Article 231, often known as the war guilt clause, was the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Alli
Avocourt, 1918, one of the many destroyed French villages, candidates for reconstruction funded by reparations
Norman Davis, one of the two authors of Article 231
Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau
Trains, loaded with machinery, deliver their cargo as reparation payment in kind.
Weimar Republic
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The Weimar Republic was a historical period of the German state from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history. The state was offici
Sailors during the mutiny in Kiel, November 1918
Philipp Scheidemann addresses a crowd from a window of the Reich Chancellery, 9 November 1918.
Members of the 1919 Weimar government
Crowds in Berlin watching the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt march in under the imperial war ensign during the Kapp Putsch