1.
Southbank, Victoria
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Southbank is an inner urban neighbourhood of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,1 km south of Melbournes central business district. Its local government area are the Cities of Melbourne and Port Phillip, at the 2011 Census, Southbank had a population of 11,235. Its northernmost area is considered part of the Central Business District, Southbank is bordered to the north by the Yarra River, and to the east by St Kilda Road. Southbanks southern and western borders are bounded by Dorcas Street, Kings Way, Southbank was formerly an industrial area and part of South Melbourne. It was transformed into a populated district of high rise apartment and office buildings beginning in the early 1990s. With the exceptions of the precinct along St Kilda Road. Today, Southbank is dominated by high-rise development and it is also one of the most densely populated areas of Melbourne, with a large cluster of apartment towers, including Australias tallest tower measured to its highest floor, the Eureka Tower. Southbank Promenade and Southgate Restaurant and Shopping Precinct, on the bank of the Yarra River. Southgates landmark Ophelia sculpture by Deborah Halpern has been used to represent Melbourne in tourism campaigns, before European settlement, the area now called South Melbourne was a series of low lying swamps inhabited by Aboriginal tribes. The Arts Centre precinct opened in the 1980s on former parkland, the area was the subject of urban renewal in the 1980s and early 1990s. In part, this was aimed at stimulating development in a period when Melbourne was experiencing an economic downturn during the global recession on 1991–92. Denton Corker Marshall designed and oversaw the original Southbank Promenade in 1990, at the eastern end of the area is the Victorian Arts Centre. Since then, the pylon underneath the award winning Southbank Pedestrian Bridge has been utilised and is now home to Ponyfish Island, further buildings including the Esso headquarters were built between 1992 and 1995. Development expanded along the Yarra westward, with the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre in 1996 and Crown Casino in 1997, Clarendon Towers also attracted the owner occupiers. Beginning with Southbank Towers in 1997, Central Equity began a swathe of apartment towers, in 2002 the neighbouring Yarras Edge precinct of the new Melbourne Docklands began to kick off. The arts precinct was extended with the construction of the award winning buildings for the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art in 2002, at around the same time a new headquarters for the State Emergency Service was built. Central Equity apartments are aimed at both the owner occupier and rental market with management provided by Melbourne Inner City Management, an owned subsidiary of Central Equity. With a boom in apartment building and the success of the Melburnian, the 91 floor Eureka Tower was begun in 2002, aimed at being the tallest residential tower in the world and was completed in 2006
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Roy Grounds
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Sir Roy Burman Grounds was one of Australias leading architects of the modern movement. Born in Melbourne, Grounds was educated at Scotch College and then the University of Melbourne, on his return to Australia, Grounds went into partnership with Geoffrey Mewton, and they introduced the international style to Melbourne. Grounds ended this partnership in 1936 and travelled in England until 1939, Grounds practised by himself between 1939 and 1942 and designed a series of houses and flats which established his reputation. After the war, Grounds was involved in setting up the curriculum for the School of Architecture at Melbourne University and he resumed his architectural practice and became interested in formal, geometrically based designs. When Grounds, Frederick Romberg and Robin Boyd formed their partnership in 1953 all were established in Victoria. Each brought substantial work to the practice and the firm became very successful, Grounds first large commission was for the Australian Academy of Science in Canberra. The construction of its reinforced concrete dome was a technical achievement. Opened in 1959, it won the Meritorious Architecture Award of the Canberra Area Committee of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, the Academy building also led to other work in Canberra, initially for the firm and later Grounds himself. Grounds opened a Canberra office in the Forrest Townhouses, which he partly financed, in 1959 the firm was awarded the commission to design the National Gallery of Victoria and Arts Centre, with Grounds named in the contract as the architect in charge. When Boyd and Romberg were mildly critical of the geometric designs that Grounds showed them. In 1962 Grounds left the partnership, taking the commission with him, under a building committee chaired by the philanthropist Ken Myer, he devoted the next twenty years of his life to the completion of the Arts Centre. His longest-serving architectural associates throughout this period, which included Monash Universitys Robert Blackwood Hall, were Alan Nelson, Fritz Suendermann, Lou Gerhardt and Allan Stillman. While the Gallery was brought in on time and budget, the complicated Yarra River site for the Concert Hall and Theatre Complex resulted in building delays, Grounds showed Queen Elizabeth II the massive excavations shortly before his death. Much of the interior designs were completed by John Truscott. Grounds was awarded the RAIA Gold Medal in 1968 and knighted in 1969, in 1969 he was elected a life fellow of the RAIA. One of his last great design successes was Hobarts iconic 18-story octagonal tower that is the part of the Wrest Point Hotel Casino complex. He died in Melbourne in 1981, in 2010, an original Grounds plan for a library was completed at the Moorilla Estate and entrance for the Museum of Old and New Art in Hobart, Tasmania
4.
Performing arts center
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This sort of space has a long history extending to the Roman Colosseum and Greek amphitheatres. The modern version of this came into being only in the 1960s, an example of this type of PAC is the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D. C. which contains nine distinctive performance spaces. Examples of this practice is the Celebrity Series of Boston renting venues in Bostons Boch Center, pACs became a draw for touring shows and eventually included visual art in their facilities. Today, these centers are valuable resources that provide education, access, exchange of creative discourse, opportunities for cultural expression. List of concert halls List of contemporary amphitheatres List of opera houses
5.
Theatre
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The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry
6.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
7.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
8.
National Gallery of Victoria
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The National Gallery of Victoria, popularly known as the NGV, is an art museum in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1861, it is Australias oldest, largest and most visited art museum, the St Kilda Road building, designed by Sir Roy Grounds, opened in 1968, and was redeveloped by Mario Bellini before reopening in 2003. It houses the international art collection and is on the Victorian Heritage Register. Designed by Lab Architecture Studio, the Ian Potter Centre opened in 2002, further money was set aside in the early 1860s for the establishment of the first National Gallery. On 24 May 1874, the first purpose built gallery, known as the McArthur Gallery, was opened in the McArthur room of the State Library, the undressed box was only ever intended as a temporary home until the much grander vision was to be realised. However such an edifice did not eventuate and the complex was instead developed incrementally over several decades, the National Gallery of Victoria Art School, associated with the gallery, was founded in 1867 and remained the leading centre for academic art training in Australia until about 1910. The Schools graduates went on to some of Australias most significant artists. In 1887, the Buvelot Gallery was opened, along with the Painting School studios, in 1892, two more galleries were added, Stawell and La Trobe. The gallerys collection was built from both gifts of works of art and monetary donations, the most significant, the Felton Bequest, was established by the will of Alfred Felton and from 1904, has been used to purchase over 15,000 works of art. £3 million was put forward in February 1960 and Roy Grounds was announced as the architect, in 1962, Roy Grounds split from his partners Frederick Romberg and Robin Boyd, retained the commission, and designed the gallery at 180 St Kilda Road. By 1967, the new $14 million complex began to take shape, and the gallery was finally relocated to the new building in the summer of 1967-1968. The new bluestone clad building was opened on Tuesday 20 August 1968 by Victorian premier Henry Bolte. In 1999, redevelopment of the building was proposed, with Mario Bellini chosen as architect, the proposal was to leave the original architectural fabric intact including the exterior facade and Leonard French stained glass ceiling, but to significantly modernise the spaces. During the redevelopment, many works were moved to a temporary external annex known as NGV on Russell, at the State Library with its entrance on Russell Street. NGV on Russell closed on 30 June 2002 to make way for the opening of the new St Kilda Road gallery. The Ian Potter Centre, NGV Australia was designed by Lab Architecture Studio, the NGVs Australian art collection encompasses Indigenous art and artefacts, Australian colonial art, Australian Impressionist art, 20th century, modern and contemporary art. The NGV houses many of the most recognisable Australian paintings, including Frederick McCubbins The Pioneer, phillips Fox, John Glover, Eugene von Guerard, Hans Heysen, George W. A large number of works were donated by Dr. Joseph Brown in 2004 which form the Joseph Brown Collection, in 2011 the NGV celebrated its 150th birthday and acquired an important painting by Correggio
9.
Yarra River
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The Yarra River or historically, the Yarra Yarra River, is a perennial river in east-central Victoria, Australia. The lower stretches of the river are where the city of Melbourne was established in 1835, the river was a major food source and meeting place for indigenous Australians from prehistoric times. Shortly after the arrival of European settlers land clearing forced the remaining Wurundjeri to neighbouring territories, originally called Birrarung by the Wurundjeri, the current name was mistranslated from another Wurundjeri term in the Boonwurrung language, Yarro-yarro, meaning ever-flowing. The river was utilised primarily for agriculture by early European settlers, the landscape of the river has changed dramatically since 1835. The course has been disrupted and the river widened in places. The first of many Crossings of the Yarra River to facilitate transport was built in Princes Bridge, beginning with the Victorian gold rush it was extensively mined, creating the Pound Bend Tunnel in Warrandyte, and the Big and Little Peninsula Tunnels above Warburton. Widening and dams, like the Upper Yarra Reservoir have helped protect Melbourne from major flooding, the catchments upper reaches are also affected by logging. Industrialisation ultimately led to the destruction of the marshlands at the confluence of the Yarra, today, the mouth and including Swanson and Appleton Docks are used for container shipping by the Port of Melbourne which is the busiest on the continent. The city reach which is inaccessible to larger watercraft, has increased use for both transport and recreational boating. In recent years however recreational use of the river is threatened by high levels of pollution in its lower stretches, the upper reaches remain relatively healthy. The annual Moomba festival celebrates the Yarra Rivers increasing cultural significance to Melbourne, the river was called Birrarung by the Wurundjeri people who occupied the Yarra Valley and much of Central Victoria prior to European settlement. It is thought that Birrarung is derived from Wurundjeri words meaning ever flowing, another common term was Birrarung Marr, thought to mean river of mist or river bank. However it is believed that Yarra means waterfall, flow, or refers to running or falling water, descriptive of any river or creek in the area, not just the Yarra. The name Yarra Yarra is said to mean ever flowing river, between 8000 BC and 6000 BC, the basin flooded forming Port Phillip Bay and moving the mouth of the Yarra over 50 km inland. A dry period combined with sand bar formation may have dried the bay out as recently as between 800 BC and 1000 AD extending the Yarra to Bass Strait during this period. The area surrounding the Yarra River and modern day Melbourne was originally inhabited by Natives of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation and it is believed that the area was occupied by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years. The rivers resources were utilised sustainably by the Wurundjeri until the advent of early European settlement in the early-mid-19th century and he selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that this will be the place for a village. The river was instrumental in the establishment of Melbourne along its banks from 1835 onwards, the new settlements main port was sited near Queensbridge, the place where saltwater met freshwater
10.
St Kilda Road, Melbourne
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St Kilda Road is a street in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is part of the locality of Melbourne which has the postcode of 3004, the road continues as Brighton Road, which becomes Nepean Highway, forming a major arterial connecting the bayside suburbs and Mornington Peninsula to the city. The first sale of Crown lands in St. Kilda took place on 7 December 1842, within a few years, St Kilda became a fashionable area for wealthy settlers, with the high ground above the beach offering a cool fresh breeze during Melbournes hot summer months. St Kilda Road was a track that linked St Kilda to the town centre. The road was impassable by carriage after rains, which turned the road to mud, prior to the building of the first bridge spanning the Yarra River in 1844, traffic crossed the river by privately operated punts. In 1844, a privately built wooden trestle bridge was built across the river at Swanston Street. In 1850, a government-built sandstone free bridge replaced the wooden bridge, in 1853, the Immigrants Aid Society established the Immigrants Home in St Kilda Road, which accommodated neglected and orphaned children and also had a reformatory for children. The Home existed until 1902 when it became the Melbourne Hospital site, in 1854, Kings Domain garden was established. In the same year the government offered four religious groups land on which to build schools and it offered the Wesleyan Methodist Church 10 acres facing St Kilda Road. It took a while to find sufficient funds to build the actual school, the foundation stone of Wesley College was laid on 4 January 1865 and the school was officially opened on 11 January 1866. In 1855, the government granted 15 acres on St Kilda Road to the Anglican Church on which Melbourne Grammar School was built, the foundation stone was laid on 30 July 1856 and the school was officially opened on 7 April 1858. During the early 1850s, St Kilda Road was the scene of frequent hold-ups by armed bandits, Victoria Barracks were built between 1856 and 1872. In the 1860s, St Kilda was a major bayside resort village, St Kilda Road was a main arterial connecting it with Melbourne, and was planned as a wide European-style boulevard to accommodate horse-drawn traffic. Fawkner Park was created in 1862, the Alfred Hospital was established in 1871. From the 1870s, some of Melbournes wealthiest residents erected grand mansions on significant lots along the street, in 1877, Cooper and Baileys Great American International Circus set up on the site of the present Arts Centre. The present Princes Bridge was built in 1888 to replace the 1850 structure, at this time, the beautiful elm trees were planted along the road. The Prince Henrys Hospital was opened in St Kilda Road in 1885, until the end of the 19th century, the Yarra River was subject to regular flooding. A new channel for the Yarra River was dug from 1896 to 1900 to straighten and widen the river, the spoil was used to fill the swampy lagoons and brickmakers pits and raise the height of the river bank where Alexandra Gardens now stands
11.
Opera Australia
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Opera Australia is the principal opera company in Australia. In 2004, the company gave 226 performances in its subscription seasons in Sydney and Melbourne, like most opera companies, it is funded by a combination of government money, corporate sponsorship, private philanthropy, and ticket sales. The proportion of its revenue from sales is considerably higher than that of most companies. By the end of 2004, Opera Australia provided employment to approximately 1,300 Australians, in 1956, the Australian Opera Company was formed in Sydney under the auspices of the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust. It commemorated the Mozart bicentenary by presenting four Mozart operas in all cities, travelling more than 10,000 kilometres. A truly national company was in place, by 1957, it changed its name to the Elizabethan Theatre Trust Opera Company. In 1959 the companys laid-off singers gave the first of many tours with Rossinis The Barber of Seville using reduced scenery. Subsequent Arts Council tours included Rigoletto, Così fan tutte and La traviata, however, by 1963 a permanent nucleus of singers and staff was retained throughout the year and the company had made appearances at regional festivals, including the Adelaide Festival. It was also able to establish the first Elizabethan Trust Orchestra for the company by 1967 with additional government aid, during this time, Stefan Haag played an important role in the development of the company. A major milestone for the company was a recording of Puccinis Tosca filmed in 1968 at the Adelaide Festival. This was the commencement of a long and fruitful association between the Australian Opera and Maestro Cillario until his retirement in 2003, some of his first rehearsals in the country involved conducting the Elizabethan Sydney Orchestra and the Australian Opera Chorus, both newly formed and on permanent contracts. Sutherlands name was linked to the progress of the Sydney Opera House, begun in 1957 and still undergoing a lengthy. In 1970, the became known as The Australian Opera. The 1970s saw considerable changes both in administration and location, audiences were certainly boosted by Joan Sutherlands performances with The Australian Opera in Offenbachs The Tales of Hoffmann. In addition, in the 1974 season three Australian works were performed, The Affair by Felix Werder, Lenz by Larry Sitsky, and Rites of Passage by Peter Sculthorpe. By 1976, Richard Bonynge had become Musical Director and he led the company on its first overseas tour to New Zealand with Verdis Rigoletto and Janáčeks Jenůfa and this was followed in 1978 by the first Australian Opera country tour with orchestra to north-eastern New South Wales. The principal tenor for this tour was Robin Donald, from 1977 to 1990, the resident director was Elke Neidhardt. Over the following years a series of simulcasts reached millions of Australian homes and this nationally simulcast performance broke box office records for an indoor event
12.
Melbourne Theatre Company
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The Melbourne Theatre Company is a theatre company based in Melbourne, Victoria. Founded in 1953 as the Union Theatre Repertory Company, it is the oldest professional theatre company in Australia, considered Victorias state theatre company, it formally comes under the auspices of the University of Melbourne. Currently, it offers a Mainstage Season of ten to twelve each year, a season of new and emerging works. It has a current subscriber base of 19,816 people, the Melbourne Theatre Company was founded in 1953 by John Sumner as the Union Theatre Repertory Company, based at the Union Theatre of the University of Melbournes Student Union building. Sumners original idea was to present a season of plays over those months when the Union Theatre was not being used by student drama societies and it was Australias first professional repertory theatre, presenting a new play every two weeks during the season. Later, that became three weekly repertory, the first play, Jean Anouilhs Colombe, opened on 31 August 1953, starring Zoe Caldwell, George Fairfax and Alex Scott. The first Australian play produced by the company, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Ray Lawler, Lawler had by that time succeeded Sumner as Director of the company, taking it through the 1955 and 1956 seasons. When Lawler left to perform The Doll in London, he handed the directorship to Wal Cherry, cherrys experimental and daring approach to theatre did much to broaden the tastes of Melbourne theatre-goers, though the company suffered at the box-office. In 1959, John Sumner returned and subsequently steered the company through twenty-eight years of growth, watching it become, by the time he retired in 1987, in February 2011, Brett Sheehy was named as Phillips successor. Due to his position as head of the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Sheehy did not commence at MTC until 2012, robyn Nevin, Pamela Rabe, and Aidan Fennessy managed the 2012 Season. The first twenty years of the Melbourne Theatre Company, the Drama Continues, MTC the first fifty years 1953–2003. Melbourne Theatre Company Media Resources Artistic Leadership Annual Report 2013
13.
Melbourne Symphony Orchestra
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The Melbourne Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra based in Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne has the longest continuous history of music of any Australian city. The MSO performs to more than 200,000 people in Melbourne and its principal venue is Hamer Hall. The Orchestra has its own choir, the MSO Chorus, following integration with the Melbourne Chorale in 2008, the orchestra relies on funding by the Victorian State Government and the Federal government and support from private corporations and donors. It is supported by Symphony Services International, in 1934, the MSO became one of the Australian Broadcasting Commissions radio orchestras. In 1949, the took on the new name of the Victorian Symphony Orchestra. In 1965, the name reverted to the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. The MSOs longest serving chief conductor was Hiroyuki Iwaki, who was named Conductor Laureate of the orchestra in 1989, the orchestras most recent Chief Conductor, Sir Andrew Davis, was appointed in June 2012. Sir Andrew Davis gave his inaugural concerts as the MSOs Chief Conductor in 2013, the MSO also works with Associate Conductor Benjamin Northey and guest conductors like Thomas Adès, John Adams, Tan Dun, Markus Stenz and Simone Young. Dale Barltrop and Eoin Andersen have shared the position of concertmaster since the start of 2015 since Wilma Smith stepped down at the end of the 2014 season. The MSO was the first Australian orchestra to perform overseas, and its overseas tours – the USA, Canada, Japan, Korea, Europe, China, St Petersburg, Russia and Japan – have gained it widespread international recognition. In January 2007 the Orchestra embarked on its second European tour, visiting five cities in Spain, Paris, Berlin, the MSO has collaborated with a number of contemporary artists from pop and rock, to techno and electronic. The MSOs recent discs include Strauss Four Last Songs, Don Juan, on the Chandos label the MSO has recently released Berlioz Harold en Italie with James Ehnes and Ives Symphonies No.1 &2, both led by Sir Andrew Davis. Nominated for same award for performances of Glass Soldier Suite, Musaic,2008 Outstanding Contribution to Australian Music in Education win for Melbourne Symphony Orchestras ArtPlay ensemble touring program and music theatre project Hunger. Melbourne Symphony Orchestra eMelbourne, the city past and present Melbourne Stage Archive, A Century of Symphony Listen to the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra performing Peter Sculthorpes Irkanda IV
14.
Victorian Heritage Register
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The Victorian Heritage Register lists places of cultural heritage significance to the State of Victoria, Australia. It has statutory weight under the Heritage Act 1995 which establishes Heritage Victoria as the permit authority, Heritage Victoria is part of the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, a department of the Government of Victoria, Australia. Heritage Victoria reports to the Heritage Council who assess nominations to the register, the Minister for Planning is the responsible Minister for Heritage Victoria and the Heritage Act 1995. As of 2013, there were over 2,200 places, delisting of a site requires the intervention of the relevant government minister. All places and objects listed on the register are entitled to a Blue plaque
15.
Victorian gold rush
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The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s. For a number of years the output from Victoria was greater than in any other country in the world with the exception of the more extensive fields of California. Victorias greatest yield for one year was in 1856, when 3,053,744 troy ounces of gold were won from the diggings, from 1851 to 1896 the Victorian Mines Department reported that a total of 61,034,682 oz of gold was mined in Victoria. Gold was first discovered in Australia on 15 February 1823, by assistant surveyor James McBrien, at Fish River, the find was considered unimportant at the time, and was not pursued for policy reasons. Gold discoveries in Beechworth, Ballarat and Bendigo sparked gold rushes similar to the California Gold Rush, at its peak some two tonnes of gold per week flowed into the Treasury Building in Melbourne. The gold exported to Britain in the 1850s paid all her foreign debts, Melbourne was a major boomtown during the gold rush. The city became the centre of the colony with rail networks radiating to the regional towns, politically, Victorias goldminers introduced male franchise and secret ballots, based on Chartist principles. As gold dwindled, pressures for reform, protectionism and political reform grew. A Land Convention in Melbourne during 1857 demanded land reform, Melbourne became one of the great cities of the British Empire and the world. Following the huge gold rushes were the Chinese in 1854, in short, the gold rush was a revolutionary event and reshaped Victoria, its society and politics. There were rumours abroad about the presence of gold in Australia, however the Colonial Secretary, Edward Deas Thomson, saw a great future for the country when Edward Hargraves proved his theory that Australia was a vast storehouse of gold. Hargraves had been in the California gold rush and knew gold country, the news spread like wildfire, and soon the race was on from coast to gold fields. Flocks were left untended, drovers deserted their teams, merchants and lawyers rushed from their desks and entire ships crews, captains included, marched off to seek their fortunes. In March 1850, Mr. W. Campbell of Strath Loddon found on the station of Mr. Donald Cameron and this was concealed at the time but on 10 January 1851, Campbell disclosed it. Others had found indications of gold, dr. George H. Bruhn, a German physician, whose services as an analyst were in great demand, had been shown specimens of gold from what afterwards became the Clunes diggings. A party formed by Mr. Louis John Michel, consisting of himself, Mr. William Haberlin, James Furnival, James Melville, James Headon, and B. The third discovery was by Mr. Thomas Hiscock, a resident at Buninyong, clarke, and by the discovery of Brentanis nugget in the Pyrenees district two years before, he had kept a constant lookout for gold in his neighbourhood. Dr. George H. Bruhn, a German physician, in the month of January,1851, dr. Bruhn forwarded specimens, which were received by the Gold Discovery Committee on 30 June 1851
16.
Ken Myer
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Kenneth Baillieu Myer AC, DSC was an American-born Australian patron of the arts, humanities and sciences, diplomat, administrator, businessman and philanthropist. He was a member of the notable Melbourne retailing Myer family and he was also the founding chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Sidney Myer had divorced his first wife in Reno, Nevada and his second wife, Merlyn Myer, travelled to San Francisco for the birth of each of her four children to ensure they would be considered legitimate. The family returned to Australia in 1929 and Myer was educated at Geelong Grammar School, where his strengths were in music, the arts and his father died at an early age in 1934, when he was 13 years of age. He was accepted to Oxford University but could not attend due to the outbreak of World War II and he attended Princeton University for a year, then returned to Australia and served in the Royal Australian Navy. He was temporarily seconded to the Royal Navy in mid-1943, and he was also mentioned in despatches in 1944. Later he served in the forces in Shanghai, Hong Kong. In 1948 he became a Director of the Myer Emporium, a role he continued until 1985 and he was Deputy chairman and managing director 1960–1966, Chairman 1966–1976, and a non-executive Director 1976–1985. He was also a Director of Coles Myer Ltd 1985–89, together with his siblings, he brought the Sidney Myer Music Bowl into existence in 1959. Ken Myer donated it to the people of Victoria and Australia and he championed the introduction of freeways and shopping malls to Australia, and was instrumental in setting up the Chadstone Shopping Centre in Melbourne. In 1972, he surprised and to a degree alienated his family by supporting the Australian Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam during the federal election campaign. Labor won government in December 1972 and Whitlam became Prime Minister, in early 1974, Whitlam offered Ken Myer the opportunity of succeeding Sir Paul Hasluck as Governor-General. He declined, and the post went to Sir John Kerr and his other activities were extensive and varied. He successfully fostered new research in such as the Division of Plant Industry of the CSIRO. At his death in 1992, he was the greatest collector of Japanese art in Australia and he won the International Retailers Award in 1970. On Australia Day 1976 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia, the annual Kenneth Myer Lecture was founded by the Friends of the National Library of Australia in 1990. The inaugural lecturer was Gough Whitlam, and later Kenneth Myer Lecturers have included H. C, coombs, Dr Davis McCaughey, Emeritus Professor John Mulvaney, Sir Gustav Nossal, Professor Peter C. Doherty, Fred Chaney, Professor Fiona Stanley, Harry Seidler, Tim Costello, Geoffrey Robertson, Michelle Grattan, Professor Tim Flannery, Professor Ian Frazer, in 1947, Myer married Prudence Boyd and they had five children, Joanna, Michael, Philip, Martyn and Andrew
17.
Rupert Hamer
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Sir Rupert James Hamer, AC, KCMG, ED, generally known until he was knighted in 1982 as Dick Hamer, Australian Liberal Party politician, was the 39th Premier of Victoria, serving from 1972 to 1981. Dick Hamer was born in Melbourne to Elizabeth Anne McLuckie and Hubert Hamer, Dick Hamer was educated at Geelong Grammar School and graduated in law from the University of Melbourne, where he was resident at Trinity College from 1936. He was a member, with his brother Alan, of the College First XVIII Australian Rules football team and he joined the Australian Army in 1939 and served at Tobruk and El Alamein and in New Guinea and Normandy. After the war he became a partner in his familys law firm and was active in the Liberal Party, in 1944 he married April Mackintosh, with whom he had five children. In 1958 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for East Yarra Province and he was appointed to the cabinet of the long-serving Premier, Henry Bolte, in 1962, becoming Assistant Chief Secretary. He was Minister for Local Government 1964–1971, after Deputy Premier Arthur Rylah was forced to retire due to a stroke, Hamer was elected in a by-election for Rylahs Legislative Assembly seat of Kew in East Melbourne. He immediately assumed Rylahs portfolios of Deputy Premier and Chief Secretary, although he was loyal to Bolte, he had a reputation for being much more liberal than his rough-edged conservative leader. Bolte retired in 1972 and Hamer succeeded him as Liberal leader and Premier, employing the slogan Hamer Makes It Happen, he won a landslide against the Labor opposition under Clyde Holding, increasing his partys already large majority. He won a larger victory in 1976, also defeating Holding. Restrictions on shop trading hours, and on public entertainment on Sundays, were eased, a major new centre for the performing arts was built in the centre of Melbourne. These measures won the support of voters, and the Melbourne daily The Age. At the same time, the Labor Party was mounting a challenge to the Liberals than it had in some time. Frank Wilkes had taken over as ALP leader from Holding in 1977, ultimately, the Liberals suffered an 11-seat swing, losing many seats in eastern Melbourne. Their majority was reduced to one seat, although they could also count on the support of the rural-based National Country Party. In spite of the setback, Hamer continued in office and it reformed the administration of the highly centralised Department of Education in Victoria into a regionalised organisation with devolution of greater control to local schools. It established a Special Assistance Program to address illiteracy and innumeracy in primary schools and it introduced a Health and Human Relations Education curriculum and compulsory Physical Education in government schools. However, during this period the wing of the Liberal Party. The leading conservative, Economic Development Minister Ian Smith, was sacked from Cabinet for disloyalty in March 1981 and he was reinstated after pledging loyalty to Hamer, but resigned again in May
18.
Norman Lacy
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He has been President of Independent Contractors Australia since October 2008 and lives in Wye River, Victoria. Norman Henry Lacy was born at the Epworth Private Hospital in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond and his parents were Albert Henry Lacy a licensed plumber and gas-fitter, and Florence Emma Lacy. He was baptised at St Stephens Church of England in Richmond on 28 June 1942 and he has a brother Stanley Albert born in 1937 and a sister Janette Florence born in 1947. During his childhood and teenage years he lived with his parents and siblings, initially at 31 Buckingham Street, as an infant he attended the Boroondara Kindergarten in Nth Richmond. His primary education took place at North Richmond State School and his education and apprenticeship training at Richmond Technical College. The family belonged to St Matthias Church of England in Church Street, the family were also active in the Scout and Guide movement in Richmond. His mother was the Principal Guider for the Girl Guide movement with oversight of the companies in the Richmond district. She was also a member of the Trefold Guild and his father was Assistant Secretary of the Richmond Union Bowling Club. Norman Lacys mother died of cancer on 21 February 1956 at the age of 44 when he was 14 years of age. Lacy regarded this event as the most formative of his life and he dealt with his grief by throwing himself into sport. The opportunity to play for his local basketball team in the Church of England Basketball Association competition presented itself. Lacys initial occupation from 1957 to 1961 was as a plumber and gas-fitter in his fathers plumbing business that traded under the name A. H. Lacy Bros. in Richmond. Strongly influenced by the Billy Graham crusade in Melbourne in 1959, during his early 20s he was a member of the Scripture Union and Childrens Special Service Mission movements and as a clergyman, the Anglican Evangelical Fellowship of Australia. He subsequently, became an advocate of the application of Christian teaching to social issues. His father died at the age of 52 on 30 May 1960 when Lacy was 18 years of age, for Lacy this represented a seminal moment in his life. He came to feel that he was alone in the world. After completing this prerequisite in December 1961, he went on to study theology at Ridley College and he completed his Licentiate in Theology, the minimum requirement for ordination in the Anglican Church, in December 1963 through the Australian College of Theology. Being too young to be ordained, he spent another year at Ridley commencing his post graduate studies and it was at this time that Lacys theological views were strongly influenced by his tutor, New Testament scholar Dr Leon Morris, Ridleys Principal at the time
19.
Flinders Street railway station
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Flinders Street railway station is a railway station on the corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets in Melbourne, Australia. It serves the metropolitan rail network. Backing onto the city reach of the Yarra River in the heart of the city, Flinders Street is served by Metros suburban services, and V/Line regional services to Gippsland. It is the busiest station on Melbournes metropolitan network and the busiest railway station in Australia and it was the first railway station in an Australian city and the worlds busiest passenger station in the late 1920s. The main station building, completed in 1909, is an icon of Melbourne, with its prominent dome, arched entrance, tower. It is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, Flinders Street Station is responsible for two of Melbournes busiest pedestrian crossings, both across Flinders Street, including one of Melbournes few pedestrian scrambles. The first railway station to occupy the Flinders Street site was called Melbourne Terminus and it was opened on 12 September 1854 by the Lieutenant-Governor, Charles Hotham. The terminus was the first city railway station in Australia, and it travelled to Sandridge, over the now redeveloped Sandridge Bridge, travelling along the now light rail Port Melbourne line. The first terminus had a single platform 30 metres long, and was located beside the Fish Market building on the south-west corner of Swanston and Flinders Streets. An additional platform was provided in 1877, along with two bridges to provide passenger access, followed by additional timber and corrugated iron buildings. The first signal boxes were opened at the station in 1883, by the 1890s a third island platform had been constructed. Melbournes two other early central-city stations, Spencer Street and Princes Bridge, opened in 1859, Princes Bridge was originally separated from Flinders Street, even though it was only on the opposite side of Swanston Street. Once the railway line was extended under the street in 1865 to join the two, Princes Bridge was closed and it was not reopened until April 1879, and from 1909 slowly became amalgamated into Flinders Street. Federation Square now occupies its site, up until the 1880s a number of designs for a new station had been prepared, but none ever went any further. In 1882, the government decided to build a new passenger station to replace the existing ad-hoc construction. A design competition was held in 1899 with 17 entries received. The train shed over the platforms was intended to have arched roofs running north-south. Work began in 1900 on the rearrangement of the station tracks, work on the central pedestrian subway started in 1901, with the foundations of the main building completed by 1903
20.
Orchestra
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The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα, the name for the area in front of a stage in ancient Greek theatre reserved for the Greek chorus. A full-size orchestra may sometimes be called an orchestra or philharmonic orchestra. The actual number of employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred musicians, depending on the work being played. The term chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles of about fifty musicians or fewer, the typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras called for in the works of Richard Wagner, and later, Gustav Mahler. Orchestras are usually led by a conductor who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, the conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the tempo and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The first violin, commonly called the concertmaster, also plays an important role in leading the musicians, the typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the instruments in each group. Chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles, a chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians. The term concert orchestra may also be used, as in the BBC Concert Orchestra, the so-called standard complement of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by Beethoven. The composers instrumentation almost always included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, the exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No,4, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral palette in Symphonies 3,5,6, the third horn in the Eroica Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of choral brass in the Trio movement. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the finale of his Symphony No.5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver the effect of storm and sunshine in the Sixth, for several decades after his death, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethovens well-established model, with few exceptions. Apart from the core orchestral complement, various instruments are called for occasionally. These include the guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord. Saxophones, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores.6 and 9 and William Waltons Belshazzars Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked tenor tuba, including Gustav Holsts The Planets, cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussys La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz
21.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria
22.
Opera
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Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. In traditional opera, singers do two types of singing, recitative, a style and arias, a more melodic style. Opera incorporates many of the elements of theatre, such as acting, scenery. The performance is given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble. Opera is a key part of the Western classical music tradition, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, attracting foreign composers such as George Frideric Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Christoph Willibald Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his operas in the 1760s. The first third of the 19th century saw the point of the bel canto style, with Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti. It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Auber and Meyerbeer, the mid-to-late 19th century was a golden age of opera, led and dominated by Richard Wagner in Germany and Giuseppe Verdi in Italy. The popularity of opera continued through the era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Giacomo Puccini. During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, the 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as atonality and serialism, Neoclassicism, and Minimalism. With the rise of recording technology, singers such as Enrico Caruso, since the invention of radio and television, operas were also performed on these mediums. Beginning in 2006, a number of opera houses began to present live high-definition video transmissions of their performances in cinemas all over the world. In 2009, an opera company offered a download of a complete performance. The words of an opera are known as the libretto, some composers, notably Wagner, have written their own libretti, others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e. g. Mozart with Lorenzo Da Ponte. Vocal duets, trios and other ensembles often occur, and choruses are used to comment on the action, in some forms of opera, such as singspiel, opéra comique, operetta, and semi-opera, the recitative is mostly replaced by spoken dialogue. Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of, or instead of, the terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail below. Over the 18th century, arias were accompanied by the orchestra. Subsequent composers have tended to follow Wagners example, though some, the changing role of the orchestra in opera is described in more detail below
23.
Play (theatre)
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A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to Community theatre, there are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference as to whether their plays were performed or read. The term play can refer to both the works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. Comedies are plays which are designed to be humorous, comedies are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups, comedies were one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece, along with tragedies. An example of a comedy would be William Shakespeares play A Midsummer Nights Dream, a generally nonsensical genre of play, farces are often overacted and often involve slapstick humor. An example of a farce includes William Shakespeares play The Comedy of Errors, a satire play takes a comic look at current events people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out corruption. An example of a satire would be Nikolai Gogols The Government Inspector, satire plays are generally one of the most popular forms of comedy, and often considered to be their own genre entirely. This is a genre that explored relationships between men and women, and was considered risqué in its time, however, since restoration comedy dealt with unspoken aspects of relationships, it created a type of connection between audience and performance that was more informal and private. It is commonly agreed that restoration comedy has origins in Molière’s theories of comedy, the inconsistency between restoration comedy’s morals and the morals of the era is something that often arises during the study of this genre. This may give clues as to why, despite its original success, however, in recent years, it has become a topic of interest for theatre theorists, who have been looking into theatre styles that have their own conventions of performance. These plays contain darker themes such as death and disaster, often the protagonist of the play has a tragic flaw, a trait which leads to their downfall. Tragic plays convey all emotions and have extremely dramatic conflicts, tragedy was one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeares Hamlet, and also John Websters play The Duchess of Malfi and these plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are neither of these. History as a genre was popularized by William Shakespeare. Examples of historical plays include Friedrich Schillers Demetrius and William Shakespeares King John, ballad opera, a popular theatre style at the time, was the first style of musical to be performed in the American colonies. The first musical of American origin was premiered in Philadelphia in 1767, and was called “The Disappointment”, however, around the 1920s, theatre styles were beginning to be defined more clearly
24.
Dance
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Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture, Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin. Other forms of movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming. Theatrical dance, also called performance or concert dance, is intended primarily as a spectacle and it often tells a story, perhaps using mime, costume and scenery, or else it may simply interpret the musical accompaniment, which is often specially composed. Examples are western ballet and modern dance, Classical Indian dance and Chinese and Japanese song, most classical forms are centred upon dance alone, but performance dance may also appear in opera and other forms of musical theatre. Such dance seldom has any narrative, a group dance and a corps de ballet, a social partner dance and a pas de deux, differ profoundly. Even a solo dance may be solely for the satisfaction of the dancer. On the other hand, some cultures lay down strict rules as to the dances in which, for example. Archeological evidence for early dance includes 9, 000-year-old paintings in India at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka and it has been proposed that before the invention of written languages, dance was an important part of the oral and performance methods of passing stories down from generation to generation. The use of dance in trance states and healing rituals is thought to have been another early factor in the social development of dance. References to dance can be found in very early recorded history, Greek dance is referred to by Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, the Bible and Talmud refer to many events related to dance, and contain over 30 different dance terms. In Chinese pottery as early as the Neolithic period, groups of people are depicted dancing in a line holding hands, Dance is further described in the Lüshi Chunqiu. Primitive dance in ancient China was associated with sorcery and shamanic rituals, during the first millennium BCE in India, many texts were composed which attempted to codify aspects of daily life. Bharata Munis Natyashastra is one of the earlier texts and it mainly deals with drama, in which dance plays an important part in Indian culture. It categorizes dance into four types - secular, ritual, abstract, the text elaborates various hand-gestures and classifies movements of the various limbs, steps and so on. A strong continuous tradition of dance has since continued in India, through to modern times, where it continues to play a role in culture, ritual, and, notably, the Bollywood entertainment industry. Many other contemporary dance forms can likewise be traced back to historical, traditional, ceremonial, Dance is generally, though not exclusively, performed with the accompaniment of music and may or may not be performed in time to such music. Some dance may provide its own audible accompaniment in place of music, many early forms of music and dance were created for each other and are frequently performed together
25.
Euripides
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Euripides was a tragedian of classical Athens. He is one of the few plays have survived, with the others being Aeschylus, Sophocles. Some ancient scholars attributed 95 plays to him but according to the Suda it was 92 at most, of these,18 or 19 have survived more or less complete and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays. This new approach led him to pioneer developments that later writers adapted to comedy, yet he also became the most tragic of poets, focusing on the inner lives and motives of his characters in a way previously unknown. He was also unique among the writers of ancient Athens for the sympathy he demonstrated towards all victims of society and his contemporaries associated him with Socrates as a leader of a decadent intellectualism, both of them being frequently lampooned by comic poets such as Aristophanes. Whereas Socrates was eventually put on trial and executed as an influence, Euripides chose a voluntary exile in old age. Recent scholarship casts doubt on ancient biographies of Euripides, for example, it is possible that he never visited Macedonia at all, or, if he did, he might have been drawn there by King Archelaus with incentives that were also offered to other artists. Upon the receipt of a saying that his son was fated to win crowns of victory. In fact the boy was destined for a career on the stage and he served for a short time as both dancer and torch-bearer at the rites of Apollo Zosterius. His education was not confined to athletics, he studied painting and philosophy under the masters Prodicus. He had two marriages and both his wives—Melite and Choerine —were unfaithful. He became a recluse, making a home for himself in a cave on Salamis, there he built an impressive library and pursued daily communion with the sea and sky. Eventually he retired to the court of King Archelaus in Macedonia. However, as mentioned in the introduction, biographical details such as these should be regarded with scepticism and this biography is divided into three sections corresponding to the three kinds of sources. The apocryphal account that he composed his works in a cave on Salamis island was a late tradition, much of his life and his whole career coincided with the struggle between Athens and Sparta for hegemony in Greece but he didnt live to see the final defeat of his city. In an account by Plutarch, the failure of the Sicilian expedition led Athenians to trade renditions of Euripides lyrics to their enemies in return for food. Tragic poets were often mocked by comic poets during the dramatic festivals Dionysia and Lenaia, Aristophanes scripted him as a character in at least three plays, The Acharnians, Thesmophoriazusae and The Frogs. Yet Aristophanes borrowed rather than just satirized some of the methods, he was once ridiculed by a colleague, Cratinus, as a hair-splitting master of niceties
26.
Medea (play)
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Medea is an ancient Greek tragedy written by Euripides, based upon the myth of Jason and Medea and first produced in 431 BC. Medea takes vengeance on Jason by killing Jasons new wife as well as her own children, considered shocking to Euripides contemporaries, Medea and the suite of plays that it accompanied in the City Dionysia festival came last in the festival that year. The play has remained the most frequently performed Greek tragedy through the 20th century, Medea was first performed in 431 BC at the City Dionysia festival. Here every year three playwrights competed against each other, each writing a tetralogy of three tragedies and a satyr play, in 431 the competition was among Euphorion, Sophocles and Euripides. Euphorion won, and Euripides placed last, the form of the play differs from many other Greek tragedies by its simplicity, All scenes involve only two actors, Medea and someone else. These encounters serve to highlight Medeas skill and determination in manipulating powerful male figures to achieve her own ends, Medea is centered on a wife’s calculated desire for revenge against her unfaithful husband. The play is set in Corinth some time after Jasons quest for the Golden Fleece, the play begins with Medea raging at Jason for arranging to marry Glauce, the daughter of Creon. The nurse, overhearing Medea’s grief, fears what she might do to herself or her children, Creon, in anticipation of Medea’s wrath, arrives and reveals his plans to send her into exile. Medea pleads for one day’s delay and eventually Creon acquiesces, in the next scene Jason arrives to explain his rationale for his apparent betrayal. He explains that he pass up the opportunity to marry a royal princess, as Medea is only a barbarian woman. Medea, and the chorus of Corinthian women, do not believe him and she reminds him that she left her own people for him, and that she saved him and slew the dragon. Jason promises to support her after his new marriage, but Medea spurns him, Marry the maid if thou wilt, in the following scene Medea encounters Aegeus, King of Athens. He reveals to her that despite his marriage to his wife he is still without children. He visited the oracle who told him that he was instructed “not to unstop the wineskin’s neck. ”Medea relays her current situation to him. Aegeus, unaware of Medea’s plans for revenge, agrees, Medea then returns to plotting the murders of Glauce and Creon. She decides to poison some golden robes and a coronet, in hopes that the bride will not be able to resist wearing them, and consequently be poisoned. Medea resolves to kill her own children as well, not because the children have done anything wrong and she calls for Jason once more and, in an elaborate ruse, apologizes to him for overreacting to his decision to marry Glauce. When Jason appears fully convinced that she regrets her actions, Medea begins to cry in mourning of her exile and she convinces Jason to allow her to give the robes to Glauce in hopes that Glauce might get Creon to lift the exile
27.
Sidney Myer Music Bowl
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The Sidney Myer Music Bowl is an outdoor performance venue in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is located in the lawns and gardens of Kings Domain, Linlithgow Ave, Melbourne, close to the Arts Centre and the Southbank entertainment precinct. It was officially opened by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 12 February 1959, with an audience of 30,000 people, the businessman and philanthropist, Sidney Myer, inspired the construction of the building, after attending the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. A violinist who enjoyed music, Sidney Myer established free, open-air concerts with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra in 1929 and these free concerts continue to this day, now being held at the bowl itself. There are usually three or four concerts a year, upon his death in 1934, the Sidney Myer Fund was established to continue the tradition of philanthropy begun by its founder. The design and construction of a bowl for the people of Melbourne was decided upon. The venue was opened by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 12 February 1959. Later that month over 70,000 people attended to hear the American evangelist, the largest crowd ever for a concert event in Australia was the 1967 Seekers homecoming concert at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl which an estimated 200,000 people attended. The 2007 Guinness Book of World Records lists it as the greatest attendance at a concert in the Southern Hemisphere in history and this attendance is also included in The Australian Book Of Records. Melburnians were celebrating the annual Moomba Festival, a community festival. In 1980, administration of the bowl was handed over to the Victorian Arts Centre from the Sidney Myer Fund by Kenneth Myer, in 1984 a temporary ice-skating rink was created on the Bowl’s stage for use during winter months. 2009 marked the 50th anniversary of the Sidney Myer Music Bowl, to celebrate this milestone the Arts Centre put together a four-day commemorative program of free events. There was also an exhibition in the St Kilda Road Foyer Gallery of the Arts Centre. The total area of the canopy is 4,055 square metres, the main cable at the edge of the canopy comprises 7 ropes, each about 9 cm in diameter and 173 metres long, anchored deep into the ground in concrete blocks. Longitudinal cables hold up the roof and transverse cables hold it down, project design was by Yuncken Freeman and Griffiths and Simpson during 1956. The project architect was Barry Patten, construction commenced in 1958 with an innovative system of cables laced together and covered with aluminium faced plywood sandwich panels. To ensure the structure would be watertight yet aerodynamically stable and flexible, ground anchors were required to be corrosion resistant. The shell also needed to be acoustically correct, construction entailed input from a number of engineering and scientific organisations including the Aeronautical Research Laboratories and CSIRO Forest Products Division
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Kings Domain
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Kings Domain is an area of parklands in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It surrounds Government House Reserve, the home of the Governors of Victoria, the Sidney Myer Music Bowl, and the Shrine Reserve incorporating the Shrine of Remembrance. In the 19th century the Kings Domain was managed by the Director of the Botanic Gardens, around the Domain are scattered memorial statues and sculptures, each with their own story. Kings Domain is part of a group of parklands directly south-east of the city. It was officially opened by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 12 February 1959 with an audience of some 30,000 people, the Shrine of Remembrance is one of the largest war memorials in Australia. It was built as a memorial to the men and women of Victoria who died in World War I, but soon came to be seen as Australias major memorial to all the 60,000 Australians who served in that war. Governor La Trobes Cottage is a cottage built in 1839 for the first superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, Charles La Trobe. The cottage was constructed out of prefabricated materials imported from England on five hectares of land at Jolimont and it is one of the few surviving examples still standing of prefabricated houses from this period of history and gives an insight into early colonial domestic architecture and living arrangements. In 1963 the cottage was relocated to the Kings Domain as an historical landmark, Government House, Melbourne is the office and official residence of the Governor of Victoria. It has also used as the official residence of the Governor-General of Australia from 1901 to 1930. Built between 1871 to 1876 in the Victorian Period Italianate style, it reflects the extravagant style of the period arising from a booming economy due to the Victorian gold rushes. The Pioneer Womens Memorial Garden was designed by Hugh Linaker in tribute to the European pioneer women of the colony and it features a sunken garden area, with a blue-tiled grotto, which contains a small bronze figure of a woman. The garden was opened in 1935 during the year of the founding of Melbourne. The burial of the remains was performed as a tribute to the people whose relationship with the land was destroyed with European settlement. The poles were made in 1995 by Megan Evans and Ray Thomas, a memorial to Sir John Monash, as Commander in Chief of the Australian Forces during World War I, is commemorated in a bronze equestrian statue created by William Leslie Bowles. It was unveiled by the Governor-General, William McKell, on 12 November 1950, on the sculpture there is an embedded image of Tilly Aston with text in embossed lettering and in braille. The memorial was created by Anton Hasell in 1999, a memorial statue of Sir Thomas Blamey stands on the corner of Government House Drive and Birdwood Avenue. It was sculptured from granite and bronze by Raymond B, ewers and presented to the city in February 1960
29.
Herald Sun
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The Herald Sun primarily serves Victoria and shares many articles with other News Corporation daily newspapers, especially those from Australia. In March 2009, the paper had a circulation of 530,000 from Monday to Friday. It was first published on 8 October 1990 as the Herald-Sun, the Herald was founded on 3 January 1840 by George Cavenagh as the Port Phillip Herald. In 1849, it became The Melbourne Morning Herald, at the beginning of 1855, it became The Melbourne Herald before settling on The Herald from 8 September 1855 - the name it would hold for the next 135 years. From 1869, it was an evening newspaper, colonel William Thomas Reay was sometime literary editor and later associate editor, before becoming managing editor in 1904. When The Argus newspaper closed in 1957, The Herald and Weekly Times bought out, in 1986, The Heralds Saturday edition - The Weekend Herald - which had adopted a tabloid format, in order to distinguish it from the Monday to Friday editions broadsheet format - was closed. The Sun News-Pictorial was founded on 11 September 1922, and bought by The Herald and this was much less than that of the morning Sun. The next day, The Sun News-Pictorial published its last edition, the Sunday editions of the two newspapers, The Sunday Herald and The Sunday Sun, were also merged to form the Sunday Herald Sun. The resulting newspaper had both the size and style of The Sun News-Pictorial, Bruce Baskett, the last Editor of The Herald, was the first Editor of the Herald Sun. After a progressive decline in circulation the afternoon edition was cancelled, recent editors include Peter Blunden, Simon Pristel, Phil Gardner and Bruce Guthrie. The Herald Sun is the daily newspaper in Australia, with a weekday circulation of 515,000. According to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, Herald Suns website is the 74th and 125th most visited in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the 15th most visited news website in Australia, attracting almost 6.6 million visitors per month. The Greens complained to the Australian Press Council, the text of their adjudication reads, In the context of an approaching election, the potential damage was considerable. The actual electoral impact cannot be known but readers were seriously misled, the controversy resulted in agitation to change the law to introduce shield laws in Australia to take into consideration the journalists code of ethics. The Sunday edition is called the Sunday Herald Sun and its counterparts in Sydney are The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph. In Brisbane, it is linked with The Courier-Mail and The Sunday Mail, in Adelaide, The Advertiser and Sunday Mail. In Hobart, The Mercury and The Sunday Tasmanian, in Darwin, The Northern Territory News and Sunday Territorian. Video accessed online 6 June 2006
30.
Eiffel Tower
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The Eiffel Tower is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed, the Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world,6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. The tower is 324 metres tall, about the height as an 81-storey building. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres on each side, due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres. Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second-tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct, the tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top levels upper platform is 276 m above the ground – the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union, tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually only accessible by lift. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853, sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments. Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffels scheme and its rivals, which, after some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel was to all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition. He later established a company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself. The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and these objections were an expression of a long-standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. And for twenty years … we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the column of bolted sheet metal. Gustave Eiffel responded to criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids. Will it not also be grandiose in its way, and why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris. Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built, others remained unconvinced. Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible
31.
Wedge-tailed eagle
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The wedge-tailed eagle or bunjil, sometimes known as the eaglehawk, is the largest bird of prey in Australia, and is also found in southern New Guinea, part of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. It has long, fairly broad wings, fully feathered legs, the wedge-tailed eagle is one of 12 species of large, predominantly dark-coloured booted eagles in the genus Aquila found worldwide. A large brown bird of prey, it has a wingspan up to 2.84 m, the wedge-tailed eagle was first described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Vultur audax. Length varies between 81 and 106 cm and the wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm, in 1930, the average weight and wingspans of 43 birds was 3.4 kg and 204.3 cm. The same average figures for a survey of 126 eagles in 1932 were 3.63 kg and 226 cm, the largest wingspan ever verified for an eagle was for this species. A female killed in Tasmania in 1931 had a wingspan of 284 cm, reported claims of eagles spanning 312 cm and 340 cm were deemed to be unreliable. Young eagles are a mid-brown colour with lighter and reddish-brown wings. As they grow older, their colour becomes darker, reaching a dark blackish-brown shade after about 10 years, adult females tend to be slightly paler than males. Although it rarely needs to be distinguished from other Aquila eagles, its long and its range and habitat sometimes overlap with the white-bellied sea eagle, which is similar in size and shape, and also has a somewhat wedge-shaped tail, although rather smaller and less distinctive. In silhouette and poor light, the two can look somewhat similar, closer examination reveals the belly colour or tail size to distinguish the two. In New Guinea, the birds can be found in the Trans Fly savanna, as the breeding season approaches, wedge-tailed eagle pairs perch close to each other and preen one another. They also perform dramatic aerobatic display flights together over their territory, sometimes, the male dives down at breakneck speed towards his partner. As he pulls out of his dive and rises just above her, she ignores him or turns over to fly upside down. The pair may then perform a loop-the-loop, the wedge-tailed eagle usually nests in the fork of a tree between one and 30 m above the ground, but if no suitable sites are available, it will nest on a cliff edge. Before the female lays eggs, both birds either destroy the large stick nest or add new sticks and leaf lining to an old nest, nests can be 2–5 m deep and 2–5 m wide. The female usually lays two eggs, which are incubated by both sexes, after about 45 days, the chicks hatch. At first, the male does all the hunting, when the chicks are about 30 days old, the female stops brooding them and joins her mate to hunt for food. The young wedge-tailed eagles depend on their parents for food up to six months after hatching and they leave only when the next breeding season approaches
32.
Peregrine falcon
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The peregrine falcon, also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a widespread bird of prey in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a back, barred white underparts. As is typical of bird-eating raptors, peregrine falcons are sexually dimorphic, the peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching over 320 km/h during its characteristic hunting stoop, making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a National Geographic TV programme, the highest measured speed of a falcon is 389 km/h. The peregrines breeding range includes land regions from the Arctic tundra to the tropics and this makes it the worlds most widespread raptor and one of the most widely found bird species. Both the English and scientific names of this species mean wandering falcon, the two species divergence is relatively recent, during the time of the last ice age, therefore the genetic differential between them is relatively small. It has been determined that they are only approximately 0. 6–0. 8% genetically differentiated, while its diet consists almost exclusively of medium-sized birds, the peregrine will occasionally hunt small mammals, small reptiles, or even insects. Reaching sexual maturity at one year, it mates for life and nests in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, in recent times, the peregrine falcon became an endangered species in many areas because of the widespread use of certain pesticides, especially DDT. Since the ban on DDT from the early 1970s, populations have recovered, supported by large-scale protection of nesting places and releases to the wild. The peregrine falcon is a well respected falconry bird due to its hunting ability, high trainability, versatility. It is effective on most game species from small to large. The peregrine falcon has a length of 34 to 58 cm. Males weigh 330 to 1,000 g and the larger females weigh 700 to 1,500 g. In most subspecies, males less than 700 g and females weigh more than 800 g. The standard linear measurements of peregrines are, the wing chord measures 26.5 to 39 cm, the tail measures 13 to 19 cm and the tarsus measures 4.5 to 5.6 cm. The back and the long pointed wings of the adult are usually black to slate grey with indistinct darker barring. The white to rusty underparts are barred with thin bands of dark brown or black. The tail, coloured like the back but with thin clean bars, is long, narrow, and rounded at the end with a black tip and a white band at the very end
33.
Sulphur-crested cockatoo
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The sulphur-crested cockatoo is a relatively large white cockatoo found in wooded habitats in Australia and New Guinea and some of the islands of Indonesia. They can be very numerous, leading to them sometimes being considered pests. A highly intelligent bird, they are known in aviculture. In Australia, sulphur-crested cockatoos can be found widely in the north and east, ranging from the Kimberley to as far south as Tasmania and they are numerous in suburban habitats in cities such as Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane. Except for highland areas, they occur throughout most of New Guinea and on smaller islands such as Waigeo, Misool and Aru. Within Australia, sulphur-crested cockatoos of the race have also been introduced to Perth. Outside Australia, they have introduced to Singapore, where their numbers have been estimated to be between 500 and 2000. They have also introduced to Palau and New Zealand. In New Zealand the introduced populations may number less than 1000 and this species has also been recorded as established in Hawaii and from various islands in Wallacea, but it is unclear if it has managed to become established there. It has a length of 44–55 cm, with the Australian subspecies larger than subspecies from New Guinea. The plumage is white, while the underwing and -tail are tinged yellow. The bill is black, the legs are grey, and the eye-ring is whitish, males typically have almost black eyes, whereas the females have a more red or brown eye, but this requires optimum viewing conditions to be seen. The differences between the subspecies are subtle, C. g. fitzroyi is similar to the nominate race but lacks the yellow on the ear tufts and has slightly blueish skin around the eye. C. g. eleonora is similar to C. g. fitzroyi but is smaller and has broader feathers in the crest and it is similar in appearance to the three species of corellas found in Australia. However, corellas are smaller, lack the prominent yellow crest and have pale bills, in captivity, the sulphur-crested cockatoo is easily confused with the smaller yellow-crested cockatoo or the blue-eyed cockatoo with a differently shaped crest and a darker blue eye-ring. Their distinctive raucous call can be loud, it is adapted to travel through the forest environments in which they live. These birds are curious, as well as very intelligent. They have adapted well to European settlement in Australia and live in many urban areas
34.
The Australian
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The Australian is a broadsheet newspaper published in Australia from Monday to Saturday each week since 14 July 1964. The editor in chief is Paul Whittaker, the editor is John Lehmann and its chief rivals are the business-focused Australian Financial Review, and on weekends, The Saturday Paper. In May 2010, the newspaper launched the first Australian newspaper iPad app, the Australian is owned by News Corp Australia. News Corps Chairman and Founder is Rupert Murdoch, the Australian integrates content from overseas newspapers owned by News Corp Australias parent, News Corp, including The Wall Street Journal and The Times of London. Unlike other Murdoch newspapers, it was neither a tabloid nor an acquired publication, from its inception The Australian struggled for financial viability and ran at a loss for several decades. The Australians first editor was Maxwell Newton, though he would leave the paper within a year and was succeeded by Walter Kommer, during the 1975 election, campaigning against the Whitlam government by its owner led to the papers journalists striking over editorial direction. Editor-in-chief Chris Mitchell was appointed in 2002 and retired on 11 December 2015, Daily sections include National News followed by Worldwide News, Sport and Business News. Contained within each issue is a prominent op/ed section, including regular columnists, other regular sections include Technology, Media, Features, Legal Affairs, Aviation, Defence, Horse-Racing, The Arts, Health, Wealth and Higher Education. A Travel & Indulgence section is included on Saturdays, along with The Inquirer, Saturday lift-outs include Review, focusing on books, arts, film and television, and The Weekend Australian Magazine, the only national weekly glossy insert magazine. A glossy magazine, Wish, is published on the first Friday of the month, the Australian has long maintained a focus on issues relating to Aboriginal disadvantage. It also devotes attention to the technology, Defence and mining industries, as well as the science, economics. It has also published special reports into Australian energy policy. The Australian Literary Review was a supplement from September 2006 October 2011. The Australian has often criticised for being biased against recent Labor governments. In recent years, the paper was scathing of Labors decision to introduce a tax and other carbon emission reduction measures, using reporting. On the newspapers website, there was a section named Stimulus Watch, subtitled How your Billions Are Being Spent, along with the governments insulation stimulus policy, it contributed to perceptions of incompetence and general dissatisfaction with the governments performance. In 2011, Glenn Milne reported on the allegations against Prime Minister Julia Gillard concerning the AWU affair including a claim regarding Gillards living arrangements with Wilson. Gillard contacted the chief executive of The Australian, resulting in the story being removed, however, the story was ignored for a long time by other media outlets
35.
The Age
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The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age had a circulation of 123,000 and these represented year-on-year declines of 8% to 9%. The Ages website, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, is the 44th and 58th most visited website in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the seventh most visited news website in Australia, attracting more than 7 million visitors per month. The newspaper went compact in March 2013, with the Saturday and Sunday editions retaining the broadsheet format, on 22/23 February 2014, the final weekend edition were produced in broadsheet format with these too converted to compact format on 1/2 March 2014. The Ages parent company Chief executive officer, Greg Hywood, has foreshadowed the end of the print edition of the newspaper, with some analysts saying this will occur during 2017. The Age was founded by three Melbourne businessmen, the brothers John and Henry Cooke, who had arrived from New Zealand in the 1840s, the first edition appeared on 17 October 1854. The first edition under the new owners was on 17 June 1856, Ebenezer Syme was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly shortly after buying The Age, and his brother David Syme soon came to dominate the paper, editorially and managerially. When Ebenezer died in 1860, David became editor-in-chief, a position he retained until his death in 1908, in 1891, Syme bought out Ebenezers heirs and McEwans and became sole proprietor. He built up The Age into Victorias leading newspaper, in circulation, it soon overtook its rivals The Herald and The Argus, and by 1890 it was selling 100,000 copies a day, making it one of the worlds most successful newspapers. Under Symes control The Age exercised enormous political power in Victoria, Syme was originally a free trader, but converted to protectionism through his belief that Victoria needed to develop its manufacturing industries behind tariff barriers. In the 1890s, The Age was a supporter of Australian federation. After Symes death the paper remained in the hands of his three sons, with his eldest son Herbert Syme becoming general manager until his death in 1939, by the 1940s, the papers circulation was smaller than it had been in 1900, and its political influence also declined. Although it remained more liberal than the extremely conservative Argus, it lost much of its political identity. The historian Sybil Nolan writes, Accounts of The Age in these years generally suggest that the paper was second-rate, walker described a newspaper which had fallen asleep in the embrace of the Liberal Party, querulous, doddery and turgid are some of the epithets applied by other journalists. In 1942, David Symes last surviving son, Oswald Syme and he modernised the papers appearance and standards of news coverage. A takeover attempt by the Warwick Fairfax family, publishers of The Sydney Morning Herald, was beaten off and this new lease on life allowed The Age to recover commercially, and in 1957 it received a great boost when The Argus ceased publication
36.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
37.
Melbourne City Centre
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Melbourne City Centre is an area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the area in which Melbourne was established in 1835, by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner, today it comprises the two oldest areas of Melbourne, the Hoddle Grid and Queen Victoria Market, as well as sections of the redeveloped areas of Docklands and Southbank/Wharf. It is not to be confused with the local government area of the City of Melbourne. The City Centre is home to five of the six tallest buildings in Australia. In recent times, it has placed alongside New York City and Berlin as one of the worlds great street art meccas. He sailed across Bass Strait, into the bay of Port Phillip, the last sentence of Batmans journal entry on this day became famous as the founding charter of the settlement. So the boat went up the large river, and, I am glad to state about six miles up found the river all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village, upon returning to Van Diemens Land, Batmans treaty was deemed invalid by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, under the Proclamation of Governor Bourke in August 1835. The proclamation formally declared, under the doctrine of terra nullius, that The Crown owned the whole of the Australian continent and that only it alone could sell and distribute land. It therefore voided any contracts or treaties made without the consent of the government, at the same time, the Port Phillip Association had also funded a second expedition, which sailed from Launceston aboard the Rebecca. The settlement party aboard the Enterprize entered the Yarra River, and anchored close to the chosen by Batman. The party went ashore the following day and landed their stores, livestock, Batman was dismayed to discover the settlers of the Enterprize had established a settlement in the area and informed the settlers that they were trespassing on the Associations land. However, according to the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, both the parties were in fact trespassing on Crown land, when Fawkner arrived in October, and following tense arguments between the two parties, negotiation were made for land to be shared equally. As Fawkner had arrived after the two parties, he was aware of the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, which had gained approval from the Colonial Office in October and he knew that cooperation would be vital if the settlement was to continue to exist fait accompli. Land was then divided, and the settlement existed peacefully, and it was referred to by a number of names, including, Batmania and Bearbrass of which the latter was agreed upon by Batman and Fawkner. Fawkner assumed a role in the establishment of Bearbrass, which, by early 1836. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Charles Grant, recognised the settlements fait accompli that same year, Batman and the Port Phillip Association were compensated £7,000 for the land. And, in March 1837, it was officially renamed Melbourne by Governor Bourke in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, the City Centre is bordered by Spencer Street to the west and extends north as far as Grattan Street which borders Carlton
Media related to The Arts Centre at Wikimedia Commons