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United States Department of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. They supervise their military services of the Department of the Navy. They are assisted by a Vice Chief of Naval Operations and an Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. Unlike its U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force counterparts, the Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. According to Navy Regulations Section 0204-2, the term Navy Department refers only to the offices at the seat of government. The bill passed in the House on 17 May 2007, but encountered opposition among members of the DoD civilian leadership and among senior Navy admirals, in the Senate, the provision was replaced in S. Amdt. 2011, an amendment in the nature of a substitute proposed by Senator Carl Levin of Michigan on 9 July 2007, the amendment removed the renaming provision and also made other changes. The House version including the provision was withdrawn in conference committee, Naval Vessel Register Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Navy Regulations, Accessed on 2011-03-23. Department of the Navy website US Marine Corps official website US Navy official website Department of Defense website Department of the Navy in the Federal Register
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United States Secretary of the Navy
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The Secretary of the Navy is a statutory office and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Department of the Navy consists of two Uniformed Services, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. In effect, all authority within the Navy and Marine Corps, specifically enumerated responsibilities of the SECNAV in beforementioned section are, recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of ships, equipment. The Secretary of the Navy is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, the CNO and the Commandant act as the principal executive agents of the SECNAV within their respective services to implement the orders of the Secretary. The United States Navy Regulations is the principal regulatory document of the Department of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps have their own separate staffs, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters Marine Corps
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Shore facility
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A shore facility is one of the facilities located on shore used for receiving ships and transferring cargo and people to them. Ports and marinas constitute a collection of shore facilities, shore facilities are designed for the efficient intermodal transportation of goods and people inland by trains, surface vehicles, and/or pipelines. A shore facility may include magazine buildings or warehouses for storage of goods and it may include loading cranes, equipment laydown areas, dry docks and custom houses. It may have quays, wharfs, jetties, or slipways with cranes or ramps and it may also have breakwaters, piers, or mooring dolphins
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Gustavus Fox
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Gustavus Vasa Fox was an officer of the United States Navy, who served during the Mexican-American War, and as Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the Civil War. Fox was born at Saugus, Massachusetts, and studied at Phillips Academy, Andover, on January 12,1838, Fox was appointed midshipman. During the Mexican-American War, he served in the brig Washington in the squadron of Commodore Matthew Perry and he later commanded several mail steamers. He resigned from the Navy on July 30,1856, at the start of the American Civil War he volunteered for service. President Abraham Lincoln gave him an appointment in the Navy. Fox could not relieve the fort before Confederate bombardment forced its surrender, on August 1,1861, Lincoln appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy, an office which he held until the close of the Civil War. In 1866, he was sent on a mission to Russia. His voyage was made in the monitor Miantonomoh, which was the first vessel of this class to cross the Atlantic. In 1882 he published a paper suggesting that Samana Cay in the Bahamas was Guanahani, or San Salvador, little attention was paid to his paper until 1986, when the National Geographic Society also concluded that Samana Cay was San Salvador. He died at Lowell, Massachusetts, aged 62, three ships of the US Navy - TB-13, DD-234 and CG-33 - have been named USS Fox in his memory. Fox is one of the viewpoint characters in novelist Harry Harrisons alternate history Stars. An Attempt to Solve the Problem of the First Landing Place of Columbus in the New World, report of the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, Government Printing Office. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, the entry can be found here. This article incorporates public domain material from the Naval History & Heritage Command document Gustavus V. Fox, Gustavus Vasa Fox of the Union Navy, A Biography. The Gustavus Vasa Fox Collection 1823-1919 at the New York Historical Society
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James R. Soley
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James Russell Soley was a lawyer and Naval historian and in the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the U. S. Navy. Born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, Soley graduated from Harvard College in 1870 and he was appointed Assistant Professor of Ethics and English at the United States Naval Academy on 1 October 1871. Only two years later, he became Head of the Department of English Studies, History, on 9 June 1882, Soley was assigned to the Bureau of Navigation. He served as Superintendent of the war records office and he headed the Navy Department Library, Office of Naval Records. These years also saw the publication of several of Soleys books, luce appointed Soley instructor in International Law at the newly established United States Naval War College, thereby becoming that institutions first civilian faculty member. Soley studied law at Columbian University and received his law degree in 1890, on 18 July 1890 he resigned his commission to become an Assistant Secretary of the Navy, dealing with administration of labor in naval shore establishments. He served in this position until March 1893, after his service with the Navy Soley moved to New York City to practice law, working with his former naval chief, Benjamin F. Tracy, who had been Secretary of the Navy from 1889 to March 1893. He served as counsel for Venezuela during the arbitration at Paris in 1899, Soley died in New York City on 11 September 1911. USS Soley was named for him, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER. Works by James R. Soley at Project Gutenberg Works by or about James R. Soley at Internet Archive This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command
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James Forrestal
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James Vincent Forrestal was the last Cabinet-level United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United States Secretary of Defense. Forrestal was a supporter of naval battle groups centered on aircraft carriers, in 1954, the worlds first supercarrier was named USS Forrestal in his honor, as is the James V. Forrestal Building, which houses the headquarters of the United States Department of Energy. Forrestal was born in Matteawan, New York, the youngest son of James Forrestal and his mother, the former Mary Anne Toohey raised him as a devout Roman Catholic. Forrestal entered Dartmouth College in 1911, but transferred to Princeton University sophomore year and he served as an editor for The Daily Princetonian. The senior class voted him Most Likely to Succeed, but he left just prior to completing work on a degree, Forrestal married the former Josephine Stovall, a Vogue writer, in 1926. She eventually developed alcohol and mental problems, Forrestal went to work as a bond salesman for William A. When the USA entered World War I, he enlisted in the Navy and ultimately became a Naval Aviator, training with the Royal Flying Corps in Canada. During the final year of the war, Forrestal spent much of his time in Washington, D. C. at the office of Naval Operations and he eventually reached the rank of Lieutenant. After the war, Forrestal returned to working in finance and made his fortune on Wall Street and he became a partner, vice-president, and president of the company. He also acted as a publicist for the Democratic Party committee in Dutchess County, one of those individuals aided by his work was a neighbor, Franklin D. Roosevelt. By some accounts, Forrestal was a workaholic, skilled administrator, pugnacious, introspective, shy, philosophic, solitary. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Forrestal a special assistant on June 22,1940. Six weeks later, he nominated him for the established position. In his nearly four years as undersecretary, Forrestal proved highly effective at mobilizing domestic industrial production for the war effort, chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Ernest J. King, wanted to control logistics and procurement, but Forrestal prevailed. In September 1942, to get a grasp on the reports for material his office was receiving, he made a tour of operations in the Southwest Pacific. Returning to Washington, D. C. he made his report to President Roosevelt, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, and the cabinet. In response to Forrestals elevated request that material be sent immediately to the Southwest Pacific area, Stimson, told Forrestal, Jim, youve got a bad case of localitis. Forrestal shot back in a manner, Mr. Secretary, if the Marines on Guadalcanal were wiped out
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Naval aviation
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Naval aviation is the application of military air power by navies, whether from warships that embark aircraft, or land bases. In contrast, maritime aviation is the operation of aircraft in a maritime role, an exception to this is the United States Coast Guard, which is considered part of U. S. naval aviation. S. Naval aviation, whether based afloat or ashore, Naval aviation is typically projected to a position nearer the target by way of an aircraft carrier. Carrier-based aircraft must be enough to withstand demanding carrier operations. Early experiments on the use of kites for naval reconnaissance took place in 1903 at Woolwich Common for the Admiralty, in 1908 Prime Minister H. H. Asquith approved the formation of an Aerial Sub-Committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence to investigate the potential for naval aviation. This resulted in the construction of Mayfly in 1909, the first air component of the navy to become operational, and the genesis of modern naval aviation. Two hundred applications were received, and four were accepted, Lieutenant C R Samson, Lieutenant A M Longmore, Lieutenant A Gregory and Captain E L Gerrard, RMLI. The French also established an aviation capability in 1910 with the establishment of the Service Aeronautique. U. S. naval aviation began with pioneer aviator Glenn Curtiss who contracted with the Navy to demonstrate that airplanes could take off from, one of his pilots, Eugene Ely, took off from the USS Birmingham anchored off the Virginia coast in November 1910. Two months later Ely landed aboard another cruiser, USS Pennsylvania, in San Francisco Bay, however, the platforms erected on those vessels were temporary measures. The U. S. Navy and Glenn Curtiss experienced two firsts during January 1911, $25,000 was appropriated for the Bureau of Navigation to purchase three airplanes and in the spring of 1911 four additional officers were trained as pilots by the Wright brothers and Curtiss. A camp with a landing field was established on the Severn River at Greenbury Point, near Annapolis. Mustin successfully tested the concept of the launch in August 1912. The first permanent naval air station was established at Pensacola, Florida, in January 1912, the British battleship HMS Africa took part in aircraft experiments at Sheerness. Africa then transferred her flight equipment to her sister ship Hibernia, in May 1912, with Commander Samson again flying the S.38, the first ever instance of an aircraft to take off from a ship which was underway occurred. Hibernia steamed at 10.5 knots at the Royal Fleet Review in Weymouth Bay, Hibernia then transferred her aviation equipment to battleship London. The first aircraft participation in naval manoeuvres took place in 1913 with the cruiser Hermes converted into a seaplane carrier, in 1914, naval aviation was split again, and became the Royal Naval Air Service. However, shipboard naval aviation had begun in the Royal Navy, other early operators of seaplanes were Germany, within its Marine-Fliegerabteiling naval aviation units within the Kaiserliche Marine, and Russia
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Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)
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The Assistant Secretary of the Navy was a civilian office of the United States Department of the Navy. The Assistant Secretary of the Navy initially reported to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, with the emergence of naval aviation as a major new military technique, the Navy had increasingly large organizations to oversee it. From 1910, there was an Officer in Charge of Aviation, then a Director of Naval Aeronautics, in 1921, Congress replaced those with a Bureau of Aeronautics. Finally, on June 24,1926, Congress created the position of Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Aeronautics to oversee the United States naval aviation forces. The position was vacant from 1932 until 1941, and upon being re-occupied, on February 6,1959, the office was redesignated Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In April 1977, the name was changed to Assistant Secretary of the Navy, the office was disestablished in 1990, when the office was merged with the office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy to create the new office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy
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Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
10.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
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World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
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Roosevelt family
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It has been suggested that Claes van Rosenvelt could have been related to the Van Roosevelts of Oud-Vossemeer, who were amt lords in the Tholen region of the Netherlands. It may simply be a coincidence, or Claes van Rosenvelt may have chosen the name purposely because of its origins or to honor his local amt lord. Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt, the immigrant ancestor of the Roosevelt family, around the year 1652, he bought a farm from Lambert van Valckenburgh comprising 24 morgens in what is now Midtown Manhattan, including the present site of the Empire State Building. His children Johannes and Jacobus were, respectively, the progenitors of the Oyster Bay, by the late 19th century, the Hyde Park Roosevelts were generally associated with the Democratic Party and the Oyster Bay Roosevelts with the Republican Party. President Theodore Roosevelt, an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, was President Franklin Roosevelts fifth cousin, despite political differences that led family members to actively campaign against each other, the two branches generally remained friendly. Franklin Roosevelt married Eleanor Roosevelt, Theodores niece and his own fifth cousin once removed, james Roosevelt met his wife at a Roosevelt family gathering in the home of Theodores mother. In heraldry, canting arms are a visual or pictorial play on a surname and it would be common to find roses, then, in arms of many Roosevelt families, even unrelated ones. Also, grassy mounds or fields of green would be a familiar attribute, a traditional blazon suggested would be, Per fess vert a chevron between three roses argent and Or a lion rampant gules. The Roosevelts -2014 PBS documentary Notes Further reading Cobb, William T, the Strenuous Life, The Oyster Bay Roosevelts in Business and Finance. The Merchants National Bank of the City of New York, the Old Merchants of New York City. Booknotes interview with Peter Collier on The Roosevelts, An American Saga, booknotes interview with Betty Boyd Caroli on The Roosevelt Women, May 9,1999. Booknotes interview with Susan Dunn on The Three Roosevelts, Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, May 6,2001
13.
Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
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Theodore Ted Roosevelt III, known as Theodore Jr. was an American government, business, and military leader. He was the eldest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt, Roosevelt was instrumental in the forming of the American Legion in 1919 following his valiant service in the United States Army during World War I. He later served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of Puerto Rico, Governor-General of the Philippines, Chairman of the Board of American Express Company, Vice-President at Doubleday Books. Returning to the Army in 1940, he led the first wave of troops at Utah Beach during the Normandy landings in 1944 and he died in France 36 days later, holding the rank of Brigadier General. Ted was the eldest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Kermit Carow and he was born at the family estate in Cove Neck, Oyster Bay, New York, when his father was just starting his political career. His siblings were brothers Kermit, Archie, and Quentin, sister Ethel, as an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack, Jr. Ted was a descendant of the Schuyler family. Like all the Roosevelt children, Ted was tremendously influenced by his father, in later life, Ted recorded some of these childhood recollections in a series of newspaper articles written around the time of World War I. One day when he was nine, his father gave him a rifle. When Ted asked if it was real, his father loaded it, when Ted was a child, his father initially expected more of him than of his siblings – an added burden that almost caused him to suffer a nervous breakdown. In one article, Ted recalled his first time in Washington, during every battle we would stop and father would draw out the full plan in the dust in the gutter with the tip of his umbrella. Long before the European war had broken over the father would discuss with us military training. The Roosevelt boys attended private schools, Ted went to The Albany Academy, before he went to college, he thought about going to military school. Although not naturally called to academics, he persisted and graduated from Harvard College in 1909, after graduating from college, Ted entered the business world. He took positions in the steel and carpet businesses before becoming manager of an investment bank. He had a flair for business and amassed a fortune in the years leading up to World War I. The income generated by his investments positioned him well for a career in politics after the War, all the Roosevelt sons, except Kermit, had some military training prior to World War I. With the outbreak of World War I in Europe in August 1914, only the month before, Congress had authorized the creation of an Aviation Section in the Signal Corps. This summer training program provided the base of a greatly expanded junior officers corps when the country entered World War I, during that summer, many well-heeled young men from some of the finest east coast schools, including three of the four Roosevelt sons, attended the military camp
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Theodore Douglas Robinson
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Theodore Douglas Robinson was an American politician from New York who served as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy from November 1924 to 1929. He was a member of the Roosevelt family through his mother and was the eldest nephew of President Theodore T. R. Roosevelt, as an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, Theodore was a descendant of the Schuyler family. Theodore Douglas Robinson was born on April 28,1883 in New York City to Douglas Robinson, Jr. and he attended St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire and graduated from Harvard University in 1904. His paternal grandparents were Douglas Robinson, Sr. and Frances Monroe, in 1910, he first ran for the New York State Legislature, but was defeated in the primaries by Charles S. Millington. He ran again in 1912, and was elected to the 135th Legislature, in 1912, Robinson was elected Chairman of his uncle Theodores Progressive Bull Moose Party in the State of New York, and served until 1914. From 1917 until 1918, he was a Republican member of the New York State Senate in 1917 and 1918. Also in 1918, he was manager for then Attorney General of New York Merton E. Lewiss bid for the Republican nomination for governor against incumbent Governor Charles S. Whitman. Lewis lost the nomination to Whitman, who lost his campaign to Al Smith. Later in 1918, he declined renomination and enlisted in the United States Army, becoming an officer at Camp Zachary Taylor, a training camp in Louisville, Kentucky. He returned to the New York State Senate and served again from 1921 to 1924, sitting in the 144th, 145th, 146th and 147th New York State Legislatures, all four with the 35th district. In 1921, along with Assemblyman Joseph Steinberg, he led an investigation into the John F. Hylan, in 1924, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy by Calvin Coolidge, taking the reins from his cousin, Theodore Roosevelt III. He served from November 1924 to 1929, and during his term changed the Navys slogan from Join the Navy and See the World to Join the Navy and Show the World. In 1904, he married Helen Rebecca Roosevelt, daughter of James Rosey Roosevelt Roosevelt, Rosey was the half-brother of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Together they had, Douglas Robinson, who in 1933 married Louise Miller, daughter of former New York Gov. Nathan L. Miller and they divorced around 1949 and married Micheline Benet. Helen Rebecca Robinson, who married John Arthur Hinckley in 1930, after his death, she married George Walford Cutting Elizabeth Mary Douglas Robinson, who married Jacques Blaise de Sibour, son of Jules Henri de Sibour. They divorced and on July 9,1963, she married Nelson T. Hartson Martha Douglas Robinson Alida Douglas Robinson and they divorced and in 1944, she married Dean Sage. After his death, she married Edward T. H. Talmage Jr. in 1971, Robinson lived in Herkimer County, New York, where his family had an estate since 1725 called Henderson House. He died of pneumonia on April 10,1934, after being ill for only a few days and his funeral was at the family estate, where his mother had been buried only months before him
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Robert Fulton
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Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont. That steamboat went with passengers from New York City to Albany and back again, in 1800, he was commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to design the Nautilus, which was the first practical submarine in history. He is also credited with inventing some of the worlds earliest naval torpedoes for use by the British Royal Navy, Robert Fulton was born on a farm in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, on November 14,1765. He had three sisters – Isabella, Elizabeth, and Mary, and a brother, Abraham. He then married Harriet Livingston and had four children, Julia, Mary, Cornelia and his father, Robert, had been a close friend to the father of painter Benjamin West. Fulton later met West in England and they became friends, Fulton stayed in Philadelphia for six years, where he painted portraits and landscapes, drew houses and machinery, and was able to send money home to help support his mother. In 1785 he bought a farm at Hopewell Township in Washington County for £80 Sterling and moved his mother, while in Philadelphia, he met Benjamin Franklin, then known not only for his political and writing abilities but his scientific and inventing knowledge, and other prominent figures. At age 23 he decided to visit Europe, Fulton came to England in 1786, carrying several letters of introduction to Americans abroad from the individuals he had met in Philadelphia. He had already corresponded with Benjamin West, and West took Fulton into his home, Fulton gained many commissions painting portraits and landscapes, which allowed him to support himself, but he continually experimented with mechanical inventions. He became caught up in the enthusiasm of the Canal Mania and he obtained a patent for this idea in 1794 and also began working on ideas for the steam power of boats. He published a pamphlet about canals and patented a dredging machine, in 1794 he moved to Manchester to gain practical knowledge of English canal engineering. Whilst there he became friendly with Robert Owen, the cotton manufacturer, however, this practical experience was not a success and he gave up the contract after a short time. In 1797 he went to Paris where his fame as an inventor was well known, in Paris, then along with London, the scientific centers of the 18th Century world, Fulton studied languages French, and German, along with mathematics and chemistry. He began to design torpedoes and submarines, in Paris, Fulton met James Rumsey, who sat for a portrait in Wests studio, where Fulton was an apprentice. Rumsey was an inventor from Virginia who ran his own first steamboat up the Potomac River near Shepherdstown, Fulton became very enthusiastic about the canals and in 1796 wrote a treatise on canal construction, suggesting improvements to locks and other features. Working for the Duke of Bridgewater between 1796 and 1799, he had a constructed in the Dukes timber yard, under the supervision of Benjamin Powell. After installation of the machinery supplied by the engineers Bateman and Sherratt of Salford, after expensive trials, because of the configuration of the design, it was feared the paddles may damage the clay lining of the canal and the experiment was eventually abandoned. In 1801 the Duke, impressed by the Charlotte Dundas constructed by William Symington, decided to order eight of such vessels for his canal, but when he died in 1803, the order was cancelled
16.
Ralph Austin Bard
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Ralph Austin Bard was a Chicago financier who served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1941–1944, and as Under Secretary, 1944–1945. He is noted for a memorandum he wrote to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson in 1945 urging that Japan be given a warning before the use of the bomb on a strategic city. He was the person known to have formally dissented from the use of the atomic bomb without advance warning. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Bard was the second of three born to George Morris Bard and Helen Norwood Bard. He went to Princeton University, where he lettered in baseball, basketball and football, after graduating in 1906, he embarked on a career as an investment banker in Chicago, eventually becoming head of his own firm. He married Mary Hancock Spear in 1909, Bard was active in civic organizations in the Chicago area, including Boy Scouts of America and the American Red Cross. He was also a trustee of Northwestern University, although he was an active Republican, Bard was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat who had once held the same post. As Assistant Secretary, Bard was responsible for all matters relating to civilian personnel, divisions under his control included Shore Establishments, Transportation, Supervision and Management, the Administrative Office, and the Management Engineers Office. As a result of his efforts, there was no strike or work stoppage at any Navy activity during World War II. Bard was also a member of the War Manpower Commission, established by President Roosevelt to balance the labor needs of the civilian. Upon becoming Under Secretary on June 24,1944, Bard added responsibility for all Navy uniformed personnel to his other duties, Bard also served as acting Secretary of the Navy from April 28,1944 to May 19,1944, following the death of Secretary Frank Knox. When Bard became Assistant Secretary, Navy policy was to prohibit African Americans from enlisting for general duty roles, although Bards duties as Assistant Secretary did not extend to uniformed personnel, his office often dealt with racial discrimination and its consequences. In 1944, the Navy began the training of African Americans as commissioned officers, in 1945, Bard became one of eight members of the Interim Committee appointed to advise President Harry S. Truman on the use of the atomic bomb. Although Bard joined in the unanimous recommendation that the bomb should be used in combat as soon as possible and without warning. In a memorandum dated June 27,1945, to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, however, the extensive incendiary raids on Japanese cities under General Curtis LeMay that killed at least 350,000 civilians desensitized U. S. On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, on August 15, the Emperor announced the surrender of Japan. Bard submitted his resignation as Under Secretary at about the time the Interim Committee made its recommendation to Truman on the use of the bomb and he left his post a month later. There is no evidence that he resigned in disagreement with the recommendation or because his own recommendations to Stimson were not followed, in his later years, Bard made his residence in Lake Forest, Illinois
17.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
18.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
19.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
20.
Gideon Welles
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Gideon Welles was the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869, a cabinet post he was given after supporting Lincoln in the 1860 election. This is viewed as a cause of Union victory in the Civil War. Welles was also instrumental in the Navys creation of the Medal of Honor, Gideon Welles, the son of Samuel Welles and Ann Hale, was born on July 1,1802, in Glastonbury, Connecticut. In contrast to the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the constitution of 1818 provided for freedom of religion. He was a member of the generation of his family in America. His original immigrant ancestor was Thomas Welles, who arrived in 1635 and was the man in Connecticuts history to hold all four top offices, governor, deputy governor, treasurer. He was also the transcriber of the Fundamental Orders, Welles was the second great grandson of Capt. Samuel Welles and Ruth Welles, the daughter of Edmund Rice, a 1638 immigrant to Sudbury and founder of Marlborough, Massachusetts. Her father, Elias, graduated from Yale College in 1794 and practiced law in Mifflin and Centre Counties and she died on February 28,1886, in Hartford, Connecticut, and was buried next to her husband in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford. Gideon and Mary Jane were the parents of six children and he was educated at the Episcopal Academy at Cheshire, Connecticut, and earned a degree at the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy at Norwich, Vt. He became a lawyer through the practice of reading the law. After successfully gaining admission, from 1827 to 1835, he participated in the Connecticut House of Representatives as a Democrat, Welles was a Jacksonian Democrat who worked very closely with Martin Van Buren and John Milton Niles. His chief rival in the Connecticut Democratic Party was Isaac Toucey, while Welles dutifully supported James K. Polk in the 1844 election, he would abandon the Democrats in 1848 to support Van Burens Free Soil campaign. Welles strong support of Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election made him the candidate from New England for Lincolns cabinet. In March 1861, Lincoln named Welles his Secretary of the Navy, Welles found the Naval Department in disarray, with Southern officers resigning en masse. His first major action was to dispatch the Navys most powerful warship, unfortunately, Secretary of State Seward had just ordered the Powhatan to Fort Pickens, Florida on his own authority, ruining whatever chance Major Robert Anderson had of withstanding the assault. Several weeks later, when Seward argued for a blockade of Southern ports, despite his misgivings, Welles efforts to rebuild the Navy and implement the blockade proved extraordinarily effective. From 76 ships and 7,600 sailors in 1861, the Navy expanded almost tenfold by 1865. At the start of the war, David Dixon Porter wrote Welles that the present allowance of crews. is for peace establishment and is not suited at all to times of war
21.
Andrew Johnson
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Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, the new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote, Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several towns before settling in Greeneville. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835, after brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857, in his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. As Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the Confederate States of America and he was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his states secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. When Johnson was sworn in as president in March 1865, he gave a rambling speech. Six weeks later, the assassination of Lincoln made him president, Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction – a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency, Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, Johnson went on a national tour promoting his executive policies. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnsons ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political vindication, Johnson is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history. While some admire his strict constitutionalism, his opposition to federally guaranteed rights for African Americans is widely criticized
22.
Adolph E. Borie
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Adolph Edward Borie was a United States merchant and politician who briefly served as Secretary of the Navy in the Ulysses S. Grant administration. A native of Philadelphia Borie was born into a successful trade business of his father. As a Whig Party supporter Borie favored tariffs to protect his business interests. Joining the Republican Party, Borie supported Abraham Lincoln for President, when the Civil War broke out Borie supported the Union war effort and became a close associate to General Ulysses S. Grant. When Grant was elected President in 1868, he appointed Borie to Secretary of Navy on March 5,1869 one day after his Inauguration. Borie served only a few months in office before retiring, claiming that the job was to demanding. During his brief tenor Borie controversially renamed many naval ships and he allowed Vice Admiral David Porter to de facto run the Navy Department. Borie was known for supporting workers by enforcing full pay for a work day and for desegregating the Washington Navy Yard. After his retirement Borie returned to his business interests and he remained close friends with Grant and accompanied Grant on his famous world tour starting in 1877 and returning to the United States in 1879. In poor health after his travels Borie died on February 5,1880, Borie was born in Philadelphia on November 25,1809 the eldest of 12 children. He was the son of a French emigrant John Joseph Borie, a merchant and manufacturer and his mother was Sophia Beauveau a Haitian refugee. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, graduated in 1825, toured Europe, silk and tea were the emphasized trade commodities during his 30-year tenure in the firm during the epoch of the clipperships. Bories firm did business with Mexico, the West Indies. Borie was a pioneer in lobbying the government for diplomatic. The magnitude of his business was enormous, identified by $100,000 in property damages incurred during the 1857-58 disturbances of the Second Opium War in China. From 1848 to 1860 Borie was President of The Bank of Commerce, on May 23,1839 Borie married Elizabeth Dundas McKean. Elizabeth was descended from David I, King of Scotland, prior to the Civil War, Borie had a slight connection to politics. He championed Whig Party policies and favored protectionist international trade, in 1843, Borie was consul to Belgium
23.
George M. Robeson
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Representative for New Jersey serving from 1879 to 1883. Robesons tenure as Secretary of Navy, lasting seven and a half years, was second in length only to that of Gideon Welles during the 19th century. Robeson was known to be a hot-tempered, industrious administrator and through his leadership was able to contain the established Naval officer hierarchy. Robeson headed the investigation concerning the death of Capt. Hall after the return of the shipwrecked Polaris crew in 1873. Robeson supported President Grant and the Radical Republican Reconstruction laws that supported the citizenship, under Robeson, the U. S. Navy constructed the United States first two propelled torpedo warships. Robeson was the subject of two Congressional investigations in 1876 and 1878 concerning profiting and bribery charges from shipbuilding contracts, but was exonerated for lack of material evidence. Robeson served briefly as both Secretary of Navy and as ad interim Secretary of War after Secretary of War William W. Belknap abruptly resigned in 1876, Robeson, a native of New Jersey, graduated from Princeton University at the young age of 18. Robeson studied law and passed the bar in 1850, practicing law, Robeson diligently worked his way through the legal profession and in 1858 he was appointed public prosecutor for Camden County. During the American Civil War Robeson associated with the Republican Party and was a member of the New Jersey Sanitary Commission, appointed Brigadier General by Governor Charles S. Olden, Robeson worked to recruit enlistments to fight for the Union. After the war in 1867, Robeson was appointed New Jersey Attorney General by Gov. Marcus L. Ward, Robeson, as Attorney General, gained national attention after successfully prosecuting Bridget Durgan for the brutal murder of Mrs. Coriell. Supported by New Jersey Senator A. G. Cattell, Robeson was appointed Secretary of Navy by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 after Sec. Adolph E. Borie had resigned office, in March 1877, Robesons Secretary of Navy term of office ended. In a speech to his former Navy Department staff at his Washington D. C. home, Robeson admitted that during his tenure he had made mistakes and he was later elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in both 1878 and 1880. Robesons grandfather was George C. Maxwell and he was nephew of John Patterson Bryan Maxwell, representative for New Jersey, Congressman Robeson served as minority leader of the Republican Party. Defeated from office by Democrat Thomas M. Ferrell in a highly contested 1882 election campaign, Robeson was left $60,000 in debt. As a result of his troubles, his wife and family abandoned him while traveling abroad. Robeson moved to Trenton, resumed his law practice, and lived a modest lifestyle until his death in 1897, due to his striking personal traits and size, Robeson was one of the most caricatured individuals during the 19th century by cartoonists. George M. Robeson was born on March 16,1829 in Oxford Furnace, New Jersey and his father was Philadelphia Judge William P. Robeson and his mother was the daughter of U. S. Maxwell, who served in the 12th U. S. Congress from 1811 to 1813 representing Hunterdon, Robesons family was of Scottish origin and he was a descendant of Andrew Robeson, the surveyor-general of New Jersey in 1668
24.
Richard W. Thompson
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Richard Wigginton Thompson was an American politician. Thompson was born in Culpeper County, Virginia and he left Virginia in 1831 and lived briefly in Louisville, Kentucky before finally settling in Lawrence County, Indiana. There, he school, kept a store, and studied law at night. Admitted to the bar in 1834, he practiced law in Bedford, Indiana and he served as President pro tempore of the Indiana Senate for a short time and briefly held the office of acting Lieutenant Governor. In the presidential election of 1840, he advocated the election of William Henry Harrison. Thompson then represented Indiana in the United States Congress, serving in the United States House of Representatives from 1841 to 1843, during the 1850s Thompson and some of his fellow Whigs transferred allegiance to the American Party, better known as the Know Nothing Party. They did so due to their suspicion of the immigration from Ireland and Germany. In time Thompson and his allies would allow an alliance of their portion of the Whig Party (which was collapsing with the American Party to prevent victories in elections by the Democratic Party. In the election of 1860 Thompson was his states leader of those who organized the Constitutional Union Party, at the May convention, Indiana first supported John McLean, but fell in behind John Bell on the second ballot. Thompson was placed on the National Committee, but gave up the on third party strategy in August, following the American Civil War, Thompson served as judge of the 18th Circuit Court of the state of Indiana from 1867 to 1869. P. Morton for President at the 1876 Republican National Convention in Cincinnati, in 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him Secretary of the Navy, and he held that office until December 1880. Thompson, as Secretary of the Navy, had never been among the figures of the Cabinet nor had been even a close colleague. Even the Postmaster General, David Key, who was the second Confederate veteran to serve in a Federal Cabinet since the American Civil War was more notable, reputedly Thompson was unprepared for his post. A popular story is that he was taken for a tour of one of our warships, and went below deck becoming thunderstruck and shouting, My God, Thompson was not from a state with a seacoast, but Indiana has several rivers running through it. It is not hard to believe Thompson was on a steamboat at some point, when he assumed the role of Secretary of the Navy he was replacing Grants Secretary for nearly eight years, George Robeson. Whatever was the situation caused or allowed by Robesons handling of the Navy, while not responsible for that tragedy, Thompson certainly did not help matters by his hair-splitting legalisms. In 1880 a new matter arose that had a bearing with Thompson leaving his post, the French were in the process of funding the new Panama Canal Company under Comte Ferdinand de Lesseps. The Hayes administration, while willing to keep relations with the French, were fully suspicious about a French owned Canal across the Isthmus of Panama as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine
25.
Nathan Goff Jr.
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Nathan Goff Jr. was a member of the United States Congress from West Virginia. He also served briefly as United States Secretary of the Navy during the Rutherford B. Hayes administration, Goff was born at the Waldomore in Clarksburg, West Virginia, on February 9,1843, the son of Waldo Potter Goff and the former Harriet Louise Moore. He attended Northwestern Academy in Clarksburg and went to Georgetown University in Washington and he received a law degree from City University of New York. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Goff enlisted in the Union Army as part of the Third Regiment of Virginia Volunteer Infantry, later becoming a major in the Virginia Volunteer Cavalry. On November 7,1865, Goff married Laura Ellen Despard, in 1865, Goff was admitted to the bar and established a legal practice, while also becoming prominent in West Virginia politics as a Republican. He served in the State House of Delegates from 1867 to 1868, in 1868 he became United States Attorney for West Virginia, a position he held until 1881. He ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in 1870 and 1874, late in his term as President, Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him Secretary of the Navy after the resignation of Richard W. Thompson from Indiana. Goff held the position from January 7,1881, until March 4,1881, Goff was again named as U. S. Attorney for West Virginia until 1882, when he was elected as a Republican to Congress on his third run for that seat. He had also run for Governor of West Virginia in 1876, Goff served in the House of Representatives from March 4,1883, through March 3,1889, as a member of the 48th-50th Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1888, choosing instead to another run for governor. That was a hard-fought contest, and when the original came in Goff had won. After multiple vote recounts and a point where four men took the oath of office claiming they had the rights to the governorship, the heavily Democratic legislature declared the Democratic Party Candidate the victor. In later years Goff would say that the governorship was a graveyard position, on December 16,1891, Goff was nominated by President Benjamin Harrison to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, created by 26 Stat.826. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 17,1892, Goff was then elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1912. He did not immediately take his seat when the Senate convened on March 4,1913 and he served in the Senate from April 1 to March 4,1919, choosing not to run for re-election in 1918. Goff died in Clarksburg, West Virginia, on April 24,1920, at aged 77, upon his death, Goff was the last surviving member of President Rutherford B. Hayes cabinet. Goff established something of a dynasty, with several family members also serving in Congress. His son Guy D. Goff served in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1925 to 1931, Louise Goff Reece, daughter of Guy Goff, served in the House of Representatives as a Republican from 1961 to 1963
26.
William H. Hunt
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William Henry Hunt was the United States Secretary of the Navy under President James Garfield and briefly under President Chester A. Arthur. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, Hunt studied law at Yale and he finished his professional training in his brothers office in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was admitted to the bar in 1844. Hunt opposed secession and favored the Union cause and he was nevertheless drafted into the Confederate Army and commissioned lieutenant colonel. However, he managed to avoid involvement in operations until Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans. In March 1876, Hunt was appointed Attorney-General of Louisiana, both parties claimed victory in the election, but Hunt lost the position when President Rutherford B. Hayes recognized the Democratic government of the State. As compensation, the President appointed him Associate Judge of the United States Court of Claims and he served in this capacity until he became President Garfields Secretary of the Navy in 1881. Secretary Hunt rendered invaluable service by reporting that the Navy, grossly neglected after the Civil War, was no able to protect Americans abroad. He appointed the first Naval Advisory Board which undertook the work of rebuilding the Navy, emasculated by public apathy, after Vice President Arthur succeeded Garfield in the presidency, he retired Hunt from the cabinet by appointing him Minister to Russia on April 7,1882. Hunt died February 27,1884, while representing the United States in Saint Petersburg, two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Hunt for him. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, the United States Court of Claims, a history / pt.1. The judges, 1855-1976 / by Marion T. Bennett / pt.2, origin, development, jurisdiction, 1855-1978 / W. Cowen, P. Nichols, M. T. Committee on the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States
27.
William E. Chandler
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William Eaton Chandler was a lawyer who served as United States Secretary of the Navy and as a U. S. William E. Chandler was born in Concord, New Hampshire to Nathan S. Chandler, williams elder brother, John Chandler, was a successful East India merchant and his younger brother George Chandler, an attorney who served as a major during the Civil War. He graduated in 1854, was admitted to the bar in 1855, in 1859 Chandler married Ann Gilmore, the daughter of Governor Joseph A. Gilmore. In 1874, after his first wifes death, Chandler resumed his romance with Lucy Hale, Chandler and Hale were married in 1874, and in March 1875, their only son, John Parker Hall Chandler, was born. In 1859, Chandler was appointed reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire and he then served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1862 to 1864 and was the Speaker during the last two years. In 1865, Chandler was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln solicitor, subsequently, he was appointed First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, until he resigned in 1867. Chandler returned to New Hampshire and became a publisher and editor during the 1870s and 1880s. Continuing in politics, he was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1876, Chandler was appointed by President Chester A. Arthur as Secretary of the Navy in 1882. He took charge in 1883 in planning for the rescue of Lt. Adolphus Greelys Lady Franklin Bay Expedition, as a Republican, he was elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Austin F. Pike and served from June 14,1887, to March 3,1889, subsequently elected for the term beginning March 4,1889, he was reelected in 1895 and served from June 18,1889, to March 3,1901. He was a candidate for renomination. He served as chairman of the Committee on Immigration, Committee on Census, Committee on Privileges, the strongest opponents of the bill were the steamship companies, who stood to lose a major portion of their business. A watered-down version of The Chandler Immigration and Contract Labor Bill became law on March 3,1893, Chandler was appointed by President William McKinley to the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission in 1901. He was the president of the Commission from its inception until 1907, leaving public office, Chandler resumed the practice of law in Concord and Washington, D. C. He died at Concord in 1917 and was buried in Blossom Hill Cemetery in Concord, USS Chandler was named for him. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
28.
William Collins Whitney
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William Collins Whitney was an American political leader and financier and a prominent descendant of the John Whitney family. He served as Secretary of the Navy in the first administration of President Grover Cleveland from 1885 through 1889, a conservative reformer, he was considered a Bourbon Democrat. William Whitney was born at Conway, Massachusetts, of Puritan stock, the family were descended from John Whitney of London, who settled at Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1635. William Whitneys father was Brigadier General James Scollay Whitney, his mother and his sister Laurinda Collins Lily Whitney married Charles T. Barney, who became the president of the Knickerbocker Trust Company. Another sister, Susan Collins Whitney, married attorney Henry F. Dimock, educated at Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, Whitney was graduated from Yale University in 1863, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and then studied law at Harvard. He left in 1864 to study law with Abraham R. Lawrence in New York City, Whitney was active in organizing the Young Mens Democratic Club in 1871. He was an opponent of the Tweed Ring, and was actively allied with the anti-Tammany County Democracy of 1871-1890. In 1872, he was inspector of schools, but the same year met defeat in the election for district attorney. In 1882, he resigned to attend to personal interests, in 1883, through the Broadway Railroad Company, Whitney became involved in a struggle with Jacob Sharp and Thomas Fortune Ryan for the Broadway street-railway franchise. Sharp initially won the franchise by means of bribery, but in December 1884 Ryan formed an alliance with Whitney, by arousing public opinion, instituting court action, and prompting legislative investigation, they defeated Sharp. The Ryan syndicate finally received the franchise in 1886, during President Clevelands first administration, Whitney was United States Secretary of the Navy, and did much to develop the United States Navy. Whitney promoted the adoption by industry of the technology needed for the construction of steamships and modern naval guns. He also reorganized the finances and logistics of the Navy Department and these constituted the nucleus of the New Navy During Whitneys four years in the cabinet, his home in Washington, D. C. was a social center of great attraction. In 1888, Yale conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. Whitney joined Charles T. Barney, Henry F. Dimock, stokes, Francis W. Jenks, and others in forming the New York Loan and Improvement Company in 1890. This concern developed the Washington Heights section of New York City, Barney was president of the company when he died in 1907, three years after Whitney. In opposition to Tammany, Whitney was instrumental in bringing about the nomination of Cleveland in 1892. Other early investors included Henry F. Dimock, Almeric H. Paget, in the next general election, in 1896, disapproving of the free-silver agitation, Whitney refused to support his partys candidate, William Jennings Bryan
29.
Benjamin Harrison
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Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876, the Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U. S. Senate, where he served from March 4,1881, to March 4,1887. A Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, hallmarks of Harrisons administration included unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, which imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891, during his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. Due in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term, the spending issue in part led to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1890 mid-term elections. Cleveland defeated Harrison for re-election in 1892, due to the unpopularity of the high tariff. Harrison returned to life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1900 Harrison represented the Republic of Venezuela in a case against the United Kingdom. Harrison traveled to Europe as part of the case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis and he died at his home in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza. S. Historians, however, have not questioned Harrisons commitment to personal and official integrity, Harrisons paternal ancestors were the Harrison family of Virginia, whose immigrant ancestor, Benjamin Harrison, arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1630. Benjamin, the president, was born on August 20,1833, in North Bend, Ohio. Benjamin was also a grandson of U. S. Harrison was seven years old when his grandfather was elected U. S. president, although Harrisons family was distinguished, his parents were not wealthy. John Scott Harrison, a two-term U. S. congressman from Ohio, despite the familys modest resources, Harrisons boyhood was enjoyable, much of it spent outdoors fishing or hunting. Benjamin Harrisons early schooling took place in a log cabin near his home, fourteen-year-old Harrison and his older brother, Irwin, enrolled in Farmers College near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1847. In 1850, Harrison transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, which he used as a network for much of his life. He was also a member of Delta Chi, a law fraternity which permitted dual membership, classmates included John Alexander Anderson, who became a six-term U. S. congressman, and Whitelaw Reid Harrisons vice presidential running mate in 1892. At Miami, Harrison was strongly influenced by history and political economy professor Robert Hamilton Bishop, Harrison also joined a Presbyterian church at college and, like his mother, became a lifelong Presbyterian. Carolines father, a Presbyterian minister, performed the ceremony, the Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison, and Mary Mamie Scott Harrison
30.
Benjamin F. Tracy
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Benjamin Franklin Tracy was a United States political figure who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1889 through 1893, during the administration of U. S. President Benjamin Harrison. He was born in the hamlet of Apalachin located in the Town of Owego, Tracy was a lawyer active in Republican Party politics during the 1850s. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1862 and he served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and commanded the 109th New York Infantry Regiment. At the Battle of the Wilderness in May,1864, he was able to rally his men, for his actions he subsequently was awarded the Medal of Honor. His citation reads, Tracy seized the colors and led the regiment when other regiments had retired and then reformed his line, later that year, he became commandant of the Elmira prisoner of war camp, before being appointed Colonel of the 127th Infantry, U. S. Colored Troops, on August 23,1864, Tracy was discharged from the volunteer service on June 13,1865. He resumed the practice of law after the war, and became active in New York state politics and he was United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 1866 to 1877. Tracy remained on the bench until the end of 1882 when Andrews resumed his seat after being defeated by William C, ruger in the election for Chief Judge. Tracy was noted for his role in the creation of the New Navy, a reform of the service. Like President Harrison, he supported a naval strategy focused more on offense, rather than on coastal defense, a major ally in this effort was naval theorist Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, who had served as a professor at the new Naval War College. In 1890, Mahan published his work, The Influence of Sea Power upon History. Drawing on historical examples, Mahan supported the construction of a blue-water Navy that could do battle on the high seas, Tracy also supported the construction of modern warships. On June 30,1890, Congress passed the Navy Bill, the first three were later named USS Indiana, USS Massachusetts, and USS Oregon. The battleship USS Iowa was authorized two years later, tracys wife and child perished in a fire at their residence in Washington, DC in 1890. After leaving the Navy Department, Tracy again took up his legal practice and he also helped end the Venezuela Crisis of 1895 by assisting Venezuela in negotiating a settlement to their boundary dispute with Great Britain. Tracy was the Republican candidate to be the first Mayor of Greater New York City when the five boroughs consolidated in 1898. He came in third behind Democrat Robert A. Van Wyck and Seth Low of the Citizens Union, Tracy died at his farm in Tioga County, New York on August 6,1915 at 3,30 am at the home of his daughter. Rank and organization, Colonel, 109th New York Infantry, place and date, At Wilderness, Va.6 May 1864
31.
William McAdoo (New Jersey politician)
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McAdoo was born in Ramelton, County Donegal, Ireland on October 25,1853. He immigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1865 and he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1874 and commenced practice in Jersey City. He was employed as a reporter from 1870 to 1875. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1882, mcAdoo was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-eighth and to the three following Congresses, serving in office from March 4,1883, to March 3,1891. He was chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee and chairman of the Committee on the Militia in the Fiftieth Congress and he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1890. While in Congress in the 1880s, he expressed these sentiments, in a statement to the floor he once said, In the great West inspiring sights and mysteries of nature that elevate mankind and bring it closer to communion with omniscience. It should be preserved on this if no other ground, after leaving Congress, he moved to New York City in 1892 and resumed the practice of law. He was appointed by President Grover Cleveland as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and served from March 20,1893, to April 18,1897 and he was appointed to serve as New York City Police Commissioner in 1904 and 1905. Later he resumed the practice of law and also engaged in literary pursuits. He was appointed by Mayor William Jay Gaynor as chief magistrate of the city courts, first division, City of New York on July 1,1910. He died in at his home at 1192 Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City on June 7,1930, from arteriosclerosis and he was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx
32.
Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville
33.
Hilary A. Herbert
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Hilary Abner Herbert was Secretary of the Navy in the second administration of President Grover Cleveland. He also served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama, Herbert was born in Laurensville, South Carolina in 1834, and moved with his family to Greenville, Alabama in 1846. He was educated at the University of Alabama and the University of Virginia and he practiced law in Greenville until the Civil War. Herbert entered the Confederate Army as a second lieutenant and he served as captain of the Greenville Guards, and was later promoted to the rank of colonel of the Eighth Regiment, Alabama Infantry. Herbert was wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness May 6,1864, after the war, Herbert returned to his law practice in Greenville, Alabama. He was elected to Congress in 1877 from Montgomery, Alabama as a Democrat and he served eight terms in this office. Tracy had been influenced by the works of naval strategist Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, Herbert also became well known for leading a charge in Congress to reduce the funding of the United States Geological Survey, resulting in a public feud with paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh. In 1893, President Grover Cleveland appointed Herbert as Secretary of the Navy, by this time Herbert was able to muster support for an enlarged navy, despite the Depression of 1893, and brought the fleet to some level of preparedness for the Spanish–American War. Having converted to Mahans school of thought, five battleships. From 1897, when he left his Cabinet seat, to his death on March 6,1919, Herbert practiced law in Washington, USS Herbert was named in honor of Secretary Herbert. Bauer, K. Jack, Roberts, Stephen S. Register of Ships of the U. S. Navy, 1775–1990, U. S. Battleships, An Illustrated Design History. Hilary Abner Herbert, A Southerner Returns to the Union, philadelphia, American Philosophical Society,1976 Herbert, Hilary Abner. The Abolition Crusade and its Consequences, Four Periods of American History, media related to Hilary A. Herbert at Wikimedia Commons Works by Hilary A. Herbert at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Hilary A. Herbert at Internet Archive United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2008-02-13 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command
34.
William McKinley
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McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law, in 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Partys expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial, which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office and he was elected Ohios governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 and he defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated sound money and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity. Rapid economic growth marked McKinleys presidency and he promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition, and in 1900, he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. William McKinley, Jr. was born in 1843 in Niles, Ohio, there, the elder McKinley was born in Pine Township, Mercer County. The family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy and he met Nancy Allison there, and married her later. The Allison family was of mostly English descent and among Pennsylvanias earliest settlers, the family trade on both sides was iron-making, and McKinley senior operated foundries throughout Ohio, in New Lisbon, Niles, Poland, and finally Canton. The McKinley household was, like many from Ohios Western Reserve, steeped in Whiggish and abolitionist sentiment, William followed in the Methodist tradition, becoming active in the local Methodist church at the age of sixteen. He was a lifelong pious Methodist, in 1852, the family moved from Niles to Poland, Ohio so that their children could attend the better schools there. Graduating in 1859, he enrolled the following year at Allegheny College in Meadville and he remained at Allegheny for only one year, returning home in 1860 after becoming ill and depressed. He also spent time at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio and he did not graduate from either university. Although his health recovered, family finances declined and McKinley was unable to return to Allegheny, first working as a clerk and later taking a job teaching at a school near Poland. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry. The men were unhappy to learn that, unlike Ohios earlier volunteer regiments, they would not be permitted to elect their officers, they would be designated by Ohios governor, William Dennison. Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment, McKinley quickly took to the soldiers life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause
35.
John Davis Long
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John Davis Long was an American lawyer, politician, and writer from Massachusetts. He was the 32nd Governor of Massachusetts, serving from 1880 to 1883 and he later served as the Secretary of the Navy from 1897 to 1902, a period that included the primarily naval Spanish–American War. Born in Buckfield, Maine, Long was educated as a lawyer at Harvard University, later settling in Hingham and he became active in Republican Party politics in the 1870s, winning election for the state legislature in 1874. He rose rapidly in prominence, and was elected lieutenant governor in 1879 and he advocated modest reforms during his three years as governor, which were relatively uneventful. After returning to private practice he was offered a cabinet post by his friend, President William McKinley and he chose to become Secretary of the Navy despite lacking detailed knowledge of naval matters. He clashed with his Under-Secretary, Theodore Roosevelt, over expansion of the Navy when the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898 and he resigned the post after Roosevelt became president, and resumed his law practice. He died at his home in 1915, his publications include a lifelong journal, a history of the Spanish–American War, John Davis Long was born in Buckfield, Maine on October 27,1838, to Zadoc Long and Julia Temple Long. He was named for Massachusetts Governor John Davis, a cousin of his mothers father and he received his primary education at Hebron Academy until attending Harvard University where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1857. At Harvard he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternitys Alpha chapter, Long wrote both prose and verse for a student magazine, and was chosen to write an ode for his classs graduation. He also began a private journal some time before his arrival at Harvard, after two years as headmaster of Westford Academy in Westford, Massachusetts, Long began attending Harvard Law School, becoming a member of the Massachusetts bar in 1861. He practiced law, first without success in Buckfield, and then in Boston and he moved to Hingham, Massachusetts in 1869, and the following year married Mary Woodford Glover of Hingham. The couple had two daughters before her death in 1882, Long began his involvement in politics at the local level in Hingham in 1870. Temperance was an issue which dominated his political beliefs. He did not campaign, and lost the election, nominated by both Democrats and reformist Republicans in 1872, he lost again. He thereafter became more of a Republican stalwart, convinced that reform would be best accomplished from within the party organization, in 1874 Long chaired the state Republican convention, and finally won election to the state legislature. He was able to parlay this support into his own election to the speakership in 1876 and he widened his reform views to the national stage by supporting Benjamin Bristow in his unsuccessful bid for the Republican presidential nomination. In 1878 Long unsuccessfully challenged the incumbent Rice for the gubernatorial nomination, when Rice announced his retirement the following year, Long again sought the nomination. It went to former Lieutenant Governor Thomas Talbot, but Long won the lieutenant governor nomination by acclamation, the Democratic opposition was divided by Benjamin Butlers return to that party, and the Republican ticket won the general election
36.
Charles Herbert Allen
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Charles Herbert Allen was an American politician and businessman. After serving in state and federal elected positions, he was appointed as the first United States-appointed civilian governor of Puerto Rico when the U. S. acquired it after the Spanish–American War and he previously had served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley. After returning to the U. S. from Puerto Rico, Allen headed for Wall Street and became a president of Morton Trust Company and its successor. He formed the American Sugar Refining Company—a sugar syndicate which, by 1907, was the largest in the world and it owned or controlled 98% of the sugar processing capacity in the U. S. and was known as the Sugar Trust. Allen was treasurer of American Sugar Refining in 1910, its president in 1913, in the early 21st century, the company is known as Domino Sugar. Allen was born in Lowell, Massachusetts to Otis and Louisa Allen and he attended public and private schools. He did his work at Amherst College, where he graduated in 1869. He worked with his father in their company, Otis Allen and Son, a business that manufactured wooden boxes and sold railroad ties, housing frames. Allen joined the Republican Party and was elected to two terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1881 and 1882, and one term in the Massachusetts Senate in 1883. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Congresses, in 1890, Allen was nominated for governor of Massachusetts by the Republicans, but was defeated by William E. Russell. In 1884, he received the title Colonel, when Governor George Dexter Robinson appointed him to his personal staff and he also was appointed as the Massachusetts Prison Commissioner from 1897 to 1898. In 1898 President William McKinley named Allen as Assistant Secretary of the Navy when Theodore Roosevelt resigned the post to enter the Spanish–American War and he held this position from 1898 to 1900. When the war ended, President McKinley appointed Allen as the first civilian governor of Puerto Rico, though Allen had a business background, his financial administration of Puerto Rico has been criticized by historians Thomas Aitken, Jr. and Manuel Maldonado-Denis. The revenue for the government was raised internally, mostly from tariffs, sales taxes. Due to this overhead, the island should have had a substantial budget surplus. He ignored the requests of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates. He built roads at double the old costs, 85% of the school-age population did not have schools. Allen was also listed as one of the Politicians in the Lumber and Timber Business in Puerto Rico, by the time Allen left in 1901, nearly all of the governors 11-member Executive Council were U. S. expatriates
37.
Frank W. Hackett
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Frank W. Hackett was a civilian administrator and lawyer who served as an Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley. During the American Civil War, he was an assistant paymaster serving the Atlantic Fleet, Hackett was on board the USS Miami during its skirmish against the CSS Albemarle. After the war, he passed the bar exam and eventually opened a law office in Washington, from April 1900 to December 1901, Hackett served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Works by or about Frank W. Hackett at Internet Archive
38.
Charles Hial Darling
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Charles Hial Darling was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1901 to 1905. Darling was born in Woodstock, Vermont on May 9,1859 and he was educated at Green Mountain Perkins Academy and Montpelier Seminary, and went to college at Tufts, receiving his A. B. in 1884. He was admitted to the bar in 1886, and set up a law practice in Bennington, a Republican, he was appointed as a municipal judge in 1887 by Governor of Vermont Ebenezer J. Ormsbee, and subsequently reappointed by each governor until 1901. In 1889, he married Agnes C, norton of Bennington, and together the couple would have three daughters, Margaret, Alice, and Elizabeth. He formed a law partnership with Orion Metcalf Barber in 1896, Darling was elected village president of Bennington in 1895, and in 1896-97, he represented Bennington in the Vermont House of Representatives. He was elected president of the Vermont Bar Association in 1900, in 1901, President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt nominated Darling as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Darling held this office from December 17,1901 until October 30,1905, upon leaving Washington, D. C. in 1906, Darling settled in Burlington, Vermont. Darling was active with the Sons of the American Revolution, serving as its president in 1908 and he was also an active Freemason
39.
William Henry Moody
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William Henry Moody was an American politician and jurist, who held positions in all three branches of the Government of the United States. After 4 months attending Harvard Law School, he departed and instead took the then-common, early in his legal career, Moody first was elected city solicitor of Haverhill, Massachusetts in 1888. After appointment as the District Attorney for Eastern Massachusetts in 1890, while his efforts were unsuccessful he was generally acknowledged as the most competent and effective of the attorneys on either side. He was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, during President Theodore Roosevelts administration, Moody served as the Secretary of Navy and as Attorney General. As Attorney General, Moody actively followed Roosevelts trust-busting policies, negotiating with good trusts like U. S. Steel, Moodys service on the Court was brief but not uneventful, writing 67 opinions and 5 dissents. By 1908, Moody suffered severe rheumatism and this affected Moody to such an extent that his last sitting on the bench was May 7,1909, when he left for a brief rest and never returned. With the age- and health-enfeebled Supreme Court of 1909 crippled, Taft urged Moody, then the youngest justice at 55 and he died in Haverhill, Massachusetts, July 2,1917. After Moodys death, some of his papers were placed in the custody of Professor Felix Frankfurter. They are now in the collection of Frankfurters papers in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, www. buttonwoods. org USS Moody was named for him. Moody, William Henry, American National Biography Online February 2000, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http and this article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
40.
Paul Morton
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Paul Morton was a U. S. businessman, and served as the 36th Secretary of the Navy under Theodore Roosevelt. He served as the U. S. Secretary of the Navy between 1904 and 1905, previous to this, he had been vice president of the Santa Fe Railroad. After leaving government service, Morton was President of Equitable Life Assurance Society, though his father was a Bourbon Democrat, Paul Morton was a Progressive Republican. Wallace who served in the office as a Democrat under Franklin D. Roosevelt. George Burroughs Torrey painted a portrait of him, the Political Graveyard Tones Fighting Ships Dictionary of American Biography, Under the Auspices of the American Council of Learned Societies, C. Scribner’s Sons, New York City,1928, Paul Morton at Find a Grave
41.
Charles Joseph Bonaparte
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Charles Joseph Bonaparte was an American lawyer and political activist for progressive and liberal causes. Originally from Baltimore, Maryland, he served in the cabinet of the 26th U. S. President, Bonaparte was the U. S. Secretary of the Navy and later the U. S. Attorney General. During his tenure as the general, he created the Bureau of Investigation which later grew and expanded by the 1920s under the director J. Edgar Hoover. It was so renamed in 1935 and he was a great-nephew of French Emperor Napoleon I. Bonaparte was one of the founders, and for a time the president and he was also a long time activist for the rights of black residents of his city. However, the American Bonapartes were not considered part of the dynasty and he graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, across from Boston, where he later served as a university overseer. He practiced law in Baltimore and became prominent in municipal and national reform movements and he spoke on The Significance of the Bachelors Degree, Today, and here for the first time in America, a Catholic college for the education of young ladies bestows the bachelors degree. Which benefits the recipient of the degree has two distinctive and essential marks. It implies in the first place a broad, generous sympathy with every form of honest, rational, a Scholar who is also, and first of all, a gentleman may be. Specially interested is some particular field of knowledge, but he is indifferent to none and he knows how to value every successful effort to master truth, how to look beyond the little things of science. To the great things - Gods handiwork as seen in nature, young ladies, if this degree has such meaning for your brothers, what meaning has it for you. His home, Bella Vista, was designed by the architects James Bosley Noel Wyatt and it lies east of the Harford Road in an area called Glen Arm. C. Maryland voters elected him to be one of their presidential electors in 1904, in 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Bonaparte Secretary of the Navy. In 1906 Bonaparte moved to the office of Attorney General, which he held until the end of Roosevelts term and he was active in suits brought against the trusts and was largely responsible for breaking up the tobacco monopoly. He became known as Charlie, the Crook Chaser, in 1908, Bonaparte established a Bureau of Investigation within the Department of Justice which had been earlier established in 1870 under the direction of the Attorney General himself. By the 1920s, under its director, J. Edgar Hoover. Bonaparte died in Bella Vista, and is interred at southwest Baltimores landmark Loudon Park Cemetery and he died of Saint Vitus Dance. A nearby street in Baltimore County bears the name of Bonaparte Avenue, after Bonapartes death, the house was later owned by bootleggers Peter and Michael Kelly
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