1.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
2.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Josette Sheeran
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Josette Sheeran has been President and CEO of the Asia Society since May 2013. Previously Sheeran was Vice Chairman of the World Economic Forum, Sheeran assumed that position on the conclusion of her term at the World Food Programme. Prior to this post, she served as the United States Under Secretary for Economic, Business, on May 21,2013, Sheeran was named President and CEO of Asia Society, a global non-profit dedicated to strengthening relations between and among the United States and countries of Asia. As Executive Director of WFP, Sheeran was responsible for managing the world’s largest humanitarian organization with nearly 11,000 staff worldwide, WFP provides emergency food aid to the world’s hungry as well as addresses the causes of chronic hunger. I think we can, in our lifetime, win the battle against hunger because we now have the science, technology, know-how and the logistics to be able to meet hunger where it comes, Sheeran said. U. S. Ambassador John Bolton, who was told of the decision and jumped the gun on the official announcement, Sheeran outlined seven reasons why chronic hunger can be overcome and has expressed commitment to meeting the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving hunger and poverty by 2015. Those pictures of children with swollen bellies will be a thing of history, the World Food Programme, founded in 1963, last year provided food to more than 90 million poor people in more than 80 countries worldwide. Its annual budget was US$1.7 billion in 1993, in 2008, it had a budget of US$3 billion and employed 10,000 people in 78 countries. In January 2009, Sheeran called on the government of Israel to allow more UN food aid to the people in Gaza during the conflict there. In January 2012, Sheeran announced that she would assume the role of Vice Chairman of the World Economic Forum upon completing her term at WFP in 2012. It has been an honour to serve the world in this role and to help not only save lives but to transform the face of food aid, to empower lasting hunger solutions. She was also responsible for a range of issues including, development, trade, agriculture, finance, energy, telecommunications. She helped foster and carry out aid and development initiatives in countries like China, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sheeran also served as the Foreign Affairs Sous-Sherpa on behalf of the President of the United States at the Group of Eight Summit. She headed a host of high-level bilateral or multilateral economic dialogues with the European Union, China, India, Japan, Iraq, Afghanistan, congress also confirmed her as a Member of the Board of Directors for the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. Prior to her tenure as Under Secretary, Sheeran served as Deputy United States Trade Representative in the Office of the U. S. Trade Representative, there, she was responsible for trade negotiations and treaties in Asia and Africa, driving U. S. One of her projects was fighting global counterfeiting, creating STOP – Strategy Targeting Organized Piracy’. She helped bring to a conclusion the landmark U. S. -Australia Free Trade Agreement. She also led trade enforcement negotiations with China and furthered U. S. trade and investment interests in direct talks with Japan, Korea, India, before joining USTR, Sheeran was managing director of Starpoint Solutions, a Wall Street technology firm that works with Fortune 500 clients
5.
6 (New York City Subway service)
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The 6 Lexington Avenue/Pelham Local and <6> Lexington Avenue Local/Pelham Express are two rapid transit services in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Their route emblems, or bullets, are colored apple green since they use the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. Local service is denoted by a 6 in a bullet, and express service is denoted by a <6> in a diamond-shaped bullet, on the R62A cars. Rollsigns on the R62A cars also feature LED signs around the logo to indicate local or express service to riders, a green circle for 6 local trains. 6 trains operate local at all times between Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx and Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall in Lower Manhattan, during weekdays in the peak direction, <6> Pelham Express trains replace 6 local ones north of Parkchester, and run express between that station and Third Avenue–138th Street. During this time,6 Pelham Local trains short turn at Parkchester, weekdays from 9,00 to 11,00 a. m. select Manhattan-bound <6> trains run local from Parkchester to Hunts Point Avenue while select Parkchester-bound 6 trains run express in that section. On October 27,1904, local and express service opened on the subway in Manhattan. From there, the service traveled west on 42nd Street on the route of the present 42nd Street Shuttle, the current H configuration—with separate services along Lexington Avenue and Broadway – Seventh Avenue—was introduced in 1917. Full Lexington Avenue local service from City Hall to 125th Street opened on July 17,1918, on August 1,1918, Third Avenue–138th Street opened with trains running between there and City Hall, making all stops. On January 17,1919 trains were extended from 138th Street to Hunts Point Avenue, on October 24,1920,6 service was extended again to Westchester Square. On December 20,1920,6 service was extended to Pelham Bay Park, from that point on, the current 6 service was formed. All trains ran local between Pelham Bay Park and Brooklyn Bridge, with trains terminating at the City Hall loop. Effective December 31,1945, City Hall station closed with the former Brooklyn Bridge station being the permanent southern terminal, however, the 6 train still uses the loop to get from the southbound to the northbound local track at Brooklyn Bridge-City Hall. On May 10,1946, late-night service was extended from 125th Street to its previous terminus at Brooklyn Bridge when late night service on the 4 was restored. This express service saved eight minutes between Third Avenue and East 177th Street, during this time,6 trains that ran local in the Bronx when express trains operated began to terminate at East 177 Street to make room for express trains to Pelham Bay Park. On September 22,1948,54 additional cars were placed in service on the 6 train, from December 15 to 22,1950, the weekday rush trains from Pelham Bay Park were extended to South Ferry. On June 23,1956, Saturday morning express service began operating local on the 6 train. From March 1,1960 to October 17,1965, the 4 and 6 trains also ran together in Manhattan late nights when late night express service on the 4 was discontinued for a time
6.
F (New York City Subway service)
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The F Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route bullet is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, some rush hour trains short turn at Kings Highway due to capacity issues at Stillwell Avenue. F service officially began on December 15,1940 operating between Parsons Boulevard and Church Avenue via the Queens Boulevard, Sixth Avenue, and Culver Lines and it ran express in Queens and local in Manhattan and Brooklyn. During World War II, by January 10,1944, trains were extended to 169th Street during evenings, late nights, and Sunday mornings. Temporarily in 1948, as shown in a map from that year, the D and F service switched, with the F terminating at Second Avenue, on December 11,1950, trains were extended to the newly opened 179th Street on evenings, nights, and Sunday mornings. On May 13,1951, all trains outside of rush hour were extended to 179th Street using the tracks beyond Parsons Boulevard. On October 8,1951, trains were extended to 179th Street at all times, during rush hours F trains skipped 169th Street running via the express tracks. At other times, the F stopped at 169th Street, in 1953, the platforms were lengthened to 660 feet at 75th Avenue and Sutphin Boulevard so that F trains could run eleven car trains. The F began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8,1953, the extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. On October 30,1954, the connection between the IND Culver Line and BMT Culver Line opened, with the IND taking over the elevated section, all F service began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street with D service entering Brooklyn via the Rutgers Street Tunnel. In addition, all except weekday daytime trains were rerouted via the tracks between Continental Avenue and Parsons Boulevard. On April 29,1956, trains were extended to Second Avenue, beginning on October 6,1957, trains terminated at 34th Street–Herald Square evenings, nights and weekends. On November 10,1958, F service was cut back from Second Avenue, F service replaced it on the IND Culver Line. Beginning on June 16,1969 express service was modified with Kings Highway trains operating as locals along the entire route Bergen Street to Kings Highway, at the same time, all trains were rerouted via the express tracks between Continental Avenue and Parsons Boulevard in Queens. On January 18,1976 F express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was discontinued during rush hours in the non-peak direction, on August 30,1976 express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was completely discontinued, with all trains making all stops. Rush direction alternate-train express service between Ditmas Avenue and Kings Highway was retained and this was due to budget cuts and continuing complaints about reduced Manhattan service by riders at local stations. Starting on August 27,1977, F was made a local in Queens between Continental Avenue and Queens Plaza, late nights, replacing the GG service, on May 24,1987, N and R services swapped terminals in Queens. As part of the plan, F service terminated at 57th Street / Sixth Avenue during late nights
7.
N (New York City Subway service)
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The N Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow, during rush hours, some N trains operate to 96th Street due to capacity issues at Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. On weekends, it all stops in Manhattan. Daytime service runs over the side of the Manhattan Bridge. During late nights, the N serves all stops along its entire route, the route that is now the N was originally BMT service 4, known as the Sea Beach Line or Sea Beach Express. On June 22,1915, the current BMT Sea Beach Line opened, originally, it used the south tracks of the Manhattan Bridge, which at that time connected to the BMT Nassau Street Line. On September 4,1917, the first part of the BMT Broadway Line, trains ran from 14th Street–Union Square to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, now using the bridges northern tracks. On January 15,1918, service was extended to Times Square–42nd Street, on May 2,1957, service was extended north via the express tracks to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. In 1959, trains stopping at DeKalb Avenue during midday hours. Previously, they bypassed DeKalb Avenue at all times except late nights, beginning on January 1,1961, trains bypassed DeKalb Avenue during rush hours only. In addition, on evenings, late nights, and all day Sundays. The N designation begins to appear when R27 subway cars are moved to the line in April 1961 and this short-lived service began on November 27,1967 and ended April 12,1968 due to low ridership. Starting on Monday, April 15,1968, the five NX trips instead ran as N trips, on August 30,1976, N service was extended north over the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection to Forest Hills–71st Avenue to replace the discontinued EE. On August 27,1977, N service was cut back during late nights, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 disrupted N service, usually removing it from the bridge. On April 26,1986, the M, which was rerouted from the BMT Brighton Line to the BMT West End Line, on May 24,1987, the N swapped northern terminals with the R. The N was switched to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard, while the R went to Forest Hills–71st Avenue, on September 30,1990, full service on the Manhattan Bridge was briefly restored. Express service on Broadway ran all times except nights and this very short service was halted by the discovery of a cracked beam under the south side tracks on the bridge. In 1994, the N switched back to express in Brooklyn only, from Atlantic Avenue–Pacific Street to 59th Street, from 1994 to 1996, the southern terminal of the N was 86th Street due to rehabilitation work at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
8.
Q (New York City Subway service)
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The Q Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the former designation for the service was the number 1, itself introduced in 1924, a designation shared by all Brighton Line mainline services. The letter designations did not appear on equipment that carried the former route numbers. Therefore, older equipment that carried the number 1 continued to be signed 1 until they were withdrawn from service in 1965, also with the introduction of the R27 fleet, the mainline local services on the Brighton Line were given double letters in conformance with IND practice. Ordinarily this would have produced a QQ service, but this designation was never used, the so-called Bankers Special express, which operated a few trains in the morning and evening rush hours to the Wall Street financial district was not given a separate designation. As this service continued to use equipment for years after the letters were introduced. With the advent of the Chrystie Street services, the Q designation was suspended as Brighton Line express service was provided by the D service via 6th Avenue in Manhattan. The QT and QB designations were both to be dropped as the Brighton Locals were rerouted to the Nassau Street Loop in lower Manhattan and through routed to Jamaica via the BMT Jamaica Line. The QB designation was retained as it was decided to run a few local trains up the BMT Broadway Line to answer complaints that the new services provided no access to the Broadway Line. The service history below includes predecessor services that became the Q service before the identifier was introduced, passengers could make connections with the horsecars of the Brooklyn City Railroad at the Prospect Park terminal. A physical connection was made there both east and west to the LIRR as Bedford Junction, by mutual agreement trains of the BB&CI operated on the LIRR to its terminal at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues, provided a much better connection to Downtown Brooklyn and ferries to Manhattan. LIRR trains also operated to Brighton Beach from Flatbush and Atlantic and from its own terminal in Long Island City, initially, service operated during the summer season only. In 1900, elevated trains were through-routed to Park Row without need to change trains, Brighton Beach local and express service was extended to a new West End terminal at Stillwell and Surf Avenues, the location of the terminal for the BMT Southern Division, in May 1919. During late nights, all used the tunnel. During the 1930s, limited morning rush hour service ran via the side of the Manhattan Bridge to Chambers Street. On June 29,1950, trains running there during the evening rush as well. On October 17,1949, the IRT Astoria Line was converted to BMT operation, Local trains were extended via this line to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. Number 2 Fourth Avenue Locals ran here at all times, on April 27,1950, Brighton Locals operated through to Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria all day on weekdays and Saturdays
9.
R (New York City Subway service)
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The R Broadway Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the service that later became the R was the BMT2. When it entered service on January 15,1916, it ran between Chambers Street on the BMT Nassau Street Line and 86th Street, using the Manhattan Bridge to cross the East River, service on the BMT Broadway Line began exactly two years later on January 15,1918. On July 10,1919 service may have extended to 57th Street. The Montague Street Tunnel opened on October 1,1920, and at time it took its current shape. Bay Ridge–95th Street station opened on October 31,1925, during this time, rush-hour specials to Chambers Street were added and later removed, only to be added again. At one time, including 1931, additional midday service operated local between 57th Street and Whitehall Street–South Ferry, the 2 also used the Nassau Street Loop during rush hours, entering Manhattan via the Manhattan Bridge or Montague Street Tunnel and leaving via the other. On June 29,1950, special rush hour trains began running between Bay Ridge–95th Street and Chambers Street via the side of the Manhattan Bridge and/or the Montague Street Tunnel. This was discontinued two years later, on January 1,1961, the northern terminal was relocated to its current location at Forest Hills–71st Avenue, via the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection, which is also known as the 11th Street Cut. Night and weekend RR trains still terminated at 57th Street in Manhattan, in the winter of 1960–1961, letters started to appear on the RR with the introduction of the R27s, which featured it on roll signs. The route was known as the Fourth Avenue Local via Tunnel, on November 27,1967, the day after the IND Chrystie Street Connection opened, the RR was moved back to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard on the BMT Astoria Line. The Nassau Street specials were through-routed from Bay Ridge – 95th Street to 168th Street in Jamaica as RJ, under the first color scheme, RR was colored green and RJ was red. In the original Chrystie Street routing plans, the TA planned to eliminate the RR service. The RJ service only lasted from November 1967 until July 1,1968 when it was cut back to Chambers Street and renamed as additional RR rush-hour peak-direction service. With track connections between the Nassau Street Loop and the tracks of the Manhattan Bridge severed as part of the November 1967 realignment. On May 6,1985, when letters were eliminated. Proposed on October 15,1986 but put in effect on May 24,1987, the change was made to give the R direct access to the Jamaica Yard, and previously, R trains had to run light to/from the Coney Island Yard. Starting on April 28,1986, the Nassau Street Line R service was extended to Metropolitan Avenue for layups, after the N/R swap, the Nassau R used East New York Yard equipment
10.
Fifth and Madison Avenues Line
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The M1, M2, M3, and M4 are four local bus routes that operate on the Fifth and Madison Avenues Line – along one-way pair of Madison and Fifth Avenues in the Manhattan borough of New York City. Though the routes run along other major avenues, the majority of their route is along Madison. The M4 and Q32 begin at Penn Station, joining Madison Avenue at 32nd Street, thus, all five routes are on Fifth and Madison Avenues north of 34th Street. The M1 begins its route in the East Village at the intersection of 4th Avenue and it starts north along 4th Avenue to Union Square, where it changes names to Union Square East. Union Square East continues past Union Square as Park Avenue South, the M1 turns off Park Avenue South at East 25th Street for one block, and then immediately turns right onto Madison Avenue. The M1 follows Madison Avenue all the way to East 135th Street, where it turns left for one block. It travels up Fifth to West 139th Street, turns left for a block, the M1 travels south the same route, but entirely on Fifth Avenue between 139th Street and 8th Street. The bus uses 8th Street to travel between 5th and 4th Avenues, on June 25,2010, as a result of service cuts, MTA no longer operated weekend M1 service into Midtown, instead terminating at 106th Street. After numerous requests to some of the 2010 service cuts. There is a proposal underway to re-extend this line back down to Worth Street in early 2017, in this proposal, every other bus would go to Worth Street via Bowery and Third Avenue, returning uptown via Centre Street and Lafayette Street. The M1 has a peak direction limited stop service on weekday rush hours, the M1 is the replacement of the Fourth and Madison Avenues Streetcar Line. The M2 follows the route as the M1 north until East 110th Street. It travels around Frawley Circle and along Central Park North to Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, the M2 follows 7th Avenue until West 155th Street, where it turns left and then turns right onto Edgecombe Avenue. The M2 follows Edgecombe Avenue to West 165th Street, and terminates at West 168th Street and it follows the same route south, except using Fifth Avenue instead of Madison. The M2 runs as a service, with no local service during the daytime. At other times, it runs local only, the M3 follows the same route as the M2, except it continues west past Powell Boulevard along West 110th Street to Manhattan Avenue. It follows Manhattan Avenue, which becomes St. Nicholas Avenue, to its terminus at St. Nicholas Avenue, the M4 begins at Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan. It travels east along 32nd Street and west along 34th Street to Madison, the M4 follows the same route as the M3 from here, except it continues west past Manhattan Avenue along West 110th Street, then Cathedral Parkway, to Broadway
11.
M66 (New York City bus)
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Several companies, most prominently the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, operate a number of bus routes in Manhattan, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. Presently, the New York City Transit Authority and its subsidiary Manhattan, the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation operates the Roosevelt Island Red Bus Service on Roosevelt Island. The first bus company in Manhattan was the Fifth Avenue Coach Company, when New York Railways began abandoning several streetcar lines in 1919, the replacement bus routes were picked up by the New York City Department of Plant and Structures. The DP&S began operating several other buses in 1921, all of these but the M21 were acquired by Green Bus Lines in 1933, Green transferred several of these to the Comprehensive Omnibus Corporation in 1935. The New York City Omnibus Corporation began operating replacement routes for New York Railways lines abandoned in 1936 and they also acquired the Madison Avenue Coach Company, Eighth Avenue Coach Corporation, and in 1942 the Triangle Bus Corporation. In 1936, the NYCO and Fifth Avenue were placed under common ownership, the two were merged directly by 1956, when the NYCO acquired the Surface Transportation Corporation, and changed its name to Fifth Avenue Coach Lines. After a strike in 1962, the entire Fifth Avenue system was transferred to the newly formed Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority on March 22,1962. The M9 route came from the Avenue B and East Broadway Transit Company in 1980 and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with M - in other words, those considered to run primarily in Manhattan by the MTA. Other bus routes do not operate overnight hours, usually defined as midnight to 5AM, the Manhattan bus routes should not be confused with Megabus routes with similar names/numbers originating from Manhattan. Note, NB, Northbound, SB, Southbound, EB, Eastbound, WB, all routes operate as clockwise loops. A clockwise loop bus via 34th Street, 6th Avenue, 48th Street and this route is operated by Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation and is the lone unsubsidized route operating in Manhattan. The Red Bus route operates a shuttle bus service from apartment buildings to the subway and tramway lines. In Lower Manhattan area, a service operates daily from 10,00 AM until 7,30 PM, sponsored by the Lower Manhattan Business Improvement District. Most companies used these numbers, but the New York City Omnibus Corporation gave its routes numbers from 1 to 22, the public designations were not changed to avoid conflicts until July 1,1974. Manhattan Bus Map and Service Guide Chicago Transit & Railfan Web Site, New York City Transit www. nycsubway. org, Local Bus Companies of Manhattan
12.
Third and Lexington Avenues Line
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Originally a streetcar line, it now consists of the M98, M101, M102, and M103 bus routes, operated by the New York City Transit Authority. The M98 bus route operates on Third Avenue between East 65th Street and East 127th Street, but formerly went to 32nd Street, the M101-103 bus routes runs southbound on Lexington Avenue north of East 24th Street. The current form of the M98 operates between Hunter College on the Upper East Side and Fort Tryon Park in Inwood, the M98 operates on Third Avenue, and Lexington Avenue. At East 120th Street, southbound service shifts from Park to Lexington Avenues, while at East 127th Street, the M98 exits the Harlem River Drive via the I-95/Amsterdam Avenue exit. The M101 spans between Cooper Square in the East Village and West 193rd Street and Amsterdam Avenue in Fort George, the M101 runs along Third Avenue from Astor Place to East 125th Street, while southbound buses use Lexington Avenue north of East 24th Street. The M101 continues crosstown on 125th Street to Amsterdam Avenue, running north towards West 193rd Street after Amsterdam Avenue becomes Fort George Avenue. To begin the trip, the M101 turns south onto Saint Nicholas Avenue, then left onto West 190th Street. The M101 runs as a service during the day south of East 116th Street. Local service is provided by the M102 and M103 buses, during that time, overnight and weekend morning service runs local. The M102 begins at Cooper Square and follows the M101 until East 116th Street in East Harlem, the route travels west across 116th Street to Lenox Avenue, where it continues north to Harlem – 148th Street. The M103 begins its route at City Hall and travels north via Park Row, at Astor Place, it continues north alongside the M101 and M102 along Third to East 125th Street, where it terminates. Note, Both M101 and M102 formerly operated to City Hall prior to 1996, when the M103 was created to replace same south of Astor Place, and to improve reliability along 3rd & Lexington Avenues. The Third Avenue Railroad opened the line in 1853, from Astor House north along Park Row, Bowery, and Third Avenue to 86th Street, using the One-Hundred and Twenty-Fifth Street Railroad and trackage along Amsterdam Avenue, Third Avenue cars were also operated to Fort George. Buses were substituted for streetcars by the Surface Transportation Corporation on May 28,1947 and it was operated by Fifth Avenue Coach Lines from 1956 to 1962, when the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority took over operations. On July 17,1960, most of Third Avenue became one-way northbound, in 2009, buses along the corridor were involved in a total of 268 accidents. The amount is attributed to both inexperienced operators and the amount of obstacles along the route, media related to Third and Lexington Avenues Line at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Asia
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Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres, about 30% of Earths total land area and 8. 7% of the Earths total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its large size and population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, the western boundary with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains, China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 A. D. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, the boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia, the border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peters death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia, the Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg, the latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, the border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the possessions of the various empires there. Lewis and Wigen assert, The narrowing of Southeast Asia to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process, Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe. It does not exactly correspond to the borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them
14.
John D. Rockefeller III
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John Davison Rockefeller III was a philanthropist and third-generation member of the prominent Rockefeller family. He was the eldest son of philanthropists John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his siblings were Abby, Nelson, Laurance, Winthrop, and David. Like his sister Abby, John III eventually settled on philanthropy as his major interest and his brothers Nelson and Winthrop devoted themselves to politics while Laurance went into conservation and David went into banking. He was a force behind the establishment of the Council on Foundations, the Foundation Center. He took a role in organizing the Commission on Foundations and Private Philanthropy. He also made the donation to support Yale Universitys Program on Non-Profit Organizations. He was also a supporter of the Population Council. John Davison Rockefeller III was born in New York on March 21,1906 to philanthropists John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and he had four younger brothers, Nelson, Winthrop, Laurance, and David, and an elder sister, Abby. Through his father, he was a grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. through his mother, he was a grandson of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman Abby Chapman. He received his education at the Browning School in New York City. Rockefellers father worked to restore the public reputation by championing industrial relations and the work of William Lyon Mackenzie King. John III would be the next Rockefeller manager for all family undertakings of social relevance, since 1929, in total he sat on twenty boards of various institutions, most of which were family-related. He also founded the Population Council in 1952, and a reconstituted Japan Society and he was on his fathers Advisory Committee in the family office, Room 5600. He was also president of the familys principal philanthropy run by family members, the principal philanthropic institution he created was the JDR III Fund in 1963, its major program being the Asian Cultural Program, created in 1967 to encourage East-West cultural exchange. Funding for its programs is derived from a combination of endowment income and contributions from individuals, foundations, in the mid 1950s, John III assumed the leadership of a committee of civic leaders who were working to create Lincoln Center. He became the key figure in the efforts and in forging a consensus among the civic leaders and others who were essential to its success. The Center itself was built over a period from 1959 to 1966 and he was its first president, commencing in 1956, and he became its chairman in 1961. He served as chairman until 1970 when he was elected honorary chairman
15.
World Food Programme
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The World Food Programme is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations and the worlds largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security. According to the WFP, it provides assistance to an average of 80 million people in 75 countries each year. From its headquarters in Rome and from more than 80 country offices around the world and it is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee. The WFP was formally established in 1963 by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly on an experimental basis. In 1965, the programme was extended to a continuing basis, the WFP is governed by an Executive Board which consists of representatives from 36 member states. Ertharin Cousin is the current Executive Director, appointed jointly by the UN Secretary General and she heads the Secretariat of the WFP. The European Union is a permanent observer in the WFP and, as a major donor and its vision is a world in which every man, woman and child has access at all times to the food needed for an active and healthy life. The WFP has a staff of about 11,500 people, the WFP strives to eradicate hunger and malnutrition, with the ultimate goal in mind of eliminating the need for food aid itself. Food-for-work programmes help promote environmental and economic stability and agricultural production, in 2013, the WFP reached 80.9 million people in 75 countries and provided 3.1 million tonnes of food, including nutritionally improved products such as Plumpysup, Plumpydoz, and Supercereal Plus. 7.8 million malnourished children received special support in 2013. The WFP has scaled up its use of cash and vouchers as food assistance tools,7.9 million people received assistance through cash or voucher programmes in 2013. In the same year, the WFP purchased food in 91 countries, among its other activities, the WFP has coordinated the five-year Purchase for Progress pilot project. Launched in September 2008, P4P assists smallholder farmers by offering opportunities to access agricultural markets. The project resulted in 366,000 metric tons of food produced and generated more than $148 million in income for its smallholder farmers. The WFP focuses its food assistance on those who are most vulnerable to hunger, which most frequently means women, children, the sick and the elderly. School-feeding and/or take-home ration programmes in 71 countries help students focus on their studies and encourage parents to send their children, especially girls, the WFP operations are funded by voluntary donations from world governments, corporations and private donors. The organizations administrative costs are only seven percent—one of the lowest and best among aid agencies, in 2011, the WFPs total revenue was $3.73 billion. From 2008-2012, private donors donated around $500 million, the Fast Information Technology and Telecommunications Emergency and Support Team is a small, elite, technical team of emergency responders within the IT division of the World Food Programme
16.
World Economic Forum
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The World Economic Forum is a Swiss nonprofit foundation, based in Cologny, Geneva. The Forum is best known for its meeting at the end of January in Davos. The meeting brings together some 2,500 top business leaders, international leaders, economists. Often this location alone is used to identify meetings, participation, and participants with such phrases as, a Davos panel, beside meetings, the foundation produces a series of research reports and engages its members in sector specific initiatives. The forum was founded in 1971 by Klaus Schwab, a German-born business professor at the University of Geneva and he then founded the WEF as a nonprofit organization based in Geneva and drew European business leaders to Davos for the annual meetings each January. Political leaders soon began to use the meeting as a neutral platform. The Davos Declaration was signed in 1988 by Greece and Turkey, in 1992, South African President F. W. de Klerk met with Nelson Mandela and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi at the annual meeting, their first joint appearance outside South Africa. At the 1994 annual meeting, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat reached an agreement on Gaza. In late 2015, the invitation was extended to include a North Korean delegation for the 2016 forum, in view of positive signs coming out of the country, North Korea has not been attending the WEF since 1998. In 2017, the World Economic Forum in Davos attracted considerable attention when for the first time and he sharply rebuked the current populist movements that would introduce tariffs and hinder global commerce, warning that such protectionism could foster isolation and reduced economic opportunity. Headquartered in Cologny, the forum also has offices in New York, Beijing, on October 10,2016, the Forum announced the opening of its new Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco. The World Economic Forum strives to be impartial and is not tied to any political, partisan, the foundation is committed to improving the State of the World. Until 2012, it had observer status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the foundations highest governance body is the foundation board. During its annual meeting, more than 2,500 participants from slightly fewer than 100 countries gather in Davos, approximately 1,500 are business leaders, drawn from its members,1,000 of the worlds top companies. The foundation is funded by its 1,000 member companies and these enterprises rank among the top companies within their industry and/or country and play a leading role in shaping the future of their industry and/or region. Membership is stratified by the level of engagement with forum activities, with the level of membership fees increasing as participation in meetings, projects, and initiatives rises. As of 2011, an annual membership costs $52,000 for a member, $263,000 for Industry Partner. An admission fee costs $19,000 per person, in 2014, WEF raised annual fees by 20 percent, making the cost for Strategic Partner from SFr500,000 to SFr600,000
17.
Kevin Rudd
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Kevin Michael Rudd is an Australian former politician who was twice Prime Minister of Australia, from 2007 to 2010 and again in 2013. Having previously served as a diplomat, and then as an official for the Queensland Government and he was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet in 2001 as Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs. In December 2006, he successfully challenged Kim Beazley to become the Leader of the Labor Party, Labor won the 2007 election by a landslide, with a 23-seat swing in its favour, and Rudd was sworn in as the 26th Prime Minister of Australia on 3 December. The Rudd Governments first acts included signing the Kyoto Protocol and delivering an apology to Indigenous Australians for the Stolen Generations, the previous governments industrial relations legislation, WorkChoices, was largely dismantled, Australias remaining Iraq War combat personnel were withdrawn, and the Australia 2020 Summit was held. In response to the financial crisis, the government provided economic stimulus packages. With the next election drawing near, there was growing dissatisfaction with Rudds leadership within the Labor Party, eventually, Rudds deputy, Julia Gillard, announced on 23 June 2010 that she would challenge him for the leadership the following day. Knowing he would be defeated if he contested the leadership, on the morning of the ballot Rudd resigned as prime minister, after his resignation, he successfully re-contested his seat at the 2010 election, after which Labor formed a minority government. Rudd contested the leadership, but lost, following persistent tensions, Gillard announced another caucus ballot on the leadership on 26 June 2013, from which Rudd emerged victorious. He was sworn in as minister for a second time the following day, and formed his second Cabinet. He also became the first serving Australian prime minister to publicly support same-sex marriage, despite an initial rise in opinion polls following his return, Labor was defeated in the 2013 election. Rudd resigned as minister for a second time on 18 September. On 22 November, Rudd formally tendered his resignation to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, in September 2014, he became a Distinguished Fellow at the Paulson Institute, a think tank at the University of Chicago. He is also the inaugural President of the Asia Society Policy Institute, and chairs the Independent Commission on Multilateralism, in 2016, Rudd asked the Government of Australia to nominate him for Secretary-General of the United Nations. However, there remains dispute over what if any earlier assurances Turnbull may have given to Rudd, Rudd was born in Nambour, Queensland, to Albert and Margaret Rudd, the youngest son of four children, and grew up on a dairy farm in nearby Eumundi. At an early age, he contracted fever and spent a considerable time at home convalescing. It damaged his heart, in particular the valves, for which he has thus far had two aortic valve replacement surgeries, but this was discovered only some 12 years later. Farm life, which required the use of horses and guns, is where he developed his love of horse riding and shooting clay targets. When Rudd was 11, his father, a farmer and Country Party member
18.
Politics
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Politics is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human community, furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community as well as the interrelationship between communities. It is very often said that politics is about power, a political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society. History of political thought can be traced back to antiquity, with seminal works such as Platos Republic, Aristotles Politics. Formal Politics refers to the operation of a system of government and publicly defined institutions. Political parties, public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs would fall under the category of Formal Politics, many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves, but that can still affect their daily lives. Semi-formal Politics is Politics in government associations such as neighborhood associations, informal Politics is understood as forming alliances, exercising power and protecting and advancing particular ideas or goals. Generally, this includes anything affecting ones daily life, such as the way an office or household is managed, informal Politics is typically understood as everyday politics, hence the idea that politics is everywhere. The word comes from the same Greek word from which the title of Aristotles book Politics also derives, the book title was rendered in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as Polettiques, it became politics in Modern English. The history of politics is reflected in the origin, development, the origin of the state is to be found in the development of the art of warfare. Historically speaking, all communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare. Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China, of the institutions that ruled states, that of kingship stood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the divine right of kings. Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria to the 21st century AD British Monarchy. Kingship becomes an institution through the institution of Hereditary monarchy, the king often, even in absolute monarchies, ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors, a council without which he could not maintain power. As these advisors and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power, constitutional monarchies emerged, long before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship by, Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity. Preserving the traditions of the social order, being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority. Being able to manage a greater deal of knowledge and action than an individual such as the king. The greatest of the subordinates, the earls and dukes in England and Scotland
19.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
20.
Park Avenue
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Park Avenue is a wide New York City boulevard which carries north and southbound traffic in the borough of Manhattan, and is also a wide one-way pair in the Bronx. For most of the length in Manhattan, it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west. Park Avenues entire length was formerly called Fourth Avenue, the title applies to the section between the Bowery and 14th Street. Meanwhile, the section between 14th and 17th Street is called Union Square East, and between 17th and 32nd Streets, the name Park Avenue South is used, in the Bronx, Park Avenue runs in several segments between the Major Deegan Expressway and Fordham Road. Park Avenue was originally known as Fourth Avenue and carried the tracks of the New York, the railroad originally ran through an open cut through Murray Hill, which was covered with grates and grass between 34th and 40th Street in the early 1850s. A section of park was later renamed Park Avenue in 1860. When Grand Central Depot was opened in the 1870s, the tracks between 56th and 93rd Streets were sunk out of sight and, in 1888, Park Avenue was extended to north of Grand Central. In 1936 the elevated Park Avenue Viaduct was built around the station to allow traffic to pass unimpeded. In October 1937, a part of the Murray Hill Tunnel was reopened for road traffic, efforts to promote a Grand Park Avenue Expressway to Grand Concourse in the Bronx were unavailing. A tradition was introduced in 1945 as a memorial to American soldiers killed in action, on May 5,1959, the New York City Council voted 20–1 to change the name of Fourth Avenue between 17th and 32nd Streets to Park Avenue South. In 1963, the Pan Am Building, straddling Park Avenue atop Grand Central Terminal, was built between the automotive viaducts, on March 12,2014, two apartment buildings near 116th Street,1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, were destroyed in a gas explosion. Eight people were killed and many others were injured, the road that becomes Park Avenue originates as the Bowery. From Cooper Square at 8th Street to Union Square at 14th Street, it is known as Fourth Avenue, at 14th Street, it turns slightly northeast to align with other avenues drawn up in the Commissioners Plan of 1811. From 17th Street to 32nd Street, it is known as Park Avenue South, above 32nd Street, for the remainder of its distance, it is known as Park Avenue, a 140-foot-wide boulevard. Between 33rd Street and 40th Street, the northbound lane descends into the Murray Hill Tunnel. The bridge, one of two structures in Manhattan known as the Park Avenue Viaduct, returns to level at 46th Street after going through the Helmsley Building. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs under this portion of the street, once the line reaches Grand Central – 42nd Street, it shifts east to Lexington Avenue. From 47th to 97th Streets, Metro-North Railroad tracks run in a tunnel underneath Park Avenue, in the 1920s the portion of Park Avenue from Grand Central Terminal to 96th Street saw extensive apartment building construction
21.
Upper East Side
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The Upper East Side, sometimes abbreviated as UES, is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park/Fifth Avenue, 59th Street, the East River, and 96th Street. The area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods, including Lenox Hill, Carnegie Hill, once known as the Silk Stocking District, it is now one of the most affluent neighborhoods in New York City. At that time, along the Boston Post Road taverns stood at the mile-markers, Five-Mile House at 72nd Street and Six-Mile House at 97th, a New Yorker recalled in 1893. A row of townhouses was built on speculation by Mary Mason Jones. It was her habit to sit in a window of her room on the ground floor, as if watching calmly for life. She was sure that presently the quarries, the greenhouses in ragged gardens. The latest arrivals were the rich Pittsburghers Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick, from the 1880s the neighborhood of Yorkville became a suburb of middle-class Germans. Gracie Mansion, the last remaining suburban villa overlooking the East River at Carl Schurz Park, demolishing the elevated railways on Third and Second Avenues opened these tenement-lined streets to the spotty construction of high-rise apartment blocks from the 1950s. However, it had an effect on transportation, because the IRT Lexington Avenue Line was now the only subway line in the area. The construction of the Second Avenue Subway has brought up the price of houses in the Upper East Side somewhat, the AIA Guide to New York City extends the northern boundary to 106th Street near Fifth Avenue. The areas north-south avenues are Fifth, Madison, Park, Lexington, Third, Second, First, York, the major east-west streets are 59th Street, 72nd Street, 79th Street, 86th Street and 96th Street. The Upper East Side Historic District is one of New York City’s largest districts and this district runs from 59th to 78th Streets along Fifth Avenue, and up to 3rd Avenue at some points. In the decades after the Civil War, the once decrepit district transitioned into a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood, at the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood transformed again, but this time into a neighborhood of mansions and townhouses. As the century continued, and living environments altered, a lot of these homes were replaced by lavish apartment buildings. As of the 2000 census, there were 207,543 people residing in the Upper East Side, the population density was 118,184 people per square mile, making Manhattan Community Board 8, coterminous with the Upper East Side, the densest Community Board in the city. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 89. 25% White,6. 14% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 34% African American,0. 09% Native American,1. 39% from other races, and 1. 74% from two or more races. 5. 62% of the population were Hispanic of any race, twenty-one percent of the population was foreign born, of this,45. 6% came from Europe,29. 5% from Asia,16. 2% from Latin America and 8. 7% from other. The female-male ratio was very high with 125 females for 100 males, the Upper East Side contains a large and affluent Jewish population estimated at 56,000
22.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
23.
Edward Larrabee Barnes
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Edward Larrabee Barnes was an American architect. He graduated from the Harvard Graduate School of Design in 1942, after the war he worked for Henry Dreyfuss in Los Angeles designing prototypes for mass-produced homes. In 1949 Barnes founded Edward Larrabee Barnes Associates in Manhattan, many of his buildings are widely recognized, including the Dallas Museum of Art, Walker Art Center, and the IBM Building at 590 Madison Avenue in Manhattan. In 1969, Barnes was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978. In 2007 he was honored with the American Institute of Architects highest award. He also received the Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture, the Harvard University 350th Anniversary Medal and his Haystack Mountain School of Crafts won the AIA Twenty-five Year Award. Louis, Missouri,1982 Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art, Utah State University, Logan, Utah,1982 Dillon, Edward Larrabee Barnes, Modern Architect, Dies at 89, The New York Times, September 23,2004. Snatched from Oblivion, Metropolis magazine, October 2006, p.56 by Jeffrey Head Emporis. com biography Edward Larrabee Barnes at the archINFORM database
24.
Brownstone
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Brownstone is a brown Triassic-Jurassic sandstone which was once a popular building material. The term is used in the United States to refer to a townhouse clad in this material. In the 19th century, Basswood Island, Wisconsin, was the site of a run by the Bass Island Brownstone Company which operated from 1868 into the 1890s. The stone comes from the Hummelstown Quarry in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, the Hummelstown Quarry is the largest provider of brownstone on the east coast. Typically the stone was transported out of Hummelstown through the Brownstone, connecticut River Brownstone, is also very popular. C. and Baltimore. Quarries from the Passaic Formation in northern New Jersey once supplied most of the used in New York City. The Manhattan neighborhood of the Upper West Side, too, retains many brownstones, Brownstones also predominate in some Hudson County neighborhoods directly across the Hudson River from Manhattan, especially in Hoboken and around Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park in Jersey City. New York City brownstones usually cost several million dollars to purchase, a typical architectural detail of brownstones in and around New York City is the stoop, a steep staircase rising from the street to the entrance on what amounts to almost the second-floor level. This design was seen as hygienic at the many were built. Lately, it has become fashionable to use the term brownstone to refer to almost any townhouse from a certain period, many townhouses in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, for example, are basically built of brick, some having concrete masonry cladding to make them resemble actual stone. The Rittenhouse Square and Fairmount, Philadelphia neighborhoods of Philadelphia also include examples of brownstone architecture, many of these homes have been converted into apartment buildings. Back Bay, Boston, is known for its Victorian brownstone homes – considered some of the examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States. Although some brownstones exist in Chicago, a similar residential form known as greystones are by far more prevalent, a greystone is a type of residential structure that utilizes Indiana limestone for its facade, regardless of its overall architectural style. As in Brooklyn, there exists a Greystone Belt in Chicago, with numbers of such structures located in the south. It is estimated that around 30,000 of Chicagos greystones built between 1890 and 1930 are still standing, Brownstone, also known as freestone due to its durability and advantages as a building material, was used by early Quakers in Pennsylvania to construct stone mills and mill houses. In central Pennsylvania, some 1700s-era structures survive, including one used as a residence. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13, cS1 maint, BOT, original-url status unknown in Wisconsin. Website devoted to the Weser brownstone quarries from Germany being imported into the US, after Fight, a Brooklyn Brownstones Costly Rescue, The New York Times Website devoted to the colonial-era Quaker Mill House in Pennsylvania
25.
Facade
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A façade is generally one exterior side of a building, usually, but not always, the front. It is a loan word from the French façade, which means frontage or face. In architecture, the façade of a building is often the most important aspect from a design standpoint, from the engineering perspective of a building, the façade is also of great importance due to its impact on energy efficiency. For historical façades, many local zoning regulations or other laws restrict or even forbid their alteration. The word comes from the French foreign loan word façade, which in turn comes from the Italian facciata, from faccia meaning face, the earliest usage recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is 1656. It was quite common in the Georgian period for existing houses in English towns to be given a fashionable new façade, in modern highrise building, the exterior walls are often suspended from the concrete floor slabs. Examples include curtain walls and precast concrete walls, the façade can at times be required to have a fire-resistance rating, for instance, if two buildings are very close together, to lower the likelihood of fire spreading from one building to another. In general, the systems that are suspended or attached to the precast concrete slabs will be made from aluminium or stainless steel. In recent years more lavish materials such as titanium have sometimes been used, whether rated or not, fire protection is always a design consideration. The melting point of aluminium,660 °C, is reached within minutes of the start of a fire. Firestops for such building joints can be qualified, too, putting fire sprinkler systems on each floor has a profoundly positive effect on the fire safety of buildings with curtain walls. Some building codes also limit the percentage of area in exterior walls. When the exterior wall is not rated, the slab edge becomes a junction where rated slabs are abutting an unrated wall. For rated walls, one may also choose rated windows and fire doors, on a film set and within most themed attractions, many of the buildings are only façades, which are far cheaper than actual buildings, and not subject to building codes. In film sets, they are held up with supports from behind. Within theme parks, they are usually decoration for the interior ride/attraction/restaurant, by Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann Klein, Marcel Bilow and Thomas Auer. ISBN 978-3-7643-7961-2 ISBN 978-3-7643-7962-9 Giving buildings an illusion of grandeur Poole, the article outlines the development of the façade in ecclesiastical architecture from the early Christian period to the Renaissance
26.
Christie's
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Christies is a historic British auction house. It was founded in 1766 by James Christie and its main premises are in King Street, St. Jamess, in London, and on Rockefeller Plaza in New York City in the United States. The company is owned by Groupe Artémis, the company of François-Henri Pinault. Sales in 2015 totalled £4.8 billion, however, other sources note that James Christie rented auction rooms from 1762, and newspaper advertisements of Christies sales dating from 1759 have also been traced. Christies soon established a reputation as an auction house. From 1859, the company was called Christie, Manson & Woods, in 1958, it established its first overseas office, by placing a representative in Rome. The first overseas salesroom opened in Geneva, where Christies holds jewellery auctions, Christies was a public company, listed on the London Stock Exchange from 1973 to 1999. In 1974, Jo Floyd was appointed chairman of Christies and he served as chairman of Christies International plc. from 1976 to 1988, until handing over to Lord Carrington, and later was a non-executive member of the board of directors until 1992. The auction houses subsidiary Christies International Inc. held its first sale in the United States in 1977,13 years later than Sothebys, Christies growth was slow but steady since 1989, when it had 42 percent of the auction market. In 1990, the company reversed a policy and guaranteed a minimum price for a collection of artworks in its May auctions. In 1996, the auction houses sales eclipsed Sothebys for the first time since 1954. In 1993, Christies paid $10.9 million for the London gallery Spink & Sons, which specialised in Oriental art and British paintings, the company bought Leger Gallery for $3.3 million in 1996, and merged it with Spink to become Spink-Leger. The company has not been reporting profits, though it gives sale totals twice a year. Its policy, in line with U. K. accounting standards, is to convert non-U. K, results using an average exchange rate weighted daily by sales throughout the year. In 2002, Christies France held its first auction in Paris, like Sothebys, Christies became increasingly involved in high-profile private transactions. Under the original deal, the gallery was meant to be the channel for all of Christies private-client business as well as the focus of its primary trade. Also, the house originally announced that Haunch employees could not bid at auction because of conflicts of interest or issues of market manipulation. Today, the continues to operate as an independent company in London and New York
27.
Atrium (architecture)
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In architecture, an atrium is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. Atria were a feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light. Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, are several stories high and having a glazed roof or large windows. Atria are a design feature because they give their buildings a feeling of space. The atrium has become a key feature of buildings in recent years. Atria are popular with building users, building designers and building developers, users like atria because they create a dynamic and stimulating interior that provides shelter from the external environment while maintaining a visual link with that environment. Designers enjoy the opportunity to new types of spaces in buildings. Fire control is an important aspect of contemporary atrium design due to criticism that poorly designed atria could allow fire to spread to a buildings upper stories more quickly. The Latin word atrium referred to the central court from which enclosed rooms led off. The impluvium was a shallow pool sunken into the floor to catch rainwater from the roof, some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool called for some means of support for the roof, as the centrepiece of the house, the atrium was the most lavishly-furnished room. Also, it contained the chapel to the ancestral spirits. The term was used for a variety of spaces in public and religious buildings, mostly forms of arcaded courtyards. Byzantine churches were often entered through such a space, the 19th century brought the industrial revolution with great advances in iron and glass manufacturing techniques. Courtyards could then have horizontal glazing overhead, eliminating some of the elements from the space. One of the public spaces at Federation Square, in Melbourne, Australia, is called The Atrium and is a street-like space, five storeys high with glazed walls. The structure and glazing pattern follow the system of fractals used to arrange the panels on the rest of the facades at Federation Square, as of 2016, the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, has the worlds tallest atrium at 590 feet. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada, has the largest atrium in the world at 29 million cubic feet, cavaedium Courtyard Quadrangle Roth, Leland M. Understanding Architecture, Its Elements History and Meaning
28.
Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
29.
Victoria Harbour
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Victoria Harbour is a natural landform harbour situated between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon in Hong Kong. The harbours deep, sheltered waters and strategic location on the South China Sea were instrumental in Hong Kongs establishment as a British colony, throughout its history, the harbour has seen numerous reclamation projects undertaken on both shores, many of which have caused controversy in recent years. Environmental concerns have been expressed about the effects of these expansions, in terms of water quality and it has also been proposed that benefits of land reclamation may be less than the effects of decreased harbour width, affecting the number of vessels passing through the harbour. Nonetheless Victoria Harbour still retains its role as a port for thousands of international vessels each year. Long famous for its views, the harbour is a major tourist attraction of Hong Kong. Lying in the middle of the dense urban region, the harbour is the site of annual fireworks displays. During the Taiping Rebellion, armed rebels paraded the streets of Hong Kong, on 21 December 1854, the Hong Kong police arrested several armed rebels who were about to attack Kowloon City. On 23 January 1855, a fleet of Taiping war boats was on the verge of a battle against Chinese imperial war boats defending the harbour. The Chinese defenders were ordered away by the British colonial authorities and these incidents caused rising tension that would eventually lead to the Arrow War. The harbour was originally called Hong Kong Harbour, but was renamed as Victoria Harbour. The subject of pollution came to the fore in the 1970s with the growth of the manufacturing sector. The water club races were stopped in 1973 due to pollution in the harbour, studies also showed excessive nitrogen input from discharges of the Pearl River Delta into the harbour for decades. After completion of the Central and Wan Chai Reclamation Feasibility Study in 1989 and it consists of three district development cells separated by parks, namely, Central, Tamar and Exhibition. The latest proposed reclamation, extending along the waterfront from Sheung Wan to Causeway Bay, faced public opposition, I believe an insightful and visionary chief executive would support our stance and work with us to protect the harbour. Reclamation work also led to the demolition of Queens Pier and Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier, structures of historic significance, Victoria Harbour covers an area of about 41.88 km2 as of 2004. The eastern boundary is considered to be the line formed between the westernmost extremity of Siu Chau Wan and A Kung Ngam. Among the best places to view the harbour are the Peak Tower atop Victoria Peak, rides on the Star Ferry, particularly the route between Central and Tsim Sha Tsui, are another popular way to view the harbour and cityscape. As the natural centre of the territory, the harbour has played host to major public shows
30.
Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects
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Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects are a husband-and-wife architectural firm founded in 1986, based in New York. Tod and Billie began working together in 1977 and their studio focuses on work for institutions, museums, schools, and not-for-profits—organization. Tod Williams received his undergraduate, MFA, and Master of Architecture degrees from Princeton University and he is a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome and serves as a Trustee of the Cranbrook Educational Community. He has been inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, National Academy, Billie Tsien received her undergraduate degree in Fine Arts from Yale University and her M. Arch. from UCLA. She has worked with Williams since 1977 and they have been in partnership since 1986, Tsien is currently President of the Architectural League of New York and Director of the Public Art Fund. She has been inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, National Academy, Williams and Tsien have taught at the Cooper Union, Harvard University, Cornell University, University of Texas, City College of New York, and Yale University. Williams and Tsien are the recipients of more than two awards from the American Institute of Architects. They received a 2014 International Fellowship from the Royal Institute of British Architects, in 2013, each were awarded a National Medal of Arts from President Obama. V. MacKeith, Helsinki, Rakennustieto,2006 Billie Tsien, The cuts through the heart, in Archipelago, Tod Williams and Billie Tsien, The 1998 Charles and Ray Eames Lecture, Michigan Architecture Papers, University of Michigan Press,1999. Douglas Heller, Tod Williams Billie Tsien and Associates, An Annotated Bibliography, Tod Williams and Billie Tsien, Work/Life, New York, Monacelli Press,2000. Kester Rattenbury, Robert Bevan, and Kieran Long, Architects Today, New York, Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects Homepage
31.
Houston Museum District
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The Houston Museum District currently includes 19 museums that recorded a collective attendance of over 8.7 million visitors a year. All of the museums offer free times or days and 11 of the museums are free all the time, Thursdays the Museum District gets particularly crowded because of museum free days. Houstons Museum District is walkable and bikeable, sidewalks are wide and well-maintained, and attractions and restaurants are situated near each other. The Museum District Civic Association compared the area to Georgetown in Washington, D. C. the beginnings of the Museum District are found in 1977, when it became apparent that some action needed to be taken to provide easier access to the museums of the area. This call for community improvement evolved into the non-profit Montrose Project by the mid-1980s, based on the works of this organization, the Museum District was formally recognized by the City of Houston in 1989. The founding organization was dissolved in 1994, but the Museum District is now under the auspices of the Houston Museum District Association, founded in 1997. The Museum District attracts visitors, students and volunteers of all ages, backgrounds, and ethnicities to learn about and celebrate art, history, culture, more information on the 20 institutions of Houstons Museum District may be found on their official website. In such a strongly vehicle-oriented city, and one which to this day retains the title of the largest city in the United States without zoning, this was fairly progressive. It took advantage of the opportunity to create in Houston an area of vital importance, similar to the French Quarter in New Orleans, St. Germain in Paris. 1977, Concept formulated, area associations involved, july 1986, Montrose Project becomes the Museum District Development Association of Houston. March 1987, MDDAH gains 5013 status, may 1988, “Raiders of the Lost Art” event held to raise funds and awareness of the District. September 1989, The Museum District receives a Clean Houston Honorable Mention in the Proud Partners Awards for its Museum District Improvement program, september 1989, Business leaders, museum directors and members gathered to sign a coalition agreement supporting a City of Houston Resolution creating an official Museum District. December 1991, MDDAH helped host the 5th Annual Christmas and Hanukkah in Neartown, with a tree lighting, caroling, may 1992, “Savor the Flavors” benefit held for the Museum District, highlighting 23 local restaurants. 1994, The organized abandonment/dissolution of the 5013 Museum District Development Association of Houston, records were handed off to the South Main Center Association for further collaboration and development within the community. January 1997, Eleven institutions reincorporated the Houston Museum District Association as a 5013 corporation, five new museums joined in 2002 and two more in 2007. According to 1st board meeting notes, Directors, Alexandra Marshall, Chairman Ora Harrison, today, total operating budgets for the member museums exceed $80 million, funded almost completely from revenues and private donations. The John P. McGovern Foundation, The Wortham Foundation, Inc, susan Vaughan Foundation, Inc. and corporate support from KHOU-TV Channel 11, KUHT-TV, the Houston Chronicle, Texas Monthly, Exxon, and Cadillac. The HMDA also serves as an intermediary, which fosters an ongoing dialogue among the museums in the district to maintain continuing interest, several apartment and/or condo communities are already in the area and new ones are currently being built and developed
32.
Yoshio Taniguchi
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Yoshio Taniguchi is a Japanese architect best known for his redesign of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City which was reopened November 20,2004. Taniguchi is the son of architect Yoshirō Taniguchi and he studied engineering at Keio University, graduating in 1960, and studied architecture at Harvard Universitys Graduate School of Design, graduating in 1964. He worked briefly for architect Walter Gropius, who became an important influence, from 1964 to 1972, Taniguchi worked for the studio of architect Kenzo Tange, who was perhaps the most important Japanese modernist architect, at Tokyo University. While in the Tange office, Taniguchi also worked on projects in Skopje, Yugoslavia and San Francisco, California, important later collaborators include Isamu Noguchi, American landscape architect Peter Walker, and artist Genichiro Inokuma. The MoMA commission was Taniguchis first work outside Japan, Taniguchi has since won a commission to design the Asia Society Texas Center. This $40 million project is located in Houstons museum district and is Taniguchis first free-standing new building in the United States, media related to Yoshio Taniguchi at Wikimedia Commons Museum of Modern Art biography Talking with Taniguchi
33.
Chinese ceramics
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Chinese ceramics show a continuous development since pre-dynastic times and are one of the most significant forms of Chinese art and ceramics globally. The first pottery was made during the Palaeolithic era, Porcelain is so identified with China that it is still called china in everyday English usage. Most later Chinese ceramics, even of the finest quality, were made on an industrial scale, many of the most important kiln workshops were owned by or reserved for the Emperor, and large quantities of ceramics were exported as diplomatic gifts or for trade from an early date. The earliest Chinese pottery was earthenware, which continued in production for utilitarian uses throughout Chinese history, but was increasingly less used for fine wares. Porcelain, on a Western definition, is a term comprising all ceramic ware that is white and translucent. The Chinese tradition recognizes two categories of ceramics, high-fired and low-fired, so doing without stoneware, which in Chinese tradition is mostly grouped with porcelain. Terms such as porcellaneous or near-porcelain may be used for stonewares with porcelain-like characteristics, the Erya defined porcelain as fine, compact pottery. Chinese pottery can also classified as being either northern or southern, the kiln types were also different. Southern materials have high silica, low alumina and high potassium oxide, the northern materials are often very suitable for stoneware, while in the south there are also areas highly suitable for porcelain. Chinese porcelain is made by a combination of the following materials. Porcelain stone - decomposed micaceous or feldspar rocks, historically known as petunse. Feldspar Quartz In the context of Chinese ceramics, the term lacks a universally accepted definition. This in turn has led to confusion about when the first Chinese porcelain was made, claims have been made for the late Eastern Han dynasty, the Three Kingdoms period, the Six Dynasties period, and the Tang dynasty. Chinese kiln technology has always been a key factor in the development of Chinese pottery, the Chinese developed effective kilns capable of firing at around 1, 000°C before 2000 BC. These were updraft kilns, often built below ground, two main types of kiln were developed by about 200 AD and remained in use until modern times. Both could reliably produce the temperatures of up to 1300°C or more needed for porcelain, in the late Ming, the egg-shaped kiln or zhenyao was developed at Jingdezhen, but mainly used there. This was something of a compromise between the types, and offered locations in the firing chamber with a range of firing conditions. According to Science, pottery dating from 20,000 years ago were found at the Xianrendong Cave site
34.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
35.
Ronnie Chan
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Ronnie Chan Chi-chung is a Hong Kong entrepreneur. In 1976, Chan received his MBA from the University of Southern California, in 1991 he became the chairman of Hang Lung Group and its subsidiary Hang Lung Properties. As of 2014, it was one of the largest real estate developers in Hong Kong and he succeeded the chairman position in the companies from his uncle. He was a director of Enron Corporation and a member of its audit committee when it filed for bankruptcy as a result of fraud, in November 2009, he attended the Horasis Global China Business Meeting in Lisbon, where his criticisms of American financial policy garnered widespread attention. In September 2014, Chans family donated US$350 million and US$20 million to Harvard University, in 1996, Chan began providing yearly financial assistance to needy students at top universities in China. Chan is married to Barbara Chan and has two sons, in 2004, Chans son Adriel Chan received his bachelor’s degree in international relations from USC. Chans other son Adley Chan earned his bachelor’s degree in sociology, as well as bachelor’s, master’s, chairman of Hang Lung Group Limited Committee of 100 Member Roster Appearances on C-SPAN
36.
Henrietta H. Fore
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Henrietta Holsman Fore was the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and Director of U. S. She was designated these positions by President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, respectively and she was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 14,2007. Ms. Fore is distinguished as the first woman to serve as Administrator of USAID and these positions were at the rank of Deputy Secretary of State. Ms. Fore left these offices upon the conclusion of the presidency of George W. Bush on January 20,2009 and she is now the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Holsman International. Prior to her appointments as USAID Administrator and Director of US Foreign Assistance and she had also been a Presidential Appointee for President George Herbert Walker Bush at the U. S. Agency for International Development from 1989 to 1993, first as Assistant Administrator for Private Enterprise in the U. S, Agency for International Development and then Assistant Administrator for Asia. Fore has been confirmed by the United States Senate for five Presidential Appointments. In addition to her foreign policy experience in government service, Henrietta Fore has held positions in numerous international nonprofit organizations. She is global Co-Chair of WomenCorporateDirectors and she serves on The Board of Directors of Theravance, Inc. and Diagnostics for All. Ms. Fore is a successful businesswoman running her own companies and she is Chairman and President of Stockton Wire Products, a manufacturer and distributor of steel products, cement additives and wire building materials for the U. S. and European construction industry. She has served on the boards of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. She has also served on the boards of the Dexter Corporation and HSB Group. Fore has a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Wellesley College and she has also studied international politics at Oxford University and studied at Stanford University Graduate School of Business. Ms. Ms. Fore is a Mentor for Henry Crown Fellows of the Aspen Institute
37.
Vishakha N. Desai
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Dr. Vishakha N. Desai is an Asia scholar with a focus on art, culture, policy, and women’s rights. She currently serves as Senior Advisor for Global Affairs to the President of Columbia University and Senior Research Scholar at its School of International and she also serves as Senior Advisor for Global Programs to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and is President Emerita of the Asia Society. In recognition of her leadership in the field, President Barack Obama appointed her to serve on the National Commission on Museums. Dr. Desai has been recognized as one of the Most Powerful Women in New York by Crains and she is a recipient of five honorary degrees from Centre College, Pace University, the College of Staten Island, Susquehanna University, and Williams College. Dr. Vishakha N. Desai is Senior Advisor for Global Affairs to the President of Columbia University and Senior Research Scholar at the School of International and she also serves as Senior Advisor for Global Programs to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Dr. Desai served as President and CEO of the Asia Society, an organization dedicated to strengthening partnerships among peoples of Asia. Prior to becoming President, Dr. Desai held various positions at the Asia Society from 1990 to 2004. Before joining the Asia Society in 1990, Dr. Desai was at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston as a Curator and she has taught at Columbia University, Boston University, and the University of Massachusetts where she was given a tenured appointment. She has authored opinion pieces on political, cultural, and women’s development in Asia that have appeared in more than fifty publications around the world. Dr. Desai holds a B. A. in political Science from Bombay University, the recipient of numerous international and national grants and fellowships, Dr. Desai has received four honorary degrees from American Universities. For her leadership in the arts, she has been honored by ArtTable, an organization of women leaders in the arts. Dr. V. as the outstanding International Woman of the Year, in 2012, in recognition of Dr. She is also an Advisory Trustee of the Brookings Institution, and she served as President of the Association of Art Museum Directors from 1998 to 1999 and on the board from 1995 to 2000. She has served on the board of the Andy Warhol Foundation for Visual Arts, College Art Association, ArtTable, Dr. Desai is married to Robert Oxnam, a China scholar, who was Asia Society’s President from 1981-1992. Asian Art History in the 21st Century, Yale University Press,2008, a Passion for Asia, The Rockefeller Legacy. Exhibition Catalogue, Asia Society Museum,2006, conversations with Traditions, Nilima Sheikh – Shahzia Sikander. Exhibition catalogue, Asia Society Museum,2002, gods, Guardians and Lovers, Temple Sculptures from North India, A. D. 700-1200. Co-editor and author, exhibition catalogue, New York, Asia Society in association with Mapin Publishing,1993, faces of Asia, Portraits from the Permanent Collection
38.
Robert Oxnam
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Robert Bromley Oxnam is a China scholar and President Emeritus of the Asia Society New York. He ran the society for more than a decade, and led tours of China for Bill Gates, Warren Buffett. He became well known in the media after his 2005 autobiography, A Fractured Mind. Robert Oxnam was educated at Williams College and Yale University and he taught at Trinity College, Columbia University, and Williams College. His academic honors have included the Williams College Bicentennial Medal and the Trinity College LL. D and he served as a member of the visiting committee of Drew University and American Universitys School of International Service. Robert Oxnam was President of The Asia Society for over a decade. C, los Angeles, Houston, and Hong Kong. Prior to his presidency, he served as the Society’s Vice President, Center Director and as China Council Director. He has been Senior Advisor to the Atlanta-based Society of International Business Fellows, for a short time he was also Special Correspondent for the MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, hosting an acclaimed nine-part special on China. Robert Oxnam is the author of two novels, Cinnabar and Ming and he has also authored or edited several non-fiction works on Asia, Ruling from Horseback, Dragon and Eagle, several editions of China Briefing. He has contributed articles to The New York Times, Foreign Affairs, in 2005, he published his unusual memoir, A Fractured Mind. The book elicited widespread media coverage including CBSs 60 Minutes, ABCs Good Morning America, NBC Today Show, PBS, The New York Times, Time Magazine, Daily Telegraph, and the BBC. In 2003-06, he was Visiting Professor at Beijing University and Global Scholar at Robinson College of Business Georgia State University. He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Cosmos Club, Century Association, the Association of Asian Studies, and the National Committee on U. S. -China Relations. In recent years, Oxnam has embarked on an artistic career — making weathered wood sculptures and doing macro-lens photography of glacial rocks — in the great tradition of Chinese scholars rocks. In recent years, exhibitions have included, Chambers Fine Art Gallery, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Triple Candie Gallery, Interchurch Center, Brecknock Hall, Full Moon Arts Center, Art Sites Gallery. In 2011, world-famous Chinese contemporary artist Cai Guoqiang said of Oxnams artwork, Looking at Roberts work, I was very touched, using weathered wood and tree roots as his main medium, Roberts art largely relies on the magic and strangeness of natural found objects. He begins with an eye and fine artisanship, but then he goes further. In the process, the artistry becomes evident and the works become charismatic, in 2014, he was one of two hundred leading American artists asked to create a work for the highly successful Fabergè Big Egg Hunt New York and continues to expand his talent to this day
39.
Phillips Talbot
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Talbot was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and served in the United States Navy during World War II. After graduating from University of Illinois in 1936, Talbot started as a reporter for the Chicago Daily News, the Phillips Talbot Fellowship was named in his honor and is awarded yearly by the Institute to promising young journalists. Talbot was the United States Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian affairs from 1961-65 during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Talbot served as President of Asia Society from 1970-1982 and was awarded the Padma Shri in March 2002 for his efforts in fomenting peace between India and America during his tenure as President, Phillips Talbots profile at NNDB. com Phillips Talbot Papers 1915-1968
40.
Joshua Wong
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Joshua Wong Chi-fung is a Hong Kong student activist who serves as secretary general of Demosistō. He is also the convenor and founder of the Hong Kong student activist group Scholarism, Joshua Wong was born in Hong Kong in 1996, and was diagnosed with dyslexia soon thereafter. The son of middle-class couple Grace and Roger Wong, Joshua was raised as a Protestant Christian and his social awareness stems from his father, who often took him, as a child, to visit the underprivileged. Wong studied at the United Christian College, and developed organisational, the 2010 anti-high speed rail protests were the first political protests in which he took part. On 29 May 2011, Wong and schoolmate Ivan Lam established Scholarism, the group began with simple means of protest, such as the distribution of leaflets against the newly-announced moral and national education. In time, however, Wongs group grew in size and influence, and in 2012 managed to organise a political rally attended by over 100,000 people. Wong received widespread attention as the groups convenor, however, unlike most of those arrested who were freed soon afterwards, Wong remained in custody for 46 hours, until his lawyers moved a writ of habeas corpus. In June 2014, Scholarism drafted a plan to reform Hong Kongs electoral system to push for universal suffrage, under one country and his group strongly advocated for the inclusion of civic nomination in the 2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive Election. Wong as a student leader started a boycott among Hong Kongs students to send a pro-democracy message to Beijing. During the protests, Wong stated, Among all the people in Hong Kong, there is one person who can decide whether the current movement will last. If Leung can accept our demands, movement will naturally come to an end. Wong, in response, dismissed the allegations as baseless, Wong was charged on 27 November 2014 with obstructing a bailiff clearing one of Hong Kongs three protest areas. His lawyer described the charge as politically motivated and he was banned from a large part of Mong Kok as one of the bail conditions. This ban covers the area enclosed by the streets and roads, Fa Yuen Street, Dundas Street, Shanghai Street. Wong is only allowed to be in the area while in transit, Wong claims that police beat him and tried to injure his groin as he was arrested, and taunted and swore at him while he was in custody. After Wong appeared at Kowloon City Court on 27 November 2014 he was pelted with eggs by two men, Li Wong,27, and Cheung Ka-shing,33 were arrested and each fined $3000 in August 2015. Prosecutors filed a petition, arguing that this ruling was too lenient. On 9 November 2015 he sentenced Li and Cheung to two weeks in jail, on 2 December 2014, Wong and two other students began an indefinite hunger strike for to demand renewed talks with the Hong Kong government
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