1.
Private company limited by shares
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A private company limited by shares is a class of private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, Scotland, certain Commonwealth countries or the Republic of Ireland. It has shareholders with limited liability and its shares may not be offered to the general public, a shareholders personal assets are thus protected in the event of the companys insolvency, but any money invested in the company may be lost. A limited company may be private or public, a private limited companys disclosure requirements are lighter, but its shares may not be offered to the general public and therefore cannot be traded on a public stock exchange. This is the difference between a private limited company and a public limited company. Most companies, particularly small companies, are private, private companies limited by shares are usually required to have the suffix Limited or Incorporated as part of their name, though the latter cannot be used in the UK or the Republic of Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland Teoranta may be used instead, largely by Gaeltacht companies, cyfyngedig may be used by Welsh companies in a similar fashion. In the United Kingdom, every company must have formally appointed company officers, by statute, a private company must have at least one director and until April 2008 also had to have a secretary. The companys articles of association may require more than one director, at least one director must be an individual, not another company. Anybody can be a director, subject to certain exceptions, a person who is yet to be discharged from bankruptcy or who has been banned from being a company director by the court will be prohibited, except in certain cases. In addition, a person may not be a director of a company if he or she is unable to consent to their appointment. As of October 2008, the age required to give this consent is 16 years of age. This change was applied retroactively, with any directors under the age of 16 being removed from the register upon the implementation of the and this was already the case in Scotland, under the Age of Legal Capacity Act 1991. No formal qualifications are required to be a director or secretary. When a limited company is formed it must issue one or more subscriber shares to its initial members and it may increase capitalisation by issue of further shares. The issued share capital of the company is the number of shares existing in the company multiplied by the nominal value of each share. A company incorporated in England and Wales can be created with any number of shares of any nominal value, for example, there may be 10,000 shares with a nominal value of 1p, or 100 shares of £1 each. In each case the capital would be £100. Unissued shares can be issued at any time by the using a Form SH01 - Return of Allotment of Shares subject to prior authorisation by the shareholders
Private company limited by shares
2.
Lionel Martin
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Lionel Walker Birch Martin was a British businessman, who founded the company, with Robert Bamford, that became Aston Martin. He was born at Nansladron at St Ewe near St Austell in Cornwall and his father was Edward Martin, the owner of Martin Brothers China Clay Merchants in St Austell, who lived at Treverbyn, and who also owned the Lee Moor porcelain factory in Plympton. Martin Brothers, founded in 1837, became part of English China Clays and his parents had married on 26 April 1877 at Lillington, Warwickshire, he was baptised on 20 May 1878 at Lillington church. In 1891 he went to Eton College, in 1897 he went to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he was an enthusiast member of the Oxford University Bicycle Club, then joined the Bath Road Club. In 1900 he went to Marcons Hall, also known as Charsleys Hall and he graduated with a BA in 1902. Through the Bath Road Club he met Montague Napier, who developed a car company. In 1903 he went into partnership with Montague Napier to sell cars, in 1909 after not paying a fine, he was banned from driving for two years at Guildford. He appealed at the High Court in January 1910, but the appeal was not upheld, for the next two years he rode bicycles, gaining the fastest record from Edinburgh to York in 1911. During his driving ban he had friends with another cyclist in the Bath Road Club. In 1912 they began to sell cars together, with Robert Bamford he founded Bamford and Martin Limited, at Henniker Mews in Kensington. He participated in competitions of the Motor Cycling Club, including those from London to Edinburgh and their first advert was in the Bath Road News. Their first prototype was registered in March 1915, to provide an evocative name for the car, the pair remembered their races at Aston Hill, and called the car the Aston-Martin, the AM radiator badge went onto their cars. It was through the money from the Singleton Birch family minerals company that he had the funds to expand his business, in November 1925, Bamford and Martin Ltd went into receivership, and he was no longer a director of the company. At this time, he was working in the late 1920s for Singleton Birch, after 1925 he never owned an Aston Martin car. After 1947, and moving manufacture to Tickford at Tickford Street in Newport Pagnell, in 1909 he married Christine Murray of Auchendinny in Midlothian, Christine Murray died in April 1913, shortly after the birth of their son. He married Katherine King on 25 January 1917 in Kensington, she was the wife of Robert Henry King, a naval lieutenant, and the daughter of Harvey George Alexander. In the 1920s he lived in Pembroke Villas in Kensington, in his later years he was a diabetic. He had lived from 1932 at Palings Cottage on Warboys Road at Kingston Hill, in the Municipal Borough of Malden and his funeral was at 3pm on Monday 29 October 1945 at St. John the Baptist in Kingston Vale
Lionel Martin
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Early Aston Martin marque
Lionel Martin
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Aston Martin Lagonda Limited
Lionel Martin
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Aston Martin 2-Litre 2/4-Seater Sports 1937
Lionel Martin
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1958 Aston Martin DB Mark III
3.
Robert Bamford
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Robert Bamford was a British engineer, who with Lionel Walker Birch Martin, founded a company in January 1913 that became Aston Martin. He was born in Lamarsh in Essex, and was the eldest son of Rev Robert Bamford and his grandfather was another Rev Robert Bamford who was a vicar in Highworth, Wiltshire. His mother remarried after his fathers death, Bamford, historically, is a Lancashire surname. In World War I he became a became a Lieutenant with the 33rd Royal Army Service Corps, Bamford & Martin Ltd was founded at 16 Henniker Place in West Kensington on 15 January 1913. They produced their first Aston-Martin car, the Coal Scuttle, in March 1915, Robert Bamford was the engineer of the partnership. In 1920 he retired from Bamford & Martin, Lionel Martin left in 1926, in the mid-1920s the company would undergo many changes of ownership. It would be largely through the ownership of David Brown Ltd. of Huddersfield that Aston-Martin would become the company renowned during the 1950s and he was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2013. In 1911 he was living at 41 Twickenham Road in Teddington and he became engaged to Muriel Matilda Etches in May 1918, the eldest daughter of C. T. W. They were married in 1919 in Newton Abbot in Devon and they had a daughter, Patricia, born in Brentford in Middlesex in 1921. In 1939 he had retired to South Street, Chailey and he died in 1942 aged 59 in Brighton
Robert Bamford
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The site of Bamford & Martin in London SW3
4.
Gaydon
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Gaydon is a parish and village in Warwickshire, England, close to Royal Leamington Spa. In the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 376, the village is at the junction of the B4100 and B4451 roads, a mile from Junction 12 of the M40 motorway, and is two miles north-east of Kineton. Gaydon has one pub the Malt Shovel, the derelict Gaydon Inn stands close to the point of intersection of the two roads, and the main part of the village of Gaydon is disposed along a short loop south of the junction. The Gaydon Inn was famous in the 18th century for its association with violent highwaymen, the Manor House on Kineton Road dates back to the 17th century. There are plans to revive allotments in Gaydon with the backing of the local Parish Council, a local village shop opened 24 May 2010 in the centre of the village providing local produce to local residents. Close by, on the site of former RAF V bomber base of RAF Gaydon, is the Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre, adjacent to the site is the headquarters of Aston Martin. Lighthorne Northend, Warwickshire Radway Gaydon Village Website
Gaydon
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Gaydon
5.
Andy Palmer
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Andrew Charles Palmer CMG FIMechE is an English chartered engineer and businessman. He is the CEO of Aston Martin, Palmer was previously the Chief Planning Officer, Executive Vice-President and Member of the Executive Committee of Nissan Motor Company. Reporting directly to Nissans President and CEO, Carlos Ghosn, Palmer shared the chief operating officer role with two Nissan executives, Palmer was born in June 1963 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Palmer entered a Technical Apprenticeship with UK Automotive Products Limited in 1979, Palmer is a Chartered Engineer and a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Palmer holds a Diploma in Industrial Management from the Coventry University, Palmer is a Member and former board member of SAE International, and a Chartered Manager. Palmer is a Guest Professor at the Tokyo University of Agriculture, in 2010, Palmer received a Honorary doctorate of technology from Coventry University. Palmer started his career in 1983 as a Project Engineer of UK Automotive Products Limited. In 1991, he became Manual Transmission Chief Engineer of Rover Group, Palmer joined Nissan in 1991 as business administration manager at the Nissan Technical Centre Europe, where he became Deputy managing director in 2001 after managing vehicle design and testing. In September 2002, Palmer moved to Japan, where he became Program Director for Nissans Light Commercial Vehicles, adding to his duties as Program Director, Palmer was named President of Nissan Motor Light Trucks Company Limited in 2003. After establishing the LCV business unit within Nissan in April 2004, in February 2009, Palmer was appointed Senior Vice-President, and entered Nissans Executive Committee. In October 2010, Palmers responsibility was extended to include Global Marketing, Brand, in April 2011, he was named Executive Vice-President. He became Chief Executive of Aston Martin in October 2014, in 2012, Palmer was designated No.1 in the Top 50 Most Influential British People in the Global Automotive Business 2012 and selected to Auto Express Hall of Fame. Under CMO Palmer, Nissans Interbrand score entered the top 100 in 2011, among Interbrands Best Global Green Brands 2013, Nissan took No.5. Interbrand credited Palmer with elevating marketing to a science, in 2014, Palmer was voted one of EVOs 25 most important people of the car industry. At the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show, Palmer said that its complete bullshit to assume that vehicles move the CO2 issue to the powerstation. Palmer conceded that EVs could pollute even less if electricity generation would be made greener across the globe, in October 2013, Palmer made headlines by calling the Toyota 86 and the jointly developed Subaru BRZ midlife crisis cars. In March 2014, Palmer drew attention after Global NCAP tested a number of Indias best-selling cars, I think the people who criticise these cars for not meeting US or European crash standards are living in a dream world, Palmer was quoted by Autocar. We are talking about cars built to people who would otherwise be four or five-up on a motorcycle
Andy Palmer
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Palmer at the
World Economic Forum 2009
Andy Palmer
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Andy Palmer, talking to reporters during e-NV200 launch in Yokohama.
6.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
Earnings before interest and taxes
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Accounting
7.
Aston Martin Racing
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Aston Martin Racing is a British auto racing team established in 2004 as a partnership between automobile manufacturer Aston Martin and engineering group Prodrive. The partnership was created for the purpose of returning Aston Martin to sports car racing with the DBR9. Since the DBR9s racing debut in 2005, Aston Martin Racing has expanded to build a variety of available to customers. Aston Martin Racings program has earned several successes over the years, Aston Martin had previously raced in the 1959 and 1960 Formula One seasons but failed to score points in either year. Aston Martin Racing builds cars for international grand tourer classes, the team itself run a squad of DBR9s in the former top class, GT1, while other cars were offered to customers. The GTE class became their next target after the failure of the 2011 season, the V8 Vantage is also featured in GT3 and GT4 classes. Before GT3 Vantage was introduced the DBRS9 was also racing in GT3. In 2008, Aston Martin Racing began their entry into the Le Mans Prototype category with the aid of Charouz Racing System, installing a DBR9 V12 into a Lola B08/60 LMP1 prototype. On 27 January 2009, the team announced a works entry in the Le Mans Prototype category for the 200924 Hours of Le Mans with the Lola-Aston Martin B09/60. The entry marks the 50th anniversary of its last outright win at Le Mans, the 2009 programme got off to an unfortunate start at the pre season Paul Ricard test on 8 March when Tomáš Enge destroyed the 007 car in an accident. Aston Martin Racing subsequently took delivery of a new Lola to replace the written off chassis, the team entered two LMP1 cars bearing the iconic blue and orange livery of Gulf Oil. The aim was to emulate the achievements of the 1959 race win with the DBR1 driven by Carroll Shelby, the 008 car was running as high as 3rd overall in the morning until Anthony Davidson had a collision with a GT1 Aston. Subsequent repairs and a 5-minute stop and go penalty—for causing the collision—dropped the car out of contention, the 009 car was retired after 252 laps. Three cars were entered in the 201024 Hours of Le Mans, although only the 007 and 009 cars were run by Aston Martin Racing. Both the 008 and 009 cars suffered problems and had to be retired, leaving only the 007 to finish 6th overall and completing 365 laps. In 2011 the B09/60 was succeeded by the Aston Martin AMR-One, initially, the car was running very poorly. In its first racing event, the 20116 Hours of Castellet, so around came Le Mans and despite the testing and extra car, they were still lapping in the middle of the LMP2 pack in qualifying and in the race it was much a much worse scenario. Car #009 retired after two laps around the Circuit de la Sarthe and car #007 reted two laps later on lap four
Aston Martin Racing
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Aston Martin Racing's DBR9 which won the
2007 24 Hours of Le Mans LMGT1 Class
Aston Martin Racing
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Aston Martin Racing
Aston Martin Racing
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Sponsored by
Gulf Oil, one of Aston Martin Racing's 2008 DBR9
Aston Martin Racing
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An
Aston Martin -powered
Lola B08/60 run by
Charouz Racing System and backed by Aston Martin Racing
8.
Lagonda
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Lagonda is a British luxury car marque established in 1906, which has been owned by Aston Martin since 1947. The marque has had a presence in the luxury car market, being dormant for several times during its existence. Lagonda was founded as a company in 1906 in Staines, Surrey, by a Scottish-American, Wilbur Gunn and he became a British national in 1891 and worked as a speed boat and motorcycle engineer in Staines, England. He named the company after the Shawnee settlement Lagonda in modern-day Springfield, Ohio and this is a glacially eroded limestone gorge of much beauty. Historically, the played a major role in the Treaty of Easton. He had originally built motorcycles on a scale in the garden of his house in Staines with reasonable success including a win on the 1905 London–Edinburgh trial. In 1907 he launched his first car, the 20 hp, 6-cylinder Torpedo and this success produced a healthy order for exports to Russia which continued until 1914. In 1913 Lagonda introduced a small car, the 11.1 with a four-cylinder 1099 cc engine, which by 1914 featured a panhard rod and a rivetted monocoque body. The ratchet control button on the end of a fly-off handbrake is designed to work in the way to what is normally accepted. If the lever is lifted or pulled back to the on position, on letting go it immediately releases unless the end button is pressed, once set, the brake is released by lifting the handbrake lever in the setting direction. This mechanism was fitted to sports cars to facilitate a racing get-away. It can also be used to help the back wheels to slide, during World War I Lagonda made artillery shells. After the end of the war the 11.1 continued with a larger 1400 cc engine and standard electric lighting as the 11.9 until 1923, following Wilbur Gunns death in 1920, three existing directors headed by Colin Parbury took charge. The first of the sports models was launched in 1925 as the 14/60 with a twin-cam 1954-cc 4-cylinder engine. The car was designed by Arthur Davidson who had come from Lea-Francis, a higher output engine came in 1927 with the 2-litre Speed Model which could be had supercharged in 1930. A lengthened chassis version, the 16/65, with 6-cylinder 2. 4-litre engine, was available from 1926 to 1930, the final car of the 1920s was the 3-litre using a 2931-cc 6-cylinder engine. This continued until 1933 when the engine grew to 3181 cc and was available with a complex 8-speed Maybach transmission as the Selector Special. A new model for 1933 was the 16–80 using a 2-litre Crossley engine with pre-selector gearbox from 1934, a new small car, the Rapier came along in 1934 with 1104 cc engine and pre-selector gearbox
Lagonda
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Lagonda
Lagonda
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2½-litre 16-65 1927
Lagonda
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Lagonda 12/24LC 1925
Lagonda
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2-litre 16-80 Weymann saloon c.1930
9.
Luxury vehicle
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Luxury vehicle is a marketing term for a vehicle that provides luxury — pleasant or desirable features beyond strict necessity — at increased expense. The term is also broad, highly variable and relative and it is a perceptual, conditional and subjective attribute that may be comprehended differently by different people, What is a luxury car to some. Therefore, automakers differentiate among their product lines in collusion with the car-buying public, while a high price is the most frequent factor, it is styling, engineering, and even public opinion which cars had the highest and lowest status associated with them. Every era in history has had a group of car marques and models that have been expensive to purchase, due to their alleged superiority of their design. Aimed at wealthy buyers, such automobiles might be generically termed luxury cars and this term is also used for unique vehicles produced during an era when luxury was individualistic consideration, and coachwork could be tailored to an owner like a bespoke suit. Although there is literature about specific marques, there is a lack of systematic. Luxury vehicle makers may either be stand-alone companies in their own right, such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz, badge engineering is often used for cost savings, for example, the Lincoln vehicles that are based on Ford platforms or Acura models derived from Honda. Though widely used, the term luxury is broad and highly variable and it is a perceptual, conditional and subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people, What is a luxury car to some. According to the European Commission, the luxury segment is classified as F-segment. However, the boundaries between the segments are increasingly becoming blurred and diluted as features once exclusive to luxury vehicles become standard equipment on even small cars. ACRISS is a system used by many car rental companies in the US for classifying vehicles. The system includes Luxury and Premium categories, Australia, In Australia, for taxation purposes a luxury car is defined as a passenger car whose value exceeds a certain threshold. France, In France the term voiture de luxe is used, Germany, In Germany the term Upper class is used. Russia, Russian markets use the term representative class vehicle, the classification varies, for instance Consumer Guide Automotive in the U. S. The premium compact segment is targeted at a market of consumers who found the existing entry-level luxury offerings to be too expensive. By offering a smaller, lighter, more fuel-efficient, and less expensive vehicle, premium compacts introduces younger buyers to the luxury marque, in hopes of retaining the coveted customer loyalty. This includes the Acura CSX, Audi A3, Buick Verano, BMW2 Series, BMW i3, Cadillac ELR, Chrysler 200, Lexus CT, Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class, Mercedes-Benz B-Class, Saab 9-2X, and the Volvo V40. Premium compacts compete with well-equipped midsize cars, and with options they overlap much with compact executive cars, Premium compacts may share components with mass market cars from the marques parent company, and/or have less sophisticated platforms compared to upmarket vehicles in the lineup
Luxury vehicle
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A
Rolls-Royce model
Phantom IV, a 1950s luxury car
Luxury vehicle
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A
Duesenberg, "one of the great luxury cars" with custom body by Willoughby
Luxury vehicle
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Italian
Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A S LeBaron Boattail Roadster, a 1930s luxury car
Luxury vehicle
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The
Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class is an example of a premium compact car.
10.
Sports car
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A sports car is a small, usually two seater, two door automobile designed for spirited performance and nimble handling. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the first known use of the term was in 1928, Sports cars may be spartan or luxurious, but high maneuverability and minimum weight are requisite. The basis for the car is traced to the early 20th century touring cars and roadsters. These raced in rallies, such as the Herkomer Cup, Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt. These would shortly be joined by the French DFP and the Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. In 1921, Ballot premiered its 2LS, with a remarkable 75 hp DOHC two liter, designed by Ernest Henry, capable of 150 km/h, at most, one hundred were built in four years and this was followed by the SOHC 2LT and 2LTS. The same year, Benz built a supercharged 28/95PS four for the Coppa Florio, duerkopps Zoller-blown two liter in 1924, as well. There was a clear cleavage by 1925, by the end of the 1920s, AC produced a 2-liter six, the 3. Benz introduced the powerful SS and SSK, and Alfa Romeo, hispano-Suizas Alfonso XIII is considered the first sportcar developed between 1911 and 1914. Two companies would offer really reliable sports cars, Austin with the Seven, the drive train and engine layout significantly influences the handling characteristics of an automobile, and is crucially important in the design of a sports car. The front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is common to cars of any era and has survived longer in sports cars than in mainstream automobiles. Examples include the Caterham 7, Mazda MX-5, and the Chevrolet Corvette, more specifically, many such sports cars have a FMR layout, with the centre of mass of the engine between the front axle and the firewall. In search of improved handling and weight distribution, other layouts are sometimes used, the RMR layout is commonly found only in sports cars—the motor is centre-mounted in the chassis, and powers only the rear wheels. Some high-performance sports car manufacturers, such as Ferrari and Lamborghini have preferred this layout, Porsche is one of the few remaining manufacturers using the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. The motors distributed weight across the wheels, in a Porsche 911, provides excellent traction, Porsche has continuously refined the design and in recent years added electronic driving aids to counteract these inherent design shortcomings. The front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout layout which is the most common in sport compacts and hot hatches, however, its conservative handling effect, particularly understeer, and the fact that many drivers believe rear wheel drive is a more desirable layout for a sports car count against it. The Fiat Barchetta, Saab Sonett, and Berkeley cars are cars with this layout. Before the 1980s few sports cars used four-wheel drive, which had added a lot of weight
Sports car
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Mazda MX-5, the world's best selling sports car
Sports car
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Prince Henry Vauxhall—3-litres
Sports car
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Prince Henry Austro-Daimler—5.7-litres
Sports car
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1900
NW Rennzweier (The Double Racer)
11.
Grand tourer
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A grand tourer is a performance and luxury automobile capable of high speed and long-distance driving. The most common format is a two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement, the grand touring concept is eurocentric, the definition implies material differences in performance at speed, comfort, and amenities between elite automobiles and those of ordinary motorists. In post-war United States, the Interstate Highway System and wide availability of powerful Straight-six, European GTs did find success penetrating the American personal luxury car market, notably the Mercedes-Benz SL-Class. Grand touring car design evolved from vintage and pre-World War II fast touring cars, italy developed the first gran turismo cars. The small, light-weight and aerodynamic coupé, named the Berlinetta, independent carrozzeria provided light and flexible fabric coachwork for powerful short-wheelbase fast-touring chassis by manufacturers such as Alfa Romeo. Later, Carrozzeria Touring of Milan would pioneer sophisticated Superleggera aluminium bodywork, the additional comfort of an enclosed cabin was beneficial for the Mille Miglia road-race held in Italys often wintry north. An improved and supercharged version, the 6C1750 GTC Gran Turismo Compressore, from the basic Fiat 508 Balilla touring chassis came the SIATA and Fiat aerodynamic gran turismo-style Berlinetta Mille Miglias of 1933 and 1935. The first recognised motor race for gran turismo cars was the 1949 Coppa Inter-Europa held at Monza, however, the Fiat based 1100 cc four-cylinder Cisitaila was no match on the race track for Ferraris new hand-built 2000 cc V12, and Ferrari dominated, taking the first three places. An 1100 cc class was created, but not in time to save Cisitalias business fortunes—the companys bankrupt owner Piero Dusio had already decamped to Argentina. The Maserati A61500 won the 1500 cc class at the 1949 Coppa-Europa and it was driven by Franco Bordoni, former fighter ace of the Regia Aeronautica who had debuted as a pilota da corsa at the 1949 Mille Miglia. The body of the A61500 was an elegant two-door fast-back coupe body, the first car constructed in Ferraris name, the V12125 S, also a racing sports car, debuted in 1947 at the Piacenza racing circuit. The Ferrari 166 Inter S coupé model won the 1949 Coppa Inter-Europa, regulations stipulated body form and dimensions but did not at this time specify a minimum production quantity. The car was driven by Bruno Sterzi, and is recognized as the first Ferrari gran turismo, Ferraris response for the new Gran Tursimo championship was the road/race Ferrari 212. All versions came with the standard Ferrari five-speed non-synchromesh gearbox and hydraulic drum brakes, all 1951 Ferraris shared a double tube frame chassis design evolved from the 166. Double-wishbone front suspension with leaf spring, and live rear axle with semi-elliptic leaf springs. Even more impressive than the new Ferrari in 1951 was the debut of Lancias Aurelia B20 GT. Lancia had begun production in 1950 of their technically advanced Aurelia sedan, at the 1951 Turin Motor Show, the Pinin Farina-bodied Gran Tursimo B20 Coupé version was unveiled to an enthusiastic motoring public. In the B20 are elements of the Cistalia of 1947, coupés which Pinin undertook on a 6C Alfa Romeo and Maserati in 1948, in addition the B20 had a shorter wheelbase and a higher rear axle ratio, making it a 100 mph car
Grand tourer
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Porsche 911, a GT model built since 1964 (showing model
991, the 7th generation of the 911)
Grand tourer
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A classic Gran Turismo, the 1962
Ferrari 250 GTO
Grand tourer
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1953
Bentley Continental grand tourer
Grand tourer
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Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG
12.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
James Bond
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Ian Fleming 's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the
Daily Express comic strip artists.
James Bond
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Hoagy Carmichael —Fleming's view of James Bond
James Bond
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Goldeneye, in Jamaica, where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels
James Bond
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John McLusky's rendition of James Bond.
13.
Aston Martin DB5
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The Aston Martin DB5 is a British luxury grand tourer that was made by Aston Martin and designed by the Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. Released in 1963, it was an evolution of the series of DB4. The DB series was named honouring Sir David Brown, although not the first in the DB series, the DB5 is famous for being the most recognised cinematic James Bond car, first appearing in the James Bond film Goldfinger. The principal differences between the DB4 Series V and the DB5 are the engine, enlarged from 3.7 L to 4.0 L, a new robust ZF five-speed transmission. All models have two doors and are of a 2+2 configuration, like the DB4, the DB5 used a live rear axle At the beginning, the original four-speed manual was standard fitment, but it was soon dropped in favour of the ZF five-speed. A three-speed Borg-Warner DG automatic transmission was available as well, the automatic option was then changed to the Borg-Warner Model 8 shortly before the DB6 replaced the DB5. Only 65 DB5 Vantage coupés were built, just 123 convertible DB5s were produced, though they did not use the typical Volante name until 1965. The convertible model was offered from 1963 through to 1965, originally only 19 of the 123 DB5 Convertibles made were left-hand drive. 12 cars were fitted with a factory Vantage engine. A rare factory option was a removable hard top. From October 1965 to October 1966, Aston Martin used the last 37 of the Aston Martin DB5 chassis to make another convertible model and these 37 cars were known as Short Chassis Volantes and were the first Aston Martins to hold the Volante name. Although calling it a Short Chassis is a bit of a misnomer as the short comes from comparing it to the subsequent DB6, the taillights used were Triumph units, and were also adopted for the succeeding DB6. Although Ian Fleming had placed Bond in a DB Mark III in the novel, the car used in the film was the original DB5 prototype, with another standard car used for stunts. To promote the film, the two DB5s were showcased at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair, and it was dubbed the most famous car in the world, and subsequently sales of the car rose. In January 2006, one of these was auctioned in Arizona, a car, mainly used for promoting the movie, is now located in the Louwman Museum, Netherlands. The first DB5 prototype used in Goldfinger with the chassis number DP/216/1 was later stripped of its weaponry and gadgetry by Aston Martin and it was then retrofitted by subsequent owners with nonoriginal weaponry. The Chassis DP/216/1 DB5 was stolen in 1997 from its last owner in Florida and is still missing. Within the universe of James Bond, the car was used again in the following film, Thunderball
Aston Martin DB5
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Aston Martin DB5
Aston Martin DB5
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Rear view of DB5
Aston Martin DB5
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An Aston Martin DB5 engine
Aston Martin DB5
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Aston Martin DB5 Vantage
14.
Goldfinger (film)
–
Goldfinger is a British spy film, the third in the James Bond series and the third to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is based on the novel of the name by Ian Fleming. The film also stars Honor Blackman as Bond girl Pussy Galore and Gert Fröbe as the title character Auric Goldfinger, Goldfinger was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman and was the first of four Bond films directed by Guy Hamilton. The films plot has Bond investigating gold smuggling by gold magnate Auric Goldfinger, Goldfinger was the first Bond blockbuster, with a budget equal to that of the two preceding films combined. Principal photography took place from January to July 1964 in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, the release of the film led to a number of promotional licensed tie-in items, including a toy Aston Martin DB5 car from Corgi Toys which became the biggest selling toy of 1964. The promotion also included an image of gold-painted Shirley Eaton as Jill Masterson on the cover of Life, Goldfinger was the first Bond film to win an Academy Award and opened to largely favourable critical reception. The film was a success, recouping its budget in two weeks, and is hailed as the Bond canons quintessential episode. After destroying a drug laboratory in Latin America, James Bond—Agent 007—travels to Miami Beach to receive instructions from his superior, M and he is to observe bullion dealer Auric Goldfinger at the hotel there. Bond sees Goldfinger cheating at gin rummy and stops him by distracting his employee, Jill Masterson, after Bond and Jill consummate their new relationship, Bond is knocked out by Goldfingers Korean manservant, the hulking giant Oddjob. When Bond awakens, he finds Jill dead, covered in gold paint, in London, Bond learns his objective is determining how Goldfinger smuggles gold internationally. The chancellor of the exchequer and M explain that prices vary across the world. Bond arranges to meet Goldfinger socially at his club in Kent. Bond follows him to Switzerland, where Tilly, Jills sister, Bond sneaks into Goldfingers plant and discovers Goldfinger smuggles gold by melting it down and incorporating it into the bodywork of his car, which he takes with him whenever he travels. Bond also overhears Goldfinger talking to Chinese agent Mr. Ling about Operation Grand Slam, leaving, Bond encounters Tilly as she tries to kill Goldfinger again, but trips an alarm in the process, Oddjob kills Tilly with his hat. Captured, Bond is tied to a cutting table underneath an industrial laser, Bond lies to Goldfinger that MI6 knows about Grand Slam, causing Goldfinger to spare Bonds life to mislead MI6 into believing Bond has things in hand. Bond is transported by Goldfingers private jet, piloted by Pussy Galore, to his farm near Fort Knox. Bond escapes and witnesses Goldfingers meeting with US mafiosi, who have brought the materials he needs for Operation Grand Slam. Although they are each promised $1 million, Goldfinger tempts them that they could have the million today, or $10 million tomorrow and he then kills them using some of the neurotoxin he plans to release over Fort Knox
Goldfinger (film)
–
British cinema poster for Goldfinger, designed by
Robert Brownjohn
Goldfinger (film)
–
Two
Aston Martin DB5s were built for production, one of which had no gadgets.
Goldfinger (film)
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Shirley Eaton as the murdered Jill Masterson—"one of the most enduring images in cinematic history".
Goldfinger (film)
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1964 Aston Martin DB5, produced by Corgi Toys as a tie-in to the film
15.
Culture of the United Kingdom
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The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture. British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, comedy, media, television, philosophy, architecture, the United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, producing world-leading scientists and inventions. Sport is an important part of British culture, numerous sports originated in the country, the UK has been described as a cultural superpower, and London has been described as a world cultural capital. The Industrial Revolution, which started in the UK, had an effect on the socio-economic. These states are collectively known as the Anglosphere, and are among Britains closest allies. In turn the empire also influenced British culture, particularly British cuisine, the cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness. First spoken in early medieval England, the English language is the de facto language of the UK. Individual countries within the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their indigenous languages, Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. There is also a campaign under way to recognise Scots as a language in Scotland, the Cornish language enjoys neither official recognition nor promotion by the state in Cornwall. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the UK Government has committed to the promotion of linguistic traditions. The United Kingdom has ratified the charter for, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Scots, Cornish, British Sign Language is also a recognised language. Owing to its history, dialects and regional accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom. Some cities in close proximity have a different dialect and accent, such as Scousers from Liverpool, notable Scouse speakers include John Lennon and Paul McCartney from The Beatles while Mancunians include Liam and Noel Gallagher from Oasis. Received Pronunciation is the accent of standard English in the UK, brummie is the dialect of natives of Birmingham in the west midlands of England – notable Brummies include rock musicians Ozzy Osbourne, Jeff Lynne, and Rob Halford. Geordie is the dialect of people from Tyneside in northeast England – musicians Brian Johnson, Mark Knopfler, notable exponents of the Scottish accent include Sean Connery, comedian Billy Connolly, and The Proclaimers. The West Country accent from southwest England is identified in film as pirate speech – cartoon-like Ooh arr, talk is very similar, while famous pirates hailed from this region, including Blackbeard, West Country native Robert Newtons performance as Long John Silver in films standardised the pirate voice. The Northern Irish accent includes golfer Rory McIlroy and actor Liam Neeson, the early 18th century is known as the Augustan Age of English literature. From the late 18th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance 200 years earlier, in Scotland the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in Scots literature, and the Weaver Poets of Ulster were influenced by literature from Scotland
Culture of the United Kingdom
–
The Proms is a nine-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts, culminating with a final night of traditional
patriotic music
Culture of the United Kingdom
–
A
street party at a primary school in Lancashire, England, on the occasion of the
wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton
Culture of the United Kingdom
–
The manuscript of the
Anglo Saxon,
Old English, heroic epic poem
Beowulf is located in the British Library
16.
Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)
–
Royal warrants of appointment have been issued for centuries to those who supply goods or services to a royal court or certain royal personages. The warrant enables the supplier to advertise the fact that they supply to the royal family, in the United Kingdom, grants are currently made by the three most senior members of the British Royal Family to companies or tradesmen who supply goods and services to individuals in the family. Suppliers continue to charge for their goods and services – a warrant does not imply that they provide goods, the warrant is typically advertised on company hoardings, letter-heads and products by displaying the coat of arms or the heraldic badge of the royal personage as appropriate. Underneath the coat of arms usually appear the phrase By Appointment to. Followed by the title and name of the customer. No other details of what is supplied may be given, the earliest recorded British royal charter was granted to the Weavers’ Company in 1155 by Henry II of England. Food and drinks suppliers have always been some of the most important warrant holders to the palace, one of the first monarchs to grant a warrant was King George IV, who turned Buckingham Palace into his residence. Warrants are currently granted for the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, Warrants issued by the Queen Mother automatically expired in 2007, five years after her death. Royal Warrants are only awarded to tradesmen, such as carpenters, engravers, cabinet makers, dry-cleaners, some are well-known companies, many are not. The professions, employment agencies, party planners, the media, government departments, some 850 individuals and companies, including a few non-UK companies, hold more than 1,100 warrants to the British Royal Family. The Royal Warrant signifies there is a satisfactory trade relation in place between the grantor and the company, within the company, there is a nominated person called the grantee. That person is in all respects responsible for all aspects of the Royal Warrant and it takes at least five years of supplying goods or services to the member of the Royal Family before a company is eligible to have its application considered for recommendation. That application is presented to the Royal Household and goes to the buyer who makes its recommendation for inclusion. It then goes in front of the Royal Household Warrants Committee, which is chaired by the Lord Chamberlain and it then goes to the grantor, who personally signs it. The grantor is empowered to reverse the Committees decision, and therefore the decision to accept or withhold a grant is a very personal one. Some Royal Warrants have been held for more than a hundred years, goods need not be for the use of the grantor. For example, cigarettes were only bought for the use of guests of the Royal Family, most Warrant holders are members of the Royal Warrant Holders Association, which liaises closely with the palace. Its secretary, Richard Peck, is a submarine commander
Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)
–
Royal Warrant awarded by
Queen Elizabeth II to
Jenners, a department store in
Edinburgh
Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)
–
Coat of Arms of
Queen Elizabeth II as issued in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)
–
The Royal Warrant Holders Association, in Buckingham Place, London (2011)
17.
Prince of Wales
–
Prince of Wales was a title granted to princes born in Wales from the 12th century onwards, the term replaced the use of the word king. Since the 13th century, the title is granted to the apparent to the English or British monarch. The title is granted to the heir apparent as a personal honour or dignity. The title Earl of Chester is always given in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales, the Prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours. The wife of the Prince of Wales is entitled to the title Princess of Wales, Prince Charless first wife, Diana, used that title but his second wife, Camilla, uses only the title Duchess of Cornwall because the other title has become so popularly associated with Diana. The Prince of Wales is the heir apparent of the monarch of the United Kingdom, no formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to him by law or custom, either as heir apparent or as Prince of Wales. He has also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state, for most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller states. Before the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any time was generally known as King of the Britons. In the 12th and 13th centuries, this evolved into Prince of Wales. In Latin, the new title was Princeps Walliae, and in Welsh it was Tywysog Cymru, the literal translation of Tywysog is leader. Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown, the first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh around 1165 after earlier using rex Waliae. In 1240, the title was inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn. Instead he styled himself as Prince of Wales around 1244, the first Welsh prince to do so, in 1246, his nephew Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd, and used the style as early as 1258. In 1267, with the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery, three Welshmen, however, claimed the title of Prince of Wales after 1283. The first was Madog ap Llywelyn, a member of the house of Gwynedd and his revolt was suppressed, however, after the Battle of Maes Moydog in March 1295, and the prince was imprisoned in London. It is Owain Glyndŵr, however, whom many Welsh people regard as being the last native Prince, on 16 September 1400, he was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters, and held parliaments at Harlech Castle and elsewhere during his revolt, which encompassed all of Wales. It was not until 1409 that his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was suppressed by Henry IV. However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English
Prince of Wales
–
Incumbent
HRH The Prince Charles since 26 July 1958
Prince of Wales
–
Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales
–
Edward of Caernarfon
Prince of Wales
–
Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince
18.
Warwickshire
–
Warwickshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton, the county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks, the county is divided into five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton and Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon. The current county boundaries were set in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, the historic county boundaries also included Coventry and Solihull, as well as much of Birmingham. The northern tip of the county is only 3 miles from the Derbyshire border, an average-sized English county covering an area of almost 2,000 km2, it runs some 60 miles north to south. Equivalently it extends as far north as Shrewsbury in Shropshire and as far south as Banbury in north Oxfordshire, the majority of Warwickshires population live in the north and centre of the county. The market towns of northern and eastern Warwickshire were industrialised in the 19th century, and include Atherstone, Bedworth, Nuneaton, of these, Atherstone has retained most of its original character. Major industries included coal mining, textiles, engineering and cement production, of the northern and eastern towns, only Nuneaton and Rugby are well-known outside of Warwickshire. The south of the county is rural and sparsely populated. The only town in the south of Warwickshire is Shipston-on-Stour, the highest point in the county, at 261 m, is Ebrington Hill, again on the border with Gloucestershire, grid reference SP187426 at the countys southwest extremity. There are no cities in Warwickshire since both Coventry and Birmingham were incorporated into the West Midlands county in 1974 and are now metropolitan authorities in themselves, the largest towns in Warwickshire in 2011 were, Nuneaton, Rugby, Leamington Spa, Bedworth, Warwick, Stratford and Kenilworth. Much of western Warwickshire, including that area now forming part of Coventry, Solihull, thus the names of a number of places in the central-western part of Warwickshire end with the phrase -in-Arden, such as Henley-in-Arden, Hampton-in-Arden and Tanworth-in-Arden. The remaining area, not part of the forest, was called the Felden – from fielden, areas historically part of Warwickshire include Coventry, Solihull, Sutton Coldfield, Erdington, and some of Birmingham including Aston and Edgbaston. These became part of the county of West Midlands following local government re-organisation in 1974. Some organisations, such as Warwickshire County Cricket Club, which is based in Edgbaston, in Birmingham, Coventry is effectively in the centre of the Warwickshire area, and still has strong ties with the county. Coventry and Warwickshire are sometimes treated as an area and share a single Chamber of Commerce. Coventry has been a part of Warwickshire for only some of its history, in 1451 Coventry was separated from Warwickshire and made a county corporate in its own right, called the County of the City of Coventry. In 1842 the county of Coventry was abolished and Coventry was remerged with Warwickshire, in recent times, there have been calls to formally re-introduce Coventry into Warwickshire, although nothing has yet come of this
Warwickshire
–
Stratford-upon-Avon
Warwickshire
–
Flag of Warwickshire
Warwickshire
–
Kenilworth Castle
Warwickshire
–
The WCML at Rugby
19.
V Bomber
–
The strategic bombers, whose names all started with the letter V and which were known collectively as the V-class, were the Vickers Valiant, Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor. The V-Bomber force reached its peak in June 1964, with 50 Valiants,70 Vulcans and 39 Victors in service, for long-range operations, aerial refueling tanker variants of each were developed. When it became clear that Soviet surface-to-air missiles could successfully bring down high flying aircraft, as a result, the Valiants were removed from service after problems with fatigue in their wings became apparent, a planned low-level variant of the Valiant did not progress beyond the prototype. The Valiants had been used during the Suez Crisis as conventional bombers, Victors had been deployed to the Malay Archipelago as a deterrent during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation but were not used in missions. Usage of all V bombers as weapons platforms, nuclear or conventional, RAF Bomber Command ended the Second World War with a policy of using heavy four-piston-engined bombers for massed raids and remained committed to this policy in the immediate post-war period. The RAF adopted the Avro Lincoln, a version of the Lancaster. In November 1944, the UK Chiefs of Staff had requested a report from Sir Henry Tizard on potential future means of warfare. Reporting without knowledge of the Allied effort to produce an atomic bomb and it foresaw the devastating effects of atomic weapons and envisaged high-flying jet bombers cruising at 500 mph at 40,000 ft. It was thought that potential aggressors may be deterred by the knowledge that Britain would retaliate with atomic weapons if attacked, massed bombers were unnecessary if a single bomber could destroy an entire city or military installation with a nuclear weapon. It would have to be a bomber, since the first generation of nuclear weapons were big. Such a large and advanced bomber would be expensive on a unit basis, the arrival of the Cold War also emphasised to British military planners the need to modernise UK forces. S. The RAFs then-current jet bomber the English Electric Canberra, introduced in May 1951 and designed during the war and this request went to most of the United Kingdoms major aircraft manufacturers. A third design was put forward by Shorts, based on the work of Geoffrey T. R. Hill, work on the Victor began in November 1947 and the Vulcan in January 1948. In August 1947 Short Brothers received a contract for the Short Sperrin SA.4 based on the earlier less-stringent Specification B. 14/46, the Sperrin was cancelled in late 1949, but work on the three V bombers continued. While more expensive than the American approach of building one bomber design per category, the three V-bombers were so called because of being given names starting with the letter V. During World War II, Churchill had popularized the V-sign as a symbol for victory over the axis powers, the Valiant went into production as the first V-bomber in 1955. 83, at RAF Waddington in May 1957, the American weapons supplied under Project E were not available for the RAF to use as part of the UKs national nuclear deterrent, only British-owned weapons could be used for that purpose. Although often referred-to as part of the V-force, the Valiants were actually assigned to SACEUR as part of the TBF, although remaining nominally part of Bomber Command
V Bomber
–
Vickers Valiant
V Bomber
–
Avro Vulcan
V Bomber
–
Handley Page Victor
20.
Vulcan Bomber
–
The Avro Vulcan is a jet-powered tailless delta wing high-altitude strategic bomber, which was operated by the Royal Air Force from 1956 until 1984. Roe and Company designed the Vulcan in response to Specification B. 35/46, of the three V bombers produced, the Vulcan was considered the most technically advanced and hence the riskiest option. Several scale aircraft, designated Avro 707, were produced to test, the Vulcan B.1 was first delivered to the RAF in 1956, deliveries of the improved Vulcan B.2 started in 1960. The B.2 featured more powerful engines, a larger wing, as a part of the V-force, the Vulcan was the backbone of the United Kingdoms airborne nuclear deterrent during much of the Cold War. The Vulcan had no defensive weaponry, initially relying upon high-speed high-altitude flight to evade interception, Electronic countermeasures were employed by the B.1 and B.2 from circa 1960. A change to low-level tactics was made in the mid-1960s, in the mid-1970s nine Vulcans were adapted for maritime radar reconnaissance operations, redesignated as B.2. In the final years of service six Vulcans were converted to the K.2 tanker configuration for aerial refuelling, B.2 XH558 flew for the last time in October 2015, before also being kept in taxiable condition at Robin Hood Airport, Doncaster. The origin of the Vulcan and the other V bombers is linked with early British atomic weapon programme, Britains atom bomb programme began with Air Staff Operational Requirement OR.1001 issued in August 1946. This anticipated a government decision in January 1947 to authorise research and development work on atomic weapons, atomic Energy Act of 1946 having prohibited exporting atomic knowledge, even to countries that had collaborated on the Manhattan Project. OR.1001 envisaged a weapon not to exceed 24 ft 2 in in length,5 ft in diameter and 10,000 lb in weight, the weapon had to be suitable for release from 20,000 ft to 50,000 ft. A cruising speed of 500 knots at heights between 35,000 ft and 50,000 ft was specified, the maximum weight when fully loaded ought not to exceed 100,000 lb. In addition to a bomb, the aircraft was to be capable of alternatively carrying a conventional bomb load of 20,000 lb. The similar OR.230 required a long range bomber with a 2,000 nautical miles radius of action with a weight of 200,000 lb when fully loaded. A total of six companies submitted technical brochures to this specification, the team estimated that an otherwise conventional aircraft, with a swept wing of 45°, would have doubled the weight requirement. Though Alexander Lippisch is generally credited as the pioneer of the delta wing, the initial design submission had four large turbojets stacked in pairs buried in the wing either side of the centreline. Outboard of the engines were two bomb-bays, in August 1947, Chadwick was killed in the crash of the Avro Tudor 2 prototype and was succeeded by Sir William Farren. The wingtip fins gave way to a single fin on the aircrafts centreline, rival manufacturer Handley Page received a prototype contract for its crescent-winged HP.80 B. 35/46 tender in November 1947. Though considered the best option, contract placement for Avros design was delayed whilst its technical strength was established, instructions to proceed with the construction of two Avro 698 prototypes was received in January 1948
Vulcan Bomber
–
Vulcan
Vulcan Bomber
–
Vulcans in
anti-flash white in 1957
Vulcan Bomber
–
The prototype Vulcans (VX777 front, VX770 rear) with four
Avro 707s at the
Farnborough Air Show in September 1953
Vulcan Bomber
–
Comparison of Vulcan wing designs
21.
Singer (car)
–
Singer Motors Limited was a British motor vehicle manufacturing business, originally a bicycle manufacturer founded as Singer & Co by George Singer, in 1874 in Coventry, England. Singer & Cos bicycle manufacture continued, from 1901 George Singers Singer Motor Co made cars and commercial vehicles. Singer Motor Co was the first motor manufacturer to make an economy car that was a replica of a large car. It was much more sturdily built than otherwise similar cyclecars, with its four-cylinder ten horsepower engine the Singer Ten was launched at the 1912 Cycle and Motor Cycle Show at Olympia. William Rootes, Singer apprentice at the time of its development and consummate car-salesman, contracted to buy 50, ultimately Singers business was acquired by his Rootes Group in 1956, which continued the brand until 1970, a few years following Rootes acquisition by the American Chrysler corporation. George Singer began his business in Coventry in 1874. George Singer began manufacturing motorised three-wheelers in 1901, followed by motorwheels which were fitted to bicycles, Singer developed a 222 cc four-stroke single using an engine design bought from former Beeston employees Edwin Perks and Frank Birch. A unique feature of the Perks-Birch design was that the engine, fuel tank, carburettor and it was probably the first motor bicycle to be provided with magneto ignition. The design was used by Singer & Co in the rear wheel, in 1904 he developed a range of more conventional motorcycles which included 346 cc two strokes and, from 1911, side-valve models of 299 cc and 535 cc. In 1913 Singer & Co offered an open-frame ladies model, Singer & Co stopped building motorcycles at the outbreak of the First World War. Motorcycle racing In 1909 Singer & Co built a series of racers and roadsters and entered several bikes in races, including the Isle of Man Senior TT in 1914. George E. Stanley broke the record at Brooklands race track on a Singer motorcycle in 1912. Singer made their first four-wheel car in 1905 and it was designed by Scottish engineer Alexander Craig and was a variant of a design he had done for Lea-Francis having a 2-cylinder 1853 or 2471 cc engine. The first Singer-designed car was the 4-cylinder 2. 4-litre 12/14 of 1906, the engine was bought in from Aster. For 1907 the Lea-Francis design was dropped and a range of two-, three- and four-cylinder models using White, the Aster engined models were dropped in 1909 and a new range of larger cars introduced. All cars were now White and Poppe powered, in 1911 the first big seller appeared with the four-cylinder 1100 cc Ten with Singers own engine. The use of their own power plants spread through the range until by the outbreak of the First World War all models except the low-volume 3. 3-litre 20 hp were so equipped. Lionel Martin made his first ascent of Aston Hill in that competition in a tuned Singer 10 car,4 April 1914
Singer (car)
–
Singer bicycle with motorwheel
Singer (car)
–
Singer Motors Limited
Singer (car)
–
Singer motorcycle
Singer (car)
–
Part of Singer & Company Directors' Report, 31 July 1917. The chairman then was Arthur Edward Jagger (1851–1920), other directors were William Edward Bullock (1877–1968) and Arthur Charles Bourner (1860–1933) who was a partner of the largest chartered accountancy firm of the Potteries.
22.
GWK (car)
–
The GWK was a British car made in Maidenhead, Berkshire, between 1911 and 1931. It got its name from its founders, Arthur Grice, J Talfourd Wood, the cars were unusual in using a friction drive system. The prototype was made in a stable in Beckenham, Kent, the drive system involved the engine, which was mounted across the chassis, turning a disc on which a wheel could be moved from the periphery to the centre. Top speed was with the driven wheel furthest from the centre, a few examples were sold before the company moved to Datchet, Buckinghamshire in 1912. Proper production now started using a water-cooled, Coventry-Simplex twin-cylinder engine of 1045 cc and 1069 two-seat cars were made before the outbreak of World War 1. A move was made to the larger Cordwallis Works in Maidenhead in 1914. During the war the company was run by Grice as his partners were in the army, Grice left the company in 1920 to start the unsuccessful Unit car company leaving Wood and Keiller in charge. They re-introduced the pre-war model, now called the Type E, a new model, the Type F was introduced in 1919 and was front-engined with a 1368 cc four-cylinder engine, still by Coventry-Simplex, with shaft drive to the friction disc at the rear. It was not a good seller partly because of the noise from the transmission, the Type H overcame most of the drive line problems but suffered from the reputation of its predecessor. About 1700 of the Types F and H were made between 1919 and 1926, the company had not given up on the rear-engined idea and a new car, the Type J, appeared in 1922 but only a few were sold. It had a bonnet and radiator very similar to the front-engined cars, the final car, the type G of 1930 was also rear-engined, with the engine behind the rear axle, only a few were made. GWKs greatest days were before World War 1 and after 1918 financial success eluded them and they went into temporary liquidation in 1922 and Wood and Keiller left but Grice returned in 1923. No cars seem to have been made between 1926 and 1930 and very few of the Type G were produced, the company finally closed in 1931 with the Cordwallis factory being used by Streamline Cars Ltd and later Marendaz. GWK also sold an imported Belgian Imperia car between 1924 and 1928 as the British Imperia, there were plans to build the Imperia at Maidenhead but these came to nothing. List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
GWK (car)
–
1914 GWK Type B
GWK (car)
–
GWK 1921
23.
Calthorpe cars
–
The Calthorpe Motor Company based in Bordesley Green, Birmingham, England made a range of cars, motorcycles and bicycles from 1904 to 1932. The company started out in the 1890s as a Birmingham bicycle maker called Hands and this was renamed the Bard Cycle Manufacturing Company in 1897 changing to the Minstrel Cycle Company in 1901. In 1904, the first motor car, a 10 hp four-cylinder model, was announced and they briefly made some larger types, but it was in the light car field that they specialised, using proprietary White and Poppe engines. The cars were raced in France in the Coupe de lAuto series. A small car was announced in 1913 for the 1914 season with the 10 hp Minor, after the war the large cars were dropped, but the Minor re-appeared with a slightly larger engine of 1261 cc. In 1920 a Mr J Mathews was in charge of production, the cars continued to have excellent coachwork made by the Calthorpe subsidiary company of Mulliner, who had an adjacent factory. Sporting activity continued with Woolf Barnato, amongst others, racing at Brooklands, George Hands briefly left the company in 1922 to set up his own Hands make of cars in the Calthorpe motorcycle factory in Barn Street, Birmingham but returned in 1924. Whilst away he developed the six-cylinder overhead-camshaft engine that was fitted for a time to the 12/20. The Hands cars seem to have used Dorman engines, the days of the high-quality light car were coming to an end by the late 1920s, and sales of the fairly expensive Calthorpe were declining. A receiver had to be appointed in 1924, and the Bordesley Green factory closed, a final fling with the 1925 15/45 six-cylinder 2-litre car was really too late, and sales of the remaining stocks of cars had virtually ceased by 1928. About 5,000 cars were made in the post-war period, fewer than ten cars are thought to have survived. The Minstrel Cycle Company became the Minstrel & Rea Cycle Company in 1905, the company name changed again to the Calthorpe Motor Cycle Company, and production continued until 1938. In the late 1920s, the company launched a new range under the sub-brand of Ivory Calthorpe, using a self-produced single-cylinder sloper-design engine, the engine was similar in proportions and output to contemporary BSA units. The ohv twin-port 348cc launch unit was fitted into a duplex frame. The engine breathed through an AMAL carb, and used a BTH magneto mounted to the rear of the cylinder, by 1935 there was a 498cc option, but top speeds were similar at around 70 miles per hour. The design was sit-in as opposed to traditional bicycle sit-on design, with a marketing unit by no sales team, the motorcycles were exclusively sold by London-based dealer Pride & Clark in Stockwell Road, Brixton. P&C stated that the units should be sold at £52 and £54 respectively - a relatively high pricing for the time, when the receiver sold the works in 1939, Bruce Douglas, the nephew of the founder of Douglas, bought the Calthorpe equipment and moved it to Bristol. He built new models powered by 347cc and 497cc Matchless engines, production did not recommence after the end of the war, and the equipment was sold to DMW
Calthorpe cars
–
Calthorpe 500 cc M4 Ivory 1936
24.
Aston Clinton
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Aston Clinton is a village and civil parish close to the main A41 road in Buckinghamshire, England between Tring and Aylesbury. The parish covers 3,809 acres and is about 4 miles east of Aylesbury, the village is at the foot of the chalk escarpment of the Chiltern Hills at the junction of the pre-historic track the Icknield Way with Akeman Street Roman road. It is bisected both at the end of the parish by the Aylesbury Arm and in the centre of the parish by the Wendover Arm of the Grand Union Canal. It is believed that the village started at the crossing of two Roman roads, Akeman Street and Icknield Way, both of which are main roads in the village. After the fall of the Roman Empire, it became a Saxon settlement, before the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the settlement was held by Wlwen probably under patronage of King Edward the Confessor. The village is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 where in Old English it was called Estone, the manor, later to be known as Aston Clinton, was for a short period after 1100 under the control of Edward de Salisbury, who was King Henry Is standard-bearer. In 1217 King Henry III gave it to Sir William de Farendon, however, by 1237 the manor was owned by the de Clinton family, hence the name at that time of Aston de Clinton. William de Clinton separated out from Aston Clinton a new manor called Chivery as a dowry for his daughter Alice, sometime after 1239, King Edward I granted the estates to the Montacutes, who were the ancestors of the Earls of Salisbury. Their descendant the Countess of Salisbury was beheaded by King Henry VIII in 1541, successive families owned the manor, passing by marriage from the Hastings to the Barringtons, Gerards, and then to Lord Lake of Aston Clinton later to become Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake. Composer and lutenist Daniel Bacheler was born in the village in 1572, on 22 September 1934, a twin-engined biplane named Youth of New Zealand of Sir Alan Cobhams National Aviation Displays, crashed into a field near the canal at Aston Clinton. The Youth of New Zealand had just departed from Heston Aerodrome after being refuelled when it crashed, the probable cause was the failure of a bolt through metal fatigue. The modern parish of Aston Clinton was created in 1934, dundridge manor became part of the ecclesiastical parish of St Leonards which has itself since 1934 become part of the parish of Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards. Michael and All Angels parish church dates from the 13th and 14th centuries, the Aston Clinton A41 Bypass opened on 3 October 2003. The car manufacturer Aston Martin took one part of its name from the village combining it with that of its co-founder Lionel Martin and it had great success in the Aston Clinton Hillclimb competition up nearby Aston Hill. A plaque now marks the site, in the centre of the village is the Anthony Hall, a concert hall which was donated to the village by the widow of Anthony Nathan de Rothschild. Aston Clinton School is a school that takes pupils between the ages of 4 and 11. The school has approximately 275 pupils, the school badge includes the five arrows from the Rothschild coat of arms, because the family built the first schools in the village. The TV programme Hotel Babylon was filmed in Aston Clinton, rock band Marillion were originally formed in the village in 1979 as Silmarillion
Aston Clinton
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Aston Clinton from the church tower
Aston Clinton
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The Old School
25.
Coventry-Simplex
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Coventry Climax was a British forklift truck, fire pump, racing, and other speciality engine manufacturer. An early user was GWK, who produced over 1,000 light cars with Coventry-Simplex two-cylinder engines between 1911 and 1915, just before World War I a Coventry-Simplex engine was used by Lionel Martin to power the first Aston Martin car. Ernest Shackleton selected Coventry-Simplex to power the tractors that were to be used in his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914, hundreds of Coventry-Simplex engines were manufactured during World War I to be used in generating sets for searchlights. In 1917 the company was renamed Coventry Climax and moved to East Street, in the 1920s the company moved to Friars Road, Coventry and in the late 1930s they also acquired the former Riley premises on Widdrington Road, Coventry. In the early 1930s the company supplied engines for buses. With the closure of Swift in 1931, the company was left with a stock of engines that were converted to electric generators. Going into the war, Coventry Climax used their marine diesel experience to further develop and this has been fitted as an auxiliary engine in the British Chieftain and Challenger battle tanks and Rapier anti-aircraft missile systems. In the late 1940s, the company shifted away from engines and into other markets, including marine diesels, fire pumps. In 1946, the ET199 was announced, which the company claimed was the first British-produced forklift truck, the ET199 was designed to carry a 4,000 lb load with a 24-inch load centre, and with a 9 ft lift height. This was designated the FW, for Feather Weight, the engine was displayed at the Motor Show in London and attracted attention from the motor racing fraternity for its very high horsepower per pound of weight. The FWA became popular in racing and was followed by the Mark II. The new Formula Two regulations suited the 1. 5-litre engine, the following year, the first Climax engines began to appear in Formula One in the back of Cooper chassis. Initially, these were FWBs but the FPF engine followed, Stirling Moss scored the companys first Formula One victory, in Argentina in 1958, using a 2-litre version of the engine. At the same time, the company produced the FWE engine for Lotus Elite, there were a total of 22 Grand Prix victories before 1966 with crossplane, flatplane, two- and four-valve versions of the FWMV. This combination was considered radical at the time, especially the syncromesh on all forward gears. The adoption to mass-production was successful, and the project out to the market as the 875cc Hillman Imp totaling over 400,000 units made by 1976 including the later 998cc version. Nonetheless, Coventry Climax remained in Formula One until they were unable to come up with a new engine for the three-litre formula, the company was purchased by Jaguar Cars in 1963, which itself merged with the British Motor Corporation in 1966 to form British Motor Holdings. The citation reads, Awarded to Coventry Climax Engines Ltd. for the design, development, the history of this trophy dates back to 1906
Coventry-Simplex
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Coventry Climax Godiva fire pump in a
Green Goddess
Coventry-Simplex
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Coventry Climax
Coventry-Simplex
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Coventry Climax ET 199 (1949 model)
Coventry-Simplex
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Kieft 1100 at
1954 24 Hours of Le Mans
26.
Isotta-Fraschini
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Isotta Fraschini is an Italian motors brand historically known for the production of cars as well as trucks, and engines for marine and aviation use. The company went bankrupt in 1999, in 2000, a new company was founded, under the name of Isotta Fraschini Milano. Isotta Fraschini currently has offices in Milan and Bari, the firm was named for its founders, Cesare Isotta and Vincenzo Fraschini, as Società Milanese Automobili Isotta, Fraschini & C. on 27 January 1900. The motto was Import, sell, repair cars, prior to establishing their own company in 1904, Isotta and Fraschini assembled Renaults. The first automobile bearing this marque featured an engine with an output of 24 horsepower. The car, driven by Vincenzo Fraschini, appeared in several races, in 1905, Isotta Fraschini gained notoriety in the Coppa Florio, where they entered a Tipo D with a 17. 2-litre 100 horsepower engine. For a short time in 1907, Isotta Fraschini merged with French automobile company Lorraine-Dietrich, the firm started making race cars using this same 100 horsepower engine, establishing the companys reputation and giving its name considerable cachet. It was also one of the first cars with four-wheel brakes and they were also among the early pioneers of overhead cam, with an engine designed by Giustino Cattaneo. Isotta Fraschini introduced their Tipo 8, the first production automobile to be powered by an engine, at the Paris Salon in 1919. With the growth of the middle class in North America in the 1920s. Early film stars Clara Bow and Rudolph Valentino drove Isotta Fraschinis, a 1929 Tipo 8A Castagna Transformable is featured in the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard and another appears in the 1934 film Death Takes a Holiday with Fredric March. An Isotta also makes a appearance in the 1946 film Without Reservations with John Wayne. Also, an Isotta Fraschini was gigolo Lindsay Marriotts car in Raymond Chandlers classic Farewell, My Lovely that was made into a motion picture starring Dick Powell and Claire Trevor. The grille of the Isotta with the lightning bolt insignia is seen parked in a ravine, an oversized Isotta is also the vehicle of choice for Dick and Nicole Diver in F. Scott Fitzgeralds 1933 novel Tender is the Night. Seriously affected by the crisis of the 1930s and by the disruptions of World War II. Only five of the last model, the Monterosa, were produced, the plants were converted to produce marine engines. The company was left on the register and in 1955 it was merged with engine manufacturer Breda Motori. The company started to produce buses again and in 1960s built a new diesel engine factory in Bari
Isotta-Fraschini
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Isotta Fraschini
Isotta-Fraschini
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Vincenzo Trucco won the 1908
Targa Florio with Isotta Fraschini type I.
Isotta-Fraschini
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Isotta-Fraschini AN 20/30 (1909)
Isotta-Fraschini
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Isotta-Fraschini Tipo 8
Sala Phaeton
27.
Kensington
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Kensington is an affluent district within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in West London. Its commercial heart is Kensington High Street, the affluent and densely populated area contains the major museum district of South Kensington, which has the Royal Albert Hall for music and nearby Royal College of Music. The area is home to many of Londons European embassies, the first mention of the area is in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it was written in Latin as Chenesitone, which has been interpreted to have originally been Kenesignetun in Anglo-Saxon. A variation may be Kesyngton, in 1396 and he in turn granted the tenancy of Kensington to his vassal Aubrey de Vere I, who was holding the manor in 1086, according to Domesday Book. The bishops heir, Robert de Mowbray, rebelled against William Rufus, Aubrey de Vere I had his tenure converted to a tenancy in-chief, holding Kensington after 1095 directly of the crown. He granted land and church there to Abingdon Abbey at the deathbed request of his young eldest son, Geoffrey. As the Veres became the earls of Oxford, their estate at Kensington came to be known as Earls Court, while the Abingdon lands were called Abbots Kensington and the church St Mary Abbots. The original Kensington Barracks, built at Kensington Gate in the late 18th century, were demolished in 1858, the focus of the area is Kensington High Street, a busy commercial centre with many shops, typically upmarket. The street was declared Londons second best shopping street in February 2005 thanks to its range, however, since October 2008 the street has faced competition from the Westfield shopping centre in nearby White City. Kensingtons second group of buildings is at South Kensington, where several streets of small to medium-sized shops. This is also the end of Exhibition Road, the thoroughfare that serves the areas museums. To the west, a border is kept along the line of the Counter Creek marked by the West London railway line, in the north east, the large Royal Park of Kensington Gardens is a green buffer. The other main area in Kensington is Holland Park, just north of Kensington High Street. Kensington is, in general, an affluent area, a trait that it now shares with its neighbour to the south. In early 2007, houses sold in Upper Phillimore Gardens for in excess of £20 million, Kensington is also very densely populated, it forms part of the most densely populated local government district in the United Kingdom. This high density is not formed from high-rise buildings, instead, unlike northern extremities of the Borough, Kensington lacks high-rise buildings except for the Holiday Inns London Kensington Forum Hotel in Cromwell Road, which is a 27-storey building. The Olympia exhibition hall is just over the border in West Kensington. Kensington is part of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, the head office of newspaper group DMGT is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, which is the office part of the large Barkers building
Kensington
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Kensington
Kensington
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A picture of Kensington taken by scientist Sir Norman Lockyer in 1909 from a helium balloon. (This is a mirrored image of Kensington)
Kensington
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Kensington Gardens in the summer
Kensington
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Northcliffe House, head office of the
Daily Mail and General Trust
28.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
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Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
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Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
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This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
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Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
29.
Admiralty
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The new Admiralty Board meets only twice a year, and the day-to-day running of the Royal Navy is controlled by a Navy Board. It is common for the authorities now in charge of the Royal Navy to be referred to as simply The Admiralty. The title of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom was vested in the monarch from 1964 to 2011, the title was awarded to Philip, Duke of Edinburgh by Queen Elizabeth II on his 90th birthday. There also continues to be a Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom, the office of Admiral of England was created around 1400 although there had already been Admirals of the Northern and Western Seas. In 1546, King Henry VIII established the Council of the Marine, later to become the Navy Board, operational control of the Royal Navy remained the responsibility of the Lord High Admiral, who was one of the nine Great Officers of State. In 1628, Charles I put the office of Lord High Admiral into commission, the office of Lord High Admiral passed a number of times in and out of commission until 1709 after which the office was almost permanently in commission. In 1831, the first Navy Board was abolished as a separate entity, in 1964, the Admiralty along with the War Office and the Air Ministry as separate departments of state were abolished, and re-emerged under one single new Ministry of Defence. Within the expanded Ministry of Defence are the new Admiralty Board which has a separate Navy Board responsible for the running of the Royal Navy. The Army Board and the Air Force Board, each headed by the Secretary of State for Defence, the Board of Admiralty consisted of a number of Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. The Lords Commissioners were always a mixture of admirals, known as Naval Lords or Sea Lords and Civil Lords, the quorum of the Board was two commissioners and a secretary. The president of the Board was known as the First Lord of the Admiralty, after 1806, the First Lord of the Admiralty was always a civilian while the professional head of the navy came to be known as the First Sea Lord. The first real concerted effort to organise the Admiralty was started by Henry VIII. Between 1860 and 1908 there was no study of strategy and of staff work conducted within the naval service. All the navys talent flowed to the great technical universitys and it was perceived by officials within the Admiralty at this time that the running of war was quite a simple matter for any flag officer who required no formal training. The new War Staff had hardly found its feet and it struggled with the opposition to its existence by senior officers they were categorically opposed to a staff. The deficiencies of the system within this department of state could be seen in the conduct of the Dardanelles campaign, there was no mechanisms in place to answer the big strategic questions in 1914 a Trade Division was created. In 1916, Sir John Jellicoe came to the Admiralty, he organized the staff as following, Chief of War Staff, Operations, Intelligence, Signal Section, Mobilization, Trade. This for the first time gave the naval staff direct representation on the Board, the would direct all operations and movements of the fleet, while the would be responsible for mercantile movements and anti-submarine operations
Admiralty
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Board of admiralty about 1810.
Admiralty
Admiralty
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The Admiralty complex in 1794. The colours indicate departments or residences for the several Lords of the Admiralty. The pale coloured extension behind the small courtyard on the left is Admiralty House.
Admiralty
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Old Admiralty (Ripley Building) in 1760 before addition of the Adam screen
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Roy Salvadori
Carroll Shelby
Maurice Trintignant
Henken Widengren
Paul Frère
Carroll Shelby
Michael Roe
Costas Los
David Brabham
Tomáš Enge
Andrea Piccini
Russian Age Racing
Antonio García
Nelson Piquet Jr.
Pedro Lamy
Stéphane Ortelli
Casper Elgaard
Peter Kox
Heinz-Harald Frentzen
Karl Wendlinger
Harold Primat
Adrián Fernández
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