1.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
2.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
3.
Auckland CBD
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The Auckland central business district, sometimes referred to as Central City or Downtown, is the geographical and economic heart of the Auckland metropolitan area. The area is made up of the citys largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses, the CBD is one of the most densely developed places in New Zealand, with many commercial and some residential developments packed into a space of only 433 hectares. Bounded by several motorways and by the harbour coastline in the north. Located on the shore of a narrow isthmus, the CBD extends from the Auckland waterfront on the Waitemata Harbour southwards along Queen Street. The CBD has an area of 433 hectares, similar to the Sydney CBD, the CBD is to a substantial part located on reclaimed land of the Waitemata Harbour. For a closer discussion of this aspect, see the Commercial Bay, the town of Auckland was created in 1840 with the first European colonisation of the area, marked by an official ceremony on the now non-existent Point Britomart. The initial centre of the new town was focused on what is now the corner of Shortland and Queen Streets, Shortland Street tended to be the location of the more important businesses and most of the luxury shops of the mid 19th century. The 1850s onwards saw a number of businesses, and especially retail, locating further south along Queen Street. During the remainder of the 19th century, Commercial Bay was progressively filled in, allowing an extension of Queen Street and the creation of Fort Street, Customs Street. The part of Queen Street north of Customs Street is today referred to informally as Lower Queen Street, up until the middle of the 20th century the centre of town still contained a large number of small factories including clothing manufacturers. This was mirrored by the development of shopping malls which enticed retailers to vacate the inner city as well. Attempts by the council to halt this pattern by constructing numerous public car parking buildings met with varying success, residential numbers in the inner city were also declining in the 20th century from as early as the 1920s. Around 24,000 apartment units exist as of 2010, the CBD of Auckland has been the leading centre of New Zealands business and economic development for nearly two centuries. The area of todays CBD was the site of the original European settlement of Auckland, oriented along the coastline and then Queen Street, in a southward direction. From those origins, it has grown progressively, and become more densely built-up, now being an area of high-rise buildings mainly used for commercial. It has the highest concentration of arts, culture and higher education institutions, some commentators have noted that the recent decades have not been kind to the aesthetics and the community values of the inner city. In an attempt to reverse the decline of aesthetics in the CBD, previous Auckland City Councils and these include the recent redevelopment of Aotea Square in 2010 and the upgrade of Saint Patricks Square in 2009. The Auckland CBD is one of the few places in New Zealand that has skyscraper-sized buildings, such as the Vero Centre, ANZ Centre or the Metropolis, with the Sky Tower rising above them
4.
Auckland Region
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The Auckland Region is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand, named for the city of Auckland, the countrys largest urban area. The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area, smaller towns, rural areas, with 34 percent of the nations residents, it has by far the biggest population and economy of any region of New Zealand, but the second-smallest land area. On 1 November 2010, the Auckland Region became a unitary authority controlled by the Auckland Council, replacing the previous regional council, in the process, an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region. The name Auckland Region remains present in casual usage, the region ends within a few kilometres of the mouth of the Waikato River. It is bordered in the north by the Northland Region, and it also includes the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. In land area it is smaller than all the other regions and its highest point is the summit of Little Barrier Island, at 722 metres. The Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea form the coastline around the Auckland region, the east coast is lapped by the waters of the Hauraki Gulf, an arm of the Pacific sheltered by a considerable number of small and large islands, notably Great Barrier Island in the northeast. An arm of the Gulf, the Waitemata Harbour, forms the main harbour of Auckland city, the mainland coastline is 1,613 kilometres long, with the total coastline being 3,100 kilometres. Much of the marine area comprises sensitive tidal inlets and estuaries and semi-enclosed Waitemata, Manukau. To the west lie two large natural harbours, the Kaipara and the Manukau, both of these have treacherous entrances and are little used by shipping. The Kaipara Harbour is one of the worlds largest natural harbours, Auckland Airport is located on the edge of the Manukau Harbour. The region is blessed with fine beaches, especially on the Tasman coast south of the Kaipara. These include Muriwai and Piha beaches, the Auckland Region is built on a basement of greywacke rocks that form many of the islands in the Hauraki Gulf, the Hunua Ranges, and land south of Port Waikato. The Waitakere Ranges in the west are the remains of a large andesitic volcano, the main isthmus and North Shore are composed of Waitemata sandstone and mudstone, and portions of the Northland Allochthon extend as far south as Albany. Little Barrier Island was formed by a relatively isolated andesitic volcano, the Manukau and South Kaipara Harbours are protected by the recent sand dune deposits of the Awhitu and South Kaipara Peninsulas. Recent basaltic volcanic activity has produced many volcanic cones throughout the Auckland Region, much of Aucklands urban area lies on top of the dormant Auckland Volcanic Field. The region is dotted by 49 volcanoes of varying age with the oldest being in the region of 150,000 years old, the most recent eruption occurred approximately 600 years ago, ending a few hundred years of activity during which Rangitoto Island was formed. Each volcanic eruption has tended to be bigger than the previous, all of the volcanoes are relatively small, most being less than 150 metres in height
5.
Wellsford
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Wellsford is a town on the Northland Peninsula in the northern North Island of New Zealand. It is the northernmost major settlement in the Auckland Region, and is 77 kilometres northwest of the Auckland CBD. The town has a population of only 1,671 but is a regional centre, being located at the junction of State Highways 1 and 16. According to local tradition, the name Wellsford is an based on the surnames of the first families who settled in the region. The names were Watson, Edger, Lester, Levet, Simpson, Foster, Oldfield, Ramsbottom, in the early 1860s, English settlers arrived, establishing themselves at Port Albert, on the Kaipara Coast about 10 kilometres west of Wellsford. These settlers called themselves the Albertlanders, after Prince Albert, Queen Victorias consort. They were a group from the Anglican Church looking for a new world However, not many of the settlers arrived at Port Albert. The majority of the Albertlanders moved inland, to fertile areas in the region. As a result, Wellsford was founded, Wellsford was part of the Rodney District during its existence from 1989 to 2010. Rodney College is a school with a decile rating of 4. Wellsford School is a primary school with a decile rating of 4. Rodney Colleges Board of Trustees was dismissed in August 2008 and a ministry of education commissioner appointed, Rodney College has repeatedly performed exceedingly well in students NCEA results, with the percentage of students completing NCEA Level 312. 9% above the national average. Ormandy was replaced by Irene Symes in 2014, living Way Christian School is a composite school with a decile rating of 6 and a roll of 34. It is a school which provides an education based on a God-centred. Tapora School is a primary school with a decile rating of 6 with a roll of 45. The roll is split into three classrooms, Room 3, Room 2, Room 1 each with one teacher supervising and it is a public school located west of Wellsford. Wellsford, Tauhoa, Pakiri and Mangawhai Primary Schools all cater for students from year 1-8, being a rural town, sport plays a big part in Wellsfords day-to-day life with rugby, soccer, netball, cricket, tennis and athletics being amongst the more popular sports played. The Wellsford Golf Club is popular among the locals and also squash courts
6.
Waiuku
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Waiuku is a country town in the Auckland Region in the North Island of New Zealand. It is located at the end of the Waiuku River. It is 40 kilometres southwest of Auckland city centre, and 12 kilometres north of the mouth of the Waikato River, the town serves to support local farming, and is the residence of many employees of New Zealand Steel at Glenbrook, which is four kilometres to the northeast. It was part of the Franklin District prior to it being abolished in 2010, most of the town is now within the boundaries of Auckland Council, with the balance in the area of Waikato District Council. The Māori name Waiuku comes from a legend that two prominent brothers, Tamakae and Tamakou, vied for the hand of a beautiful high-ranking Waikato chieftainess, Tamakae was the cultivator, provider and Tamakou the orator. Tamakou was the first to meet her, but she requested that Tamakae be presented to her. He was working in the gardens and had to be washed in the wai and uku at the stream that flows into the Manukau Harbour just behind the Waiuku Museum. Tamakae won her heart and married her, from then the place was named Waiuku. Waiuku came into existence as a port in about 1843, on the important trade route between Auckland and the agricultural area of the Waikato. It was also the terminal of an ancient Maori portage between the Waikato River and the Manukau Harbour, Waiuku was marked out by the Government as a town in 1851. During the Waikato War, Waiuku became a frontier stockade guarded by a blockhouse, the Waikato War ended the traffic responsible for the early development of the town as a trading post. Waiuku later grew as a farming centre under road board administration and it was constituted a borough in 1955, and subsequently amalgamated into the Franklin District Council. After many changes of ownership and name, the company has returned to being called New Zealand Steel and is a division of Bluescope Steel of Australia, the company continues to be a major employer in and influence on the town. The local pub, called The Kentish Hotel, is New Zealands longest continuously licensed hotel and it was built by one of the first European settlers in Waiuku, Edward Constable, as an inn in 1851. His presence can still be felt in the name of the pub, the Kentish, with its ornate verandahs, provides a historical centre point to the town and the nearby Tamakae Reserve. At the entrance to the Reserve stands a statue of Tamakae carved from swamp kauri logs. The logs were found during excavation work at New Zealand Steel and gifted to the local iwi. The nearby Waiuku Museum has colonial era memorabilia, Māori artifacts, old sailing boats, neighbouring attractions include the West Coast black sand beach of Karioitahi and the Glenbrook Vintage Railway
7.
Auckland Council
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The Auckland Council is the local government council for the Auckland Region in New Zealand. The governing body consists of a mayor and 20 councillors, elected from 13 wards, There are also 149 members of 21 local boards who make decisions on matters local to their communities. It is the largest council in Australasia, with a $3 billion annual budget, $29 billion of ratepayer equity, and 9,870 full time staff as of 30 June 2016. The council began operating on 1 November 2010, combining the functions of the regional council. The Council was established by a number of Acts of Parliament, both the means by which the Council was established and its structure came under repeated criticism from a broad spectrum during the establishment period. The initial Council elections in October 2010 returned a mostly centre-left council with Len Brown as mayor, Brown was re-elected in October 2013, again with a largely supportive council. The 2016 mayoral election was won by Labour MP Phil Goff, the Auckland Regional Council was formed in 1989, replacing the Auckland Regional Authority. Until 2010, the Auckland Region had seven City/District authorities, plus one Regional authority, in 2007, the government set up a Royal Commission on Auckland Governance to report on what restructuring should be done. Some recommendations of the Royal Commission which have not been adopted or implemented, 6B The Mayor of Aucklands annual State of the Region address should describe progress towards the attainment of the vision. 19C, Leadership support and development programmes for elected councillors should be strengthened, 21D, Auckland Council CCOs and their statements of intent should be subject to performance review by the proposed Auckland Services Performance Auditor. 21A 22A Two Māori members should be elected to the Auckland Council by voters who are on the parliamentary Māori Electoral Roll, 22B There should be a Mana Whenua Forum, the members of which will be appointed by mana whenua from the district of the Auckland Council. Where appropriate, current structures and/or memoranda of understanding should be transferred to local councils, 24F Auckland Council should consider creating an Urban Development Agency, to operate at the direction of the Auckland Council, with compulsory acquisition powers. The Auckland Council should determine the extent to which responsibilities for the delivery of services are shared between local councils and Watercare Services Limited. 26I Watercare Services Limited should be required by legislation to demand management. 26M Watercare Services Limited should be required to prepare an action plan. 27D The Auckland Council should prepare an e-government strategy as an part of its proposed unified service delivery. B) require Auckland Council CCOs providing council services to adopt the councils ICT infrastructure standards, the role of the Performance Auditor will include a) reviewing the adequacy and relevance of CCO performance targets. B) protecting the interests and advocating for them in respect of the reliability and affordability of council services
8.
Franklin District
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Franklin District is a former New Zealand territorial authority that lay between the Auckland metropolitan area and the Waikato Plains. The Auckland portion is now part of the Franklin ward, which includes rural parts of the former Manukau City. Before its abolition, it was administered from the town of Pukekohe, out-going Franklin District Mayor Mark Ball had proposed that Franklin district become an independent unitary authority, fulfilling both the functions of a local and regional council. However, this was rejected by Minister Rodney Hide, the district was bounded in the north by the start of the Auckland metropolitan area and the waters of the Manukau Harbour. Awhitu Peninsula stretches up the Tasman coast to the mouth of this harbour, here are located several holiday spots, such as Kariotahi Beach and Matakawau. To the south, Franklin was bounded by the lowlands of the Waikato Plains. In the east, the rises to the Hunua Ranges. In the west is the Tasman Sea, the Waikato River mouth is at Port Waikato in the south of the region. This is renowned as a place for surfcasting. The area is rural, with local settlements such as Waiuku. One industry of note is the New Zealand Steel steel mill at Glenbrook, the name of Franklin probably derives from Lady Jane Franklin, an early British traveller and the wife of Captain Sir John Franklin, who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land. Lady Franklin visited the Waikato Heads in 1841, Franklin County News, a twice-weekly newspaper based in Pukekohe, serves the former Franklin district
9.
Public library
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A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries, Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public access to books is not new, romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for public libraries, paid for by taxes. Public libraries were started with a donation, or were bequeathed to parishes, churches. These social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public collections of today. The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century, by booksellers and publishers provided a means of gaining profit, the circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided a variety of including the increasingly popular novels. Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided a place for other forms of commercial activity and this was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers. The Malatestiana Library, also known as the Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna and it was the first European civic library, i. e. belonging to the Commune and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena, Malatesta Novello, the works were directed by Matteo Nuti of Fano and lasted from 1447 to 1452. In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate, norwich City library was established in 1608 and Chethams Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653. Claude Sallier, the French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of library in the town of Saulieu from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people, the Załuski Library was built in Warsaw 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops. The library was open to the public and indeed was the first Polish public library, at the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries. The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries, before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature and libraries frequently chained their books to desks
10.
Bookmobile
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A bookmobile or mobile library is a vehicle designed for use as a library. It is designed to hold books on shelves in such a way that when the vehicle is parked they can be accessed by readers. Mobile libraries are used to provide library services to villages. They can also service groups or individuals who have difficulty accessing libraries, for example, as well as regular books, a bookmobile might also carry large print books, audiobooks, other media, IT equipment, and Internet access. The British Workman reported in 1857 about a library operating in a circle of eight villages. A Victorian merchant and philanthropist, George Moore, had created the project to diffuse good literature among the rural population, the Warrington Perambulating Library, set up in 1858, was another early British mobile library. This horse-drawn van was operated by the Warrington Mechanics Institute, which aimed to increase the lending of its books to enthusiastic local patrons, fairfax County, Virginia had a bookmobile operating in the northwestern part of the county in 1890. County-wide bookmobile service was begun in 1940, in a truck loaned by the Works Progress Administration, the WPA support of the bookmobile ended in 1942, but the service did not. Another early American bookmobile was developed by Mary Lemist Titcomb, as a librarian at the Washington County, Maryland Free Library, Titcomb was concerned that the library was not reaching all the people it could. The annual report for 1902 lists 23 branches, i. e. collections of 50 books in a case placed in stores, the Hennepin County Public Library started operating a bookmobile in 1923. Sometimes they relied on a contact to help them distribute the materials. The Library in Action was a late-1960s Bronx, NY, program aiming to bring books to teenagers of color in under-served neighborhoods, bookmobiles reached their height of popularity in the mid-twentieth century. Bookmobiles are still in use, operated by libraries, schools, activists, the Internet Archive runs its own bookmobile to print out-of-copyright books on demand. The project has spun off similar efforts elsewhere in the developing world, in the U. S. the American Library Association sponsors an annual National Bookmobile Day annually, on the Wednesday of National Library Week, in April. Bookmobiles and similar services are used in countries, in some locations without a vehicle. Some examples include, A Camel Library Service in Kenya is funded by the Kenyan government and as a charity in Garissa and Wajir, near the border with Somalia. The service started with three camels in October 1996 and had 12 in 2006, delivering 7000 books, daily, in English, Somali, masha Hamilton used this service as a background for her novel The Camel Bookmobile. A donkey-drawn mobile library in Zimbabwe not only books but access to the Internet and multimedia
11.
Auckland City Council
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Auckland City Council was the local government authority for Auckland City, New Zealand, from 1871 to 1 November 2010, when it was amalgamated into the Auckland Council. It was a body representing the 404,658 residents of the city. It was chaired by the Mayor of Auckland City, in the financial year ending June 2007, Auckland City Council had operating revenue of NZ$552 million, of which 68% came from Council rates, which were NZ$859 per ratepayer on average. Another 7% were spent on arts and culture and 2% on zoo, recreational facilities, the operating surplus was NZ$40.3 million. The councillors and the mayor of Auckland City were elected every three years, in the 2007 elections, the voter turnout was 39. 4%, down from 48% in 2004 and 43% in 2001. Amongst its other functions, the city council administered more than 700 parks and reserves throughout the country.5 million to $5.7 million, in 2002 then mayor John Banks announced plans to sell 1570 of its 1700 pensioner flats. A coalition called Council Housing Action Group fought the privatisation, initially Banks sought to sell the flats on the private market, and the coalition protests included disrupting private auctions. While the coalition was unable to prevent the sell-off, they achieved a substantial “compromise” where the flats were not sold off privately, all 1542 pensioner flats and 129 residential houses owned by Auckland City Council were sold to Housing NZ for $83million in 2002-3. The book value for all was $132million at the time of sale, City of sails, the history of Auckland City Council 1989-2010. Advance in order, the Auckland City Council from centenary to reorganisation, 1971-1989
12.
George Grey
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Sir George Grey, KCB was a British soldier, explorer, Governor of South Australia, twice Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Cape Colony, the 11th Premier of New Zealand and a writer. By political philosophy a Gladstonian liberal and Georgist, Grey eschewed the class system for the life of Aucklands new governance he helped to establish. Grey was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of Bvt. Lieutenant-Colonel George Grey, of the 30th Regiment of Foot, who was killed at the Battle of Badajoz in Spain just a few days before. His mother, Elizabeth Anne née Vignoles, on the balcony of her hotel in Lisbon and she was the daughter of a retired soldier turned Irish clergyman, Major later Rev. John Vignoles. Greys grandfather was Owen Wynne Gray, Greys uncle was John Gray, who was Owen Wynne Grays son from his second marriage. Grey was sent to the Royal Grammar School, Guildford in Surrey, early in 1830, he was gazetted ensign in the 83rd Regiment of Foot. In 1830, his regiment having been sent to Ireland, he developed much sympathy with the Irish peasantry whose misery made an impression on him. He was promoted lieutenant in 1833 and obtained a certificate at the examinations of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1837, at the age of 25, Grey led a catastrophically ill-prepared expedition of exploration of north-west Australia – only one man of his party had seen northern Australia before. It was at that time believed that a great river entered the Indian Ocean from the north-west of Australia, others joined the party at Cape Town, and early in December they landed at Hanover Bay. Wrecked, almost drowned, and completely lost, with Grey speared in the hip in a skirmish with Aborigines and they were picked up by the Beagle and Lynher and taken to Mauritius to recover. At about this time, Grey became one of the few Europeans to learn the Noongar language of south-west Western Australia, on 2 November 1839 at King George Sound, Grey married Eliza Lucy Spencer, daughter of the late Government Resident. Their only child, born in 1841 in South Australia, died aged 5 months and it was not a happy marriage. She lived a life of misery until old age brought a formal reunion, Grey adopted Annie Maria Matthews in 1861, following the death of her father, his half-brother, Sir Godfrey Thomas. She married Seymour Thorne George on 3 December 1872 on Kawau Island, Grey was the third Governor of South Australia, from 1841 to 1845, as a replacement for George Gawler, under whose stewardship the colony had become bankrupt. Gawler was also responsible for the illegal retribution exacted by Major OHalloran on an Aboriginal tribe. Grey served as Governor of New Zealand twice, from 1845 to 1853 and he was arguably the most influential figure during the European settlement of New Zealand during much of the 19th century
13.
Subscription library
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A subscription library is a library that is financed by private funds either from membership fees or endowments. Unlike a public library, access is restricted to members. In the 18th century, there were no public libraries in the sense in which we now understand the term i. e. libraries provided from public funds. Only one important library in Britain, Chethams Library in Manchester, was fully and freely accessible to the public, however, during the century, there came into being a whole network of library provision on a private or institutional basis. The increase in secular literature at this time encouraged the establishment of commercial subscription libraries, many small, private book clubs evolved into subscription libraries, charging high annual fees or requiring subscribing members to purchase shares. Subscription libraries would in turn use these earnings to expand their collections, unlike a public library, access was often restricted to members. Some of the earliest such institutions were founded in late-17th century England, such as Chethams Library in 1653, Innerpeffray Library in 1680, in the American colonies, the Library Company of Philadelphia was started in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, PA. The first subscription library in Canada was formed in the 1800s at Niagara, the materials available to subscribers tended to focus on particular subject areas, such as biography, history, philosophy, theology, and travel, rather than works of fiction, particularly the novel. The books selected for the collection were chosen because they would be beneficial to the shareholders. The committee also selected the librarians who would manage the circulation of materials, subscription libraries were also referred to as proprietary libraries due to the expectation that subscribers not only pay an annual fee, but that they must also invest in shares. These shares could be transferred by sale, gift or bequest, many could not afford to purchase shares to become a member, even though they may have belonged to reading clubs. William Bathoe opened his commercial venture at two locations in London in 1737, and claimed to have been the Original Circulating library, occasionally subscription libraries called themselves circulating libraries, and vice versa. In Britain there were more than 200 commercial circulating libraries open in 1800, more than twice the number of subscription and private proprietary libraries that were operating at the same time. Many proprietors pandered to the most fashionable clientele, making much ado about the sort of shop they offered and these libraries would be called rental collections today. With the advent of public libraries in the 19th century. The libraries therefore have been collected together for the purpose of serving the objects to which the various societies are dedicated and they do this, for the most part, learned society libraries were private but were owned by larger groups of people. Materials were often lent or borrowed by qualified individuals or institutions outside the society, societies were concerned mainly with the sciences, physical and biological, and often cooperated with other groups like the Royal Society. Exclusive subscription libraries, the worlds oldest being the Chemical Society in London, was founded in 1841 for the advancement of chemistry
14.
Waikato District
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Waikato District is a territorial authority of New Zealand, in the northern part of Waikato Region, North Island. Waikato District is administered by the Waikato District Council, with headquarters in Ngaruawahia, the district is centred to the north and west of the city of Hamilton, and takes in much of the northern Waikato Plains and also the Hakarimata Range. The north of the district contains swampy floodplain of the Waikato River and several small lakes, other than Ngaruawahia, the main population centres are Huntly, Raglan, and Te Kauwhata. The main industries in the district are dairy farming, forestry, there is a major coal-fired power station at Huntly. Te Kauwhata is at the centre of a wine region. At the 2006 census the district had a population of 43,959, of these,6834 lived in Huntly,5106 in Ngaruawahia,2637 in Raglan, and 1294 in Te Kauwhata. The districts population at the June 2016 Census was 71,200, the County Councils had lasted over a hundred years from their formation in 1876. They had been preceded by Highways Boards, formed from 1866, prior to that there had been many complaints about Auckland Province spending a disproportionate amount in Auckland. Auckland Province passed a Highways Act in 1862 allowing their Superintendent to define areas of settlement as Highways Districts. By a notice in the Provincial Government Gazette on 25 August 1866, the deputy Superintendent, Daniel Pollen, declared Whaingaroa Highway District, a public meeting in the Raglan courthouse on 20 October 1866 was followed by a meeting a week later to elect 5 trustees. Raglan Town Board was formed in 1868, Karioi Board in 1870 by division of Whaingaroa Highway District, from 1872 government assistance more than matched rates collected, today government funding through NZTA mainly matches rates funding. Raglan County was divided into five ridings, Karioi, Pirongia, with 2 councillors each, and Te Akau, Onewhero and Whangape, with one. Only 3 of the Ridings were represented at the first meeting, W. H. Wallis and John Pegler, Karioi Riding, James Sherrett, Pirongia, at the next meeting in Whatawhata there was only one other councillor present, from Pirongia. Many of the areas had not had Highway Boards and were sparsely populated, by 1887 there were 8 nominations for the 7 seats. Some areas were transferred to neighbouring councils, the far south of Raglan went to Kawhia County when it was formed, but in 1952, the Local Government Commission put Makomako back in Raglan. On 1 October 1944, an area of Huntly West went to Huntly Borough. Other minor alterations were gazetted at intervals over the years, in 1954 a Raglan Town Committee was formed. Under the Local Government Act 1974, Raglan and Rotowaro became community towns, Raglan had also had a Town Board from 1906 to 1938
15.
Manukau City
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Manukau City is a former territorial authority district in Auckland, New Zealand, that was governed by the Manukau City Council. The area is referred to as South Auckland, although this term never possessed official recognition and does not encompass areas like East Auckland. It was a young city, both in terms of legal status and large-scale settlement – though in June 2010, it was the third largest in New Zealand. In 2010 the entire Auckland Region was amalgamated under a single city authority, Manukau City was formed by the amalgamation of Manukau County and Manurewa Borough in 1965. The city expanded in 1989 with New Zealand-wide reorganisation of government, absorbing Papatoetoe City and Howick Borough. On 1 November 2010 Manukau City Council was abolished and the area was amalgamated into the Manukau, Howick, Manurewa-Papakura. The Manukau City area is concentrated immediately to the south of the Otahuhu isthmus, at its narrowest, between the Otahuhu Creek arm of the Tamaki River in the east and the Mangere Inlet to the west, the isthmus is only some 1500 metres across. The area to the south of the isthmus contains the heart of Manukau, sprawled on either side of state highways 1 and 20, the latter of which approaches from the west after crossing Mangere Bridge. The area known as Manukau Central is located close to the junction of two highways, some 20 kilometres southeast of the centre of Auckland city. Considerable rural and semi-rural land to the east of Manukau Central was within the city council district and this extended towards the Hunua Ranges close to the Firth of Thames, and took in such communities as Clevedon and Maraetai. Auckland Airport is located in Mangere, in the west of Manukau, Manukau City includes the theme park Rainbows End, and one of the oldest shopping malls in the country, now called Westfield Manukau City. In 2009, work started on the Manukau Branch passenger railway from the North Island Main Trunk at Puhinui, the new branch will serve a university campus. For some years before the 1989 reorganisation of government, Manukau City had the highest population of any city or district in the country. It is densely populated by New Zealand standards, despite having very few apartments. As of the late 2000s, slightly less than 50% of the population identifies as European, with 17% as Māori, 27% as Pacific and 15% as Asian. Manukau City had an elected Youth Council which primarily acted as an advisory committee, utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan Official website until 1 November 2010 Manukau Directory and Info Manukau Street Map Manukau City Youth Council
16.
North Shore, New Zealand
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North Shore is the part of the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand, located to the north of the Waitemata Harbour. The city had an population of 229,000 at 30 June 2010. The former city was also the fourth largest city in land, with an area of 129.81 square kilometres. It was also the most densely populated city in the country because, unlike other New Zealand cities, the North Shore has been administered by various councils over the years, in the most recent past the North Shore City Council. On 1 November 2010, North Shore City Council and the six local councils. The administrative area of North Shore City Council was bounded by Rodney District to the north, Waitemata Harbour to the south, the seat of the council was in Takapuna. The city was divided into three wards, Harbour, Northern and Central, and each ward is divided into two community boards. Inner suburbs include Milford, Takapuna, Belmont, Devonport, Bayswater, Northcote, Birkenhead, Highbury, Hillcrest, Glenfield, Wairau Valley, Westlake and Forrest Hill. Those here with an asterisk, along several other beaches on the Hauraki Gulf coast, are collectively known as East Coast Bays. By the 1950s, only about 50,000 people lived on the Shore, eventually the growth became significant enough for the North Shore to be considered a city in its own right, though densities remained still below what is typical south of the Harbour. All council services and facilities are now under authority of the Auckland Council, commuting within the North Shore itself can be done relatively easily, but those who commute to Auckland City and need to cross the Auckland Harbour Bridge face severe traffic congestion. The alternative route through western suburbs is also prone to traffic at peak times. Several options for new bridges and tunnels have been studied in depth, but at the moment, public transport has been upgraded in an attempt to reduce the citys car dependence. In 2003, there were indications that the stages of the busway project were generally regarded as a success. The North Shore City Council increased the number of facilities with more park and ride stations in Sunnynook, Smales Farm and these were completed in February 2008. In January 2009, the Northern Busway began trial runs featuring New Zealands first bus-dedicated roadway, a number of North Shore suburbs have a regular ferry service to Auckland City, including Devonport, Stanley Bay, Bayswater, Birkenhead. Others are planned for Takapuna and Browns Bay, the city was run by a 15-member council and mayor, democratically elected every three years using the First Past The Post voting system. The final mayor prior to 2010 amalgamation was Andrew Williams, the mayor was a strong critic of the Super City proposals which would see North Shore City amalgamated into a larger Auckland authority, Auckland Council
17.
OverDrive, Inc.
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OverDrive, Inc. is an American digital distributor of eBooks, audiobooks, music, and video titles. The company provides management, digital rights management and download fulfillment services for publishers, libraries, schools. OverDrives catalog includes more than 2 million digital titles from more than 5,000 publishers, the companys global network includes more than 27,000 libraries and schools. OverDrive was founded in 1986 and is located in Cleveland, Ohio, OverDrive was founded in 1986 and initially converted analog media to digital formats, such as interactive diskettes and CD-ROMs. As the Internet became a form of digital media distribution. In 2000, the company opened Content Reserve, an online ebook, in 2015, it was reported that Japans Rakuten was planning to buy out OverDrive for $410 million, with the deal set to close in April 2015. OverDrive CEO Steve Potash will remain in his current position and OverDrive will keep its name while operating under Rakuten USA, OverDrive launched its Digital Library Reserve, a digital download platform for public libraries, in 2002. The eBook distribution service included a download website and access to the Content Reserve collection development portal. In 2004, the platform evolved into a provider of DRM-protected audiobook downloads, by 2005, OverDrive was installing download stations into public libraries and adding music to its library platform. OverDrive added downloadable videos in April 2006, in 2007, the company launched its School Download Library, an eBook service for K–12 schools based on Digital Library Reserve. In March 2008, the announced plans to provide MP3 audiobooks to public libraries as well as retailers. As of October 2013, OverDrive content includes a selection of more than 1.8 million eBooks, audiobooks, and other digital content available in more than 64 languages. OverDrive is globally compatible with most major ereading devices, including Android, BlackBerry, ChromeOS, iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch, Kobo, Mac, NOOK, Palm, Sony Reader, and Windows. It is, however, not compatible with the most popular eReader, before entering the library market, OverDrive distributed eBooks to a number of e-tailers. In 2002, OverDrive was selected as the distributor of HarperCollins’ eBooks to the online retail stores. OverDrive launched web stores for Harlequin Enterprises in 2005, in 2008, OverDrive announced that it would provide download services for Borders Books. OverDrive has entered into partnerships with companies including Adobe Systems, Microsoft, Mobipocket. In 2008, Adobe and OverDrive jointly announced that OverDrive would be the co-developer and operator of Adobe ADEPT, in 2012, OverDrive partnered with Nokia to launch Nokia Reading, an eReading app and service for Nokia’s Lumia 900,800,710, and 610 Windows Phone devices
18.
Birkenhead Public Library
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Birkenhead Public Library is a New Zealand library, part of the Auckland Libraries system located on Aucklands North Shore. For four years the library was located in temporary quarters in the Birkenhead Leisure Centre, while a dispute over the location, on 17 December 2009, a new Birkenhead Library and Civic Centre was opened on the site of the former library. The history of Birkenhead Public Library is characterized by four transformations which occurred at approximately twenty-year intervals since its founding in 1949, three of these transformations involved new buildings, while the other involved amalgamation into the wider North Shore Libraries system. There was also a long interim period when the library was based at the Leisure Centre. At the turn of the century, apart from subscription libraries the only library in Birkenhead was run by the Zion Hill Methodist Church. In 1901, the Birkenhead Borough Council resolved that its legal and finance committee should consider building a public one, funding proved to be the issue. Yet, in 1949, the Free Birkenhead Public Library was established in the basement of the Council Chambers and it was a modest beginning, bolstered by support from the National Library. There was a budget of £500. The library began with a collection of around 1500 items, swelled by another twenty books a month. After the Auckland Harbour Bridge was opened in 1959 the Birkenhead area became more accessible. By the mid-1960s issues each year had increased dramatically by nearly a thousand items. Nora Bourke, the chairman of the Library Committee, felt the building was limited and, with mayor Cyril Crocombe. This was to be built on the Civic Reserve, on which a World War One memorial has stood since 1927, on 20 April 1968, the new building was officially opened by the Governor General Arthur Porritt. For the next 37 years, until 2005, this was the location of the Birkenhead Public Library, in 1992 issues topped 300,000 items. By 2003 usage of the library had increased further, to such an extent that it was noticeably affecting service delivery. Over 500 people a day were entering the library and new members were growing at a rate of 150 per month, finding room to add new material to the existing stock of some 67,500 items was becoming increasingly difficult. Another important factor driving the need for change was the absence of space for various community groups, such as primary schools and students, bookclubs. In terms of a technological infrastructure, the old building simply couldnt cope
19.
Donald Stott
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Major Donald John Stott, DSO & Bar was a New Zealand soldier and military intelligence agent during the Second World War. As a member of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force, Stott took part in the Battle of Greece, captured by the Germans on Crete, he successfully escaped from a prisoner of war camp after several months of internment. Making his way back to Egypt, he joined the Special Operations Executive in 1942 and was dispatched to Greece to support the resistance efforts against the Germans. In 1944, he transferred to the Z Special Unit, which was based in Melbourne, born on 23 October 1914, Stott was the son of a butcher in Birkenhead, New Zealand. Educated at Northcote Primary School and then at Takapuna Grammar School, upon finishing his education, he was employed at the New Zealand Herald as a rotary machinist. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, Stott enlisted in the New Zealand Military Forces in December 1939, posted to 5th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery, he was quickly promoted to sergeant. In 1940, he embarked with the 2nd Echelon of the 2nd Division, however, during transit the ship on which he was traveling, the Aquitania, was diverted to England. The New Zealanders, together with allied forces, were forced to retreat to the island of Crete following the German intervention in Greece. He was wounded and captured during the subsequent Battle of Crete, Stott described the wound in a letter home as being not at all severe. After spending several months in and around Athens, Stott and Morton were eventually able to get to Egypt, following recuperation from his adventures in Greece, Stott was posted to Officer Training School. It was during his time at OTC that he was asked to conduct missions in Greece for the Special Operations Executive. Stott, by now commissioned as a captain, returned to Greece with his fellow escapee, Bob Morton, in 1943, Stott, together with fellow SOE operative Geoffrey Gordon-Creed, destroyed the Asopos Viaduct. This was an important operation, as it resulted in the diversion of German troops destined for the frontlines to occupation duties in Greece, myers considered that the Victoria Cross would have been awarded had a shot been fired during the Asopos mission. Remaining in Greece and continuing his sabotage operations, Stott received a wound when blowing up a bridge and was forced seek medical help from acquaintances in Athens. Now based in Athens and tasked with the sabotage of aerodromes around the capital, however, the planned sabotage operations came to nothing as it was realised the targeted aerodromes were too well defended. His efforts to co-ordinate the Greek resistance meant that Stott became embroiled in the power struggle between the various Greek resistance groups. Reputedly a staunch anti-communist, Stott favoured working with the EDES, a rightist resistance group, rather than the communist controlled ELAS, Greek SOE operatives became concerned that Stott was being manipulated by his EDES contacts, some of whom were of questionable character. Matters came to a head in November 1943, when the mayor of Athens contacted Stott with back channel peace overtures from the Germans, while the approach was initially dismissed, Stott decided to explore the opportunity in order to collect useful intelligence on Germanys position in Greece
20.
Howick, New Zealand
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Howick is an eastern suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, forming part of what is sometimes called East Auckland. The local iwi was the Ngai Tai people of Tainui descent and they had lived there for around 300 years with pa at Ohuia Rangi, Te Waiarohia and Tuwakamana. The Howick, Pakuranga, and Whitford areas were part of the Fairburn claim, William Thomas Fairburn, with his wife and family, established a Church Missionary Society Mission Station at Maraetai in 1836. The local Māori insisted they buy the 40,000 acres between the Tamaki and Wairoa Rivers to prevent attack by the Ngapuhi and Waikato tribes, as an act of Christian peacemaking, Fairburn reluctantly bought the land with his life savings. The suburb was established in 1847 as a fencible settlement. A relatively large amount of the features from this time have been retained. The Māori welcomed the Fencibles to Howick and recognised the advantages of co-operation, there were about 250 Fencibles in Howick. Local Maori had been taught to read and write by the Fairburn LMS missionaries at Maraetai, the Fencibles and their families were poor with no capital apart from a small number of officers. About half were Catholic and half Protestant, quite a few of the adults were illiterate. 101 Howick fencibles served with their sons in the 1860s Land Wars, howicks links to Auckland’s pioneering and Fencible past has influenced its development and is also evident in the names of many streets. Others are significantly named for British military heroes or battles, Bleakhouse was the name given to a Fencible officer’s house built in Bleakhouse Rd for Surgeon-Captain John Bacot who became a magistrate in Howick. Later, in the hands of the Macleans family it became the heart of the scene in the 1850s/60s. The house was burnt down in 1910 but gave its name to the street, other roads such as Bacot, Bell, Fencible Drive, Montressor Place and Sale Street, plus many others, also have Fencible connexions, e. g. Sir Robert Sale was one of the ships brought the Fencibles to Auckland in the 19th century. Montressor Place was named for Captain Charles Henry Montressor-Smith who arrived in Howick with the First Battalion of Fencibles in 1847. He later moved to a property in neighbouring Pakuranga, where his house, known as Bell House, Moore St was named after General Sir John Moore, a British military hero, who lived from 1761-1809. General Moore fought against Napoleon alongside Sir David Baird for whom Baird St was named, at Corunna he was attended by Dr J. Bacot, father of the Howick Fencible doctor, who lived in Bleakhouse. Moore St was part of the original Fencible village and was sub-divided into one acre allotments down to Rodney St. Litten Rd, an Irishman, John Gill, settled in Howick in the 1850s, and his family farmed the land that is now Cockle Bay and Shelly Park
21.
Manukau
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Manukau, or Manukau Central, is a suburb of South Auckland, New Zealand, centred on the central business district. It is located 23 kilometres south of the Auckland CBD, west of the Southern Motorway, south of Papatoetoe, the industrial and commercial suburb of Wiri lies to the east and south. The headquarters of Manukau City Council were in Manukau Central until the council was merged into Auckland Council in November 2010, Manukau Central should not be confused with the much larger Manukau City, which was the entire area administered by the city council. The Manukau Central area was part of the rural area of Wiri in the early 20th century. Its transition from farmland was driven by Manukau City Council, which formed in 1965 and purchased land there in 1966 for the development of an administrative and commercial centre. The Manukau City Centre mall, now Westfield Manukau City, opened in October 1976, several government departments established offices in the late 1970s. In 1983 Manukau City Council decided to rename the area Manukau Central, the name Manukau City Centre has been used for the central business district around the mall and city council building. The Rainbows End theme park opened just south of the city centre in 1982, vodafone Events Centre, a multi-purpose event centre, is also opened in 2005 located at Manukau. Another shopping centre, Manukau Supa Centa, opened to the west of the city centre in 1998, Manukau Institute of Technology, which has its main campus at Ōtara, is building another campus at Manukau Central in 2014. The suburb is, since November 2010, in the Manukau ward, the Southwestern Motorway joins the Southern Motorway at Manukau Central. Eastern Line train services carry passengers between Manukau train station and central Aucklands Britomart Transport Centre, photographs of Manukau held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections
22.
Manurewa
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Manurewa is a major suburb in South Auckland, New Zealand. It was part of Manukau City before the creation of the Auckland super city in 2010 and it is located 6 km south of the Manukau City Centre, and 26 km southeast of Auckland CBD. Manurewa is Māori for drifting kite, the name refers to a kite flying competition where a kite line was severed and drifted away. The kites owner was the chief Tamapahore who had a pā on Matuku-tururu, the name Manurewa commemorates the incident by the name. Manurewa has a proportion of non-European ethnicities, making it one of the most multi-cultural suburbs in New Zealand. Employment for many is at the companies of nearby Wiri, Papakura. Manurewas main shopping centre, Southmall, is located on the Great South Road, the suburb is bisected by the Auckland Southern Motorway. Real estate values in Manurewa vary greatly, Manurewa is the home of Auckland Botanic Gardens which receives over a million visitors a year. The Manurewa Rugby Football Club is based at Mountfort Park Manurewa and they were founded in 1921 and now play within the Counties Manukau Rugby Union Club competition and are one of the biggest and most successful Rugby clubs within the region. They have a junior section plus and string Golden Oldies Section made up of many past players. They also have associated sports of AFL, Netball & Softball operating within the club and they were originally based at Jellicoe Park in Manurewa and had a club rooms affectionately known as the Old Black Shed. They built the new clubrooms at Mountfort Park and moved to this site officially in 1978, notable current Super 15 Chiefs players Tim Nanai-Williams and Bundee Aki are former Manurewa Rugby Club players. The football club Manurewa AFC who play in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 1A are based in Manurewa, the Manurewa Marlins are based in Manurewa
23.
Papakura
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Papakura is a suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. It is located on the shores of the Pahurehure Inlet, approximately 32 kilometres south of Auckland CBD and it is under the authority of the Auckland Council. Papakura is a Māori word believed to have originated from papa, meaning earth or flat and kura meaning red, reflecting the rich, an old highway, the Great South Road, runs through Papakura, forming its main street. The road was constructed during the New Zealand Wars to transport supplies to the Waikato campaign and it was guarded by armed constabulary and was a designated military road. During the major reformation of local government in 1989, Papakura became a district, after the major change Papakura City went to Papakura District, and instead of being an independent city, the area was amalgamated, including it into the Auckland Region. The whole district counts as part of the Auckland urban area for statistical purposes, from October 2010, after a review of the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance, the entire Auckland Region was amalgamated into a single city authority. The suburb of Papakura and other suburbs of the Papakura District are now in the Manurewa-Papakura Ward of the Auckland Council, the Papakura Military Camp was established on the outskirts of the town in 1939 and remains an important army base for New Zealand. Built by the Stevenson family it incorporates the New Zealand SAS training area, in the early 2000s some land was set aside for new housing developments. The following schools are located in Papakura, Papakura Normal School is a full primary school with the state system. It has a rating of 3. Papakura Central School is a full state primary school with a decile rating of 5. Papakura South School is a full state primary school. It has a rating of 1. Kelvin Road School is a state contributing primary school. It has a decile rating of 1. Edmund Hillary School is a state full primary school. It has a decile rating of 1. Cosgrove School is a state contributing primary school. It has a decile rating of 2. St Marys School is an integrated coeducational school. It has a rating of 4
24.
South Auckland
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The name South Auckland is not an official place name but is in common use by New Zealanders. It is also used in the names of organisations and companies. Since the 1970s the term South Auckland has had negative connotations with outsiders, being associated with deprivation, crime, barry Curtis, when mayor of Manukau City, tried to discourage use of the name because of its negative connotations. The heart of South Auckland is the low socio-economic suburbs of the former Manukau City, typified by Otara but including Papatoetoe, Mangere and Manurewa. The area does not include the more well-to-do, eastern and northern Manukau City suburbs such as Howick, Dannemora, Botany Downs, or Pakuranga, the name does not include Franklin District, which lies south of Papakura. Prior to the 1970s, South Auckland encompassed the region from Otahuhu south to Mercer, some of the suburbs in South Auckland contain predominantly state housing and are the poorest suburbs of Auckland. The area also contains the industrial heartland of Auckland, with workshops, the general electorates of Mangere, Manukau East, and Manurewa and the Maori electorate of Tamaki Makaurau cover the area commonly referred to as South Auckland. The Maori electorate of Tamaki Makaurau was held by the Maori Party co-leader Pita Sharples from 2005 until 2014, the area has a multiracial population including Pākehā and Asians as well as a high proportion of Polynesians and Māori. This gives it a cosmopolitan feel and a thriving culture, especially at street level, most often seen by visitors at the Saturday markets at Otara, Manurewa. Manukau City, before its amalgamation, used the slogan Face of the Future to reflect its youthful demographic, South Auckland is also a major centre of hip hop culture and music in New Zealand. People who hail from South Auckland include Olympic champion John Walker, mountaineer Edmund Hillary, and former Prime Minister David Lange
25.
Memory of the World Programme
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This recorded memory reflects the diversity of languages, people, and cultures. UNESCO, the agency responsible for the protection of the worlds cultural and natural heritage. To this end, the Memory of the World Programme was established with the aim of preserving and digitizing humanitys documentary heritage, the program is administered by the International Advisory Committee, whose 14 members are appointed by the UNESCO Director-General. The IAC is responsible for the formulation of policies, including the technical, legal and financial framework for the program. Technical Sub-Committee, Develops, regularly revises and promulgates information guides on the preservation of documentary heritage, the Memory of the World Register is a compendium of documents, manuscripts, oral traditions, audio-visual materials, library, and archival holdings of universal value. The program also has the goal of using state-of-the-art technologies to provide wider accessibility, any organization or individual can nominate a documentary item for inscription on the Register. During its meetings, the IAC examines the full documentation of the description, origin, world significance. The body uses a set of criteria in examining each of the nominations, Time, Absolute age, of itself, does not make a document significant, but every document is a creature of its time. Some documents are especially evocative of their time, which may have one of crisis. A document may represent new discovery or be the first of its kind, place, The place of its creation is a key attribute of its importance. It may be descriptive of physical environments, cities or institutions since vanished, people, The social and cultural context of its creation may reflect significant aspects of human behaviour, or of social, industrial, artistic or political development. It may capture the essence of great movements, transitions, advances or regression and it may reflect the impact of key individuals or groups. Subject and Theme, The subject matter may represent particular historical or intellectual developments in natural, social and human sciences, politics, ideology, sports and the arts. Social/Spiritual/Community Significance, This concept is another way of expressing the significance of a document or set of documents in terms of its spiritual or sacred values. It allows a community to demonstrate its emotional attachment to the document or documents for the way in which these contribute to that communitys identity. Application of this criterion must reflect living significance – the documentary heritage must have a hold on people who are alive today. Other matters that will also be taken into account for each nomination are, Rarity, integrity, Within the natural physical limitations of carrier survival, is it complete or partial. Has it been altered or damaged, threat, Is its survival in danger
26.
God Defend New Zealand
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God Defend New Zealand is one of two national anthems of New Zealand, the other being God Save the Queen. Legally they have equal status, but God Defend New Zealand is more used and is widely referred to as the national anthem. Originally written as a poem, it was set to music as part of a competition in 1876, over the years its popularity increased, and it was eventually named the second national anthem in 1977. The anthem has English and Māori lyrics, with different meanings. When performed in public, the practice is to sing the first verse in both Māori and English. God Defend New Zealand was written as a poem in the 1870s by Irish-born, a competition to compose music for the poem was held in 1876 by The Saturday Advertiser and judged by three prominent Melbourne musicians, with a prize of ten guineas. The winner of the competition was the Tasmanian-born John Joseph Woods of Lawrence, the song was first performed at the Queens Theatre, Princes Street, Dunedin, on Christmas Day,1876. It was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onward, following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem. In 1976 Garth Henry Latta from Dunedin presented a petition to Parliament asking God Defend New Zealand to be made the national anthem. With the permission of Queen Elizabeth II, it was gazetted as the second national anthem on 21 November 1977. Up until then God Save The Queen was New Zealands national anthem, an alternative official arrangement for massed singing by Maxwell Fernie was announced by the Minister of Internal Affairs, Allan Highet on 1 June 1978. Woods original score was written in the key of A-flat major and was suited for solo and choral singing. It is interesting to observe that Woods autograph manuscript has an error in bar 3 of the tune itself, the second note is clearly written as a C but it is always sung as D-flat as indeed the accompaniment is a D-flat triad. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage has responsibility for the national anthems, God Defend New Zealand has five verses, each in English and Māori. The Māori version is not a translation of the English version. From as early as the late 1880s, some versions of the Māori translation of the National Anthem have been incorrect, a typescript of the translation by Thomas Smith uses ‘Whakarangona’ as one word. ‘Whaka’ is a prefix and can’t stand alone, and ‘rangona’ and ‘rongona’ mean the same thing, ‘Ihowā’ is the standard version of God and was the one used by Smith. The incorrect form, ‘Ihoa’, has used for so long as to seem correct
27.
William Yate
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William Yate was one of the earliest New Zealand missionaries and writers who worked for the Church Mission Society. He was born in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England in 1802 and he joined the Church Missionary Society and entered the Church Missionary Society College, Islington, London, in 1825. He was ordained as a deacon of the Church of England on 18 December 1825, Yate learned the Māori language and had Christian texts printed in Sydney for his work. Yate arrived in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand on 19 January 1828 on the Herald, Yate took a small printing press with him to the Bay of Islands and used it to produce a version of the third catechism in Māori, Ko te katihama III. With only a training as a printer in Sydney, however, he found the task exasperatingly difficult. In 1830 he was appointed to lead Te Waimate mission, however his personal life became a matter of controversy and he was dismissed from the CMS in June 1834
28.
Church Mission Society
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Founded in 1799, CMS has attracted over nine thousand men and women to serve as mission partners during its 200-year history. The society has given its name CMS to a number of daughter organisations around the world. The Baptist Missionary Society was formed in 1792 and the London Missionary Society was formed in 1795 to represent various evangelical denominations and their number included Charles Simeon, Basil Woodd, Henry Thornton, Thomas Babington and William Wilberforce. Wilberforce was asked to be the first president of the society, the treasurer was Henry Thornton and the founding secretary was Thomas Scott, a biblical commentator. Many of the founders were involved in creating the Sierra Leone Company. In 1802 Josiah Pratt was appointed secretary, a position he held for until 1824, the first missionaries went out in 1804. They came from the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg and had trained at the Berlin Seminary, the name Church Missionary Society began to be used and in 1812 the society was renamed The Church Missionary Society. The West Africa mission was extended to Sierra Leone, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, a Yoruba by birth, was selected to accompany the missionary James Schön on the Niger expedition of 1841. Crowther was the missionary to Yorubaland in 1844 and the Niger in 1857. West Indies, The CMS started work in Antigua and expanded to other islands, by 1838 the CMS had congregations of 8,000, with 13 ordained missionaries,23 lay teachers and 70 schools. In about 1848 a shortage of funds resulted in the CMS withdrawing from the West Indies, New Zealand, The Revd Samuel Marsden became the chaplain of the penal colony at Paramatta, Australia in 1874. India, William Carey, the founder of the Baptist Missionary Society was the pioneer of the Evangelical, the CMS Mission in India began in 1814 when 7 missionaries arrived, two were placed at Chennai, two at Bengal and three at Travancore. The Indian missions were extended in the years to a number of locations including Agra, Meerut district, Varanasi, Mumbai, Tirunelveli, Kolkata, Telugu Country. While the Revolt of 1857 resulted in damage to the missions in the North West Provinces, after the revolt the CMS expanded its missions to Oudh, Allahbad, the Santhal people, and to Kashmir. Sri Lanka, Four CMS missionaries were sent to Ceylon in 1817, in 1850 a mission station was established at Colombo. In 1822 the CMS appointed West to head the mission in what was known as the Red River Colony in what is now the province of Manitoba. He was succeeded in 1823 by the Revd David Jones who was joined by the Revd W. Cockram, the mission worked among the Cree, Ojibwe, Chippewa, and Gwichin of the upper west Great Plains. Egypt and Ethiopia, Five missionaries were sent to Egypt in 1825, the missionaries were expelled from Abyssinia in 1844 following the Siege of Khartoum and the death of General Gordon
29.
Robin Hyde
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Robin Hyde is one of New Zealands major poets. She was born Iris Guiver Wilkinson in Cape Town, South Africa to an English father and she had her secondary education at Wellington Girls College where she wrote poetry and short stories for the school magazine. After school she briefly attended Victoria University of Wellington, when she was 18, Hyde suffered a knee injury which required a hospital operation. Lameness and pain haunted her for the rest of her life, in 1925 she became a journalist for Wellingtons Dominion newspaper, mostly writing for the womens pages. She continued to support herself through journalism throughout her life, while working at the Dominion, she had a brief love affair with Harry Sweetman, during which she fell pregnant. Sweetman left her to travel to England, dying soon after his arrival, Hyde resigned from the Dominion in April 1926 and moved to Sydney, Australia. It was there that she lost her son, Robin. The trauma of losing both her lover and her child led to Hyde being hospitalised at Queen Mary Hospital in Hanmer Springs, after a period of recovery, she began to write again, publishing poetry in several New Zealand newspapers in 1927. She was also engaged to write columns for the Christchurch Sun, however, she became frustrated at the lack of creative input, as the papers merely wanted a social column. Social columns or womens pages were the main outlet available to journalists during the period. These experiences contributed to her treatise on journalism in New Zealand, Journalese, in 1929 Hyde published her first book of poetry, The Desolate Star. Between 1935 and 1938 she published five novels, Passport to Hell, Check To Your King, Wednesdays Children, Nor the Years Condemn, a manuscript of her unpublished autobiography was given to Auckland Libraries by Dr Gilbert Tothill. In early 1938 she left New Zealand and travelled to Hong Kong, arriving in early February, at the time, much of eastern China was under Japanese occupation, after the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Hyde was meant to travel to Kobe then Vladivostok to take the railway to Europe. When the connection was delayed she made her way to Japanese-occupied Shanghai, various peregrinations through China followed, including Canton and Hankow, the latter of which was the centre of Chinese resistance to Japanese occupation. She moved north to visit the battlefront and was in Hsuchow when Japanese forces took the city on 19 May. Hyde attempted to flee the area by walking along the lines and was eventually escorted by Japanese officials to the port city of Tsing Tao where she was handed over to British authorities. Shortly after she resumed her journey to England via sea, arriving in Southampton 18 September 1938, Robin Hyde died by her own hand with an overdose of Benzedrine in England in 1939, and is buried in Kensington New Cemetery, Gunnersbury
30.
Charles de Thierry
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De Thierry was from a French family that had fled to England following the revolution. He claimed to have born in 1793 while his parents were fleeing. Upon reaching England, his father Charles Antoine de Thierry, claimed the title of Baron Nasher, de Thierry was enrolled at Magdalen College, Oxford, and claimed to have transferred to a college of the University of Cambridge. There, he met Hongi Hika, the Ngāpuhi chief who was visiting England, de Thierry subsequently arranged a purchase of 40,000 acres at Hokianga, in Northland, through Kendall while at Cambridge. The land was bought for the price of about 500 muskets plus powder and ball which de Thierry sent to Sydney, Hongi Hika uplifted the weapons on his return to Sydney. It was this act that ignited the inter-iwi and inter-hapu Musket Wars in New Zealand, after travels in North America and the Caribbean, de Thierry came to the Pacific in 1835. In the Marquesas Islands, he announced himself King of Nuku Hiva, by 1837, de Thierry had reached Sydney, where he recruited some colonists to join him in his New Zealand possessions. Arriving at Hokianga, the local Maori rangatira Tāmati Wāka Nene and Eruera Maihi Patuone, rejected his claims, de Thierry continued to agitate for a French colony led by himself, but this activity was curtailed by the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. De Thierry subsequently moved to Auckland, where he worked as a teacher until his sudden death on 8 July 1864. A Savage Country, The Untold Story of New Zealand in the 1820s
31.
Treaty of Waitangi
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The Treaty of Waitangi is a treaty first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and various Māori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand. It resulted in the declaration of British sovereignty over New Zealand by Lieutenant Governor William Hobson in May 1840, the Treaty established a British Governor of New Zealand, recognised Māori ownership of their lands, forests and other properties, and gave the Māori the rights of British subjects. In return the Māori people ceded New Zealand to Queen Victoria, the English and Māori versions of the Treaty differed significantly, so there is no consensus as to exactly what was agreed. From the British point of view, the Treaty gave Britain sovereignty over New Zealand, Māori believed they ceded to the Crown a right of governance in return for protection, without giving up their authority to manage their own affairs. After the initial signing at Waitangi, copies of the Treaty were taken around New Zealand, in total there are nine copies of the Treaty of Waitangi including the original signed on 6 February 1840. Around 530 to 540 Māori, at least 13 of them women, in the 1970s the treaty gained prominence amid greater awareness of Maori issues and grievances, particularly with regard to land claims. Māori have looked to the Treaty for rights and remedies for land loss and unequal treatment by the state, from the late 1960s Māori began drawing attention to breaches of the Treaty, and subsequent histories have emphasised problems with its translation. In 1975, the Waitangi Tribunal was established as a permanent commission of inquiry tasked with researching breaches of the Treaty by the British Crown or its agents, the move showed that the original document was not a firm foundation for the construction of a State. Today the Treaty is generally considered the document of New Zealand as a nation. Despite this, it is often the subject of heated debate, many Māori feel that the Crown did not fulfil its obligations under the Treaty, and have presented evidence of this before sittings of the Waitangi Tribunal. Some non-Māori New Zealanders have suggested that Māori may be abusing the Treaty in order to claim special privileges. The Crown, in most cases, is not obliged to act on the recommendations of the Tribunal but nonetheless in many instances has accepted that it breached the Treaty and its principles. Settlements for Treaty breaches to date have consisted of hundreds of millions of dollars of reparations in cash and assets, the date of the signing has been a national holiday, now called Waitangi Day, since 1974. Between 1795 and 1830 a steady flow of sealing and then whaling ships visited New Zealand, mainly stopping at the Bay of Islands for food supplies, many of the ships came from Sydney. Trade between Sydney and New Zealand increased as traders sought kauri timber and flax and missionaries purchased large areas of land in the Bay of Islands. The purchase of muskets by Ngāpuhi in Sydney began a devastation of the Māori population in a series of as many as 3000 tribal battles known as the Musket Wars between 1807 and 1845. In 1831, thirteen chiefly rangatira from the far north of the country met at Kerikeri to compose a letter to King William IV asking for help to guard their lands. Specifically, the chiefs sought protection from the French, the tribe of Marion, in response, the British government sent James Busby in 1832 to be the British Resident in New Zealand
32.
Stone Store
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The Stone Store at Kerikeri in the Bay of Islands is New Zealand’s oldest surviving stone building. Part of the first Church Missionary Society station in New Zealand, the Stone Store was erected between 1832 and 1836 by mason William Parrott, carpenter Ben Nesbitt and a team of Māori. Construction was of sandstone from Australia, local volcanic rocks and burnt shell mortar, iron ties and window bars were forged by James Kemp. Initially it had a belfry on one side. The Stone Store was intended to be the base of the Church Missionary Society’s trading post, selling produce from the farms at Te Waimate mission to ships, marsden planned to build a flour mill on the adjacent Kerikeri River, but this was eventually built at te Waimate instead. Stone was used to protect wheat from rats, for defence against Māori, by the mid-1830s the mission stations could not compete with the private enterprise of other European settlers, either as traders or farmers, and the store was not profitable. The building was converted into the library by Bishop Selwyn in the early 1840s. Following the sacking of Kororareka in the Flagstaff War, it was taken over by Governor George Grey for use as a magazine. After the cessation of hostilities in 1845, the store was leased to become the centre of Kauri gum trading operation. The building was sold to the Kemp family in 1874, and was used as a general store, the Stone Store was purchased from the Kemps by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust in 1975. Conservation work was done in the 1990s, the store, together with the neighbouring Mission House now form a small museum. Media related to Stone Store, Kerikeri at Wikimedia Commons
33.
Kerikeri
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Kerikeri, the largest town in Northland New Zealand, is a popular tourist destination about three hours drive north of Auckland, and 80 km north of the northern regions largest city, Whangarei. It is often called the Cradle of the Nation, being the site of the first permanent mission station in the country, the village was established by New Zealands pioneering missionaries, who called it Gloucestertown, or Gloucester Town, but neither name endured. The Māori word Kerikeri was spelled and pronounced as Keddi Keddi or even Kiddee Kiddee, in 1814 Samuel Marsden acquired land at Kerikeri from Hongi Hika for the use of the Church Missionary Society for a payment of forty-eight axes. The protector of the Kerikeri mission station was the chief, Ruatara, Kerikeri was the first place in New Zealand where grape vines were planted. Samuel Marsden planted 100 vines on 25 September 1819 and noted in his journal that New Zealand promised to be favourable to the vine. The plough was first used in New Zealand at Kerikeri, by Rev. J. G. Butler, the origin of the name Kerikeri is not exactly known, and there have been many conflicting definitions given over the years. The definition of the word Kerikeri most widely known by pākehā is dig dig and it is known that Māori had extensive gardens in the area when Europeans arrived. Another definition derives from Kerikeri te ana wai — the churning or boiling over of the waters and that would have aptly described the freshwater river tumbling into the salt water over the falls which were then higher. However, some Māori say it derives from hukerikeri which means bubbling up, Hongi Hika, a famous or infamous chief depending on whether one fought with or against him, is reputed to have fathered the child of a captured slave at Kororipo Pā. As this was unacceptable to the tribe, the baby was placed in the water to drown, a French doctor, Messier Lesson, visited Kerikeri in 1824 and wrote that among stomach ailments suffered by Māori was gravelle which they called Kiddee Kiddee. He said it was also the word for a cascade of water, there are also persistent claims that the falls referred to by the missionaries as The Kiddikiddi were what we now call the Rainbow Falls. That is impossible because although Nicholas visited and referred to Tecaddiecaddie in 1815 it was not until 1822 that missionaries Francis Hall, the local Kerikeri slogan is Its So Nice They Named It Twice. In the early 1980s, an anonymous backpacker wrote those words in the Visitors Book at the Kerikeri Youth Hostel. It was brought to the attention of the editor of the local newspaper, the Kerikeri Chronicle, who gave it publicity. Kerikeri is a winner of the New Zealands Top Small Town title bestowed annually by North and South magazine. Originally called the Mission House, and then for more than 100 years Kemp House, but now again called Mission House, a much visited and photographed building, it is administered along with the Stone Store by Heritage New Zealand. It was built by the Church Missionary Society for the Rev John Butler who became the first occupant in 1822, there was a succession of occupants until 1832 when the mission blacksmith James Kemp and his wife Charlotte moved in with their family. The Kemps acquired ownership of the house and surrounding land in 1859 by trading land they owned at nearby Kororipo Point
34.
Jane Mander
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Mary Jane Mander was a New Zealand novelist and journalist. Born in the community of Ramarama south of Auckland, she had little schooling. Her father, the Hon. Francis Mander, was member for the Marsden electorate in the Parliament of New Zealand and of the Legislative Council, and he was a pioneer sawmiller and later purchased The Northern Advocate newspaper where she honed her skills as a journalist. Mander became editor of the Dargaville North Auckland Times in 1907, in 1910 she went to Sydney, where she met and became friends with William Holman, who later become premier of New South Wales. While there she worked as a freelance journalist, submitting articles to the Maoriland Worker under the pseudonym Manda Lloyd, in 1912 she moved to New York City to study at Columbia University where she excelled in studies despite having numerous part-time jobs. Her poor health forced her to abandon studying after just three years and she joined the suffrage movement in New York, campaigning for the state referendum on womens franchise. She worked for the Red Cross when the United States entered World War I, despite being popular in both the U. S. and the United Kingdom, it received a somewhat hostile response back in New Zealand, where critics disapproved of the novels unconventional themes. They also took offence at her alteration of geography and population to suit the story, alistair Fox has argued that The Story of a New Zealand River was a significant influence on the film The Piano by Jane Campion. Her next two novels, The Passionate Puritan and the less popular The Strange Attraction were both based around her experiences in New Zealand. In 1923 Mander moved to London and worked for the Harrison Press of Paris and she wrote numerous essays and short stories, and acted as a London correspondent for multiple New Zealand newspapers. Her next novel, Allen Adair, was the last set in New Zealand and it centered on the heros struggle against the middle-class aspirations of his family. Her next two novels, The Besieging City and Pins and Pinnacles, were set in New York and she also completed another novel, but had it destroyed after it was rejected by a publisher. Her health failing, she returned to New Zealand in 1932 where she looked after her elderly father and she attempted to write her seventh novel but only managed a few articles and reviews until her death in Whangarei in 1949 at the age of 72. There is a substantial Jane Mander collection held at Auckland Libraries, in March 1937 Mander gave hand-corrected typescripts of four of her novels - The strange attraction, Allen Adair, The besieging city and Pins and pinnacles - to the Library. At the same time, Mander also donated copies of the first edition of her earliest and most famous novel, in the early 1970s Dorothea Turner arranged donations of personal papers, travel documents, radio talks and newspaper and magazine clippings from Manders sister, Amy Cross
35.
John A. Lee
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John Alfred Alexander Lee DCM was a New Zealand politician and writer. He is one of the more prominent avowed socialists in New Zealands political history, Lee was born in Dunedin in 1891, the son of Alfred Lee and Mary Isabella Taylor. His parents were not married, and at the time of his birth, they had separated due to his fathers gambling. Lees mother had little income, and the family experienced financial hardship. Lee did not do well at school, and he was often truant, in 1905, he left school to work, and became involved in petty crime. In 1908, he was convicted of theft, and served time at a school for juvenile delinquents. He attempted to escape several times, and was eventually successful, after wandering the country for a time, he found work in Raetihi, but was then jailed for liquor smuggling and breaking and entering. Three years after being released, Lee enlisted in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force and he was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for action at Messines in June 1917, but was repatriated after being wounded in March 1918 and losing his left arm. He arrived back in New Zealand in July 1919, and established a small business, not long after returning home, Lee became active in the Labour Party. Lee had been a committed socialist for some time, having read a large amount of Marxist literature over the years. He is said to have heard the speeches of Bob Semple and Harry Scott Bennett through the bars of his jail cell, by 1920, Lee was on the Labour Partys national executive. In 1921, Lee contested the by-election in the Auckland East electorate caused by the resignation of Arthur Myers, in the 1922 general election, however, he stood again and was elected. He soon became one of the better known Members of Parliament, noted for his powerful oratory and he also played a considerable role in the Labour Partys internal policy formulation, where he had a strong interest in foreign affairs, defence and economics. Lee was re-elected in the 1925 election for Auckland East with a majority of 750, following objections, the boundary between the Parnell and Auckland East electorates was adjusted to include a hotel in the Parnell electorate. So after the 1928 election, Lee took a job managing the Palace Hotel in Rotorua for Ernest Davis, in the 1931 election, Lee won the electorate of Grey Lynn, having controversially defeated another former MP, Fred Bartram, for the Labour nomination. The major political issue of the day was the Great Depression, Lee also wrote his first novel, Children of the Poor — the book was largely autobiographical, and was a considerable success. The book argued that poverty generated crime and vice, and that only a socialist program could solve societys problems, in the early 1930s Lee served on the Auckland Rugby Leagues board and later served as chairman. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal, when Labour won the 1935 election with a large majority, and formed its first government, many expected Lee to enter Cabinet
36.
Mercury Theatre, Auckland
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The Mercury Theatre is a theatre in Auckland, New Zealand, located on Mercury Lane, off Karangahape Road. It was built in 1910 by the architect Edward Bartley and is the oldest surviving theatre in Auckland, built in the English Baroque style, it was initially known as the Kings Theatre. On being converted into a cinema in 1926, a new entrance was built on Karangahape Road – this is now the Norman Ng Building, from 1968 to 1991 it was the premises of the Mercury Theatre Company. In 1966 the Auckland Theatre Trust was established by Professor John C Reid and it raised finance to open the building as a professional theatre in 1968. The first production initiated by the theatre was The Admirable Crichton by J. M. Barrie, at least 12 productions were put on annually after this period ranging from childrens pantomimes to serious tragedy-dramas including those by Shakespeare and Chekhov. Notable actors who performed at the theatre during their careers include Pam Ferris, Lee Grant, Roy Billing, George Henare, Michael Hurst and Ian Mune. Raymond Hawthorne joined the theatre in 1971 and worked as an actor, director, although the theatre steadily attracted visitors, the extravagance of the theatre productions and running costs forced the Mercury Theatre as it was to close in 1992. The records of the Mercury Theatre are now held at Auckland Libraries, some archival material was deposited with the Library in 1988 and the collection was greatly expanded after the companys closure. By necessity the rescue operation was swift, liquidators allowed the small team, led by librarian Theresa Graham, less than twenty-four hours to retrieve the Mercurys voluminous records from the France Street premises. It is a resource for anyone interested in theatrical organisation or in the history of the performing arts in New Zealand. In November 2009 the Equippers Church, who have been using and currently own the theatre, the church withdrew the Theatre from the Market in 2012 with a view to reopening it as a theatre and have undertaken considerable work to this end. As from the 31 January 2014 the theatre will be available for theatrical performances and shows
37.
Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
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Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand is one of New Zealands largest environmental organisations, and is a national office of the global environmental organisation Greenpeace. Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand was founded in 1974, two years after the original Greenpeace, to protect the natural environment, other groups in the peace collective included the NZ Peace Media, NZ Friends of the Earth, the Auckland Peace Squadron and Project Jonah. There were two key developments in the New Zealand peace movement in 1974, the first was the official formation of the Greenpeace Foundation of New Zealand in April through the union of a collective of peace groups and their supporters. The second was the decision to send the yacht Fri on a voyage around the Pacific carrying the peace message to all nuclear weapons states. Fri’s Pacific Peace Odyssey, a 40,000 kilometres adventure across the Pacific and Indian Oceans was partially financed and co-ordinated by Greenpeace New Zealand and would last till 1977. The long campaign against whaling championed by Greenpeace is an issue which has had the support of the New Zealand Government since the mid-1980s. It uses tactics of non-violent direct action to draw attention to what it considers significant threats to the environment, in 2011 Greenpeace head Kumi Naidoo expressed concern that New Zealand is moving too slow to realise its clean potential. In February 2013 Greenpeace released a report calling for New Zealands energy production to be 100 percent renewable by 2025, the Future is Here, New Jobs, New Prosperity and a New Clean Economy report suggests New Zealand makes a dramatic shift to clean energy. The report was authored by a collection of European, Australian and New Zealand academics, Greenpeace had been involved in successful pressure to reform the tuna industry in the UK. Fish aggregating devices destroy much sealife as a side effect of fishing for one species. Greenpeace in NZ and Australia started focusing on local tuna brands, Greenpeace campaigned for Sealord to put pressure on its supply chain to reduce the killing in other sea-life during tuna fishing. These floating lures attract far more than adult tuna and this method is said to be globally responsible for catching about 200,000 tonnes of other marine life every year. After the Bay of Plenty Rena oil spill Greenpeace volunteers assisted in cleaning up, to maintain its independence, Greenpeace does not solicit or accept funding from governments, corporations or political parties. Greenpeace does not seek or accept donations that could compromise its independence, aims, Greenpeace relies on grant-support from foundations and the voluntary donations of individual supporters. Greenpeace is committed to the principles of non-violence, political independence, Greenpeace is non-party political, it does not align itself with any political party. In exposing threats to the environment and in working to find solutions, New Zealands nuclear-free zone Fri Environment of New Zealand Environmental movement in New Zealand Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand Greenpeace International
38.
Clifton Firth
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Reginald Clifton Firth was a New Zealand graphic designer and photographer. Firth later went on to be a portrait photographer in Auckland during. Born in 1904, Firth was the grandson of Josiah Firth and he was educated at King’s College, followed by a year in Christchurch at Christ’s College. At King’s, Firth became friends with classmate Merton Hodge, a few days after they enrolled, the institution was shut down following a police raid and the subsequent arrest of the faculty on drugs charges. Firth also briefly attended classes at the Elam School of Art. During this period Firth was increasingly influenced by new trends of modernism coming out of Europe, contemporary Bill Haythornthwaite recalls – “we used to pick up the original Bauhaus material coming out of Germany from the library before Hitler wrecked it ”. This lack of adherence to tradition allowed Firth to explore new avenues in design, significant is Firths use of Typography. Likely influenced by Jan Tschicholds Typographische Gestaltung or the earlier Die Neue Typographie, Firths designs used features such as sans serif faces and asymmetrical compositions. All ornamentation and superfluous elements stripped out, Firth used the weight and density of the type in his compositions in order to draw attention. Unlike Firths typographical work, influenced by European Modernism, Firths Photography was evocative of Hollywood glamour shots of the era, Firth set up his photographic studio with his wife Patricia in 1938. On his retirement in 1974, Firth gave much of his work to Auckland Libraries. Eagleson, Kate, “Clifton Firth, the typographic work” Modern New Zealand,6, lloyd Jenkins, Douglas,40 legends of New Zealand design. London, Faber 1967 Tschichold, Jan, Die neue Typographie, Berkely, University of California Press,1995 Auckland Libraries, Clifton Firth. Heritage et AL, Clifton Firth Firth, Clifton, Real Gold, Treasures of Auckland City Libraries - Arts Firth, Clifton, The Necessity of Modernisim Gillam, Firth, Reginald Clifton 1904 –1980. Work by Clifton Firth in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
39.
Henry Winkelmann
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Henry Winkelmann was a notable New Zealand photographer. Winkelmanns photographs covered a range of topics, but he is best known for his yachting photographs. Henry Winkelmann was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, England on 26 September 1860, one of eight children of Peter Winkelmann a stuff and yarn merchant and he spent parts of his childhood in nearby Gomersal, Bramley and Manningham. His older brother, Charles, immigrated to New Zealand in 1875, in Henry Winkelmann immigrated to New Zealand arriving at Port Chalmers in October 1878 on the sailing ship Calypso. As his father had died in 1877 his mother, Louise, by 1881 he was living in Auckland and unemployed. Henderson would provide passage and provisions plus a salary, payable upon return of £2 10s for every month spent on the island and they were to stay a minimum of three months, a maximum of five, and they were to resist any attempts at dispossession. They left Auckland aboard the schooner Sunbeam on 8 June 1881, in order to prevent other Auckland business rivals knowing what they were doing, their advertised destination was given as the Kingsmill Islands. The schooner reached Jarvis Island on 2 August 1881 which dropped them off in August 1881, the island was small, consisted mostly of white coral and guano, had no trees and was home to three graves and a number of rundown buildings built by the American Guano Company. They explored the island and removed a foreign flag, finding evidence of a recent caretaker who had left the island because of sickness, a notice stated he would return. Winkelmann and Hudson made their own declaration, signed it and hoisted the British flag, however, when the ship failed to return, the men struggled to survive. They built a still, caught turtles and preserved and ate birds eggs and they were finally rescued on 23 March 1882 by a ship sent by Henderson, nearly eight months after their arrival on the island. Before leaving the island, the tried to load up with guano. A man named Squire Flockton was left behind to retain ownership, several months later, deranged and full of gin, he shot and killed himself. Upon their return to Auckland, Henderson paid them their wages, in 1882 Winkelmann joined the Bank of New Zealand. He worked in branches in New Zealand and Fiji, supplementing his income by teaching the zither, in 1889 he was transferred to the banks Sydney branch, returning to Auckland in 1891. In April 1892 Winkelmann purchased a Lancaster Instantograph camera and soon recognising its commercial potential began to supplement his earnings as bank clerk with photography and he created a darkroon in his mothers house in Dock Street, Devonport. He continued to work at the Bank of New Zealand, which by 1896 had relocated him to Blenheim and he remained there until 1897 when after his mothers death he left the bank and returned to Auckland. Back in Auckland he began a customs and indent agency on Queen Street wharf and he also sold insurance for the Magdeburg Insurance Company, acted as a debt collector
40.
Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
41.
First Folio
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Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies is the 1623 published collection of William Shakespeares plays. Modern scholars commonly refer to it as the First Folio, printed in folio format and containing 36 plays, it was prepared by Shakespeares colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell. It was dedicated to the pair of brethren William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and his brother Philip Herbert. The paper industry in England was then in its infancy and the quantity of quality rag paper for the book was imported from France. It is thought that the typesetting and printing of the First Folio was such a job that the Kings Men simply needed the capacities of the Jaggards shop. William Jaggard was old, infirm and blind by 1623, and died a month before the book went on sale, most of the work in the project must have been done by his son Isaac. The First Folios publishing syndicate also included two stationers who owned the rights to some of the plays that had been previously printed, William Aspley. Smethwick had been a partner of another Jaggard, Williams brother John. The printing of the Folio was probably done between February 1622 and early November 1623, the printer originally expected to have the book ready early, since it was listed in the Frankfurt Book Fair catalogue as a book to appear between April and October 1622. The thirty-six plays of the First Folio occur in the order given below, each play is followed by the type of source used, as determined by bibliographical research. Comedies 1 The Tempest * – the play was set into type from a prepared by Ralph Crane. Crane produced a high-quality result, with formal act/scene divisions, frequent use of parentheses and hyphenated forms,2 The Two Gentlemen of Verona * – another transcript by Ralph Crane. 3 The Merry Wives of Windsor – another transcript by Ralph Crane,4 Measure for Measure * – probably another Ralph Crane transcript. 5 The Comedy of Errors * – probably typeset from Shakespeares foul papers,6 Much Ado About Nothing – typeset from a copy of the quarto, lightly annotated. 7 Loves Labours Lost – typeset from a copy of Q1. 8 A Midsummer Nights Dream – typeset from a copy of Q2, well-annotated,9 The Merchant of Venice – typeset from a lightly edited and corrected copy of Q1. 10 As You Like It * – from a quality manuscript,11 The Taming of the Shrew * – typeset from Shakespeares foul papers, somewhat annotated, perhaps as preparation for use as a prompt-book. 12 Alls Well That Ends Well * – probably from Shakespeares foul papers or a manuscript of them,13 Twelfth Night * – typeset either from a prompt-book or a transcript of one
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The Faerie Queene
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The Faerie Queene is an incomplete English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. Books I to III were first published in 1590, and then republished in 1596 together with books IV to VI. The Faerie Queene is notable for its form, it is one of the longest poems in the English language and the origin of a verse form that came to be known as Spenserian stanza. The Faerie Queene found such favor with Elizabeth I that Spenser was granted a pension for life amounting to £50 a year and this royal patronage helped the poem to such a level of success that it became Spensers defining work. Book I is centered on the virtue of Holiness as embodied in the Redcrosse Knight and he and his lady Una travel together as he fights the dragon Errour, then separate as the wizard Archimago tricks the Redcrosse Knight in a dream to think that Una is unchaste. After he leaves, the Redcrosse Knight meets Duessa, who feigns distress in order to entrap him, Duessa leads the Redcrosse Knight to captivity by the giant Orgoglio. Meanwhile, Una overcomes peril, meets Arthur, and finally finds and rescues the Redcrosse Knight from his capture, from Duessa, Una and Arthur help the Redcrosse Knight recover in the House of Holiness, there the Redcrosse Knight sees a vision of his future. He then returns Una to her parents castle, rescues them from a dragon, Book II is centred on the virtue of Temperance as embodied in Sir Guyon, who is tempted by the fleeing Archimago into nearly attacking the Redcrosse Knight. Guyon discovers a woman killing herself out of grief for having her lover tempted and bewitched by the witch Acrasia, Guyon swears a vow to avenge them and protect their child. Guyon on his quest starts and stops fighting several evil, rash, finally, they come to Acrasias Island and the Bower of Bliss, where Guyon resists temptations to violence, idleness, and lust. Guyon captures Acrasia in a net, destroys the Bower, Book III is centred on the virtue of Chastity as embodied in Britomart, a lady knight. Resting after the events of Book II, Guyon and Arthur meet Britomart and they separate as Arthur and Guyon leave to rescue Florimell, while Britomart rescues the Redcrosse Knight. Britomart reveals to the Redcrosse Knight that she is pursuing Sir Artegal because she is destined to marry him, the Redcrosse Knight defends Artegal and they meet Merlin, who explains more carefully Britomarts destiny to found the English monarchy. Britomart leaves and fights Sir Marinell, Arthur looks for Florimell, joined later by Sir Satyrane and Britomart, and they witness and resist sexual temptation. Britomart separates from them and meets Sir Scudamore, looking for his captured lady Amoret, Britomart alone is able to rescue Amoret from the wizard Busirane and reunite the lovers. Book IV is centred on the virtue of Friendship as embodied in Sir Cambell, Book V is centred on the virtue of Justice as embodied in Sir Artegal. Book VI is centred on the virtue of Courtesy as embodied in Sir Calidore, Spenser names Aristotle as his source for these virtues, though the influences of Thomas Aquinas and the traditions of medieval allegory can be observed as well. The unfinished seventh book appears to have represented the virtue of constancy, the Faerie Queene was written during the Reformation, a time of religious and political controversy
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William Blake
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William Blake was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a figure in the history of the poetry. His so-called prophetic works were said by 20th century critic Northrop Frye to form what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language. His visual artistry led 21st-century critic Jonathan Jones to proclaim him far, in 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBCs poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. Although he lived in London his entire life, he produced a diverse and symbolically rich œuvre and his paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of the Romantic movement and as Pre-Romantic. Reverent of the Bible but hostile to the Church of England, Blake was influenced by the ideals and ambitions of the French, despite these known influences, the singularity of Blakes work makes him difficult to classify. William Blake was born on 28 November 1757 at 28 Broad Street in Soho and he was the third of seven children, two of whom died in infancy. Blakes father, James, was a hosier and he attended school only long enough to learn reading and writing, leaving at the age of ten, and was otherwise educated at home by his mother Catherine Blake. Even though the Blakes were English Dissenters, William was baptised on 11 December at St Jamess Church, Piccadilly, the Bible was an early and profound influence on Blake, and remained a source of inspiration throughout his life. Blake started engraving copies of drawings of Greek antiquities purchased for him by his father, within these drawings Blake found his first exposure to classical forms through the work of Raphael, Michelangelo, Maarten van Heemskerck and Albrecht Dürer. The number of prints and bound books that James and Catherine were able to purchase for young William suggests that the Blakes enjoyed, at least for a time, a comfortable wealth. When William was ten years old, his parents knew enough of his headstrong temperament that he was not sent to school and he read avidly on subjects of his own choosing. During this period, Blake made explorations into poetry, his work displays knowledge of Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser. On 4 August 1772, Blake was apprenticed to engraver James Basire of Great Queen Street, at the sum of £52.10, at the end of the term, aged 21, he became a professional engraver. This aside, Basires style of line-engraving was of a kind held at the time to be old-fashioned compared to the flashier stipple or mezzotint styles. It has been speculated that Blakes instruction in this form may have been detrimental to his acquiring of work or recognition in later life. After two years, Basire sent his apprentice to copy images from the Gothic churches in London and his experiences in Westminster Abbey helped form his artistic style and ideas. The Abbey of his day was decorated with suits of armour, painted funeral effigies, ackroyd notes that. the most immediate would have been of faded brightness and colour
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Europe a Prophecy
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Europe a Prophecy is a 1794 prophetic book by the British poet and illustrator William Blake. It is engraved on 18 plates, and survives in just nine known copies and it followed America a Prophecy of 1793. During autumn 1790, Blake moved to Lambeth, Surrey and he had a studio at the new house that he used while writing what were later called his Lambeth Books, which included Europe in 1794. Like the others under the title, all aspects of the work, including the composition of the designs, the printing of them, the colouring of them, early sketches for Europe were included in a notebook that contained images were created between 1790 until 1793. Only a few of Blakes works were fully coloured, and only some of the editions of Europe were coloured, when Europe was printed, it was in the same format as Blakes America and sold for the same price. It was printed between 1794 and 1821 with only 9 copies of the work surviving, the plates used for the designs were 23 x 17 cm in size. In addition to the illuminations, the work contained 265 lines of poetry, henry Crabb Robinson contacted William Upcott on 19 April 1810 inquiring about copies of Blakes works that were in his possession. On that day, Robinson was allowed access to Europe and America, an edition of Europe for Frederick Tatham was the last work Blake produced, and The Ancient of Days was completed three days just prior to his death. The book is prefaced by a known as The Ancient of Days. The poem begins with a description of the source for the vision, will shew you all alive The world, the poem then explains that it is about, the night of Enitharmons joy That Woman, lovely Woman. Then Los arose his head he reared in snaky thunders clad, And with a cry that shook all nature to the utmost pole, Europe, like many of Blakes other works, is a mythological narrative and is considered a prophecy. However, only America and Europe were ever given that title by Blake and he understood the word not to denote a description of the future, but the view of the honest and the wise. The vision within the poem, along some of the other prophecies, is of a world filled with suffering in a manner that is connected to the politics of 1790s Britain. God in The Ancient of Days is a figure, a creative principle in the universe that establishes mathematical order. In such a view, Jesus is seen as a Logos figure that is disconnected from the nous in that Logos constantly recreates what is beautiful. As such, Jesus, as well as the Holy Spirit, are connected in Blakes mythology to the image of the man as opposed to God the Father. The image is connected to John Miltons Paradise Lost in which God uses a golden compass to circumscribe the universe. Blakes version does not create Eden but instead is creating the serpent of the poems frontispiece, the image is also connected to a vision Blake witnessed at the steps inside of his home
