studley Park Golf Course, in 2011 Richmond had a population of 26,121. The most common ancestries in Richmond were English 21. 6%, Australian 18. 2%, Irish 9. 9%, Scottish 7. 3%,60. 9% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were Vietnam 5. 1%, England 3. 5%, New Zealand 3. 1%, Greece 2. 5%, in Richmond 66. 7% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Vietnamese 6. 6%, Greek 5. 0%, Cantonese 1. 9%, Mandarin 1. 7%, many religious groups exist in Richmond. The local large Catholic community is served by St Ignatius Church on Church Street, anglicans also have a presence in Richmond, served by St Stephens, next door to St Ignatius Church
7.
Impressionism
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Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s. The Impressionists faced harsh opposition from the art community in France. The development of Impressionism in the arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became known as impressionist music. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists violated the rules of academic painting and they constructed their pictures from freely brushed colours that took precedence over lines and contours, following the example of painters such as Eugène Delacroix and J. M. W. Turner. They also painted scenes of modern life, and often painted outdoors. Previously, still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes were painted in a studio. The Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air, the Impressionists, however, developed new techniques specific to the style. The public, at first hostile, gradually came to believe that the Impressionists had captured a fresh and original vision, even if the art critics and art establishment disapproved of the new style. In the middle of the 19th century—a time of change, as Emperor Napoleon III rebuilt Paris, the Académie was the preserver of traditional French painting standards of content and style. Historical subjects, religious themes, and portraits were valued, landscape, the Académie preferred carefully finished images that looked realistic when examined closely. Paintings in this style were made up of brush strokes carefully blended to hide the artists hand in the work. Colour was restrained and often toned down further by the application of a golden varnish, the Académie had an annual, juried art show, the Salon de Paris, and artists whose work was displayed in the show won prizes, garnered commissions, and enhanced their prestige. The standards of the juries represented the values of the Académie, represented by the works of artists as Jean-Léon Gérôme. In the early 1860s, four young painters—Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley and they discovered that they shared an interest in painting landscape and contemporary life rather than historical or mythological scenes. A favourite meeting place for the artists was the Café Guerbois on Avenue de Clichy in Paris, where the discussions were led by Édouard Manet. They were soon joined by Camille Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, during the 1860s, the Salon jury routinely rejected about half of the works submitted by Monet and his friends in favour of works by artists faithful to the approved style. In 1863, the Salon jury rejected Manets The Luncheon on the Grass primarily because it depicted a woman with two clothed men at a picnic. While the Salon jury routinely accepted nudes in historical and allegorical paintings, the jurys severely worded rejection of Manets painting appalled his admirers, and the unusually large number of rejected works that year perturbed many French artists
8.
J. M. W. Turner
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Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA was an English Romanticist landscape painter. Turner was considered a figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting and he is commonly known as the painter of light. Joseph Mallord William Turner was baptised on 14 May 1775, and it is generally believed he was born between late April and early May. Turner himself claimed he was born on 23 April, but there is no proof and he was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, in London, England. His father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker and his mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778, the earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is from this period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswells Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales. Around 1786, Turner was sent to Margate on the north-east Kent coast, here he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area foreshadowing his later work. Turner returned to Margate many times in later life, by this time, Turners drawings were being exhibited in his fathers shop window and sold for a few shillings. His father boasted to the artist Thomas Stothard that, My son, in 1789, Turner again stayed with his uncle who had retired to Sunningwell in Berkshire. A whole sketchbook of work from time in Berkshire survives as well as a watercolour of Oxford. The use of sketches on location, as the foundation for later finished paintings. By the end of 1789, he had begun to study under the topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton. Turner learned from him the tricks of the trade, copying and colouring outline prints of British castles. He would later call Malton My real master, topography was a thriving industry by which a young artist could pay for his studies. In the same year of 1789 he entered the Royal Academy of Art schools, when he was 14 years old, Sir Joshua Reynolds, president of the Royal Academy, chaired the panel that admitted him. At first Turner showed a keen interest in architecture, but was advised by the architect Thomas Hardwick to continue painting and his first watercolour painting A View of the Archbishops Palace, Lambeth was accepted for the Royal Academy summer exhibition of 1790 when Turner was 15. As a probationer in the academy, he was drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures
9.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
10.
Heidelberg, Victoria
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Heidelberg is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia,13 km north-east of Melbournes central business district. Its local government area is the City of Banyule, at the 2011 Census, Heidelberg had a population of 5,714. Once a large town on Melbournes fringe, Heidelberg was absorbed into Melbourne as part of the northward expansion after World War II. Heidelberg once had its own historic Central Business District including its own municipality in the former City of Heidelberg and it was named after the German city of Heidelberg. The land at Heidelberg was sold by auction in 1838, making it one of the earliest rural allotments. By 1840, Warringal had been established as a surveyed township, eventually, Warringal was changed to Heidelberg by a land agent, after the German city of Heidelberg. Following anti-German sentiment during World War I, the Heidelberg City Council proposed to change the name Heidelberg but following public debates, when it was settled, Heidelberg was reached by track from Melbourne via North Fitzroy, and in 1841 the Heidelberg Road Trust was formed. As a form of Local Government, it preceded the Melbourne Town Council, by the late 1840s, the road had a toll bar at Merri Creek, and a macadamised surface. It became a tourist attraction, enhancing Heidelbergs reputation as a place for views, excursions. Cattle overlander Joseph Hawdon built his gothic Banyule Homestead in 1846, the Post Office opened on 19 October 1853 as Warringal, and was renamed Heidelberg in 1865. Heidelberg was proclaimed a Shire on 27 January 1871, Heidelbergs rural scenery attracted artists during the 1880s, due to the absence of public utilities or a railway, causing houses to be vacant, and available at low rents. Two years later, the Chartersville Homestead was occupied for similar purposes, Heidelberg was proclaimed a city on 11 April 1934, but its rural space exceeded the urban area. The Heidelberg Town Hall was built in 1937, subdivision and settlement clustered around Heidelberg Road and the Melbourne to Hurstbridge railway line, which bisected the municipality in a generally north-east direction. Along that line are Darebin, Ivanhoe, Eaglemont, Heidelberg, Rosanna, Macleod, Watsonia, mont Park was reached by a spur line from Macleod. Heidelberg West, then and now unserved by a railway, was settled until the 1950s. It also provided the site for the village for the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. By the 1970s, the development of the Heidelberg Municipality was complete, except for some areas in Viewbank. The shopping areas were mostly strips, but a centre was built in Heidelberg West in 1956
11.
Lithography
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Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material, Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate. The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, when the stone was subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water, an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a paper sheet. This traditional technique is used in some fine art printmaking applications. In modern lithography, the image is made of a coating applied to a flexible aluminum plate. The image can be printed directly from the plate, or it can be offset, by transferring the image onto a sheet for printing. In fact, photolithography is used synonymously with offset printing, the technique as well as the term were introduced in Europe in the 1850s. Beginning in the 1960s, photolithography has played an important role in the fabrication, Lithography uses simple chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the part of an image is a water-repelling substance. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a printing ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image. This allows a flat print plate to be used, enabling much longer, Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1796. In the early days of lithography, a piece of limestone was used. After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, during printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and was repelled by the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. Lithography works because of the repulsion of oil and water. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium such as a wax crayon, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible
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