1.
New Brunswick
–
New Brunswick is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province. In the Canada 2016 Census, Statistics Canada estimated the population to have been 747,101, down very slightly from 751,171 in 2011. The majority of the population is English-speaking of Anglo and Celtic heritage and it was created as a result of the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 and was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in Saint John. The name was replaced with New Brunswick by King George II. The provincial flag features a ship superimposed on a background with a yellow lion passant guardant on red pennon above it. The province is named for the city of Braunschweig, known in English and Low German as Brunswick, located in modern-day Lower Saxony in northern Germany. The then-colony was named in 1784 to honour the reigning British monarch, George III, the original First Nations inhabitants of New Brunswick were members of three distinct tribes. The largest tribe was the Mikmaq, and they occupied the eastern and they were responsible for the Augustine Mound, a burial ground built about 800 BCE near Metepnákiaq. The western portion of the province was the home of the Wolastoqiyik people. The smaller Passamaquoddy tribe occupied lands in the southwest of the province. The next French contact was in 1604, when a party led by Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain set up camp for the winter on St. Croix Island, the colony relocated the following year across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, Nova Scotia. The whole maritime region was at that time claimed by France and was designated as the colony of Acadia, one of the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 was the surrender of Acadia to Queen Anne. The bulk of the Acadian population thus found themselves residing in the new British colony of Nova Scotia, the remainder of Acadia was only lightly populated and poorly defended. The Maliseet from their headquarters at Meductic on the Saint John River, participated in guerilla raids and battles against New England during Father Rales War. About 1750, to protect his interests in New France, Louis XV caused three forts to be built along the Isthmus of Chignecto and this caused what is known to historians as Father Le Loutres War. During the French and Indian War, the British completed their displacement of the Acadians over all of present-day New Brunswick, Fort Beauséjour, Fort Menagoueche and Fort Gaspareaux were captured by a British force commanded by Lt. Col. Robert Monckton in 1755. Inside Fort Beauséjour, the British forces found not only French regular troops, Governor Charles Lawrence of Nova Scotia used the discovery of Acadian civilians helping in the defence of the fort to order the expulsion of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia. The Acadians of the recently captured Beaubassin and Petitcodiac regions were included in the expulsion order, other actions in the war included British expeditions up the Saint John River in the St. John River Campaign
New Brunswick
–
The Coming of the Loyalists, painting by
Henry Sandham showing a romanticised view of the Loyalists' arrival in New Brunswick.
New Brunswick
–
Flag
New Brunswick
–
Current
licence plate.
New Brunswick
–
Acadians celebrating the
Tintamarre and
National Acadian Day in
Caraquet, New Brunswick
2.
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Churchill Falls in Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Flag
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
The Beothuk tribe of Newfoundland is extinct. It is represented in museum, historical and archeological records.
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
L'Anse aux Meadows on Newfoundland, site of a
Norse colony
3.
Nova Scotia
–
Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
Nova Scotia
–
Fort Edward – The oldest
blockhouse in North America (1750).
Nova Scotia
–
Flag
Nova Scotia
–
Sambro Island Lighthouse – oldest lighthouse in
North America (1758)
Nova Scotia
–
Statue of
Joseph Howe,
Province House, created by famed Quebec sculptor
Louis-Philippe Hébert
4.
Prince Edward Island
–
Prince Edward Island is a province of Canada consisting of the island of the same name, as well as several much smaller islands. It is one of the three Maritime Provinces and is the smallest province in land area and population. It is the only jurisdiction of North America outside the Caribbean to have no mainland territory. The backbone of the economy is farming, it produces 25% of Canadas potatoes, historically, PEI is one of Canadas older settlements and demographically still reflects older immigration to the country, with Celtic, Anglo-Saxon and French surnames being dominant to this day. According to the 2011 census, the province of Prince Edward Island has 140,204 residents and it is located about 200 kilometres north of Halifax, Nova Scotia and 600 kilometres east of Quebec City. It consists of the island and 231 minor islands. Altogether, the province has a land area of 5,685.73 km2. The main island is 5,620 km2 in size, slightly larger than the U. S. state of Delaware and it is the 104th-largest island in the world and Canadas 23rd-largest island. The island is named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the son of King George III. Prince Edward has been called Father of the Canadian Crown, Prince Edward Island is located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, west of Cape Breton Island, north of the Nova Scotia peninsula, and east of New Brunswick. Its southern shore bounds the Northumberland Strait, the island has two urban areas. A much smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbour, situated on the southern shore 40 km west of Charlottetown Harbour, as with all natural harbours on the island, Charlottetown and Summerside harbours are created by rias. Rolling hills, woods, reddish white sand beaches, ocean coves, under the Planning Act of the province, municipalities have the option to assume responsibility for land-use planning through the development and adoption of official plans and land use bylaws. Thirty-one municipalities have taken responsibility for planning, in areas where municipalities have not assumed responsibility for planning, the Province remains responsible for development control. The islands lush landscape has a bearing on its economy. The author Lucy Maud Montgomery drew inspiration from the land during the late Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne of Green Gables, today, many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the island are enjoyed by tourists who visit year-round. The smaller, rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province, retain a slower-paced, Prince Edward Island has become popular as a tourist destination for relaxation. The economy of most rural communities on the island is based on small-scale agriculture, industrial farming has increased as businesses buy and consolidate older farm properties
Prince Edward Island
–
1834 Edward Scriven engraving of
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, after W. Beechey's portrait
Prince Edward Island
–
Flag
Prince Edward Island
–
A wooden
boardwalk in
Prince Edward Island National Park in
Greenwich
Prince Edward Island
–
The landward side of sand dunes in
Cavendish
5.
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
"
O Canada we stand on guard for thee" Stained Glass, Yeo Hall,
Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories (1965)
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
Alberta Legislature Building
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
British Columbia Parliament Buildings
Provinces and territories of Canada
–
Manitoba Legislative Building
6.
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean as seen from the western coast of
Portugal
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean, not including
Arctic and
Antarctic regions
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean as seen from
Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Atlantic Ocean
–
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina view of the Atlantic Ocean.
7.
Quebec
–
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
Quebec
–
The arrival of
Samuel de Champlain, the father of
New France, on the site of
Quebec City.
Quebec
–
Flag
Quebec
–
Michel's falls on
Ashuapmushuan River in
Saint-Félicien,
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean.
Quebec
–
View of
Jacques-Cartier River from Andante mountain.
8.
Maritimes
–
The Maritimes, also called the Maritime provinces or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. The Maritimes had a population of 1,813,606 in 2016, the Maritimes, along with a fourth province – Canadas easternmost province, Newfoundland and Labrador – make up Atlantic Canada. Located along the Atlantic coast, various aquatic sub-basins are located in the Maritimes, such as the Gulf of Maine, the region is located northeast of New England, southeast of Quebecs Gaspé Peninsula, and southwest of the island of Newfoundland. All three provinces are entirely south of the southernmost extremity of Western Canada, and are the provinces of Canada without large. The Mikmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy people are indigenous to the Maritimes, while Acadian, the word maritime is an adjective that simply means of the sea, thus any land associated with the sea can be considered a maritime state or province. Nonetheless, the term Maritimes has historically been applied to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The Middle Period, starting 6,000 years ago, and this is also when what is called the Laurentian tradition started among Archaic Indians, existing First Nations peoples of the time. Evidence of Archaic Indian burial mounds and other ceremonial sites existing in the Saint John River valley has been uncovered, the primarily agrarian Maliseet Nation settled throughout the Saint John River and Allagash River valleys of present-day New Brunswick and Maine. The Passamaquoddy Nation inhabited the coastal regions of the present-day Bay of Fundy. The Maritimes were the area in Canada to be settled by Europeans. Both Giovanni Caboto and Giovanni da Verrazzano are reported to have sailed in or near Maritime waters during their voyages of discovery for England, several Portuguese explorers/cartographers have also documented various parts of the Maritimes, namely Diogo Homem. However, it was French explorer Jacques Cartier who made the first detailed reconnaissance of the region for a European power, and in so doing, claimed the region for the King of France. Champlain went on to fame as the founder of New Frances province of Canada which comprises much of the present-day lower St. Lawrence River valley in the province of Quebec. Most Acadian fishing activities were overshadowed by the comparatively enormous seasonal European fishing fleets based out of Newfoundland which took advantage of proximity to the Grand Banks. In 1613, Virginian raiders captured Port-Royal, and in 1621 Acadia was ceded to Scotlands Sir William Alexander who renamed it Nova Scotia. By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, colonial administration by France throughout the history of Acadia was contemptuous at best. Frances priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on New France and the exploration and settlement of interior North America, over 74 years there were six colonial wars, which involved continuous warfare between New England and Acadia. Throughout these wars, New England was allied with the Iroquois Confederacy, in the first war, King Williams War, natives from the Maritime region participated in numerous attacks with the French on the Acadia/ New England border in southern Maine
Maritimes
–
Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia, an
archetypal classic Maritime scene
Maritimes
–
St. John River Campaign: Raid on Grimrose (present day
Gagetown, New Brunswick). This is the only contemporaneous image of the
Expulsion of the Acadians
Maritimes
–
Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
Maritimes
–
Halifax skyline from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
9.
Joey Smallwood
–
Joseph Roberts Joey Smallwood, PC, CC was a politician from Newfoundland, Canada. He was the force that brought the Dominion of Newfoundland into the Canadian confederation in 1949, becoming the first Premier of Newfoundland. As premier, he vigorously promoted economic development, championed the welfare state, Smallwood abandoned his youthful socialism and collaborated with bankers, turning against the militant unions that sponsored numerous strikes. The results of his efforts to promote industrialization were mixed, with the most favourable results in hydroelectricity, iron mining, never shy, he dubbed himself the last Father of Confederation. Joey Smallwood was born at Mint Brook, near Gambo, Newfoundland, to Charles and his grandfather, David Smallwood, was a well-known maker of boots in St. Johns. Growing up in St. Johns, as a teenager Joey Smallwood worked as an apprentice at a newspaper, in New York he worked for the socialist newspaper The Call. Joey Smallwood returned to Newfoundland in 1925, where he soon met, in 1925 he founded a newspaper of his own in Corner Brook. In 1928, he acted as manager for the Prime Minister of the Dominion of Newfoundland. He also ran as a Liberal candidate in Bonavista in 1932, during the Great Depression, he worked for various newspapers and edited a two-volume collection titled The Book of Newfoundland. He also hosted a program, The Barrelman, beginning in 1937 that promoted pride in Newfoundlands history. He left the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland in 1943 to operate a pig farm at the Newfoundland Airport at Gander, as soon as prosperity returned in 1942, agitation began to end the Commission. Newfoundland, with a population of 313,000, seemed too small to be independent, Smallwood at this point was a well-known radio personality, writer and organizer, he was a nationalist who long had criticized British rule. In 1945, London announced that a National Convention would be elected in Newfoundland to advise on what choices should to be voted on by referendum. Union with the United States was a possibility, but London rejected the option, Canada issued an invitation to join it on generous financial terms. Smallwood supported joining Canada, arguing that union with Canada would bring prosperity and his skills as a radio broadcaster served him well, he was able to use the proceedings of the Convention, which were broadcast over the radio, to publicise the benefits of union with Canada. He founded and led the Confederate Association that supported the Confederation option in the Convention during the 1948 Newfoundland referendums, displaying a mastery of propaganda technique, courage and ruthlessness, he succeeded in having the Canada option on the ballot. His main opponents were Peter Cashin and Chesley Crosbie, Cashin, a former finance minister, led the Responsible Government League, warning against cheap Canadian imports and the high Canadian income tax. Smallwood carried his cause in a referendum and a runoff in June and July 1948 as the decision to join Canada carried 77,869, as against 71,464
Joey Smallwood
–
The Honourable Joey Smallwood
PC CC
Joey Smallwood
–
Members of the National Convention.
Joey Smallwood
–
Bradley, King and Smallwood, at the Liberal party convention of 1948.
Joey Smallwood
–
A bust of Joey Smallwood on display at
Memorial University of Newfoundland.
10.
Dominion of Newfoundland
–
Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 to 1949. The dominion was situated in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast and comprised the island of Newfoundland, before attaining dominion status, Newfoundland was a British colony, self-governing from 1855. Newfoundland was one of the dominions within the meaning of the Statute of Westminster of 1931. In 1934, Newfoundland became the only dominion to give up its self-governing status and this episode was precipitated by a crisis in Newfoundlands public finances in 1932. Newfoundland had accumulated a significant amount of debt by building a railroad across the island, in November of that year, the government warned that Newfoundland would default on payments on the public debt. The United Kingdom government quickly established the Newfoundland Royal Commission to inquire, the Commissions report was published in October 1933. It recommended that Newfoundland give up its system of self-government temporarily, the dominion was never to be self-governing again. The system of a six-member Commission of Government continued to govern Newfoundland until it joined Canada in 1949 to become Canadas tenth province, the official name of the dominion was “Newfoundland” and not, as is sometimes reported, “Dominion of Newfoundland”. In 1854 the British government established Newfoundlands responsible government, in 1855, Philip Francis Little, a native of Prince Edward Island, won a parliamentary majority over Sir Hugh Hoyles and the Conservatives. Little formed the first administration from 1855 to 1858, Newfoundland rejected confederation with Canada in the 1869 general election. Prime Minister of Canada Sir John Thompson came very close to negotiating Newfoundlands entry into confederation in 1892 and it remained a colony until acquiring dominion status in 1907 after the 1907 Imperial Conference decided to confer dominion status on all self-governing colonies. The annual holiday of Dominion Day was celebrated each 26 September to commemorate the occasion, Newfoundlands own regiment, the 1st Newfoundland Regiment, fought in the First World War. On 1 July 1916, the German Army wiped out most of that regiment at Beaumont Hamel on the first day on the Somme, yet the regiment went on to serve with distinction in several subsequent battles, earning the prefix Royal. In the 1920s, political scandals wracked the dominion, in 1923, the attorney general arrested Newfoundlands prime minister Sir Richard Squires on charges of corruption. Despite his release soon after on bail, the British-led Hollis Walker commission reviewed the scandal, soon after, the Squires government fell. Squires returned to power in 1928 because of the unpopularity of his successors, Alderdice, but found himself governing a country suffering from the Great Depression. Prior to 1867, the Quebec North Shore portion of the Labrador coast had shuttled back, maps up to 1927 showed the coastal region as part of Newfoundland, with an undefined boundary. Quebec has long rejected the outcome, and Quebecs provincially issued maps do not mark the boundary in the way as boundaries with Ontario
Dominion of Newfoundland
–
Colonial Building
Dominion of Newfoundland
–
Flag
Dominion of Newfoundland
–
The
Newfoundland dollar bill issued in 1920
Dominion of Newfoundland
–
Newfoundland postage stamp
11.
Dominion of Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
Dominion of Canada
–
Benjamin West 's
The Death of General Wolfe (1771) dramatizes
James Wolfe 's death during the
Battle of the Plains of Abraham at
Quebec
Dominion of Canada
–
Flag
Dominion of Canada
–
A copy of
Robert Harris 's
Fathers of Confederation (1884), an amalgamation of the
Charlottetown and
Quebec conferences of 1864
Dominion of Canada
–
Canadian soldiers and a
Mark II tank at the
Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917
12.
The Maritimes
–
The Maritimes, also called the Maritime provinces or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. The Maritimes had a population of 1,813,606 in 2016, the Maritimes, along with a fourth province – Canadas easternmost province, Newfoundland and Labrador – make up Atlantic Canada. Located along the Atlantic coast, various aquatic sub-basins are located in the Maritimes, such as the Gulf of Maine, the region is located northeast of New England, southeast of Quebecs Gaspé Peninsula, and southwest of the island of Newfoundland. All three provinces are entirely south of the southernmost extremity of Western Canada, and are the provinces of Canada without large. The Mikmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy people are indigenous to the Maritimes, while Acadian, the word maritime is an adjective that simply means of the sea, thus any land associated with the sea can be considered a maritime state or province. Nonetheless, the term Maritimes has historically been applied to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The Middle Period, starting 6,000 years ago, and this is also when what is called the Laurentian tradition started among Archaic Indians, existing First Nations peoples of the time. Evidence of Archaic Indian burial mounds and other ceremonial sites existing in the Saint John River valley has been uncovered, the primarily agrarian Maliseet Nation settled throughout the Saint John River and Allagash River valleys of present-day New Brunswick and Maine. The Passamaquoddy Nation inhabited the coastal regions of the present-day Bay of Fundy. The Maritimes were the area in Canada to be settled by Europeans. Both Giovanni Caboto and Giovanni da Verrazzano are reported to have sailed in or near Maritime waters during their voyages of discovery for England, several Portuguese explorers/cartographers have also documented various parts of the Maritimes, namely Diogo Homem. However, it was French explorer Jacques Cartier who made the first detailed reconnaissance of the region for a European power, and in so doing, claimed the region for the King of France. Champlain went on to fame as the founder of New Frances province of Canada which comprises much of the present-day lower St. Lawrence River valley in the province of Quebec. Most Acadian fishing activities were overshadowed by the comparatively enormous seasonal European fishing fleets based out of Newfoundland which took advantage of proximity to the Grand Banks. In 1613, Virginian raiders captured Port-Royal, and in 1621 Acadia was ceded to Scotlands Sir William Alexander who renamed it Nova Scotia. By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, colonial administration by France throughout the history of Acadia was contemptuous at best. Frances priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on New France and the exploration and settlement of interior North America, over 74 years there were six colonial wars, which involved continuous warfare between New England and Acadia. Throughout these wars, New England was allied with the Iroquois Confederacy, in the first war, King Williams War, natives from the Maritime region participated in numerous attacks with the French on the Acadia/ New England border in southern Maine
The Maritimes
–
Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia, an
archetypal classic Maritime scene
The Maritimes
–
St. John River Campaign: Raid on Grimrose (present day
Gagetown, New Brunswick). This is the only contemporaneous image of the
Expulsion of the Acadians
The Maritimes
–
Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
The Maritimes
–
Halifax skyline from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
13.
Census geographic units of Canada
–
The census geographic units of Canada are the administrative divisions defined and used by Canadas federal government statistics bureau Statistics Canada to conduct the countrys five-yearly census. Two of Canadas three territories are divided into census divisions. Canadas second-level geographic units are called census divisions, in terms of size, they generally lie between the top-level administrative divisions of the province and territory and third-level administrative divisions such as sections, townships and ranges. Census divisions are divided into census subdivisions, in most cases, a census division corresponds to a single unit of the appropriate type listed above. In Quebec,93 of 98 census divisions correspond precisely to the territory of one regional county municipality or an equivalent to an RCM. However, there are five divisions consisting of two or three RCMs or equivalent territories each. See List of census divisions of Quebec, in almost all such cases, the division in question was formerly a single unit of the standard type, which was divided into multiple units by its province after the Canada 2001 Census. A census consolidated subdivision is a geographic unit between census division and census subdivision and it is a combination of adjacent census subdivisions typically consisting of larger, more rural census subdivisions and smaller, more densely populated census subdivisions. Census subdivisions generally correspond to the municipalities of Canada, as determined by provincial and territorial legislation, Statistics Canada has created census subdivisions in cooperation with the provinces of British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia as equivalents for municipalities. The Indian reserve and Indian settlement census subdivisions are determined according to criteria established by Indigenous, dissemination areas are the smallest standard geographic unit in Canada and cover the entire country. As small areas, they comprise one or more blocks and have a population between 400 and 700 people. See template below for links to census metropolitan areas by size, a census metropolitan area is a grouping of census subdivisions comprising a large urban area and those surrounding urban fringes with which it is closely integrated. To become a CMA, an area must register an urban population of at least 100,000 at the previous census. CMA status is retained if this core population later drops below 100,000. CMAs may cross census division and provincial boundaries, although the Ottawa-Gatineau metropolitan area in Ontario, unlike the United States, the methodology used by Statistics Canada does not allow for CMA-CMA mergers into larger statistical areas as the US does to form Combined Statistical Areas. If such an approach were utilized, Statistics Canada has stated that Toronto, Oshawa, Statistics Canada has described the Greater Golden Horseshoe as the countrys largest urban area. A census agglomeration is a version of a CMA in which the urban core population at the previous census was greater than 10,000. If the population of a core is less than 50,000
Census geographic units of Canada
–
Outline map of Canada's census divisions in 2001.
14.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
–
Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an economic centre in Atlantic Canada with a large concentration of government services. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource found in the rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, Halifax has consistently placed in the top 10 for business friendliness of North and South American cities, the first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, the establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutres War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports, by unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, which were signed after Father Rales War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families, St. Margarets Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people, the blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons. Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities, the municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves. Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, on April 15,2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as Halifax, mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating, Im a Westphal guy, Im a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we’re all part of Halifax. Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, metropolitan Halifax is a term used to describe the urban concentration surrounding Halifax Harbour, including the Halifax Peninsula, the core of Dartmouth, and the Bedford-Sackville areas. It is the Statistics Canada population centre of Halifax, the dense urban core is centred on the Halifax Peninsula and the area of Dartmouth inside of the Circumferential Highway. The suburban area stretches into areas known as Mainland Halifax to the west, Cole Harbour to the east and this urban area is the most populous on Canadas Atlantic coast, and the second largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. Halifax currently accounts for 40% of Nova Scotias population, and 15% of that of Atlantic Canada, Halifaxs urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. The downtowns office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock, Dalhousie Universitys campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Dartmouth also has its share of historic neighbourhoods and this has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations
Halifax, Nova Scotia
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Halifax and
Halifax Transit ferry,
Musquodoboit Harbour,
Central Library,
Sullivan's Pond,
Peggy's Cove,
Macdonald Bridge.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
–
Sambro Island Lighthouse, the oldest lighthouse in
North America (1758)
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halifax, Nova Scotia
15.
Moncton
–
Moncton is a city located in Westmorland County in the southeastern portion of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley, Moncton lies at the centre of the Maritime Provinces. The city has earned the nickname Hub City due to its inland location in the region and its history as a railway. The city proper has a population of 71,889 and has an area of 142 km2. The CMA includes the city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview, as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland. Although the Moncton area was first settled in 1733, Moncton is considered to have founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants from Philadelphia. An agricultural settlement, Moncton was not incorporated until 1855, the city was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton, the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier. Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the economy rebounded. The city adopted the motto Resurgo after its rebirth as a railway town, the strength of Monctons economy has received national recognition and the local unemployment rate is consistently less than the national average. Acadians settled the head of the Bay of Fundy in the 1670s, the first reference to the Petcoucoyer River was on the De Meulles map of 1686. Settlement of the Petitcodiac and Memramcook river valleys began about 1700, gradually extending inland, in 1755, nearby Fort Beausejour was captured by English forces under the command of Lt. Col. Robert Monckton. The Beaubassin region including the Memramcook and Petitcodiac river valleys subsequently fell under English control, later that year, Governor Charles Lawrence issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia. This action came to be known as the Great Upheaval, the Settlers consisted of eight families, Heinrick Stief, Jacob Treitz, Matthias Sommer, Jacob Reicker, Charles Jones, George Wortmann, Michael Lutz, and George Koppel. There is a dedicated in their honor at the mouth of Halls Creek. They renamed the settlement The Bend, the Bend remained an agricultural settlement for nearly 80 more years. Even by 1836, there were only 20 households in the community, at this time, the Westmorland Road became open to year round travel and a regular mail coach service was established between Saint John and Halifax. The Bend became an important transfer and rest station along the route, over the next decade, lumbering and then shipbuilding would become important industries in the area. The turning point for the community was when Joseph Salter took over a shipyard at the Bend in 1847, the expanded shipyard ultimately grew to employ about 400 workers
Moncton
–
From top left: Moncton skyline at night, the
Capitol Theatre,
Magic Mountain,
Centennial Park, and Downtown Moncton at dusk
Moncton
–
The city is named for Lt. Col.
Robert Monckton. He captured nearby
Fort Beauséjour in 1755 and is also known for his roles as second-in-command at the
Plains of Abraham, for capturing
Martinique, as
Governor of New York and also for his participation in the
Great Upheaval.
Moncton
–
The
Intercolonial Railway depot in Moncton, pictured here in 1904, was central to the city's economic recovery in the late 19th century.
Moncton
–
The
CNR repair shops were the largest employer in Moncton until their closure in the late 1980s.
16.
Saint John, New Brunswick
–
Saint John is a city in New Brunswick, Canada. In 2016, the city is the second largest in New Brunswick and has a population of 67,575 over an area of 315.82 square kilometres, Saint John is the oldest incorporated city in Canada. During the reign of Britains George III, the municipality was created by charter in 1785. The Saint John metropolitan area covers a area of 3,362.95 square kilometres across the Caledonia Highlands. Samuel de Champlain landed at Saint John Harbour on June 24,1604 and is where the Saint John River gets its name. S, in 1785, Saint John became the first incorporated city in what would later become Canada. Over the next century, waves of Irish immigration, namely during the Great Famine via Partridge Island, would change the citys demographics. The Mikmaq also ventured into the territory and named the area Měnagwĕs, samuel de Champlain landed at Saint John Harbour in 1604, but the area was in English hands by the end of the Seven Years War. After being incorporated as a city in 1785 with an influx of Loyalists from the Boston States and immigrants from Ireland, in 1851 the city cemented itself internationally when the Marco Polo, built from a Saint John yard, became the fastest in the world. However, the city would experience much struggle with its success. From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history. The city experienced an outbreak in 1854 with the death over 1,500 people, as well as a great fire in 1877 that destroyed 40% of the city. 1785, First quarantine station in North America, Partridge Island, in the early 19th century, it greeted sick and dying Irish immigrants arriving with inhospitable conditions. 1820, The first chartered bank in Canada, the Bank of New Brunswick, Canadas oldest publicly funded high school, Saint John High School 1838, The first penny newspaper in the Empire, the tri-weekly Saint John News, was established. 1842, Canadas first public museum, originally known as the Gesner Museum, named after its Nova Scotian founder Abraham Gesner, the museum is now known as the New Brunswick Museum. 1849, Canada’s first labour union, the Laborer’s Benevolent Association that was formed when Saint John’s longshoremen banded together to lobby for regular pay and a shorter workday. One of their first resolutions was to apply to the city council for permission to erect the bell,1854, The automated steam foghorn was invented by Robert Foulis. 1870, Canadas first Y. W. C. A. was established,1870, First Knights of Pythias in British Empire. 1872, Monitor top railroad cars in the world invented by James Ferguson, the original model is in the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John
Saint John, New Brunswick
–
Uptown Saint John
Saint John, New Brunswick
–
Coat of arms
Saint John, New Brunswick
–
A blacksmith shop near Saint John harbour in the late 19th century
Saint John, New Brunswick
–
Reversing Falls.
17.
Quispamsis
–
Quispamsis is a Kings County suburb of Saint John, New Brunswick, located 20 kilometres to the northeast in the lower Kennebecasis River valley. The original inhabitants of the area were the Maliseet First Nation, the name, Quispamsis was translated from the Maliseet language and means, little lake in the woods, the lake being present-day Ritchie Lake. Acadians, British pre-Loyalists and Loyalists settled in the area around 1783, with many receiving land grants along the Kennebecasis, Quispamsis is the fastest growing town in the province of New Brunswick. There are many ways to fit and busy in Quispamsis. There is a variety of recreational parks which offer beautiful scenery. Parks open at dawn and closed at dusk, the public parks, Arts and Culture Park – includes walking trails, WiFi, picnic/chess tables, benches, stage and mezzanine. During the summer there are outdoor movies and music free of charge. Hammond River Park – includes 40 acres of land, fire pit, barbecue, picnic tables, hiking trails. Off Leash Park – fenced in area, trails and benches and this park is for all dog lovers. This is an area to let your dog run free and have fun, meenan’s Cove Park – includes picnic tables, barbecues, beach, boat dock, playground, ball field, walking trails and beach volleyball courts. This park is wonderful for the entire family, Ritchie Lake Park – includes picnic tables, beach and walking trails. Quispamsis Recreation Centre - includes two fields, a baseball field, tennis courts, and a playground as well as walking trails. Gondola Point Beach - Gondola Point Beach is a freshwater beach with changing rooms. It is situated on a sandbar overlooking the Kennebecasis River at the entrance to the Gondola Point Cable Ferry service in Quispamsis, Quispamsis qualifies for city status under the Municipalities Act of the Province of New Brunswick, but the town has made no move to change its municipal status. The COMEX bus service run by Saint John Transit runs through the Kennebecasis Valley and shuttles commuters from Quispamsis to Saint John every day, Mondays to Fridays. There are a few park and ride locations for commuters to leave their car for the day to take the bus into Saint John, list of communities in New Brunswick Town of Quispamsis - official website
Quispamsis
–
Quispamsis Town Hall
Quispamsis
–
Arts and Culture Park / Town Hall
18.
Rothesay, New Brunswick
–
Rothesay is a town located in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is a suburb of Saint John along the Kennebecasis River, located along the lower Kennebecasis River valley, Rothesay borders the city of Saint John to the southwest, and the neighbouring town of Quispamsis to the northeast. It is served by a mainline of the Canadian National Railway. The town developed first as a centre and later as a summer home community for Saint Johns wealthy elite with the arrival of the European. Rothesay contains many landmarks, such as the Rothesay Common, the Rothesay Yacht Club. The community provides numerous schools, places of worship and recreation areas, along with the convenience of local retail, in 1996, the proposition that Grand Bay and the other Kennebecasis Valley communities amalgamate with Saint John was publicly opposed. Concern that a new city would compete with Saint John for government funding, the town motto, Quinque luncta In Uno, represents the joining together of the five founding communities. Admiral Sir Charles Carter Drury, Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel was born at Rothesay, rear Admiral Daniel Lionel Hanington was sunk by a U-boat, participated in the sinking of another U-boat, eventually becoming Deputy Chief of Staff for NATOs naval command. John Peters Humphrey resided in Rothesay while attending boarding school, although his permanent residence was in the municipality of Hampton, billionaire industrialist James K. Irving currently resides in Rothesay, as well as some members of his family. Canadian aviation pioneer Wallace Rupert Turnbull invented the variable-pitch propeller in Rothesay
Rothesay, New Brunswick
–
Rothesay Town Hall
19.
Fredericton
–
Fredericton is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick. The city is situated in the portion of the province along the Saint John River. One of the urban centres in New Brunswick, the city had a population of 56,224 in the 2011 census. It is the third-largest city in the province after Moncton and Saint John, the city hosts the annual Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival, attracting regional and international jazz, blues, rock, and world artists. Fredericton is also an important and vibrant center point for the regions top visual artists, many of New Brunswicks notable artists live, Fredericton has also been home to some great historical Canadian painters as well, including Goodridge Roberts, and Molly and Bruno Bobak. As a provincial capital, its economy is tied to the sector, however. The city has the highest percentage of residents with an education in the province. The earliest known inhabitation of the dates back 12,000 years, according to archaeologists. Excavations unearthed a campsite with firepit and more than 600 artifacts including stone tool fragments, the area of the present-day city of Fredericton was first used for seasonal farming by the Maliseet peoples. Maliseet cultivated food plants including, beans, pumpkins, Jerusalem artichokes, ground nuts, in the mid-18th century their principal village of Aucpaque was located several kilometres upriver from the site of present-day Fredericton. The first European contact was by the French in the late 17th century, Joseph Robineau de Villebon received a land grant and was appointed governor of Acadia. During King Williams War, Villebon built Fort Nashwaak on the side of the Saint John River. For most of the war, Fort Nashwaak served as the capital of the French colony of Acadia, French and English hostilities continued along the border. Within weeks of an attack of French and Indigenous forces launched from Fort Nashwaak on Pemaquid, Maine, in 1696, an expedition under command of Major Benjamin Church set out to destroy Fort Nashwaak. Commander Villebon had been alerted and prepared his defences, on 18 October, the British troops arrived near the fort, landed three cannons, and assembled earthworks on the south bank of the Nashwaak River. For two days gunfire was exchanged, with the advantage going to the better-sited Acadian guns. The New Englanders were defeated, with 8 soldiers killed and 17 wounded, the Acadians sustained losses of one killed and two wounded. After Villebons death in 1700 and a flood that destroyed several French farms in the area
Fredericton
–
City of Fredericton
Fredericton
–
Flag
Fredericton
–
Logo
Fredericton
–
The flag of Fredericton.
20.
Cape Breton Regional Municipality
–
Cape Breton Regional Municipality, often shortened to simply CBRM, is a regional municipality in Nova Scotias Cape Breton County. According to the 2016 Census of Canada, the population within the Cape Breton Regional Municipality is 94,285 and its population makes it the second largest municipality in the province. In 1995, the government of Nova Scotia sought to reduce the number of incorporated towns, paleo-Indians camped at locations in present-day Nova Scotia approximately 11,000 years ago. Archaic Indians are believed to have present in the area between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago. Mikmaq, the First Nations of this area, are their direct descendants, the explorer John Cabot is believed to have visited present-day Cape Breton in 1497, although this claim is also contested by Newfoundland. The French were the first Europeans to claim the region, which was named Acadia, control passed back and forth between the English and French throughout the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Under the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, France retained control of Île Royale, in 1719, France began construction on a fortified town located along the sheltered southwestern shore of Havre Louisbourg, naming the settlement Louisbourg. The fortress was captured by British colonial forces, then returned by the British to France and it was captured again during the Seven Years War which saw the inhabitants expelled and the fortress completely destroyed by British Army engineers in 1760. By proclamation of October 17,1763, after termination of the Seven Years War, for a time thereafter Cape Breton Island was part of Halifax County. On December 10,1765, Cape Breton Island was set apart as a separate county, in 1784, the island was made a separate colony with its capital at Sydney however by 1820 the colony was remerged into Nova Scotia. Coal mining began during the 18th century to supply Fortress Louisbourg, industrial mining began in 1826 under the General Mining Association monopoly, followed in later years by independent American-owned mines south of Sydney Harbour. Large-scale mining commenced in 1893 under the auspices of the Dominion Coal Company which merged these independent mines, the GMA reorganized its mines on the north side of Sydney Harbour in 1900 as the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company. Both companies built large integrated steel mills on their sides of Sydney Harbour in 1901, DOMCOs steel mill in Whitney Pier was known as Dominion Iron. In 1910, DOMCO and DISCO formed the Sydney & Louisburg Railway to haul coal and steel from the mines, in 1914, SCOTIA closed its steel mill in Sydney Mines, focusing exclusively on coal production. In 1930, BESCO reorganized as Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation, Coal production under DOSCO peaked in the early 1940s and in 1957 the company became a subsidiary of Hawker-Siddley Group. The company made its intentions clear that it would be exiting the coal mining business within months, Future planning should be based on the assumption that the Sydney mines will not operate beyond 1981. On March 30,1968, DEVCO expropriated DOSCOs coal mines and railway, at the same time, the provincial government expropriated DOSCOs steel mill in Sydney, creating the Sydney Steel Corporation, while DEVCO would continue to operate the adjacent coke ovens. In the 1980s, older mines in Glace Bay were closed and SYSCO stopped using coke as a fuel for its mill, dEVCOs Lingan Colliery closed in 1992, followed by the Phalen Colliery in 1999 and the Prince Colliery in 2001
Cape Breton Regional Municipality
–
Cape Breton Regional Municipality welcome sign
Cape Breton Regional Municipality
–
Location of Cape Breton Regional Municipality
21.
Sydney, Nova Scotia
–
Sydney is a population centre and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada. Situated on Cape Breton Islands east coast, it belongs administratively to the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Sydney was founded in 1785 by the British, it was incorporated as a city in 1904, and dissolved on 1 August 1995, when it was amalgamated into the regional municipality. It served as the Cape Breton Island colonys capital, until 1820, when the merged with Nova Scotia. A rapid population expansion occurred just after the turn of the 20th century, during both the First and Second World Wars, it was a major staging area for England-bound convoys. The citys population steadily decreased since the early 1970s due to the plants fortunes, today, the main industries are in customer support call centres and tourism. Together with Sydney Mines, North Sydney, New Waterford and Glace Bay Sydney forms the Industrial Cape Breton region, prior to a permanent settlement being established, there was significant activity along the shore. A few years into the war there was also an engagement between French ships and a British convoy off Sydney, Nova Scotia, near Spanish River. The French were recoaling their ships and defeated a British convoy, six French sailors were killed and 17 British, with many more wounded. Lord Sydney appointed Col. DesBarres lieutenant-governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island, in November 1784 the 600-ton ship Blenheim landed a group that consisted primarily of English citizens and disbanded soldiers. A group of Loyalists from the state of New York, fleeing the aftermath of the American Revolution, were added to the immigrants upon their arrival in the colony of Nova Scotia. DesBarres arrived at Sydney on 7 January 1785 and he held the first meeting of his executive council on 21 February 1785, where he was proclaimed lieutenant-governor in a formal manner and the first minutes of the new colony were taken. The site DesBarres chose for the new settlement was along the Southwest Arm of Sydney Harbour, a valley of the Sydney River. Between 1784 and 1820, Sydney was the capital of the British colony of Cape Breton Island, in 1826, the leases were transferred to the General Mining Association and industrial development around Sydney began to take shape. By the early 20th century Sydney became home to one of the worlds largest steel plants, fed by the coal mines in the area under the ownership of the Dominion Steel. The economic boom brought about by industrialization saw the community incorporate as a city in 1903, the growth continued until the 1930s, with the Great Depression causing a slow down in production and growth. World War Two brought prosperity again for the plant, and the coal mines, Sydney Harbour played an important role during World War II once a Royal Canadian Navy base, HMCS Protector, was established to stage supply convoys bound for Europe. These convoys tended to be slower and had the prefix SC for Slow Convoy, Sydney Harbour was one of the hotspots of the Battle of the St. Lawrence. Sydneys coal shipping and steel manufacturing made a significant contribution to the Allied war effort, however federal Minister of Industry, howe favoured Central Canadas steel industry given its proximity to a larger workforce and less exposure to coastal attack
Sydney, Nova Scotia
–
Sydney, Nova Scotia, as seen from Westmount. Prominent landmarks include the Civic Centre, and the
CJCB-TV transmitter tower on Hardwood Hill.
Sydney, Nova Scotia
–
Sydney Harbour aerial view looking towards the north-east.
Sydney, Nova Scotia
–
A cruise ship docked in Sydney Harbour, a common sight during the summer months.
Sydney, Nova Scotia
–
The "Largest Ceilidh Fiddle in the World". Located at the Sydney waterfront.
22.
Glace Bay
–
Glace Bay is a community in the eastern part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada. It forms part of the area referred to as Industrial Cape Breton. Formerly an independently incorporated town, the government in Glace Bay was dissolved. Prior to amalgamation, Glace Bay had been the fourth largest urban area and was the largest town in Nova Scotia. Neighboring communities include, Reserve Mines, Dominion, Tower Road, as early as the 1720s the French inhabited the area to supply Fortress of Louisbourg with coal. They named the location baie de Glace because of the sea ice which filled the ocean each winter, in 1748, after the capture of Fortress Louisbourg, the British constructed Fort William at Table Head in order to protect a mine that produced coal to supply the Louisbourg garrison. The fort itself was a blockhouse, brought from Boston, with a palisade, when Cape Breton Island was returned to French control, Fort William continued in service until 1752 when it was destroyed by fire. More permanent settlement of Glace Bay probably can be dated from 1818 when Walter Blackett obtained a grant of land on the side of the Bay. Coal mining existed on a small scale until the 1860s when four mines were in operation within the town boundaries. These included the Hub, Harbour, Caledonia and Glace Bay Collieries, the first large mine, the Hub Shaft of Glace Bay opened in 1861 and a total of 12 mines in Glace Bay were in operation. Following the formation of the Dominion Coal Company in 1893, the mining industry expanded significantly in what was to become Glace Bay with the opening of several new mines. In 1894, the government gave exclusive mining rights to the Dominion Coal Company, small communities grew up around the mines and by 1901 they came together to form the Town of Glace Bay. At the time of incorporation, the population was 6,945, by the 1940s, the figure exceeded 28,000 and Glace Bay became Canadas largest town. At one time, the town had 12 collieries but none remain, Glace Bay was once a coal mining town. In 1860 the Glace Bay Mining Company was formed and it operated two mines, the first large colliery, the Hub Shaft, opened in 1861. Large-scale mining commenced in 1893 after exclusive mining rights were granted to the Dominion Coal Company, Glace Bay was incorporated as a town nine years later. At its high point the company operated eleven mines in all, Coal was transported on the Sydney and Louisburg Railway to both of those ports for shipping. The S & L Railways main operations, including the roundhouse, Glace Bays extensive coal and rail operations made the town the industrial center of Cape Breton
Glace Bay
–
Coal mine, Glace Bay, NS, 1930
Glace Bay
–
Schooners, Glace Bay, 1914
Glace Bay
–
Glace Bay North Breakwater Light
23.
Sydney Mines
–
Sydney Mines is a community and former town in Nova Scotias Cape Breton Regional Municipality. Founded in 1784 and incorporated as a town in 1889, Sydney Mines has a history in coal production. Prior to a permanent settlement being established, there was significant activity along the shore, a few years into the war there was also a naval engagement between French ships and a British convoy off Sydney, Nova Scotia, near Spanish River, Cape Breton. French ships were re-coaling and defeated a British convoy, six French sailors were killed and 17 British, with many more wounded. Sydney Mines lies immediately northeast of North Sydney and faces Sydney across Sydney Harbour, Sydney Mines was once a major coal-producing community. Mining began locally in 1766, and in 1830 systematic operations were undertaken, one of the area mines extended about 5 miles out under the sea. The last mine was closed in 1975, Sydney Mines is on the northern side of Sydney Harbor, near the mouth. It was earlier known as the Mines due to the coal mines abundant nearby, although mining has been carried on since 1724, the first shaft for the General Mining Association in Sydney Mines was sunk in 1830. Manufacturing enterprises included corrugated steel culverts and the British Canadian Co-operative Society Limited, operating a dairy, Sydney Mines was the filming location for the 1981 horror movie My Bloody Valentine. The summer can be very cool at times due to the fact Sydney Mines borders the cool North Atlantic Ocean, day time highs rarely exceed 20 degrees Celsius. During Summer nights temperatures can become cold with the average lows being around 10 degrees Celsius. Sydney Mines experiences cold, windy, wet, snowy and very stormy winters, although low in latitude compared to the rest of Canada and bordering the ocean. Sydney Mines borders the very cold Labrador ocean current and this causes for a cold and very snowy winter. Sydney Mines much like the rest of Atlantic Canada is one of the warmest areas in Canada during the winter, cold arctic temperatures meeting up with the warm gulf stream forms one of the most powerful storms in the world. Many people who live in Eastern Canada know the term Noreaster, noreasters can dump huge amounts of snow to Sydney Mines and the rest of Atlantic Canada. Sydney Mines has two schools, Jubilee Elementary and St. Josephs Elementary, one middle school, Sydney Mines Middle School, one high school. In front of Jubilee Elementary on Main Street, there is a statue of Johnny Miles in a running pose. There is a script on it with a quote and the dates Johnny Miles won the Boston Marathon
Sydney Mines
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Naval Battle off Sydney Mines
24.
Charlottetown
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Charlottetown is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, and the county seat of Queens County. Named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom, from this, the city adopted as its motto Cunabula Foederis – Birthplace of Confederation. The population of Charlottetown in the 2011 census was 34,562, this forms the centre of an agglomeration of 64,487. This settlement was led by Michel Haché-Gallant, who used his sloop to ferry Acadian settlers from Louisbourg, during King Georges War, the British had taken over the Island. French officer Ramezay sent 500 men to attack the British troops in the Battle at Port-la-Joye, the French were successful in killing or capturing forty British troops. British forces built Fort Amherst near the site of the abandoned Port La Joye settlement to protect the entrance to the harbour, Charlottetown was selected as the site for the county seat of Queens County in the colonial survey of 1764 by Captain Samuel Holland of the Royal Engineers. A year later, Charlottetown was made the capital of St. Johns Island. Further surveys conducted between 1768–1771 established the grid and public squares which can be seen in the citys historic district. The town was named in honour of Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom as the wife of King George III, on November 17,1775, the colonys new capital was ransacked by Massachusetts-based privateers, participants in the American Revolutionary War. During the attack, the seal was stolen and several prisoners, including Phillips Callbeck and Thomas Wright, were taken to Cambridge, Massachusetts. On November 29,1798, St. Johns Island was renamed to Prince Edward Island in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn who was the Commander-in-Chief, North America. In 1805, the local British garrison constructed a harbour defence called Fort Edward to the west of the capitals waterfront, in 1835, Government House was constructed at Fanning Bank as a residence for the colonys Governor. Today, it serves as the residence for the Lieutenant Governor. Between 1843 and 1847, a new building was constructed in the community. Named the Colonial Building originally, following Confederation with Canada it gradually became known as Province House, on April 17,1855, Charlottetown was incorporated as a city, holding its first council meeting on August 11 of that year. The community had 6,500 residents at the time of incorporation, between September 1–8,1864, Charlottetown hosted what is now termed the Charlottetown Conference. Although many of the meetings and negotiations which would lead to Canadian Confederation were held in Province House, Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1,1873. Aside from being the seat of government, the community came to be noted during the early nineteenth century for shipbuilding
Charlottetown
–
An aerial view of downtown Charlottetown
Charlottetown
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Fort Amherst is situated south of the city on the western side of the approaches to Charlottetown Harbour.
Charlottetown
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Charlottetown was named for the British queen
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, consort of
King George III.
Charlottetown
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1877 $2
Bank of Prince Edward Island banknote, the first bank established in Charlottetown.
25.
Truro, Nova Scotia
–
Truro is a town in central Nova Scotia, Canada. Truro is the town of Colchester County and is located on the south side of the Salmon River floodplain. It is named after the city of Truro in Cornwall, United Kingdom, the Intercolonial, which later became the Canadian National Railway built a large roundhouse and rail yard in Truro. Further rail links to Cape Breton and to the Annapolis Valley through the Dominion Atlantic Railway in 1905 made the even more a transportation hub for Nova Scotia. The railway also attracted industries such as the Truro Woolen Mills in 1870 and provincial institutions like the provincial Normal School, the town officially incorporated in 1875. Many figures from the towns past are featured in over 40 tree sculptures which were carved in tree trunks after Truro lost most of its Elm trees to Dutch Elm Disease in the 1990s. The history of the town and surrounding county is preserved at the Colchester Historical Museum, an important highway interchange is located just north of Truro in the rural community of Onslow where Highway 102 ends at Highway 104 - both four lane expressways. Secondary roads Trunk 2 and Trunk 4 intersect in the town, important tertiary roads Route 236 and Route 311 end in the nearby communities of Lower Truro and Onslow respectively. Some of these also form part of the Glooscap Trail which is a scenic drive for tourists. Some small chunks of the Berlin Wall are located near the Agricultural Campus of Dalhousie University, Truro has two public high schools, Cobequid Educational Centre and the francophone École acadienne de Truro. Truro has two ice hockey rinks, Truro is home to the Truro Bearcats, a Junior A ice hockey team who are two time MJAHL Champions. Football is also a sport in the town with all games being played on Friday night at the Truro Amateur Athletic Club grounds. Truro Raceway conducts harness races every Sunday, Truro is also home to a rugby club, which hosts the World Indoor Sevens Rugby Championships. Truro enjoys a vibrant soccer scene centered about the local CC Riders soccer club which serves Tier2 soccer for both genders and all ages, outdoor soccer takes place between May and October and indoor 7-a-side and pickup games run through the winter months. Truro has a continental climate similar to the vast majority of the The Maritimes. The highest temperature recorded in Truro was 35.6 °C on 19 August 1935 and 15 August 1944. The coldest temperature recorded was −38.3 °C on 22 January 1934. With a land area of 34.49 km2, it had a density of 355. 5/km2 in 2016
Truro, Nova Scotia
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Truro, Nova Scotia's John W. (Jack) Fraser "Chief of Police" 1888 - 1953 commemorated in a tree sculpture
Truro, Nova Scotia
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Truro railyards at the junction of the CN & CB&CNSR lines, 2006.
Truro, Nova Scotia
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Alexander Forrester Monument by
John A. Wilson (c.1923), NSCC, Truro, Nova Scotia
26.
New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
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New Glasgow is a town in Pictou County, in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is situated on the banks of the East River of Pictou, which flows into Pictou Harbour, the towns population was 9,075 in the 2016 census. New Glasgow is at the centre of the fourth largest urban area. The New Glasgow census agglomeration includes the adjacent towns of Stellarton, Westville. Sir Robert Kenney founded New Glasgow, Scottish immigrants, including those on the ship Hector in 1773, settled the area of the East River of Pictou during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Deacon Thomas Fraser first settled the area at the head of navigation on the East River of Pictou in 1784, the settlement was officially named New Glasgow, after Glasgow in Scotland, in 1809, the same year its first trading post was developed. The discovery of coal deposits in the East River valley during the early 19th century saw New Glasgow, at the head of navigation, quickly develop into a manufacturing. In 1829, a tramway was built using standard gauge rails from the settlement of Albion Mines to a wharf near New Glasgow. This was the first use of standard gauge rails in what would become Canada. On September 19,1839, the Albion Railway was opened from Albion Mines to New Glasgow and this was the second steam-powered railway in what would become Canada and the first to use iron rails. The railway was extended north to a loading pier at Dunbars Point on May 14,1840. In 1840, George MacKenzie started the towns first shipbuilding company, in June 1867, the Nova Scotia Railway opened its Eastern Line from Truro through New Glasgow to its terminus at the passenger and cargo wharf in Pictou Landing. Economic development in New Glasgow was driven by the industry in neighbouring Trenton, shipbuilding and shipping in Pictou and Pictou Landing. After World War I, the famous New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind was commissioned to make the Nova Scotia Highlander soldier cenotaph, in 1946, New Glasgow was the setting for an important civil rights case when Viola Desmond challenged racial segregation of New Glasgows Roseland Theatre. New Glasgow became a centre for the county during the late 20th century as shopping centres, retail. In 2016, Moneysense ranked New Glasgow last out of 219 cities as Canadas worst place to live, talk of amalgamating the 6 municipal units in Pictou County has increased in recent years. Among the reasons for this, small towns adjacent to New Glasgow are having a hard time coping financially on their own due to the declining economy, also, Pictou County has the most politicians per capita in Canada. The two most often suggested scenarios involve amalgamating the entire county into a regional municipality, or amalgamating the upper East River towns into a single larger town
New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
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The George Street Bridge joins the two halves of New Glasgow separated by the East River
New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
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Coat of arms
New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
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Hector Pioneer by internationally renowned sculptor
John A. Wilson of New Glasgow, Nova Scotia (Wilson donated land for the
Aberdeen Regional Hospital)
New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
–
Highland Soldier by renowned sculptor
J. Massey Rhind, New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
27.
Corner Brook
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For the submarine, see HMCS Corner Brook. Corner Brook is a city located on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland in Newfoundland and Labrador, located on the Bay of Islands at the mouth of the Humber River, the city is the largest population centre in the province after St. Johns. As such, Corner Brook functions as a centre for western and northern Newfoundland. It is located on the latitude as Gaspé, Quebec. Corner Brook is the most northern city in Atlantic Canada and it is the administrative headquarters of the Qalipu Mikmaq First Nations band government. The Mikmaq name for the nearby Humber River is Maqtukwek, the area was surveyed by Captain James Cook in 1767. The Captain James Cook Historic Site stands on Crow Hill overlooking the city, by the middle of the 19th century the population of Corner Brook was less than 100, and the inhabitants were engaged in fishing and lumber work. In 1956, these four communities were amalgamated to form the present-day City of Corner Brook, Corner Brook is home to the Corner Brook Pulp & Paper Mill, which is a major employer for the region. The city has the largest regional hospital in western Newfoundland and it also has a wide array of shopping and retail businesses and federal and provincial government offices. It is also home to Grenfell Campus, Memorial University, as well as campuses of Academy Canada, Corner Brook is also home to the provinces newest high school, Corner Brook Regional High, which is an amalgamation of the former Regina and Herdman Collegiate high schools. Corner Brook is home to Marble Mountain Ski Resort, a skiing resort, and Blow-Me-Down trails. The Corner Brook Royals currently play in the West Coast Senior Hockey League and were the winners of the 1986 National Title, the Royals play their home games at the Corner Brook Civic Centre, formerly the Canada Games Centre. The arena was built in 1997 and was one of the venues used when the city of Corner Brook hosted the 1999 Canada Games. Corner Brook was host of the 2011 Special Olympics Provincial Winter Games from February 18–20, the city also twice hosted Raid the North Extreme, a televised 6-day multi-sport expedition race held in wilderness locations across Canada, and was a leg of the ITU World Cup Triathlon. Corner Brook is home to Grenfell Campus, Memorial University where a strong, Corner Brook Arts and Culture Centre among other institutions thrive in promoting the arts on all levels from visual arts to theatre and well beyond. Corner Brook is home to Stage West Theatre Festival, a theatre festival running through the month of July, and Gros Morne Summer Music. The March Hare literary festival occurs every March and celebrates poetry and written works from around the world, featuring poets from around Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, and the world. Atlantic Canadas largest poetry festival was founded in the late 1980s by poet and playwright Al Pittman, in April, the April Rabbit showcases new and young writers
Corner Brook
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Overlooking City of Corner Brook
Corner Brook
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Coat of arms
Corner Brook
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The Corner Brook Pulp & Paper Mill
Corner Brook
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A mural of Sir
Wilfred Grenfell in Corner Brook
28.
Bathurst, New Brunswick
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Bathurst is the county seat for Gloucester County, New Brunswick, and is at the estuary of the Nepisiguit River. Bathurst had been the location of the annual Mikmaq summer coastal community of Nepisiguit prior to European settlement, europeans first reached the shores of the Baie des Chaleurs when in 1534 it was named by Jacques Cartier. Early settlers from France came to the area in the 17th century in what part of the colony of Acadia. In 1607 Samuel de Champlain sailed into the Miramichi, and in 1636, Nicolas Denys was granted a seignory by the French crown, apparently the third grant in the colony of Acadie. Jean Jacques Enaud, who hailed from the French Basque Country, was granted in 1638 the seignory at the gap of the harbor later named Alston Point. Remark is made on William Francis Ganongs map of Bathurst Harbour, depicted here at left, of the residence of Nicolas Denys and the seignory of Gobin. Little is known about the region between the death of Nicholas Denys in 1688 and the Treaty of Utrecht, whereby Louis XIV ceded the territory of Acadia to Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Although it was marked as an inlet, the Nepisiguit river was not noted in a British map dated 1744, although by 1755 Thomas Jefferys illustrates the Nipisiki River and Nipisighit Bay. Historians remark the Battle of the Restigouche in June 1760 in the Baie des Chaleurs, one of the Scotsmen was Hugh Munro, who arrived in 1794 and who around 1800 was the founder of “the first and most ancient establishment” in the timber trade of Nepisiguit Bay. In 1828 he was elected to sit in the 9th New Brunswick Legislature when the county of Gloucester was given its first representative. It seems that the great 1825 Miramichi Fire had a significant impact on the fortunes of Bathurst, the first St. George’s Anglican Church was built in 1825 and consecrated as a place of worship in 1836. The Anglican burial ground near the old post office dates to 1823, the more recent St. Georges church, which was built in 1864, on King avenue below St. Andrew Street is a nice example of Carpenter Gothic architecture. What we now know as Riverside Drive was populated by several Francophone families, and two or three rustic wind mills, presumably for grinding grain. He estimated the population of Bathurst and its area to be more than 600 souls. Economic activities included farming, lumbering, and fishing, Joseph Cunard, attracted by the countys timber resources, set up a branch of his familys shipbuilding firm here at some time after the great fire in Miramichi of 1825. By 1828, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as representative for Northumberland County, Josephs brother Samuel Cunard was also a landowner in Bathurst. Cunard purchased the Gould grant in 1837 and his production of ships in Bathurst harbor began in earnest, the age of timber ships began its decline in 1848 with the 1848 launch of Brunels SS Great Britain, the revolutionary iron-hulled steamship. This event caused Josephs shipbuilding firm to founder, and with it went New Brunswicks economy, Samuel went on to manage the Cunard Line
Bathurst, New Brunswick
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Bathurst waterfront
Bathurst, New Brunswick
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Bathurst's former post office
29.
Miramichi, New Brunswick
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Miramichi is the largest city in northern New Brunswick, Canada. It is situated at the mouth of the Miramichi River where it enters Miramichi Bay, the Miramichi River valley is the second longest valley in New Brunswick, after the Saint John River Valley. The city of Miramichi was formed in 1995 through the amalgamation of two towns, Newcastle and Chatham, and several smaller communities, including Douglastown, Loggieville. Also the local districts of Nordin, Moorefield, Chatham Head. The amalgamation also included portions of the local service district of Ferry Road-Russellville and portions of seman Chatham Parish, Glenelg Parish. Long prior to European settlement, the Miramichi region was home to members of the Mikmaq first nation, for the Mikmaq, Beaubears Island, at the junction of the Northwest and Main Southwest branches of the Miramichi River was a natural meeting point. Following the European discovery of the Americas, the Miramichi became part of the French colony of Acadia, about 1648, Nicolas Denys, Sieur de Fronsac, established a fort and trading post, Fort Fronsac, on the Miramichi. This establishment was constructed on the North side of the Miramichi. According to W. F. Ganong, a Recollet Mission was established in 1686 on the Miramichi in Nelson, in 1691 Richard died at sea, the post declined. By about 1740 French villages were established on Miramichi Bay at Bay du Vin. In the current city of Miramichi, a village existed at Canadian Point, and a town comprising 200 houses, a chapel. The French maintained batteries of guns at the east end of Beaubears Island, the French and Indian War erupted in 1754. During the war many Acadian homes were destroyed by the British, after the Siege of Louisbourg, Boishebert led a group of Acadians from St. Peters, Nova Scotia to Miramichi. Over 200 of the refugees died at the camp, on 13 August 1758 French officer Boishebert left Miramichi with 400 soldiers, including Acadians from Port Toulouse, for Fort St George. His detachment reached there on 9 September but was caught in an ambush and had to withdraw and they then went on to raid Friendship, Maine, where British settlers were killed and others taken prisoner. This was Boishébert’s last Acadian expedition, from there, Boishebert and the Acadians went to Quebec and fought in the Battle of Quebec. In September 1758 Colonel James Murray reported spending two days in Miramichi Bay during the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign looking unsuccessfully for Acadians and this included burning the first stone church built in New Brunswick. Murray did not sail as far west as Beaubears Island, most of the surviving Beaubears Island refugees soon left the Miramichi, seeking refuge in Quebec
Miramichi, New Brunswick
–
Ritchie Wharf on the Newcastle waterfront in the City of Miramichi.
Miramichi, New Brunswick
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Camp d'Espérance Memorial at Wilson's Point (IR Walker 2007)
Miramichi, New Brunswick
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Rankin House, former home of Miramichi
lumber baron Alexander Rankin at Douglastown (IR Walker 1983)
Miramichi, New Brunswick
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Communities amalgamated in 1995 to form the City of Miramichi
30.
Chatham, New Brunswick
–
Chatham is an urban neighbourhood in the city of Miramichi, New Brunswick, Canada. Prior to municipal amalgamation in 1995, Chatham was a town in Northumberland County along the south bank of the Miramichi River opposite Douglastown. Since amalgamation, it has sometimes referred to as Miramichi East. At Chatham, the Miramichi River is quite wide, the water salt, just downstream from the town, the river begins to widen into a broad estuary, where the Miramichi River gradually becomes Miramichi Bay. Because of its eastward facing location, ships coming from the British Isles in early times had easy access through the Strait of Belle Isle and it was more accessible and safer to get to than the ports of Quebec City or Saint John, New Brunswick. In colonial times, the lands were heavily forested, the stands of eastern white pine were especially valued for ships masts. The river teemed with fish, Atlantic salmon the most prized, abundant game roamed the forests, and berries were a valuable food supplement. Scottish immigrants to the found it familiar. The rocks in the Miramichi are similar to those of Scotland, seabirds and fish are often the same or similar. The Atlantic salmon, the gull and the common tern were found in both areas. The Scots had the technology and know-how to cut lumber, fish, farm, the Irish immigrants did not bring the same skills, as their forests had long been cut down and they did not have such a well-developed fishing industry. They picked up skills from their neighbours, as urban English immigrants did not have these skills, and farmers were used to a more moderate climate, they tended to settle elsewhere. At Chatham, the banks are low but not subject to flooding. With a deep channel close to the shore, the largest ships in colonial times could approach the wharves, away from the shore, the land gradually rises several hundred feet. The soil, while sandy and a bit acid, supports potatoes, root crops, all these circumstances made Chatham an ideal location for lumbering and fishing. In 1765, the troop transport Pitt was shipwrecked in the Gulf of St Lawrence, tradition holds that one of the ships boats, named the Chatham, washed up near the Miramichi River, giving rise to the towns name. In 1800 Francis Peabody settled in the location that became Chatham, the Miramichi River is nearly a mile wide here. Its channel comes very close to the shore at this spot, logs from the large watershed of the river could easily be floated to this point for milling and export
Chatham, New Brunswick
–
Communities amalgamated in 1995 to form the City of Miramichi, New Brunswick
Chatham, New Brunswick
–
Atlantic Salmon
Chatham, New Brunswick
–
R.B. Bennett, future Prime Minister of Canada, first entered politics in Chatham.
Chatham, New Brunswick
–
Lord Beaverbrook
31.
Douglastown, New Brunswick
–
Douglastown is a Canadian suburban neighbourhood in the city of Miramichi, New Brunswick. Now, Douglastown is home to the city of Miramichis shopping district and it is anchored by, Walmart Canada, Zellers, Canadian Tire, Hart Stores, Sobeys, Shoppers Drug Mart, Sport Chek and Staples Business Depot. Prior to municipal amalgamation on January 1,1995, Douglastown was a village in Northumberland County. Douglastown was originally known as Gretna Green and was founded in 1812 by two Scottish immigrants, Alexander Rankin and James Gilmour, the post office was established in 1835, but the community wasnt incorporated as a village until 1966. List of communities in New Brunswick Miramichi History
Douglastown, New Brunswick
–
Communities amalgamated in 1995 to form the City of Miramichi, New Brunswick
32.
Kentville
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Kentville is a town in Kings County, Nova Scotia. It is one of the towns in the Annapolis Valley. As of 2016, the population was 6,271. Kentville owes its location to the Cornwallis River which downstream from Kentville becomes a tidal river. Kentville was the limit of navigation of sailing ships and more importantly was the most accessible crossing place on the river, the ford and later the bridge at Kentville made the settlement an important crossroads for settlements in the Annapolis Valley. The area was first settled by Acadians, who built many dykes along the river to keep the high Bay of Fundy tides out of their farmland and these dykes created the ideal fertile soil that the Annapolis Valley is known for. The Acadians were expelled from the area in the Bay of Fundy Campaign by the British authorities because they would not swear allegiance to the British King, the area was then settled by New England Planters. Settlement was expedited by the United Empire Loyalists during the American Revolution, the town was originally known as Hortons Corner, but was named Kentville in 1826 after Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, who resided in Nova Scotia from 1794-1800. The village was at first relatively small and dwarfed by larger towns with better harbours such as Canning. The crossroads location did attract early shopkeepers and several stagecoach inns, small schooners were able to land cargos in the Klondyke neighhourhood by the Cornwallis River which marked the height of navigation. Kentville developed a reputation for drinking and horseraces in the early 19th century. When the Windsor and Annapolis Railway established its headquarters in Kentville in 1868 and began shipping Annapolis Valley apples to British markets, the town became a major travel centre highlighted by the large Cornwallis Inn built at the towns centre by the railway. The town boomed during World War I and World War II with heavy wartime traffic on the Dominion Atlantic. Many residents fought overseas in the local West Nova Scotia Regiment as well as branches of service. A Royal Canadian Navy minesweeper HMCS Kentville was named after the town, Kentville faced serious challenges after World War II. The dominant apple industry suffered severe declines due to the loss of its British export market, further decline followed in the 1970s as the town lost its retail core to the growth of shopping malls and later big box stores in nearby New Minas. The town was also eclipsed in restaurant, upscale retail and cultural institutions by the university town of Wolfville. Kentville lost many buildings in the postwar period and is one of the only towns in Nova Scotia without a single designated heritage building
Kentville
–
Centretown Kentville
Kentville
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Windsor and Annapolis Railway locomotive Gabriel in Kentville, circa 1870
Kentville
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Aberdeen Street, Kentville as passenger train arrives, c. 1910
Kentville
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Valley Regional Hospital
33.
Edmundston
–
Edmundston /ˈɛdməndstən/ is a city in Madawaska County, New Brunswick, Canada. During the early period, the area was a camping and meeting place of the Maliseet Nation during seasonal migrations. From the mid to late century, one of the largest Maliseet villages had been established at Madawaska and had become a refuge site for other Wabanaki peoples. The Maliseet village was located near the falls at the confluence of the Madawaska. Currently, the City of Edmundston surrounds a federal Indian Reserve, originally a small logging settlement, Edmundstons growth is mostly attributed to the citys strategic location. The area was at the centre of the Aroostook War, a skirmish over boundary lines between the U. S. A. and what was then British North America. Bakers wife, Sophie Rice, designed the Republics eagle flag that is still in use, in 1998, Edmundston, Saint-Basile, Saint-Jacques and Verret merged to form the City of Edmundston. The nearby Village of St-Hilaire was supposed to amalgamate as well, Edmundston had a population of 16,643 people in 2006, which was a decrease of 4. 2% from the 2001 census count. The median household income in 2005 for Edmundston was $42,551, the city is 95 per cent francophone, the highest such proportion of all cities in the province. Unlike most other living in the Maritimes, most people living in the Edmundston area do not consider themselves Acadians other than for statistical purposes. Nor do they consider themselves Québécois despite their heritage, mainly due to the politicization of Quebec-specific issues they do not feel concerned with, the local accent is quite unique. Christianity is the dominant religion of the inhabitants, with most residents being Roman Catholics. Moreover, Edmundston gives its name to the see of the region. A small number of Muslims live in Edmundston and the surrounding area, Edmundston experiences a Humid continental climate. The highest temperature recorded in Edmundston was 37.2 °C on 3 June 1919. The coldest temperature recorded was −43.6 °C on 16 January 2009. Edmundston is a town whose economy centers on the Saint John River paper industry. The river historically provided power for the mills and was the route of log drives bringing pulpwood from upstream forests
Edmundston
–
Edmundston
Edmundston
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Sir Edmund Walker Head, on behalf of whom the city of Edmundston was named
Edmundston
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The Cathedral of Immaculate Conception, in downtown Edmundston.
Edmundston
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Park and bridge over the
Madawaska River
34.
Summerside, Prince Edward Island
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Summerside is a Canadian city in Prince County, Prince Edward Island. It is the second largest city in the province and the municipality for the western part of the island. Summerside was officially incorporated as a town on April 1,1877 and it was reincorporated as a city on April 1,1995 with the amalgamation of the town of Summerside and the neighbouring communities of St. Eleanors, Wilmot and a segment of Sherbrooke. The population of the town of Summerside in 1991, the last census prior to amalgamation, was 13,636 residents. The largest single employer within the city is the Summerside Tax Centre, the outlying community of New Annan is home to the operations of Cavendish Farms, Prince Edward Islands largest private sector employer. Cavendish Farms maintains two large frozen foods processing plants in New Annan, other outlying communities, such as Borden-Carleton have important employers for Summerside residents. The Summerside area was at one home to the worlds largest concentration of Tame Silver Fox farms. This is highlighted at the Silver Fox Museum, the Summerside City Council is governed by a mayor and eight councillors who represent geographic areas called wards. The current mayor is Bill Martin, the Summerside Police Department has approximately 35 officers responsible for law enforcement within the city. Summerside has seven English public schools, four elementary, two high, and one senior high school. The English Language School Board has an office in the city, the city also has one French public school operated by the Commission scolaire de langue française. The City of Summerside operates the only municipally-owned electric utility in Prince Edward Island, after buying Charlottetown Light & Power in 1918, Maritime Electric consolidated electric distribution on the island. The company offered to take over the operations in Summerside, the Summerside distribution grid has had an inter-connection with the Maritime Electric transmission grid since 1961. Similar to Maritime Electric, Summerside Electric purchases the majority of its electricity from NB Power, in 2008,76. 5% of its power was acquired from NB Power. They also run their engines on the last day of month, for maintenance reasons. In 2007 the city signed a 20-year agreement with a wind energy company to supply about 23% of its electricity from a private wind farm in West Cape. Construction started on a city owned wind farm in 2009 comprising four wind turbines, the wind farm became fully operational in late 2009 and was immediately tied into the citys power. This is Canadas first municipally owned and operated wind farm, on an average day the wind farm produces about 25% of the electricity for the entire city
Summerside, Prince Edward Island
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Summerside City Hall
Summerside, Prince Edward Island
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Seal
Summerside, Prince Edward Island
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First blade installed on Summerside's first wind turbine
Summerside, Prince Edward Island
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Credit Union Place, a sports and community centre
35.
Grand Falls-Windsor
–
Grand Falls-Windsor is a town located in the central region of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, with a population of 13,725 at the 2011 census. The town is the largest in the region, the fifth largest in the province. Grand Falls-Windsor was incorporated in 1991 when the two towns of Grand Falls and Windsor amalgamated. The town is known as Qapskuk in the Mikmaq language, worried about the impending war in Europe, Alfred Harmsworth began looking for an alternative source of newsprint for his familys newspaper and publishing business. The site had great potential due to access to lumber, the possibility of hydroelectricity, the first roll of salable newsprint was not produced until December 22,1909. Workers came from throughout the colony and the world to develop the new area. At that time, only employees of the mill and workers from private businesses were permitted to live in Grand Falls, other people settled north of the railway in a shack town known as Grand Falls Station, which became Windsor, named for the English Royal Family. The Anglo Newfoundland Development Company, owners of the town, catered to the social, the Grand Falls Athletic Club was formed in 1907. Sports such as hockey, boxing, golf, soccer and baseball were played in the area, from 1905–1906, the religious needs of the residents were filled by visiting clergy. However, because of the population of Grand Falls, several churches were built. Due to its growth, Grand Falls Station became a vibrant town. Main Street, in what is now the town of Windsor, featured lines of small business that catered to the needs of the residents. During the incorporation, Grand Falls Station changed its name to Windsor in honour of the British Royal Family, in 1961, Price Brothers and Company Limited acquired a large amount of A. N. D. An election for the first municipal government was held which eventually led to the incorporation of the town of Grand Falls. In 1988, the town took the title of the World Forestry Capital briefly, finally, in 1991, the towns of Grand Falls and Windsor were forced by the provincial government to amalgamate, becoming the current town of Grand Falls-Windsor. Today the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, part of the 5th Canadian Division is stationed in the town, Grand Falls-Windsor is centrally located on the island of Newfoundland. It is approximately an hour west of Gander, two and a half hours west of Clarenville and about four hours west of St. Johns, the town itself consists of the former towns of Grand Falls and Windsor. The Newfoundland and Labrador Route 1 runs through the middle of town, with exits for Main Street, Station Road, Cromer Avenue, Union Street, Grenfell Heights and New Bay Road
Grand Falls-Windsor
–
Seal
Grand Falls-Windsor
–
Grand Falls Windsor
Grand Falls-Windsor
–
Mary March Provincial Museum
36.
Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Most of the streets in Gander are named after famous aviators, including Alcock and Brown, Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindbergh, Eddie Rickenbacker, Marc Garneau and Chuck Yeager. Gander was chosen for the construction of an airport in 1935 because of its close to the northeast tip of the North American continent. In 1936, construction of the base began, and the town started to develop, on January 11,1938, Captain Douglas Fraser made the first landing at Newfoundland Airport, now known as Gander International Airport, or CYQX, in a single-engine biplane, Fox Moth VO-ADE. During the Second World War, as many as 10,000 Canadian, British, the area became a strategic post for the Royal Air Force Air Ferry Command, with approximately 20,000 American- and Canadian-built fighters and bombers stopping at Gander en route to Europe. After the war, the became a civilian airport. Construction of the present town began in the 1950s, and the present municipality was incorporated in 1958. After the Second World War, the town grew as the airport was used as a stop for transatlantic flights. Efforts have been made to diversify the economy from being dependent on the airport, Gander was the site of a major aircraft accident, Arrow Air Flight 1285, on December 12,1985. 256 people were killed in the disaster, making it the deadliest air crash to happen in Canada, residents of Gander and surrounding communities volunteered to house, feed, and entertain the travellers in what became known as Operation Yellow Ribbon. This was largely because Transport Canada and Nav Canada asked that transatlantic flights avoid major airports in central Canada, such as Toronto Pearson International Airport, lufthansa named one of its Airbus A340 aircraft Gander/Halifax to thank both cities for their handling of rerouted travellers on September 11. A radio play, The Day the Planes Came by Caroline and David Stafford, the play was first broadcast in June 2008 on BBC Radio 4, and was repeated in October 2009. A TV movie, Diverted, was made in 2009, in February 2010, NBC aired a report by Tom Brokaw on Ganders role in the displacement of hundreds of planes on 9/11 during coverage of the Olympic Games in Vancouver. Though having nothing to do with the Games, and at a distance of 4,800 km from them, the generosity and warm-heartedness as it helped each passenger. In May 2007, MoneySense ranked Gander as the 10th best place to live in Canada, Gander is located 210 kilometres northwest of the provincial capital of St. Johns, and about 970 kilometres northeast of Boston. According to Statistics Canada 2011 census, the current population of the town of Gander is 11,054, there are a total of 4,751 private dwellings and the towns total area is 104.25 km2, with a population density of 106. 0/km2. Gander has a cool to cold humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification and it combines moderately warm and rainy summers with cold and very snowy winters. Due to the influence from the Atlantic Ocean, seasonal changes are slightly less pronounced than in Canadas interior. Gander offers all the conveniences of a major centre, the newest development is a continually-expanding business park with big box stores such as Walmart and Kent Building Supplies
Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Gander
37.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
38.
United Nations geoscheme
–
The United Nations geoscheme is a system which divides the countries of the world into regional and subregional groups. It was devised by the United Nations Statistics Division based on the M49 coding classification, for instance, UNSD includes Georgia and Cyprus in Western Asia, yet the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and UNESCO include them in Europe. The schema was created for statistical analysis and consists of macro-geographical regions arranged to the extent possible according to continents, within these groupings, smaller, geographical subregions and selected economic and other groupings allow for detailed analysis
United Nations geoscheme
–
The definition of regions and subregions in use by the
United Nations for statistical purposes.
Antarctica is omitted.
39.
Earth
–
Earth, otherwise known as the World, or the Globe, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets, according to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. Earths gravity interacts with objects in space, especially the Sun. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times, thus, Earths axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal variations on the planets surface. The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes the Earths orientation on its axis, Earths lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earths surface is covered with water, mostly by its oceans, the remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earths polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet, Earths interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earths magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics. Within the first billion years of Earths history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earths atmosphere and surface, some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earths distance from the Sun, physical properties, in the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species that lived on Earth are extinct. Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely, over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival. Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures, politically, the world has about 200 sovereign states, the modern English word Earth developed from a wide variety of Middle English forms, which derived from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe. It has cognates in every Germanic language, and their proto-Germanic root has been reconstructed as *erþō, originally, earth was written in lowercase, and from early Middle English, its definite sense as the globe was expressed as the earth. By early Modern English, many nouns were capitalized, and the became the Earth. More recently, the name is simply given as Earth. House styles now vary, Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, another convention capitalizes Earth when appearing as a name but writes it in lowercase when preceded by the. It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as what on earth are you doing, the oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4. 5672±0.0006 billion years ago. By 4. 54±0.04 Gya the primordial Earth had formed, the formation and evolution of Solar System bodies occurred along with the Sun
Earth
–
"
The Blue Marble " photograph of Earth, taken during the
Apollo 17 lunar mission in 1972
Earth
–
Artist's impression of the early Solar System's planetary disk
Earth
–
World map color-coded by relative height
Earth
–
The summit of
Chimborazo, in Ecuador, is the point on Earth's surface farthest from its center.
40.
Africa
–
Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earths total surface area and 20.4 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the human population. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos and it contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states, nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Africas population is the youngest amongst all the continents, the age in 2012 was 19.7. Algeria is Africas largest country by area, and Nigeria by population, afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. Africa hosts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa, Africa also varies greatly with regard to environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. However, most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century, afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean. This name seems to have referred to a native Libyan tribe. The name is connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar dust. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix -ica can sometimes be used to denote a land, the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while Asia was used to refer to Anatolia, as Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 25,4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya, isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. Suggests Africa comes from the Latin aprica, meaning sunny, massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning to turn toward the opening of the Ka. The Ka is the double of every person and the opening of the Ka refers to a womb or birthplace
Africa
–
Map of Africa
Africa
–
Africa
Africa
–
Lucy, an
Australopithecus afarensis skeleton discovered on November 24, 1974, in the
Awash Valley of
Ethiopia 's
Afar Depression
Africa
–
Colossal statues of
Ramesses II at
Abu Simbel, Egypt, date from around 1400 BC.
41.
North Africa
–
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nationss definition of Northern Africa is, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, the countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for sunset. Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, Egypt is a transcontinental country because of the Sinai Peninsula, which geographically lies in Western Asia. North Africa also includes a number of Spanish possessions, the Canary Islands and Madeira in the North Atlantic Ocean northwest of the African mainland are included in considerations of the region. From 3500 BC, following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to changes in the Earths orbit. The Islamic influence in the area is significant, and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world. Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration. The Atlas Mountains extend across much of Morocco, northern Algeria and Tunisia, are part of the mountain system that also runs through much of Southern Europe. They recede to the south and east, becoming a steppe landscape before meeting the Sahara desert, the sediments of the Sahara overlie an ancient plateau of crystalline rock, some of which is more than four billion years old. Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains, the Nile Valley and Delta, a wide variety of valuable crops including cereals, rice and cotton, and woods such as cedar and cork, are grown. Typical Mediterranean crops, such as olives, figs, dates and citrus fruits, the Nile Valley is particularly fertile, and most of the population in Egypt and Sudan live close to the river. Elsewhere, irrigation is essential to improve yields on the desert margins. The inhabitants of Saharan Africa are generally divided in a manner corresponding to the principal geographic regions of North Africa, the Maghreb, the Nile valley. The edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt has mainly been inhabited by Nubians, Ancient Egyptians record extensive contact in their Western desert with people that appear to have been Berber or proto-Berber, as well as Nubians from the south. They have contributed to the Arabized Berber populations, the official language or one of the official languages in all of the countries in North Africa is Arabic. The people of the Maghreb and the Sahara regions speak Berber languages and several varieties of Arabic, the Arabic and Berber languages are distantly related, both being members of the Afroasiatic language family. The Tuareg Berber languages are more conservative than those of the coastal cities. Over the years, Berbers have been influenced by contact with cultures, Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Europeans
North Africa
–
Market of
Biskra in Algeria, 1899
North Africa
–
Northern Africa (UN subregion)
North Africa
–
The
kasbah of
Aït Benhaddou in Morocco
North Africa
–
The first
Roman emperor native to North Africa was
Septimius Severus, born in Leptis Magna in present-day Libya.
42.
Mediterranean Basin
–
As a rule of thumb, the Mediterranean Basin is the Old World region where olive trees grow. The Mediterranean basin covers portions of three continents Africa, Asia, and Europe and it has a varied and contrasting topography. Contrary to the sandy beach images portrayed in most tourist brochures. Mountains can be seen from almost anywhere, the Mediterranean Basin extends into Western Asia, covering the western and southern portions of the peninsula of Turkey, excluding the temperate-climate mountains of central Turkey. It includes the Mediterranean climate Levant at the end of the Mediterranean, bounded on the east and south by the Syrian. The northern portion of the Maghreb region of northwestern Africa has a Mediterranean climate, separated from the Sahara Desert, Europe lies to the north, and three large Southern European peninsulas, the Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula, and the Balkan Peninsula, extend into the Mediterranean-climate zone. The Mediterranean Basin was shaped by the ancient collision of the northward-moving African-Arabian continent with the stable Eurasian continent, as Africa-Arabia moved north, it closed the former Tethys Sea, which formerly separated Eurasia from the ancient super continent of Gondwana, of which Africa was part. At about the time,170 mya in the Jurassic period. The collision pushed up a vast system of mountains, extending from the Pyrenees in Spain to the Zagros Mountains in Iran and this episode of mountain building, known as the Alpine orogeny, occurred mostly during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. The Neotethys became larger during these collisions and associated folding and subduction, about 6 mya during the late Miocene, the Mediterranean was closed at its western end by drifting Africa, which caused the entire sea to evaporate. There followed several episodes of sea drawdown and re-flooding known as the Messinian Salinity Crisis, recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a geodynamic point of view. The end of the Miocene also marked a change in the Mediterranean Basins climate, fossil evidence shows that the Mediterranean Basin had a relatively humid subtropical climate with summer rainfall during the Miocene, which supported laurel forests. The shift to a Mediterranean climate occurred within the last 3. 2–2.8 million years, during the Pliocene epoch, much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a wooded region. The Mediterranean Region was first proposed by German botanist August Grisebach in the late 19th century, drosophyllaceae, recently segregated from Droseraceae, is the only plant family endemic to the region. Among the endemic plant genera are, The genera Aubrieta, Sesamoides, Cynara, Dracunculus, moreover, many plant taxa are shared with one of the four neighboring floristic regions only. The Mediterranean Basin is the largest of the worlds five Mediterranean forests, woodlands and it is home to a number of plant communities, which vary with rainfall, elevation, latitude, and soils. Scrublands occur in the driest areas, especially areas near the seacoast where wind, low, soft-leaved scrublands around the Mediterranean are known as garrigar in Catalan, garrigue in French, phrygana in Greek, tomillares in Spanish, and batha in Hebrew
Mediterranean Basin
–
Potential distribution over the Mediterranean Basin of the olive tree—one of the best biological indicators of the Mediterranean Region (Oteros, 2014)
Mediterranean Basin
–
Political Map of the Mediterranean Basin
43.
Gibraltar Arc
–
The Gibraltar Arc is a geological region corresponding to an arcuate orogen surrounding the Alboran Sea, between the Iberian Peninsula and Africa. It consists of the Betic Cordillera, and the Rif, the Gibraltar Arc is located at the western end of the Mediterranean Alpine belt and formed during the Neogene due to convergence of the Eurasian and African plates. Maximum altitudes of the region are reached at the Mulhacén peak at the Cordillera Betica, precipitation is collected mainly by the Guadalquivir and Sebou rivers, which have delivered most sedimentary infill of the homonym sedimentary foreland basins. North–south convergence of the Eurasian and African plates occurred during the middle Oligocene to the late Miocene, the Gibraltar Arc was formed during the Neogene due to a combination of western migration of the orogenic mountain front and late orogenic extension. The present convergence rate of the plates is estimated to be approximately 4.5 to 5.0 mm/year with an azimuth of 135–120°, the eastward Gibraltar Arc oceanic subduction system was active during the Early and Middle Miocene and has likely been inactive since. At this time, the Alboran Sea acted as a back-arc basin during the deposition of accretionary units, since the Late Miocene, north–south to northwest–southeast continental convergence forced the subduction system along the arc that is oriented N20°E to N100°E. There is a lithospheric slab dipping east from the Strait of Gibraltar down to 600 km depth beneath the Alboran Sea, a major left-lateral strike-slip fault zone, the Trans-Alboran Shear Zone, crosscuts the Gibraltar Arc with a NE trend from the eastern Betics to the western Rif. It was active during the Neogene, contributing to the advance of the Gibraltar Arc. Some of the previous fault segments are active, with left-lateral transpressive faulting, oblique to this shear zone, there are two major right-lateral strike-slip fault systems, the Maro-Nerja and Yusuf systems. These trend NW and have transtensive deformation, the Arc has two sections, the Internal and External Zones. The Internal Zone, which is located on the side of the arc, adjacent to the Alboran Sea. The External Zone, located on the side of the arc, is mostly made of sediments deposited on the passive margins of Africa. Flysch units from the Cretaceous to Early Miocene are located between the External and Internal Zones
Gibraltar Arc
–
Gibraltar Arc
44.
Greater Middle East
–
The Greater Middle East is a political term that denotes a set of contiguously connected countries. The region stretches from Morocco in the west all the way to the edge of China in the east. Various countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia are sometimes also included, since then, the U. S. has been involved in balancing conflicts amongst these culturally interconnected nations in order to further its interests in the region. The Greater Middle East is sometimes referred to as The New Middle East, former U. S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski states that a political awakening is taking place in this region which may be an indicator of the multi-polar world that is now developing. He alluded to the Greater Middle East as the Global Balkans, and as a control lever on an area he refers to as Eurasia. S. military failure in the Middle East over the past three decades
Greater Middle East
–
Traditional definition of the Middle East
45.
Middle East
–
The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
Middle East
–
The
Temple Mount in
Jerusalem
Middle East
–
Map of the Middle East (green).
Middle East
–
The
Kaaba, located in
Mecca,
Saudi Arabia
Middle East
–
Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East. Here, Muslim men are
prostrating during prayer in a mosque.
46.
Maghreb
–
The Maghreb, or the Greater Maghreb, is usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. Historical terms for the region or various portions of the Maghreb include Mauretania, Numidia, Libya, the term maghrib is Arabic for west, from the verb gharaba. In the strict sense, the definite form al-maghrib denotes the country of Morocco in particular and it identified the westernmost territories that fell to the Islamic conquests of the 7th century. Today, it is a noun for the present region of the Maghreb. The Berber languages alternative term for the region, Tamazgha, has been popularized by Berber activists since the second half of the 20th century. As recently as the late 19th century it was used to refer to the Western Mediterranean region of coastal North Africa in general, and to Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in particular. The region was unified as an independent political entity during the rule of the Berber kingdom of Numidia. The most enduring rule was that of the local Berber empires of the Almoravids, Almohads, Hammadids, Zirids, Marinids, Saadi, the Ottoman Turks ruled the region as well. Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya established the Maghreb Union in 1989 to promote cooperation and it was envisioned initially by Muammar Gaddafi as a superstate. The union included Western Sahara implicitly under Moroccos membership, putting Moroccos long cold war with Algeria to a rest, however, this progress was short-lived, and the union is now frozen. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco over Western Sahara re-emerged strongly, reinforced by the unsolved borderline issue between the two countries and these two main conflicts have hindered progress on the unions joint goals and practically made it inactive as a whole. Around 3,500 BC a tilt in the Earths orbit created a rapid desertification of the Sahara, the Maghreb or western North Africa is believed to have been inhabited by Berbers since from at least 10,000 BC. Maghreb coast ports were predominantly occupied or constructed by the Phoenicians, the main Phoenician settlements centered in the Gulf of Tunis along the North African littoral between the Pillars of Hercules and the Libyan coast east of ancient Cyrenaica. They dominated the trade and intercourse of the Western Mediterranean for centuries, Rome was greatly helped by the defection of King Massinissa and Carthaginians eastern Numidian Massylii client-allies. A century later, the Byzantine emperor Justinian I sent a force under General Belisarius that succeeded in destroying the Vandal kingdom, the Berbers contested outside-the-area control although after the 640s-700 AD period the Arabs controlled the entire region. The Arabs reached the Maghreb in early Umayyad times, Arab expansion and the spread of Islam pushed the development of trans-Saharan trade. While restricted due to the cost and dangers, the trade was highly profitable, commodities traded included such goods as salt, gold, ivory, and slaves. Arab control over the Maghreb was quite weak, various Islamic variations, such as the Ibadis and the Shia, were adopted by some Berbers, often leading to scorning of Caliphal control in favour of their own interpretation of Islam
Maghreb
–
Magreb head ornament (Morocco)
Maghreb
–
The
Arab Maghreb Union countries
Maghreb
–
The
Great Mosque of Kairouan, founded by the Arab general Uqba Ibn Nafi (in 670), is the oldest mosque in the Maghreb city of
Kairouan,
Tunisia.
Maghreb
–
1707 map of northwest Africa by
Guillaume Delisle, including the Maghreb
47.
Barbary Coast
–
The Barbary Coast, or Berber Coast, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to much of the collective land of the Berber people. Today, the term Greater Maghreb or simply Maghreb corresponds roughly to Barbary, the term Barbary Coast emphasizes the Berber coastal regions and cities throughout the middle and western coastal regions of North Africa – what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. The name is derived from the Berber people of north Africa, the slaves and goods were being traded and sold throughout the Ottoman Empire or to the Europeans themselves. Barbary was not always a political entity. From the 16th century onwards, it was divided into the political entities of the Regency of Algiers, Tunis, major rulers during the times of the Barbary states plundering parties included the Pasha or Dey of Algiers, the Bey of Tunis and the Bey of Tripoli. Before then, the territory was divided between Ifriqiya, Morocco, and a west-central Algerian state centered on Tlemcen or Tiaret. Powerful Berber dynasties such as the Almohads and briefly thereafter the Hafsids, from a European perspective its capital or chief city was often considered to be Tripoli in modern-day Libya, although Marrakesh in Morocco was the largest and most important Berber city at the time. In addition, Algiers in Algeria and Tangiers in Morocco were also seen as the capital. The first United States military land action overseas, executed by the U. S, Marines and Navy, was the Battle of Derne, Tripoli, in 1805. The opening line of the Marines Hymn refers to this action and this was the first time the U. S. Marine Corps took part in offensive actions outside of the United States. The word razzia was borrowed via Italian and French from Algerian Arabic ghaziya, originally referring to slave raids conducted by Barbary pirates
Barbary Coast
–
1707 map by
Guillaume Delisle showing northwest Africa, including the Barbary Coast
Barbary Coast
–
Ex-Voto of a naval battle between a Turkish ship from
Algiers (front) and a ship of the
Order of Malta under
Langon, 1719.
Barbary Coast
–
Purchase of Christian captives in the Barbary States.
48.
Barbara (region)
–
Barbara, also referred to as Barbaria, referred to two ancient regions in littoral Northeast Africa. The two areas were inhabited by the Eastern Barbaroi or Baribah as referred to by ancient Greek philosophers and these inhabitants were the ancestors of todays local Afroasiatic-speaking populations. This second Barbara region was home to entrepôts known as the far-side ports, archaeological excavations led by Neville Chittick have identified the Market and Cape of Spices as the present-day Damo. The travelogue mentions these Berbers as trading frankincense, among other commodities, through their port cities such as Malao, Avalites, Mundus, Mosylon. Competent seamen, the Periplus author also indicates that they sailed throughout the Red Sea, the document describes the Berbers system of governance as decentralized, and essentially consisting of a collection of autonomous city-states. Berenice Troglodytica Periplus of the Erythraean Sea - Schoff translation
Barbara (region)
–
The northern
Somali coast, referred to as Barbara in
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.
Canada
