1.
Disability
–
Disability is an impairment that may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or some combination of these. It substantially affects a persons activities and may be present from birth or occur during a persons lifetime. Disabilities is a term, covering impairments, activity limitations. Disability is thus not just a health problem and it is a complex phenomenon, reflecting the interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives. Disability is a concept, with different meanings for different communities. It may be used to refer to physical or mental attributes that some institutions, particularly medicine and it may refer to limitations imposed on people by the constraints of an ableist society. Or the term may serve to refer to the identity of people with disabilities, debates about proper terminology and their implied politics continue in disability communities and the academic field of disability studies. In some countries, the law requires that disabilities are documented by a provider in order to assess qualifications for disability benefits. During the Middle Ages, madness and other conditions were thought to be caused by demons and they were also thought to be part of the natural order, especially during and in the fallout of the Plague, which wrought impairments throughout the general population. Contemporary concepts of disability are rooted in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century developments, foremost among these was the development of clinical medical discourse, which made the human body visible as a thing to be manipulated, studied, and transformed. These worked in tandem with scientific discourses that sought to classify and categorize and, in so doing, became methods of normalization. The concept of the norm developed in time period, and is signaled in the work of the French statistician Alphonse Quetelet. Quetelet postulated that one could take the sum of all attributes in a given population and find their average. Disability, as well as other concepts including, abnormal, non-normal, the circulation of these concepts is evident in the popularity of the freak show, where showmen profited from exhibiting people who deviated from those norms. With the rise of eugenics in the part of the nineteenth century. With disability viewed as part of a persons biological make-up and thus their genetic inheritance, various metrics for assessing a persons genetic fitness, which were then used to deport, sterilize, or institutionalize those deemed unfit. In the early 1970s, disability activists began to challenge how society treated people with disabilities, due to this work, physical barriers to access were identified. These conditions functionally disabled them, and what is now known as the model of disability emerged
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Retirement home
–
A retirement home – sometimes called an old peoples home or old age home, although this term can also refer to a nursing home – is a multi-residence housing facility intended for senior citizens. Typically, each person or couple in the home has a room or suite of rooms. Additional facilities are provided within the building and this can include facilities for meals, gatherings, recreation activities, and some form of health or hospice care. A place in a retirement home can be paid for on a basis, like an apartment. A retirement home differs from a nursing home primarily in the level of care given. Retirement communities, unlike retirement homes, offer separate and autonomous homes for residents, assisted living Media related to Retirement homes at Wikimedia Commons
4.
Health care
–
It includes the work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health. Access to healthcare varies across countries, groups, and individuals, largely influenced by social, countries and jurisdictions have different policies and plans in relation to the personal and population-based health care goals within their societies. Healthcare systems are organizations established to meet the needs of target populations. Their exact configuration varies between national and subnational entities, in some countries and jurisdictions, healthcare planning is distributed among market participants, whereas in others, planning occurs more centrally among governments or other coordinating bodies. Healthcare can contribute to a significant part of a countrys economy. In 2011, the healthcare industry consumed an average of 9.3 percent of the GDP or US$3,322 per capita across the 34 members of OECD countries.1 years, a gain of 10 years since 1970. The USA ranges only on place 26 among the 34 OECD member countries, all OECD countries have achieved universal health coverage, except Mexico and the USA. Healthcare is conventionally regarded as an important determinant in promoting the general physical and mental health, an example of this was the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by the WHO as the first disease in human history to be completely eliminated by deliberate health care interventions. The delivery of health care depends on groups of trained professionals and paraprofessionals coming together as interdisciplinary teams. Healthcare can be defined as public or private. Primary care refers to the work of professionals who act as a first point of consultation for all patients within the health care system. Depending on the nature of the condition, patients may then be referred for secondary or tertiary care. Primary care is used as the term for the health care services which play a role in the local community. It can be provided in different settings, such as Urgent care centres which provide services to patients same day with appointment or walk-in bases, consequently, a primary care practitioner must possess a wide breadth of knowledge in many areas. The International Classification of Primary Care is a tool for understanding and analyzing information on interventions in primary care by the reason for the patient visit. Common chronic illnesses usually treated in primary care may include, for example, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, COPD, depression and anxiety, back pain, Primary care also includes many basic maternal and child health care services, such as family planning services and vaccinations. Physicians in this model bill patients directly for services, either on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. Examples of direct primary care practices include Foundation Health in Colorado, the World Health Organization attributes the provision of essential primary care as an integral component of an inclusive primary health care strategy
5.
Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
6.
Alberta
–
Alberta is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,196,457 as of July 1,2015, it is Canadas fourth-most populous province and its area is about 660,000 square kilometres. Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1,1905, the premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015. Alberta is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U. S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to only a single U. S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces. About 290 km south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta, Calgary and Edmonton centre Albertas two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has 16 census agglomerations. Tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Victoria, Queen of Canada, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km2, is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. To the south, the borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the US state of Montana. The province extends 1,223 km north to south and 660 km east to west at its maximum width, with the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing, there are three large lakes, Lake Claire in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake, and Lake Athabasca which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca, the largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, Albertas capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly city in Canada, and serves as a gateway. The region, with its proximity to Canadas largest oil fields, has most of western Canadas oil refinery capacity, Calgary is located approximately 280 km south of Edmonton and 240 km north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the served as a means to populate the province in its early years
7.
Apartment
–
An apartment or a flat is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building, correctly, on a single level without a stair. In Scotland it is called a block of flats or, if its a traditional building, a tenement. Apartments may be owned by an owner/occupier, by leasehold tenure or rented by tenants, the term apartment is favoured in North America. In the UK, the apartment is more usual in professional real estate and architectural circles where otherwise the term flat is commonly. Technically multi-storey apartments are referred to as duplex indicating the number of floors within the property, usage generally follows the British in Ireland, Singapore, Hong Kong and most Commonwealth nations. In Malaysian English, flat often denotes a housing block of lesser quality meant for lower-income groups, while apartment is more generic, in Australian English, the term flat is traditionally used, but the term unit is frequently used. More recently, the apartment is being used. Tenement law refers to the basis of permanent property such as land or rents. It may be combined as in Messuage or Tenement to encompass all the land, buildings. Most apartments are in buildings designed for the purpose, but large older houses are divided into apartments. The word apartment denotes a unit or section in a building. In some locations, particularly the United States, the word connotes a rental unit owned by the building owner, in the England and Wales, some flat owners own shares in the company that owns the freehold of the building as well as holding the flat under a lease. This is commonly known as a share of freehold flat, the freehold company has the right to collect annual ground rents from each of the flat owners in the building. The freeholder can also develop or sell the building, subject to the usual planning and this does not happen in Scotland, where long leasehold of residential property was formerly unusual, and is now not possible. In some countries the word unit is a general term referring to both apartments and rental business suites. The word unit is used only in the context of a specific building. This building has three units or Im going to rent a unit in this building, but not Im going to rent a unit somewhere, in Australia, a unit refers to flats, apartments or even semi-detached houses. An industrial, warehouse, or commercial space converted to an apartment is called a loft
8.
Senior citizen
–
Old age refers to ages nearing or surpassing the life expectancy of human beings, and is thus the end of the human life cycle. Terms and euphemisms for old people include, old people, seniors, senior citizens, older adults, the elderly, Old people often have limited regenerative abilities and are more susceptible to disease, syndromes, and sickness than younger adults. The organic process of ageing is called senescence, the study of the aging process is called gerontology. The elderly also face other social issues around retirement, loneliness, Old age is a social construct rather than a definite biological stage, and the chronological age denoted as old age varies culturally and historically. In 2011, the United Nations proposed a human rights convention that would specifically protect older persons, definitions of old age include official definitions, sub-group definitions, and four dimensions as follows. Old age comprises the part of life, the period of life after youth. At what age old age begins cannot be defined because it differs according to the context. Most developed-world countries have accepted the chronological age of 65 years as a definition of elderly or older person, the United Nations has agreed that 60+ years may be usually denoted as old age and this is the first attempt at an international definition of old age. However, for its study of old age in Africa, the World Health Organization set 50 as the beginning of old age. At the same time, the WHO recognized that the world often defines old age, not by years. Most developed Western countries set the age of 60 to 65 for retirement, being 60–65 years old is usually a requirement for becoming eligible for senior social programs. However, various countries and societies consider the onset of old age as anywhere from the mid-40s to the 70s, the definitions of old age continue to change especially as life expectancy in developed countries has risen to beyond 80 years old. Gerontologists have recognized the different conditions that people experience as they grow older within the years defined as old age. In developed countries, most people in their 60s and early 70s are still fit, active, however, after 75, they will become increasingly frail, a condition marked by serious mental and physical debilitation. Therefore, rather than lumping together all people who have defined as old. One study distinguishes the young old, the old. Another study’s sub-grouping is young-old, middle-old, and oldest-old, a third sub-grouping is “young old”, “old”, and old-old. Delineating sub-groups in the 65+ population enables an accurate portrayal of significant life changes
9.
Wheelchair
–
A wheelchair, often abbreviated to just chair, is a chair with wheels, used when walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability. Wheelchairs come in a variety of formats to meet the specific needs of their users. They may include specialized seating adaptions, individualized controls, and may be specific to particular activities, as seen with sports wheelchairs and beach wheelchairs. The earliest records of wheeled furniture are an inscription found on a slate in China. The first records of wheeled seats being used for transporting disabled people date to three centuries later in China, the Chinese used early wheelbarrows to move people as well as heavy objects. A distinction between the two functions was not made for several hundred years, around 525 CE, when images of wheeled chairs made specifically to carry people begin to occur in Chinese art. Later records show the use of technology in Europe by the Renaissance. The invalid carriage or Bath chair brought the technology into more common use from around 1760, in 1887, wheelchairs were introduced to Atlantic City so invalid tourists could rent them to enjoy the Boardwalk. Soon, many healthy tourists also rented the decorated rolling chairs and servants to them as a show of decadence. In 1933 Harry Jennings and his disabled friend Herbert Everest, both engineers, invented the first lightweight, steel, collapsible wheelchair. Everest had previously broken his back in a mining accident, Everest and Jennings saw the business potential of the invention and went on to become the first mass-market manufacturers of wheelchairs. Their x-brace design is still in use, albeit with updated materials. There are a variety of types of wheelchair, differing by propulsion method, mechanisms of control. Some wheelchairs are designed for everyday use, others for single activities. The iBot is perhaps the best known example of this in recent years, a self-propelled manual wheelchair incorporates a frame, seat, one or two footplates and four wheels, usually two caster wheels at the front and two large wheels at the back. There will generally also be a seat cushion. As this causes friction and heat build-up, particularly on long downslopes, everyday manual wheelchairs come in two major varieties, folding or rigid. Folding chairs are generally low-end designs, whose predominant advantage is being able to fold, however this is largely an advantage for part-time users who may need to store the wheelchair more often than use it
10.
Walker (mobility)
–
A walker or walking frame is a tool for disabled or elderly people who need additional support to maintain balance or stability while walking. In the United Kingdom, an equivalent term for a walker is Zimmer frame, a genericised trademark from Zimmer Holdings. Walkers started appearing in the early 1950s, the first US patent was awarded in 1953 to William Cribbes Robb, of Stretford, UK, for a device called walking aid, which had been filed with the British patent office in August 1949. Two variants with wheels were both awarded US patents in May 1957, and the first non-wheeled design that was called a walker was patented in 1965 by Elmer F. Ries of Cincinnati, Ohio. The first walker to resemble modern walkers was patented in 1970 by Alfred A. Smith of Van Nuys, the basic design consists of a lightweight frame that is about waist high, approximately 12 inches deep and slightly wider than the user. Walkers are also available in other such as pediatric or bariatric. Modern walkers are height adjustable and should be set at a height that is comfortable for the user and this bend is needed to allow for proper blood circulation through the arms as the walker is used. The front two legs of the walker may or may not have attached, depending on the strength. The person walks with the frame surrounding their front and sides, traditionally, a walker is picked up and placed a short distance ahead of the user. The user then walks to it and repeats the process, with the use of wheels and glides, the user may push the walker ahead as opposed to picking it up. This makes for easier use of the walker, as it not require the user to use their arms to lift the walker. This is beneficial for those with little arm strength, a walker is often used by those who are recuperating from leg or back injuries. It is also used by persons having problems with walking or with mild balance problems. Also related is a hemi-walker, a walker about half the size of a walker which is intended for use by persons whose dexterity is limited or non-existent in one hand or arm. These walkers are more stable than a cane, but are not recommended as highly as a traditional walker for those who can use it. A walker cane hybrid was introduced in 2012 designed to bridge the gap between a cane and a walker. The hybrid has two legs which provide lateral support which a cane does not and it can be used with two hands in front of the user, similar to a walker, and provides an increased level of support compared with a cane. It can be adjusted for use either one or two hands, at the front and at the side, as well as a stair climbing assistant
11.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
–
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a US labor law that prohibits unjustified discrimination based on disability. The final version of the bill was signed into law on July 26,1990 and it was later amended in 2008 and signed by President George W. Bush with changes effective as of January 1,2009. ADA disabilities include both mental and physical medical conditions, a condition does not need to be severe or permanent to be a disability. Additionally, other conditions, such as gender identity disorders, are also excluded under the definition of disability. The ADA states that an entity shall not discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability. This applies to job application procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, job training, and other terms, conditions, covered entities include employers with 15 or more employees, as well as employment agencies, labor organizations, and joint labor-management committees. Prohibited discrimination may include, among other things, firing or refusing to hire someone based on a real or perceived disability, segregation, covered entities are also required to provide reasonable accommodations to job applicants and employees with disabilities. An employee or applicant who currently engages in the use of drugs is not considered qualified when a covered entity takes adverse action based on such use. There are many ways to discriminate against people based on disabilities, anyone known to have a history of mental disorders can be considered disabled. Employers with more than 15 employees must take care to all employees fairly. Even when an employee is doing a job well, she or he is not necessarily no longer disabled. The Court determined that state employees cannot sue their employer for violating ADA rules, state employees can, however, file complaints at the Department of Justice or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, who can sue on their behalf. Title II prohibits disability discrimination by all entities at the local level, e. g. school district, municipal, city, or county. Public entities must comply with Title II regulations by the U. S. Department of Justice and these regulations cover access to all programs and services offered by the entity. Access includes physical access described in the ADA Standards for Accessible Design, Title II applies to public transportation provided by public entities through regulations by the U. S. Department of Transportation. It includes the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, along all other commuter authorities. This section requires the provision of services by public entities that provide fixed route services. ADA also sets minimum requirements for space layout in order to facilitate wheelchair securement on public transport, Title II also applies to all state and local public housing, housing assistance, and housing referrals
12.
Cognition
–
Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Human cognition is conscious and unconscious, concrete or abstract, as well as intuitive, cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge. These and other different approaches to the analysis of cognition are synthesised in the field of cognitive science. Within psychology and philosophy, the concept of cognition is closely related to concepts such as mind. It encompasses the functions, mental processes, and states of intelligent entities. It is also used in a branch of psychology called social cognition to explain attitudes, attribution. In cognitive psychology and cognitive engineering, cognition is typically assumed to be processing in a participant’s or operator’s mind or brain. Cognition can in specific and abstract sense also be artificial. The term cognition is often used to mean cognitive abilities or cognitive skills. The word cognition comes from the Latin verb cognosco meaning to conceptualize or to recognize, Cognition is a word that dates back to the 15th century, when it meant thinking and awareness. Attention to the process came about more than eighteen centuries ago, beginning with Aristotle and his interest in the inner workings of the mind. Aristotle focused on cognitive areas pertaining to memory, perception, wilhelm Wundt heavily emphasized the notion of what he called introspection, examining the inner feelings of an individual. With introspection, the subject had to be careful to describe his or her feelings in the most objective manner possible in order for Wundt to find the information scientific, Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted cognitive studies that mainly examined the function and capacity of human memory. Ebbinghaus developed his own experiment in which he constructed over 2,000 syllables made out of nonexistent words and he then examined his own personal ability to learn these non-words. He purposely chose non-words as opposed to words to control for the influence of pre-existing experience on what the words might symbolize. Ebbinghaus observed and hypothesized a number of variables that may have affected his ability to learn, one of the reasons, he concluded, was the amount of time between the presentation of the list of stimuli and the recitation or recall of same. Ebbinghaus was the first to record and plot a curve. His work heavily influenced the study of serial position and its effect on memory, mary Whiton Calkins was an influential American pioneer in the realm of psychology
13.
Pulitzer Prize
–
The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
14.
Florida
–
Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
15.
Frontline (U.S. TV series)
–
Frontline is a public affairs television program which produces and broadcasts in-depth documentaries about various subjects. Produced at WGBH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts, and distributed through the Public Broadcasting Service in the United States, some programs are made by independent filmmakers and broadcast as part of the Frontline series. Since the debut of the series, there have more than 500 films released. Traditionally viewed via the medium of television, today some of the episodes are available on the web. The program debuted in 1983, with NBC anchorwoman Jessica Savitch as the shows first host, but Savitch died later after the first season finale. PBS NewsHours Judy Woodruff took over as host in 1984, and hosted the program for five years, in 1990, episodes of Frontline began airing without a host, and the narrator was left to introduce each episode. The Choice 2016 is the most recent installment, aired on September 27,2016, featuring Hillary Clinton, the previous version aired on October 9,2012, and featured a dual biography tracing the lives and careers of incumbent President Barack Obama and his challenger, Mitt Romney. A prior installment aired on October 14,2008, using the same format for Barack Obama. Most Frontline reports are an hour in length, but some are extended to 90 minutes,2 hours, Frontline also produces and transmits such occasional specials as From Jesus to Christ, The Farmers Wife, and Country Boys. Since 1995, Frontline has been producing deep-content, companion web sites for all of its documentaries, Frontline has made many of its documentaries available via streaming Internet video, from their website. Will Lyman is the voice who has narrated most of the installments of the series since its inception in 1983. However, certain reports have been narrated by David Ogden Stiers, also sometimes the reporter puts their voice on some reports like Michael Kirk. The show is produced by the WGBH Educational Foundation, the parent company of WGBH-TV in Boston, WGBH is the creator of The Documentary Consortium, with another 4 PBS stations, including WNET in New York and KCTS in Seattle. Fanning, however, remains editor-at-large of Frontline as a founding member, frontline/World is a spin-off series from Frontline, first transmitted on May 23rd,2002, which was transmitted four to eight times a year on Frontline until it was canceled in 2010. It focused on issues from around the globe, and used a magazine format and its tagline was, Stories from a small planet. Frontline/World also streamed stories on its website, which won two Webby awards in 2008 for its series of online videos called Rough Cuts. In 2005, the Overseas Press Club of America gave the series its Edward R. Murrow Award for the best TV coverage of international events. The series broke new ground in 2007 by winning two Emmys, one of these was for a broadcast story, Saddams Road to Hell, other Frontline reports focus on political, social, and criminal justice issues
16.
ProPublica
–
ProPublica is a nonprofit corporation based in New York City. It describes itself as an independent nonprofit newsroom that produces investigative journalism in the public interest. In 2010, it became the first online news source to win a Pulitzer Prize, for a written by one of its journalists. ProPublicas investigations are conducted by its staff of full-time investigative reporters, in some cases, reporters from both ProPublica and the news partners work together on a story. ProPublica has partnered with more than 90 different news organizations, the Sandlers hired Paul Steiger, former managing editor of the Wall Street Journal, to create and run the organization as editor in chief. My history has been doing down the middle reporting. And so when I talked to Herb and Marion I said Are you comfortable with that. I said, Well, suppose we did an expose of some of the left leaning organizations that you have supported or that are friendly to what youve supported in the past. They said, No problem. And when we set up our organizational structure, the board of directors, on which I sit, Steiger claimed that he received as many as 850 applications upon ProPublicas start. The organization also appointed a 12-member journalism advisory board consisting of professional journalists, the newsgroup shares its work under the Creative Commons no-derivative, non-commercial license. On August 5,2015, Yelp announced a partnership with the company to improve their healthcare statistics. ProPublica and the Knight Foundation have various connections, for example, Paul Steiger, president of ProPublica, is a trustee of the Knight Foundation. In like manner, Alberto Ibarguen, the president and CEO of the Knight Foundation is on the board of ProPublica, in 2010, it received a two-year contribution of $125,000 each year from George Soros Open Society Foundations. ProPublica has attracted attention for the salaries it pays its employees, in 2008, Paul Steiger, the editor of ProPublica, received a salary of $570,000. Steiger was formerly the editor at The Wall Street Journal. Steigers stated strategy is to use a Wall Street Journal pay model to attract journalistic talent, in 2010, eight ProPublica employees made more than $160,000, including managing editor Stephen Engelberg and the highest-paid reporter, Dafna Linzer, formerly of the Washington Post. Engelberg is a former New York Times editor who co-wrote the non-fiction book Germs, Biological Weapons and Americas Secret War and it was written by ProPublicas Sheri Fink and published in the New York Times Magazine as well as on ProPublica. org. This was the first Pulitzer awarded to a news source. That investigation also won a National Magazine Award for reporting, in 2011, ProPublica won its second Pulitzer Prize
17.
Emeritus Senior Living
–
The company was founded in 1993, and was acquired by Brookdale Senior Living in July 2014. Emeritus specialized in assisted living services for seniors who need help with activities such as bathing, dressing, meals. Most communities also provided expert care for Alzheimer’s and memory care residents, as of the February 20,2014 merger with the worlds largest provider of senior living solutions, Brookdale Senior Living, NYSE Emeritus joined the largest provider in the senior living industry. Emeritus had locations in 47 states, with several facilities within each state, company revenues were $1.57 billion in 2012. As a result of the merger with Brookdale, Emeritus now manages 1,100 facilities in 46 states, summerville CEO Granger Cobb is appointed Co-CEO of Emeritus 2008, Emeritus moves to the New York Stock Exchange. Through this venture, Emeritus becomes largest assisted living provider in the industry,2011, Granger Cobb appointed as CEO of Emeritus 2013, Emeritus and Merrill Gardens announce Emeritus will take over operations of 38 Merrill Gardens senior living communities in eight states. 2014, Emeritus Corporation and Brookdale Senior Living enter into an agreement to be completed in the third quarter of 2014. An episode of Frontline which aired on July 30,2013 documented the alleged neglect, in one civil lawsuit, Joan Boice et al v. Following the broadcast, Emeritus established the website www. EmeritusFacts. com. List of companies operating nursing homes Official website
18.
Elderly care
–
Elderly care, or simply eldercare, is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens. This broad term encompasses such services as assisted living, adult day care, long term care, nursing homes, hospice care, and home care. Because of the variety of elderly care found nationally, as well as differentiating cultural perspectives on elderly citizens. For example, many countries in Asia use government-established elderly care quite infrequently, elderly care emphasizes the social and personal requirements of senior citizens who need some assistance with daily activities and health care, but who desire to age with dignity. It is an important distinction, in that the design of housing, services, activities, employee training and it is also noteworthy that a large amount of global elderly care falls under the unpaid market sector. The form of care provided varies greatly among countries and is changing rapidly. Even within the country, regional differences exist with respect to the care for the elderly. However, it has observed that the global elderly consume the most health expenditures out of any other age group. One must also account for a large proportion of global elderly, especially in developing nations, as continued pressure is put on limiting fertility. Traditionally, elderly care has been the responsibility of members and was provided within the extended family home. Increasingly in modern societies, elderly care is now being provided by state or charitable institutions, although these changes have affected European and North American countries first, they are now increasingly affecting Asian countries as well. In most western countries, elderly care facilities are residential family care homes, freestanding assisted living facilities, nursing homes, according to Family Caregiver Alliance, the majority of family caregivers are women, “Many studies have looked at the role of women and family caregiving. The average caregiver is age 46, female, married and worked outside the home earning an income of $35,000. Although men also provide assistance, female caregivers may spend as much as 50% more time providing care than male caregivers, according to the United States Department of Health and Human Services the older population—persons 65 years or older—numbered 39.6 million in 2009. They represented 12. 9% of the U. S. population, by 2030, there will be about 72.1 million older persons, more than twice their number in 2000. People 65-plus years old represented 12. 4% of the population in the year 2000 and this will mean more demand for elderly care facilities in the coming years. There were more than 36,000 assisted living facilities in the United States in 2009, more than 1 million senior citizens are served by these assisted living facilities. In the United States, most of the large multi-facility providers are publicly owned and managed as for-profit businesses, given the choice, most elders would prefer to continue to live in their homes
19.
Food choice of older adults
–
Food preferences in older adults and seniors takes into consideration how peoples experiences change with aging, that is, including conditions like taste, diet and food choice. Primarily, this occurs when most people approach the age of 65 or older, influencing variables can include, social and cultural environment, male or female sex, personal habits, as well as physical and mental health. Scientific studies explain why people like or dislike certain foods, there is a lot of work and scientific research that goes into examining the variables that cause the elderly to change food preferences. An example of these studies would be an experiment that the Elderly Nutrition Program was executing, to improve the quality of meal programs, the ENP explored how food preferences varied depending on biological sex and ethnic groups. A total of 2,024 participants in the ENP aged 60 years or older were interviewed, a majority of the participants were female, served by congregate meal programs, or meals served in community settings such as senior centers, churches or senior housing communities. A general impression of the meals and preferences for 13 food groups were assessed, after adjusting other variables, older males were significantly more likely to prefer deli meats, meat, legumes, canned fruit, and ethnic foods compared to females. In addition, compared with African Americans, Caucasians demonstrated higher percentages of preference for 9 of 13 food groups including pasta, meat, there are multiple parts of an elderly persons life that can affect their preferences in foods. Aspects like the environment, mental & physical health, and lifestyle choices are all contributing to the way a person decides on what foods they happen to like or dislike, someone’s surroundings and health can affect what foods they chose and prefer to eat. As people get older, their bodies change and this includes their taste buds, their needs of certain vitamins and nutrients, and their desire for different types of food. In a study by the Monell Chemical Senses Center, fifty young-adults, young subjects ranged from eighteen to thirty-five years of age and elderly subjects were sixty-five years of age or older. There were more females than males in the study, but there were approximately equal proportions of males and females in the two age groups, the study observed that younger females had stronger cravings for sweets than elderly females. They related this difference in preference with the younger female test subject’s menstrual cycles, in a study conducted by the Elderly Nutrition Program, they discovered preferences of male and female subjects throughout 13 individual food groups. Through this study, it was apparent that older males were more likely to prefer deli meats, meat, legumes, canned fruit. With age, some tend to avoid food and are unwilling to modify their diets due to oral health problems. As a result of mental health conditions and/or diseases — like Alzheimers — a persons food preferences might become affected. With certain diseases, people tend to develop specific preferences or distaste for various types of food, for example, people with Alzheimers, experience many big and small changes as a result of their symptoms. One change identified by Suszynski in How Dementia Tampers With Taste Buds is a dementia patients taste buds, since they don’t experience flavor the way they once did, people with dementia often change their eating habits and take on entirely new food preferences. That, in turn, can lead to changes in eating behaviors and this topic is based less on scientific tendencies of human beings, but more about the choice that an elderly person can make
20.
Assistive technology
–
The term adaptive technology is often used as the synonym for assistive technology, however, they are different terms. Consequently, adaptive technology is a subset of assistive technology, adaptive technology often refers specifically to electronic and information technology access. Wheelchairs are devices that can be manually propelled or electrically propelled, wheelchairs and other mobility devices allow people to perform mobility related activities of daily living which include feeding, toileting, dressing grooming and bathing. Often there are handles behind the seat for someone else to do the pushing or input devices for caregivers, wheelchairs are used by people for whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability. People with both sitting and walking disability often need to use a wheelchair or walker, the most common devices are Patient lifts, Transfer benches, stretcher or convertible chairs, sit-to-stand lifts, air bearing inflatable mattresses, and sliding boards. A walker or walking frame or Rollator is a tool for disabled people who need support to maintain balance or stability while walking. It consists of a frame that is about waist high, approximately twelve inches deep, walkers are also available in other sizes, such as for children, or for heavy people. The front two legs of the walker may or may not have wheels attached depending on the strength and it is also common to see caster wheels or glides on the back legs of a walker with wheels on the front. A prosthesis, prosthetic, or prosthetic limb is a device that replaces a body part. Prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury or missing from birth or to supplement defective body parts, inside the body, artificial heart valves are in common use with artificial hearts and lungs seeing less common use but under active technology development. Other medical devices and aids that can be considered prosthetics include hearing aids, artificial eyes, palatal obturator, gastric bands, prostheses are specifically not orthoses, although given certain circumstances a prosthesis might end up performing some or all of the same functionary benefits as an orthosis. Prostheses are technically the complete finished item, for instance, a C-Leg knee alone is not a prosthesis, but only a prosthetic component. Keep this in mind as nomenclature is often interchanged, the terms prosthetic and orthotic are adjectives used to describe devices such as a prosthetic knee. The terms prosthetics and orthotics are used to describe the respective allied health fields, the devices themselves are properly referred to as prostheses and orthoses in the plural and prosthesis and orthosis in the singular. Many people with visual impairments live independently, using a wide range of tools. Examples of assistive technology for visually impairment include screen readers, screen magnifiers, Braille embossers, desktop video magnifiers, screen readers allow the visually impaired to easily access electronic information. These software programs connect to a computer to read the text displayed out loud, there are a variety of platforms and applications available for a variety of costs. Braille is a system of raised dots formed into units called braille cells, a full braille cell is made up of six dots, with two parallel rows of three dots, but other combinations and quantities of dots represent other letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or words
21.
Long-term care
–
This article is about a type of health and social care service. For specific information on providers of services, see for example Personal Care Assistant. Long-term care is a variety of services which help both the medical and non-medical needs of people with a chronic illness or disability who cannot care for themselves for long periods. Long term care is focused on individualized and coordinated services that promote independence, maximize patients’ quality of life and it is common for long-term care to provide custodial and non-skilled care, such as assisting with normal daily tasks like dressing, feeding, using the bathroom. Long-term care can be provided at home, in the community, Long-term care may be needed by people of any age, although it is a more common need for senior citizens. Long-term care can be provided formally or informally and these facilities may go under various names, such as nursing home, personal care facility, residential continuing care facility, etc. and are operated by different providers. Greater success has been achieved in such as supported housing which may still utilize older housing complexes or buildings. Long-term care provided formally in the home, also known as health care, can incorporate a wide range of clinical services. These services are ordered by a physician or other professional. Depending on the country and nature of the health and social care system, in home services can be provided by personnel other than nurses and therapists, who do not install lifts, and belong to the long-term services and supports systems of the US. Informal long-term home care is care and support provided by members, friends. It is estimated that 90% of all home care is provided informally by a loved one without compensation and in 2015, families are seeking compensation from their government for caregiving. Long-term services and supports are the term for community services, which may obtain health care financing. An example is the home international emblem of community living and deinstitutionalization. The term is common with aging groups, such as the American Association of Retired Persons. Life expectancy is going up in most countries, meaning people are living longer. Meanwhile, birth rates are generally falling, globally,70 percent of all older people now live in low or middle-income countries. Countries and health care systems need to find innovative and sustainable ways to cope with the demographic shift, the demographic shift is also being accompanied by changing social patterns, including smaller families, different residential patterns, and increased female labour force participation
22.
Home care
–
Home care is supportive care provided in the home. In-home medical care is often and more accurately referred to as health care or formal care. For terminally ill patients, home care may include hospice care, for patients recovering from surgery or illness, home care may include rehabilitative therapies. These Medicare-certified services may include short-term nursing, rehabilitative, therapeutic, the largest segment of home care consists of licensed and unlicensed non-medical personnel, including caregivers who assist the individual. Care assistants may help the individual with daily tasks such as bathing, eating, cleaning the home, caregivers work to support the needs of individuals who require such assistance. These services help the client to stay at home living in a facility. Non-medical home care is paid for by the individual or family, the term private-duty refers to the private pay nature of these relationships. Home care has traditionally been privately funded as opposed to health care which is task-based. These traditional differences in care services are changing as the average age of the population has risen. Individuals typically desire to remain independent and use home care services to maintain their existing lifestyle, government and Insurance providers are beginning to fund this level of care as an alternative to facility care. In-Home Care is often a lower cost solution to long-term care facilities, professionals providing home health care include licensed practical nurses, registered nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists and social workers. Rehabilitation services may be provided by physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech and language pathologists, professionals can be independent practitioners, part of a larger organization, or part of a franchise. They may also prepare meals, accompany the client to medical visits, grocery shop, provide companionship, There is, however, a distinction made on a state-by-state basis according to how each state regulates the home care industry. In New York State, for example, home care is used to describe medical services performed at home by a healthcare professional, whereas home care describes non-medical. Other states do not make the distinction, but the difference between the two must be accounted for when dealing with Medicare reimbursements. Home care aims to make it possible for people to remain at home rather than use residential, long-term, Home health care providers deliver services in the clients own home. These services may include some combination of health care services. Home care services include help with tasks such as meal preparation, medication reminders, laundry, light housekeeping, errands, shopping, transportation
23.
Hospice
–
In Western society, the concept of hospice has been evolving in Europe since the 11th century. Outside the United States, the term tends to be primarily associated with the particular buildings or institutions that specialize in such care. Outside the United States such institutions may provide care mostly in an end-of-life setting. Hospice care also involves assistance for families to help them cope with what is happening and provide care. Although the movement has met some resistance, hospice has rapidly expanded through the United Kingdom. Etymologically, the word derives from the Latin hospes, a word which served double duty in referring both to guests and hosts. Historians believe the first hospices originated in the 11th century, around 1065, the rise of the Crusading movement in the 1090s saw the incurably ill permitted into places dedicated to treatment by Crusaders. In the early 14th century, the order of the Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem opened the first hospice in Rhodes, meant to provide refuge for travelers and care for the ill, Hospices flourished in the Middle Ages, but languished as religious orders became dispersed. They were revived in the 17th century in France by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, France continued to see development in the hospice field, the hospice of LAssociation des Dames du Calvaire, founded by Jeanne Garnier, opened in 1843. Six other hospices followed before 1900, meanwhile, hospices also developed in other areas. Steps were taken to remedy inadequate facilities with the opening of the Friedenheim in London, four more hospices were established in London by 1905. Australia, too, saw active development, with notable hospices including the Home for Incurables in Adelaide, the Home of Peace. In 1899, New York City saw the opening of St. Roses Hospice by the Servants for Relief of Incurable Cancer, who soon expanded with six locations in other cities. The more influential early developers of Hospice included the Irish Religious Sisters of Charity and it became very busy, with as many as 20,000 people—primarily suffering tuberculosis and cancer—coming to the hospice to die between 1845 and 1945. The Sisters of Charity expanded internationally, opening the Sacred Heart Hospice for the Dying in Sydney in 1890, with hospices in Melbourne, in 1905, they opened St Josephs Hospice in London. There in the 1950s Cicely Saunders developed many of the principles of modern hospice care. Dame Cicely Saunders was a British registered nurse whose chronic health problems had forced her to pursue a career in social work. After the refugees death, Saunders began volunteering at St Lukes Home for the Dying Poor, Saunders entered medical school while continuing her volunteer work at St. Josephs
24.
Nursing home care
–
A nursing home, convalescent home, skilled nursing facility, care home, rest home or intermediate care provides a type of residential care. It is a place of residence for people who require continual nursing care and have significant difficulty coping with the activities of daily living. Nursing aides and skilled nurses are usually available 24 hours a day, residents include the elderly and younger adults with physical or mental disabilities. Residents in a nursing facility may also receive physical, occupational. Some nursing homes assist people with needs, such as Alzheimer patients. Residents may have legal rights depending on the nation the facility is in. Before the Industrial Revolution, elderly care was largely in the hands of the family who would support elderly relatives who could no longer do so themselves, charitable institutions and parish poor relief were other sources of care. The first government attempts at providing basic care for the elderly, the New Poor Law curbed the cost of poor relief, which had been spiralling throughout the previous decades, and led to the creation of workhouses for those who were unemployed. Most workers in the workhouse were set tasks such as breaking stones, bone crushing to produce fertilizer, by the late 1840s most workhouses outside London and the larger provincial towns housed only the incapable, elderly and sick. By the end of the only about 20 per cent admitted to workhouses were unemployed or destitute. The Local Government Act of 1929 gave local authorities the power to take over workhouse infirmaries as municipal hospitals and elderly care homes, although the Act formally abolished the workhouse system in 1930, many workhouses, renamed Public Assistance Institutions, continued under the control of local county councils. It was not until the National Assistance Act of 1948 that the last vestiges of the Poor Law disappeared, in Britain in the 1950s and 60s, the quality of nursing care steadily improved, with the mandatory introduction of central heating, single rooms and en-suite lavatories. In most jurisdictions, nursing homes are required to provide staff to adequately care for residents. Once a patient has moved into the home, their relatives may not have significant contact with the administration team. Depending on the size of the home, the administration staff may be very small, consisting of only a handful or people. In most countries, nursing home administrators are required to be licensed to run nursing facilities, the direct care staff have direct, daily contact with the patient. This includes registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and nursing assistants, some staff members focus solely on caring for the buildings and grounds. Custodians, maintenance staff, and groundskeepers, for example, keep the inside and outside of the building in clean, additional support personnel also include people who may have some contact with the patient in the nursing home, but it may not be daily or even regularly
25.
Nursing home care in the United Kingdom
–
In 2002, nursing homes in the United Kingdom became known as care homes with nursing, and residential homes became known as care homes. In the United Kingdom care homes and care homes with nursing are regulated by separate organisations in England, Scotland, Wales, to enter a care home, a candidate patient needs an assessment of needs and of their financial condition from their local council. The candidate may also have an assessment by a nurse, should the patient require nursing care, the first government attempts at providing basic care for the elderly and the infirm took place at the dawn of the industrial era with the New Poor Law of 1834. The New Poor Law curbed the cost of relief, which had been spiralling throughout the previous decades. Most workers in the workhouse were set tasks such as breaking stones, bone crushing to produce fertilizer, by the late 1840s most workhouses outside London and the larger provincial towns housed only the incapable, elderly and sick. By the end of the only about 20 per cent admitted to workhouses were unemployed or destitute. The Local Government Act of 1929 gave local authorities the power to take over workhouse infirmaries as municipal hospitals and elderly care homes, although the Act formally abolished the workhouse system in 1930, many workhouses, renamed Public Assistance Institutions, continued under the control of local county councils. It was not until the National Assistance Act of 1948 that the last vestiges of the Poor Law disappeared, in Britain in the 1950s and 60s, the quality of nursing care steadily improved, with the mandatory introduction of central heating, single rooms and en-suite lavatories. In 1977 there were 1,249 Registered Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes in the UK with 34,546 beds and these figures include 117 private hospitals with facilities for surgery. There is concern that fees paid to care homes are insufficient to provide adequate quality care. Rises in fees paid by councils have not kept pace with rising costs of care and this led to falling standards and many care homes are closing. Professor Martin Green of Care England, urged the government to take urgent action and provide funding to councils. Green stated, We have been warning about these problems for some time, there is a lot of churn in the sector. Contracts changing hands as providers leave and services stopping, there is simply not enough money in the system. Nursing home care can sometimes be seriously inadequate, the cost of a care home is means tested in England. As of April 2009, the lower limit is £13,500. At this level, all income from pensions, savings, benefits and other sources, except a personal expenses allowance, the local council pays the remaining contribution provided the room occupied is not more expensive than the local councils normal rate. The NHS has full responsibility for funding the whole placement if the resident meets the criteria for NHS continuing healthcare and this is identified by a multidisciplinary assessment process
26.
Nursing home care in the United States
–
The newer community versions, small in size rather than the exposed institutions, were developed around 1970s as part of the movement to the community. Assisted living came from community living groups who advocated for the separation of facility funding to home, board and care homes have never been approved by community planning as intermediate care facilities, or even the emblematic group homes, often falling far short at health and community gates. Medicaid, the Nations poverty program, often funds programs such as nursing beds as residents may be impoverished to access the facility. In 1987, a report examined the nursing home problem in Wisconsin which involved 4,000 people, board and Care homes were the subject of exposés for lacking medical personnel at the time of the 1990s reviews. Nursing homes have been the subject of decades of efforts by states and at the levels to reform health and residential care for frail elders. Regulations have been added to assure that basic good care will take place in these facilities, the facilities have been upgraded according to the Medicaid groups and departments, and expectations for high service delivery at a skilled level. The cost is born by the taxpayer from the General Fund, by 2000, minimum staffing ratios and implementation of Nursing Home Quality of Care were introduced. These actions followed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, the results of the 2015 edition were generally positive, showing a decrease of substandard care reports from 4. 4% in 2008 to 3. 2% in 2014, reversing a previously increasing trend. These facilities, which resembled homes in their sizes are operated by community services management and are separately regulated. All need a state health department approval for federal Medicaid and Medicare, nurses may be hired as a staff supplement, as may be therapists, adult day who may be civil servants or BA/AA human services personnel, or clinic services. The states in the US have health departments also responsible for oversight of the facilities, LTSS services have diverse oversight and regulations, and these vary by facility type, by population group, and by financing as well as traditional regulatory agencies. To ensure that nursing homes meet the legal standards, the authorities conduct inspections of all nursing home facilities. Surveyors conduct on-site surveys of certified nursing homes on average every 12 months to assure basic levels of quality and safety for beneficiaries, in recent years, there has been a general movement toward implementing alternative care models. Some have tried to create a more resident-centered environment, so that they should become more home-like, in these homes, units are replaced with a small set of rooms surrounding a common kitchen and living room. The staff giving care is assigned to one of these households, the reason, in part, is because the population is aging, and over half of the people in nursing homes are over age 85. Residents have more choices about when they wake, when they eat and they also have access to pets. Sometimes this kind of facility is called a greenhouse, in 1953, a leading American nurse educator, Eleanor Lambertson, proposed a system of team nursing to overcome the fragmentation of care resulting from the task-oriented functional approach. Team nursing would ideally respond to the needs of both the patient and the staff, the team leaders function is to stimulate the team to learn and develop new skills
