1.
University of Auckland
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The University of Auckland is the largest university in New Zealand, located in the countrys largest city, Auckland. It is the university in the country, being ranked 81st worldwide in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. Established in 1883 as a constituent college of the University of New Zealand and it has a head count of more than 40,000 students, and more than 30,000 equivalent full-time students. The University of Auckland began as a constituent of the University of New Zealand, stewardship of the University during its establishment period was the responsibility of John Chapman Andrew. By 1901, student numbers had risen to 156, the majority of students were training towards being law clerks or teachers and were enrolled part-time. From 1905 onwards, a number of students enrolled in commerce studies. The University conducted little research until the 1930s, when there was a spike in interest in research during the Depression. In 1934, four new professors joined the college, Arthur Sewell, H. G. Forder, the combination of new talent, and academic freedom, saw Auckland University College flourish through to the 1950s. In 1950, the Elam School of Fine Arts was brought into the University of Auckland, archie Fisher, who had been appointed principal of the Elam School of Fine Arts was instrumental in having it brought in the University of Auckland. The University of New Zealand was dissolved in 1961 and the University of Auckland was empowered by the University of Auckland Act 1961. In 1966, lecturers Keith Sinclair and Bob Chapman established The University of Auckland Art Collection, the Collection is now managed by the Centre for Art Research, based at the Gus Fisher Gallery. The Stage A of the Science building is opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother on 3 May, Queen Elizabeth II opened the new School of Medicine Building at Grafton on 24 March 1970. The Queen also opened the Liggins Institute in 2002, the North Shore Campus, established in 2001, was located in the suburb of Takapuna. It offered the Bachelor of Business and Information Management degree, at the end of 2006, the campus was closed and the degree relocated to the City campus. On 1 September 2004, the Auckland College of Education merged with the Universitys School of Education to form the Faculty of Education, the faculty is based at the Epsom Campus of the former college, with an additional campus in Whangarei. Professor Stuart McCutcheon became Vice-Chancellor on 1 January 2005 and he was previously the Vice-Chancellor of Victoria University of Wellington. He succeeded Dr John Hood, who was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, the University opened a new business school building in 2007, following the completion of the Information Commons. It has recently gained international accreditations for all its programmes and now completes the Triple Crown, in May 2013 the University purchased a site for new 5 hectare campus adjacent to the major business area in Newmarket
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
4.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
5.
AACSB
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The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, also known as AACSB International, is an American professional organization. It was formerly known as the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business and it was founded in 1916 to accredit schools of business. It is membership organization, not all its institutions are accredited. The American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business was founded in 1916 by a group of seventeen American universities and colleges, the first accreditations took place in 1919. For many years, only North American business schools were accredited by AACSB and it was an early supporter of internationalizing business education. On July 1,2013, Robert S. Sullivan, Dean of Rady School of Management, was named the chair of the AACSB, AACSB struggled with its Council for Higher Education Accreditation recognition in 2016. At a board meeting on January 26,2015, CHEA deferred recognition of AACSB pending satisfaction of its requirements for recognition. AACSB withdrew from CHEA recognition on September 23,2016, list of AACSB-accredited schools Regional accreditation Triple accreditation Andrea Everard, Jennifer Edmonds, Kent Pierre. The Longitudinal Effects of the Mission - Driven Focus on the Credibility of the AACSB, journal of Management Development 32, 995–1003 W. Francisco, T. G. AACSB Accreditation, Symbol of Excellence or march toward Mediocrity, journal of College Teaching & Learning 5, 25–30 Harold Hamilton. AACSB Accreditation, Are the Benefits worth the Cost for a Small School, proceedings of the American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences Track Section of Management February 17-21,2000, Las Vegas, Nevada, 205–206 Anthony Lowrie, Hugh Willmott. Accreditation Sickness in the Consumption of Business Education, The Vacuum in AACSB Standard Setting, Management Learning 40, 411–420 N. Orwig, R. Z. Analysis of the Mission Statements of AACSB – Accredited Schools, academy of Management Learning and Education 7, 245~255 J. A. Doing Things the Hard Way – Problems with Mission-Linked AACSB Accreditation Standards, journal of Education for Business 75, 348–353
6.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
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The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
7.
Auckland CBD
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The Auckland central business district, sometimes referred to as Central City or Downtown, is the geographical and economic heart of the Auckland metropolitan area. The area is made up of the citys largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses, the CBD is one of the most densely developed places in New Zealand, with many commercial and some residential developments packed into a space of only 433 hectares. Bounded by several motorways and by the harbour coastline in the north. Located on the shore of a narrow isthmus, the CBD extends from the Auckland waterfront on the Waitemata Harbour southwards along Queen Street. The CBD has an area of 433 hectares, similar to the Sydney CBD, the CBD is to a substantial part located on reclaimed land of the Waitemata Harbour. For a closer discussion of this aspect, see the Commercial Bay, the town of Auckland was created in 1840 with the first European colonisation of the area, marked by an official ceremony on the now non-existent Point Britomart. The initial centre of the new town was focused on what is now the corner of Shortland and Queen Streets, Shortland Street tended to be the location of the more important businesses and most of the luxury shops of the mid 19th century. The 1850s onwards saw a number of businesses, and especially retail, locating further south along Queen Street. During the remainder of the 19th century, Commercial Bay was progressively filled in, allowing an extension of Queen Street and the creation of Fort Street, Customs Street. The part of Queen Street north of Customs Street is today referred to informally as Lower Queen Street, up until the middle of the 20th century the centre of town still contained a large number of small factories including clothing manufacturers. This was mirrored by the development of shopping malls which enticed retailers to vacate the inner city as well. Attempts by the council to halt this pattern by constructing numerous public car parking buildings met with varying success, residential numbers in the inner city were also declining in the 20th century from as early as the 1920s. Around 24,000 apartment units exist as of 2010, the CBD of Auckland has been the leading centre of New Zealands business and economic development for nearly two centuries. The area of todays CBD was the site of the original European settlement of Auckland, oriented along the coastline and then Queen Street, in a southward direction. From those origins, it has grown progressively, and become more densely built-up, now being an area of high-rise buildings mainly used for commercial. It has the highest concentration of arts, culture and higher education institutions, some commentators have noted that the recent decades have not been kind to the aesthetics and the community values of the inner city. In an attempt to reverse the decline of aesthetics in the CBD, previous Auckland City Councils and these include the recent redevelopment of Aotea Square in 2010 and the upgrade of Saint Patricks Square in 2009. The Auckland CBD is one of the few places in New Zealand that has skyscraper-sized buildings, such as the Vero Centre, ANZ Centre or the Metropolis, with the Sky Tower rising above them
8.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
9.
Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
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The WARK12M12m Radio Telescope was constructed in 2008. In 2010, a licence to operate the New Zealand Telecom 30m dish was granted, first observations with the Australian Long Baseline Array took place in 2011. A Hydrogen maser is installed on-site for very accurate time required by VLBI observations, the observatory has a 1Gbit/s connection to the Kiwi Advanced Research and Education Network, providing high speed data transfers for files and e-VLBI
10.
Western Springs
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Western Springs is a residential suburb and park in the west of the city of Auckland in the north of New Zealand. It is located four kilometres to the west of the city centre, the park is situated to the north of State Highway 16 and the residential suburb is located southeast of the park on the opposite side of State Highway 16. The suburb is dominated by the park, within which are situated Auckland Zoo, Western Springs Stadium. The park is the location of the annual Pasifika Festival, one of Aucklands most popular public events, across the road from the Zoo is the school of Western Springs College, with a student population of around 1441. The Māori valued Waiorea for the clean, clear spring water, after colonisation, the area was part of a block of land farmed by a Scottish settler called William Motion. The area was called Western Springs to differentiate it from the Springs in the Auckland Domain to the east of town. The main source of the water feeds the Lake at Western Springs is rain falling on the slopes of the far off volcanoes of Te Tatua-a-Riukiuta, Mount Albert. It then runs underground for miles through the lava flows. As the city of Auckland grew it found that water was not sufficient. In the 1860s a pipe from the Domain Springs was constructed, in 1875 the swampy ground was made into a 15-acre artificial lake 6 feet in depth and capable of holding 22 million gallons of water. They also excavated the 25 feet deep Engine Pond and dug a 60 foot long tunnel between the lake and the Engine House, a pumphouse was designed by the City Engineer William Errington and built of brick. It was fitted with an engine, known as a beam engine which is still in working order having been recently restored. The cost of maintaining the pump was high however and by the end of the 19th century, Aucklands growth required a much greater and this coincided with pressure to safeguard the remaining native forests of the Waitakere Ranges to the west of the city. Auckland City purchased land for reservoirs in this fairly secluded area thus safeguarding both the water quality and the flora & fauna of the area. The height of the reservoirs above sea level meant pumping was kept to a minimum as the water could be gravity fed down to town and this left the Western Springs area with no specific use. The fairly rough and uneven land was unsuitable for housing as apart from the Lake itself it contained large stretches of boggy ground, unable to divest itself of the land the Auckland City Council was at a loss what to do with it. Some light industry and market gardens were developed along Great North Road and Chinamans hill, however over the next thirty years or so most of the land deteriorated as it became overgrown and used for illegal rubbish dumping. From the early 1920s onwards various developments took place, The Auckland City Council Zoological Gardens were established to the north of the lake, to the west a camping ground was set up
11.
Paul Reeves
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He was the first Chancellor of Auckland University of Technology. Reeves was born in Wellington in 1932, the son of Darcy Reeves by his marriage to Hilda Pirihira, who had moved from Waikawa to Newtown, a working-class suburb of Wellington. Hilda was of Māori descent, of the Te Āti Awa iwi, Darcy was pakeha, Reeves was educated at Wellington College and at Victoria College, University of New Zealand, where he graduated BA in 1955 and MA in 1956. He went on to study for ordination as a priest of the Anglican Church of New Zealand at St Johns College, Auckland, Reeves was ordained deacon in 1958. After serving a curacy at Tokoroa, he spent the period 1959–64 in England. From 1959 until 1961 he was an Advanced Student at St Peters College and he was ordained priest in 1960. He served two curacies in England, first at Kirkley St Peter, then at Lewisham St Mary. Returning to New Zealand, Reeves was Vicar of Okato St Paul, Lecturer in Church History at St Johns College, Auckland, in 1971 Reeves was appointed Bishop of Waiapu and consecrated to the episcopate. He was Bishop of Auckland 1979–85 and Archbishop and Primate of New Zealand 1980–85, during this time he also served as chairman of the Environmental Council, he was a supporter of Citizens for Rowling, and he served as president of the National Council of Churches in New Zealand. In 2004 Reeves made a statement in support of New Zealand republic, stating in an interview. if renouncing knighthoods was a prerequisite to being a citizen of a republic, I think it would be worth it. On the advice of Prime Minister David Lange, Queen Elizabeth II appointed Reeves the 15th Governor-General of New Zealand on 22 November 1985. His appointment was met with scepticism due to his previous political involvement in Citizens for Rowling, opposing the 1981 Springbok Tour. The Leader of the Opposition, Jim McLay opposed the appointment on these grounds, however, many Māori groups welcomed the appointment, with Sir James Henare arguing that It must be a fruit of the Treaty of Waitangi to see a person from our people. He was the first cleric to hold the post, moreover, as a member of the Puketapu hapū of the Te Atiawa of Taranaki, he was the first governor-general to be of Māori descent. During his term, Sir Paul joined the Newtown Residents Association and he hosted the first open day at Government House on 7 October 1990, and employed the first public affairs officer, Cindy Beavis, to promote the Governor-Generals role. Reeves remained in office until 20 November 1990 and he was succeeded by Dame Catherine Tizard. During Reeves tenure, the Fourth Labour Government made radical changes to the New Zealand economy, in November 1987 Reeves made comments critical of Rogernomics, stating that the reforms were creating an increasingly stratified society. He was rebuked for these comments by Lange, but later stated in May 1988. the spirit of the market steals life from the vulnerable, Reeves later recalled that this marked a parting of ways with the Government
12.
Day care
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Child care or day care is the care of a child during the day by a person other than the childs legal guardians, typically performed by someone outside the childs immediate family. Day care is typically an ongoing service during specific periods, such as the time at work. The service is known as care in the United Kingdom, crèche in Ireland and New Zealand. The vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents, in-house nannies or through informal arrangements with relatives, Child care in the childs own home is traditionally provided by a nanny or au pair, or by extended family members including grandparents, aunts and uncles. Child care is provided in nurseries or crèches or by a nanny or family child care provider caring for children in their own homes. It can also take on a formal structure, with education, child development, discipline. The day care industry is a continuum from personal care to large. Some childminders care for children from several families at the same time, some employers provide nursery provisions for their employees at or near the place of employment. For-profit day care corporations often exist where the market is large or there are government subsidies. Research shows that not-for-profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive, local governments, often municipalities, may operate non-profit day care centers. For all providers, the largest expense is labor, local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers, affecting staffing requirements. In Canada, the workforce is female and low paid. Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification, legislation may specify details of the physical facilities. Independent studies suggest that good daycare is not harmful, in some cases, good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does, especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children. Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 4½ years of life than those in lower quality care, Day care appeared in France about 1840, and the Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869. The Fitch Creche in Buffalo, New York was known as the first day center for working mothers in the United States, another at that time was the New York Day Nursery in 1854. The day care industry is a continuum from personal care to large. The vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents, in-house nanny or through informal arrangements with relatives, however, for-profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies
13.
Marae
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A marae malaʻe, meʻae, malae and mālaʻe is a communal or sacred place that serves religious and social purposes in Polynesian societies. In all these languages, the word also means cleared, free of weeds, trees, in the Rapanui culture of Easter Island ahu has become a synonym for the whole marae complex). In some modern Polynesian societies, notably that of the Māori of New Zealand, however, in tropical Polynesia, most marae were destroyed or abandoned with the arrival of Christianity in the 19th century and some of them have become an attraction for tourists or archaeologists. Nevertheless, the place where the marae were built are still considered as tapu in most islands, the word has been reconstructed by linguists to Eastern Oceanic *malaqe with the meaning open, cleared space used as meeting-place or ceremonial place. Like the related institutions of old Polynesia, the marae is a wāhi tapu, in Māori usage, the marae atea is the open space in front of the wharenui or meeting house. However, the marae is generally used to refer to the whole complex, including the buildings. This area is used for pōwhiri – welcome ceremonies featuring oratory, some marae do not allow women to perform oratory there. The meeting house is the locale for important meetings, sleepovers, the wharekai is used primarily for communal meals, but other activities may be carried out there. Many of the associated with marae in tropical Polynesia are retained in the Māori context. For example, the word refers to the bench where the speakers sit. Marae occur in various sizes, with some wharenui being a bit bigger than a double garage, a marae is a meeting place registered as a reserve under the Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993. Each marae has a group of trustees who are responsible for the operations of the marae, the Act governs the regulation of marae as reservations and sets out the responsibilities of the trustees in relation to the beneficiaries. Generally each marae has a charter which the trustees have negotiated with the beneficiaries of the marae, the New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute Act,1963 was passed and the institute built to maintain the tradition of Whakairo. The NZMACI is responsible for the restoration and building of over 40 marae around New Zealand, like in pre-European times, marae continue to be the location of many ceremonial events, including birthdays, weddings, and anniversaries. The most important event located at marae is the tangihanga, tangihanga are the means by which the dead are farewelled and the surviving family members supported in Māori society. As indicated by Kaai and Higgins, the importance of the tangihanga, most iwi, hapū, and even many small settlements have their own marae. An example of such a settlement with its own marae is at Hongoeka Bay, Plimmerton. Since the second half of the 20th century, Māori in urban areas have been establishing intertribal marae such as Maraeroa in eastern Porirua, for many Māori, the marae is just as important to them as their own homes
14.
John Key
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John Phillip Key is a New Zealand politician who served as the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the New Zealand National Party. He was elected leader of the party in November 2006 and appointed Prime Minister in November 2008, born in Auckland before moving to Christchurch when he was a child, Key attended the University of Canterbury and graduated in 1981 with a bachelor of commerce. In 1999 he was appointed a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until leaving in 2001 and he has held the seat since then. In 2004, he was appointed Finance Spokesman for National and eventually succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. After two years as Leader of the Opposition, Key led his party to victory at the November 2008 general election, and repeated this feat at both the November 2011 and September 2014 elections. He was expected to lead National into the 2017 election, as Prime Minister, Key led the Fifth National Government of New Zealand which entered government at the beginning of the late-2000s recession in 2008. In his first term, Keys government implemented a GST rise, Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key and Ruth Key, on 9 August 1961. His father was an English immigrant and a veteran of the Spanish Civil War, Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in the Christchurch suburb of Bryndwr, by his mother, an Austrian Jewish immigrant. Key is the prime minister or premier of New Zealand to have Jewish ancestry, after Julius Vogel. He attended Aorangi School, and then Burnside High School from 1975 to 1979, then he attended the University of Canterbury and earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree in accounting in 1981. He has attended management studies courses at Harvard University, Key met his wife Bronagh when they were both students at Burnside High School. She also has a BCom degree, and worked as a consultant before becoming a full-time mother. They have two children, Stephie and Max, Max is a night-time radio host for George FM, and is also a singer. On 25 July 2008, Key was added to the New Zealand National Business Review Rich List for the first time, the list details the wealthiest New Zealand individuals and family groups. He had a wealth of NZ$50 million, making him the wealthiest New Zealand Member of Parliament. Keys first job was in 1982, as an auditor at McCulloch Menzies, in 1995, he joined Merrill Lynch as head of Asian foreign exchange in Singapore. Some co-workers called him the smiling assassin for maintaining his usual cheerfulness while sacking dozens of staff after heavy losses from the 1998 Russian financial crisis and he was a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the New York Federal Reserve Bank from 1999 to 2001. In 1998, on learning of his interest in pursuing a political career, former party leader Jenny Shipley describes him as one of the people she deliberately sought out and put my head on the line–either privately or publicly–to get them in there
15.
Astro turf
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AstroTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. The original AstroTurf product was a synthetic turf. The prime reason to incorporate AstroTurf on game fields was to avoid the cost of laying natural turf, the name AstroTurf has evolved into a generic trademark and is sometimes used to refer to all brands of artificial turf. The original AstroTurf brand product was co-invented in 1965 by Donald L. Elbert, James M. Faria and it was patented in 1965 and originally sold under the name ChemGrass. It was re-branded as AstroTurf by an employee named John A. Wortmann after its first well-publicized use at the Houston Astrodome stadium in 1966. Early iterations of the short pile turf swept the major stadia, concerns over directionality and traction led Monsantos R&D department to implement a texturized nylon system. By imparting a crimped texture to the nylon after it was extruded, in 1987, Monsanto consolidated its AstroTurf management, marketing, and technical activities in Dalton, Georgia, as AstroTurf Industries, Inc. In 1988, Balsam AG purchased all the stock of AstroTurf Industries. In 1994, Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. acquired the AstroTurf brand, in 1996, SRI was acquired by American Sports Products Group Inc. While AstroTurf was the leader throughout the late 20th century. FieldTurf, AstroTurfs chief competitor in the early 2000s and today and this third generation turf, as it became known, changed the landscape of the marketplace. Although SRI successfully marketed AstroPlay, a third generation turf product, increased competition, despite their legal victory, increased competition took its toll. Out of the proceedings, Textile Management Associates, Inc. of Dalton, Georgia, acquired the AstroTurf brand. TMA began marketing the AstroTurf brand under the company AstroTurf, LLC, in 2006, General Sports Venue became TMAs marketing partner for the AstroTurf brand for the American market. AstroTurf, LLC handled the marketing of AstroTurf in the rest of the world, in 2009, TMA acquired GSV in order to enter the marketplace as a direct seller. AstroTurf, LLC focused its efforts on research and development, which has promoted rapid growth, AstroTurf introduced new product features and installation methods, including AstroFlect and field prefabrication. AstroTurf also introduced a product called RootZone consisting of crimped fibers designed to encapsulate infill and this product has been adopted by many professional organizations and colleges in the United States. In 2016, SportGroup Holding announced that it would purchase AstroTurf,1964 The Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island, installs ChemGrass
16.
Bill English
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Simon William Bill English is the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the National Party, having taken office on 12 December 2016. He was previously Deputy Prime Minister from 2008 to 2016, a farmer and public servant before entering politics, English was elected to parliament in 1990 as the National Partys candidate in the Wallace electorate. He was elevated to cabinet in 1996 and in 1999 was made Minister of Finance, in October 2001, English replaced Jenny Shipley as the leader of the National Party. The party lost the 2002 general election, and in October 2003 he was replaced as leader by Don Brash, in November 2006, after Don Brashs resignation, English became deputy leader under John Key. After Nationals victory at the 2008 general election, English became Deputy Prime Minister and was also made Minister for Finance for a second time and he became a list-only MP after retiring as an electorate MP at the 2014 general election. In December 2016, John Key announced his intention to resign as prime minister and he endorsed English as his replacement, and English won the resulting leadership election unopposed. English is the second-youngest of 12 children of Mervyn English and Norah English and his parents purchased Rosedale, a mixed sheep and cropping farm in Dipton, Southland from Mervyns uncle, Vincent English, a bachelor, in 1944. English was born in the town of Lumsden. He attended St Thomass School in Winton, then boarded at St. Patricks College in Upper Hutt and he played in the first XV of the schools rugby team. After finishing his studies, English returned to Dipton and farmed for a few years, English joined the National Party in 1980, while at Victoria University. He served for a period as chairman of the Southland branch of the Young Nationals, after moving to Wellington, he served for periods on the Island Bay and Miramar electorate committees, respectively. At the 1990 general election, English stood as the National candidate in Wallace, replacing the retiring Derek Angus, and was elected with a large majority. He and three newly elected National MPs were soon identified as rising stars in New Zealand politics, and at various points were dubbed the brat pack, the gang of four. In his first term in parliament, English chaired a committee into social services. He was made a parliamentary under-secretary in 1993, serving under the Minister of Health, in early 1996, English was elevated to cabinet by Prime Minister Jim Bolger, becoming the Minister for Crown Health Enterprises and Associate Minister of Education. He was 34 at the time, becoming the cabinets youngest member, after the 1996 general election, the National Party was forced into a coalition with New Zealand First to retain government. In the resulting cabinet reshuffle, English emerged as Minister of Health, however, as a condition of the coalition agreement, NZ Firsts Neil Kirton was made Associate Minister of Health, effectively becoming Englishs deputy. This arrangement was described in the press as a shotgun marriage, after their relationship became unworkable, Kirton was sacked from the role in August 1997, with the agreement of NZ First leader Winston Peters
17.
Northcote, New Zealand
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This article is about the Auckland suburb. There is also a suburb named Northcote in Christchurch, Northcote is a suburb of Auckland in northern New Zealand. It is situated on the shores of Waitemata Harbour, four km northwest of Auckland city centre. The suburb includes the peninsula of Northcote Point and the approaches to the Auckland Harbour Bridge. In 1882, the St Heliers and Northcote Land Company was formed, in 1889 a major subdivision was the result when the Bartley Estate was auctioned. Before the construction of the Harbour Bridge, the Northcote Wharf was heavily utilised by Auckland Harbour ferry services, after the bridge was opened in 1959, the number of ferry crossings fell and the Northcote Point peninsula became a quiet cul-de-sac. The wooden Northcote Tavern was once in the thick of things, it still stands but now surveys a quiet streetscape. Northcote is surrounded by the suburbs of Birkenhead, Hillcrest and Takapuna to the west and north, and the waters of Shoal Bay, state Highway 1 stretches along the waterfront of Shoal Bay, heading north from the bridge towards Albany. To the north of Northcote Point on one of the routes leading to and from the Harbour Bridge is the Northcote Shopping Centre. It is now a retail hub featuring many Asian food outlets. The population was 4,122 in the 2006 Census, an increase of 129 from 2001, Northcote College is a coeducational secondary school with a decile rating of 9 and a roll of 1258. Northcote Intermediate has now celebrated 50 years as a separate school, close by to the Intermediate is Onepoto Primary School, which serves the central Northcote area. Northcote Primary School is a contributing primary school with a decile rating of 9. It was established on its present site in 1918, the Northcote area war memorial stands at the front of the school, on the corner of Lake and Onewa Roads. St Marys School is a school with a decile rating of 7. It is a state integrated Catholic school, which education for both boys and girls in years 1-6, and for girls only in years 7-8. It celebrated its 75th Jubilee in 2008, hato Petera College is a state integrated Maori Catholic co-educational school for year 9-13 students. Established in 1928 and situated on 15 acres of land, the college offers boarding for enrolled students
18.
North Shore, New Zealand
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North Shore is the part of the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand, located to the north of the Waitemata Harbour. The city had an population of 229,000 at 30 June 2010. The former city was also the fourth largest city in land, with an area of 129.81 square kilometres. It was also the most densely populated city in the country because, unlike other New Zealand cities, the North Shore has been administered by various councils over the years, in the most recent past the North Shore City Council. On 1 November 2010, North Shore City Council and the six local councils. The administrative area of North Shore City Council was bounded by Rodney District to the north, Waitemata Harbour to the south, the seat of the council was in Takapuna. The city was divided into three wards, Harbour, Northern and Central, and each ward is divided into two community boards. Inner suburbs include Milford, Takapuna, Belmont, Devonport, Bayswater, Northcote, Birkenhead, Highbury, Hillcrest, Glenfield, Wairau Valley, Westlake and Forrest Hill. Those here with an asterisk, along several other beaches on the Hauraki Gulf coast, are collectively known as East Coast Bays. By the 1950s, only about 50,000 people lived on the Shore, eventually the growth became significant enough for the North Shore to be considered a city in its own right, though densities remained still below what is typical south of the Harbour. All council services and facilities are now under authority of the Auckland Council, commuting within the North Shore itself can be done relatively easily, but those who commute to Auckland City and need to cross the Auckland Harbour Bridge face severe traffic congestion. The alternative route through western suburbs is also prone to traffic at peak times. Several options for new bridges and tunnels have been studied in depth, but at the moment, public transport has been upgraded in an attempt to reduce the citys car dependence. In 2003, there were indications that the stages of the busway project were generally regarded as a success. The North Shore City Council increased the number of facilities with more park and ride stations in Sunnynook, Smales Farm and these were completed in February 2008. In January 2009, the Northern Busway began trial runs featuring New Zealands first bus-dedicated roadway, a number of North Shore suburbs have a regular ferry service to Auckland City, including Devonport, Stanley Bay, Bayswater, Birkenhead. Others are planned for Takapuna and Browns Bay, the city was run by a 15-member council and mayor, democratically elected every three years using the First Past The Post voting system. The final mayor prior to 2010 amalgamation was Andrew Williams, the mayor was a strong critic of the Super City proposals which would see North Shore City amalgamated into a larger Auckland authority, Auckland Council
19.
Mairangi Bay
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Mairangi Bay, a suburb on the North Shore, lies across the Waitemata Harbour from Auckland in New Zealand. Mairangi Bay came under the governance of the North Shore City Council until subsumed into the Auckland Council in 2010. The population was 5,277 in the 2006 Census, an increase of 501 from 2001, the Bays beach itself has, along with adjacent Murrays and Campbells Bays, undergone civil works projects since 2004 to improve stormwater management. Mairangi Bay School and St Johns School are coeducational contributing primary schools with decile ratings of 10 and rolls of 403 and 315, Mairangi Bay School was founded in 1967. St Johns is a state integrated Catholic School, which was founded in 1961, rangitoto College is a large secondary school in Windsor Park, to the west of Mairangi Bay. Mairangi Bay School website St Johns School website Photographs of Mairangi Bay held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections
20.
Swimming New Zealand
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Swimming New Zealand is the national governing body of swimming, in New Zealand. Swimming New Zealand, then known as The New Zealand Amateur Swimming Association was founded on 4 January 1890, Swimming New Zealand is a member of FINA and has responsibility for elite performance, doping control and international relationships and events for the sports within New Zealand. Swimming New Zealand is also a member of Water Safety New Zealand and has a role in swim. The New Zealand Amateur Swimming Association was founded on 4 January 1890 at the urging of the Auckland Club, when the headquarters moved to Christchurch in 1896 the Auckland club withdrew from the Association and in 1898 formed a rival association, the New Zealand Amateur Swimming Association Registered. The two associations were reunited on 21 March 1904, the first national championship events were held in the year the Association was formed, with a different carnival for each event until 1905 when all events were held at a single venue. The first championship event for women was held in 1912, the NZASA became the New Zealand Swimming Federation in 1988 and changed to its present name in 1999. List of New Zealand records in swimming Official site
21.
Sport and Recreation New Zealand
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Sport New Zealand is a New Zealand crown entity responsible for governing sport and recreation in New Zealand. Sport NZ believes sport is an part of New Zealand’s culture. The organisation believes whether New Zealanders are playing, coaching, refereeing, volunteering, managing or supporting – the power of sport helps bind communities and the nation together. The organisation also believes sport enriches the economy, improves wellbeing, helps children’s bodies and minds develop, with this in mind, Sport NZ’s vision is to ensure that all New Zealanders have access to sport wherever they live, whoever they are and whatever their ability. Sport NZs vision is Everyone, every day, enjoying and excelling though sport, Sport NZs mission is Creating a sport and recreation environment where more New Zealanders participate, support and win. To achieve these, Sport NZ takes a role by providing direction to all sports organisations and challenging the sport. They work to help their partners, such as national and regional sports organisations or regional sports trusts, the principal governing legislation of Sport NZ is the Sport and Recreation New Zealand Act 2002. As a Crown entity, it is responsible to the Minister of Sport, High Performance Sport New Zealand is the subsidiary of Sport New Zealand responsible for governing New Zealands high performance sport programme. It was formed in 2011 following the merger of Sport New Zealands high performance unit with the two academies of sport. Sport New Zealand official site High Performance Sport New Zealand official site
22.
Warkworth Radio Observatory
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The WARK12M12m Radio Telescope was constructed in 2008. In 2010, a licence to operate the New Zealand Telecom 30m dish was granted, first observations with the Australian Long Baseline Array took place in 2011. A Hydrogen maser is installed on-site for very accurate time required by VLBI observations, the observatory has a 1Gbit/s connection to the Kiwi Advanced Research and Education Network, providing high speed data transfers for files and e-VLBI
23.
Warkworth, New Zealand
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Warkworth is a town on the Northland Peninsula in the upper North Island of New Zealand. It is in the part of the Auckland Region. It is located on State Highway 1,64 km north of Auckland and 98 km south of Whangarei, the population was 3,270 according to the 2006 census, an increase of 15.7 percent over the preceding five years. New Zealands main satellite communications ground station is located 5 km south of Warkworth, one of the most prominent features of Warkworth is the Mahurangi River, an estuary which runs right through the township, where it then joins the Mahurangi Harbour and flows into the Hauraki Gulf. On the eastern side of the river is the Mahurangi East peninsula, with the towns of Snells Beach. It is here that the scenic Kawau Island is found, notable for its historic Mansion House, East of Warkworth and north of Mahurangi East lies the Tawharanui Peninsula, home of the Tawharanui Regional Park and Tawharanui Marine Park. To the north is the town of Wellsford, with the thickly forested Dome Valley lying in between, on the west coast lies the Kaipara Harbour, while to the south is the small historic township of Puhoi and further south the larger town of Orewa. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as oceanic, but it is rainier in winter, in 1853 the government finished surveying the district and began to offer the land for sale. John Anderson Brown purchased 153 acres of land and his daughter Amelia purchased a further 81 acres and he then surveyed the land into allotments where the well known streets such as Lilburn, Alnwick, Neville, and Bertram were named. Six months later in May 1854 the allotments were offered for sale in The New Zealander, Bridge House Lodge, established on the site of John Anderson Browns home next door to the Warkworth Bridge, is the oldest surviving building in Warkworth. Early industry included logging of kauri and other timbers, flour milling and boat-building, the first portland cement manufacturing works in the southern hemisphere, Wilsons Cement Company, was established near the town in 1884. It closed its doors in 1928 during the depression years, the ruins still remain and the mine is now a popular local fresh water swimming hole. In 1883 the Masonic Hall was built and up until 1911 served as a public hall until a building was constructed on the corner of Alnwick. Across the road on the corner the new post office was built the same year and was furnished with a telephone exchange within 12 months of being open. In 1922 Stubbs Butchery first opened and took over the site on Wharf Street that once housed Bowens Store, at the end of the 1930s came WWII, and although Warkworth escaped the physical devastation it became host to thousands of military men from America. There were 25 military camps which sprung up around the towns farmlands and they carried out exercises prior to being sent to the Pacific Campaigns. They were well received by the community, Warkworth was part of the Rodney District during its existence from 1989 to 2010. Mahurangi College is a secondary school, teaching students between years 7-13, with a roll of 1,300 students and a funding decile rating of 7
24.
Square Kilometre Array
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The Square Kilometre Array is a large multi radio telescope project aimed to be built in Australia and South Africa. If built, it would have a collecting area of approximately one square kilometre. It would operate over a range of frequencies and its size would make it 50 times more sensitive than any other radio instrument. It would require high performance central computing engines and long-haul links with a capacity greater than the current global Internet traffic. It should be able to survey the sky more than ten times faster than ever before. The SKA would be built in the hemisphere, in sub-Saharan states with cores in South Africa and Australia. Construction of the SKA is scheduled to begin in 2018 for initial observations by 2020, the SKA would be built in two phases, with Phase 1 representing about 10% of the capability of the whole telescope. Phase 1 of the SKA was cost-capped at 650 million euros in 2013, the headquarters of the project are located at the Jodrell Bank Observatory, in the UK. The SKA—a global project with twelve member countries—aims to answer questions about the origin. In April 2011, Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester, in Cheshire, in November 2011, the SKA Organisation was formed and the project moved from a collaboration to an independent, not for profit, company. Some of the sub-arrays of the SKA will also have a very large field-of-view, one innovative development is the use of focal-plane arrays using phased-array technology to provide multiple FOVs. This will greatly increase the speed of the SKA and enable several users to observe different pieces of the sky simultaneously. The combination of a very large FOV with high sensitivity means that the SKA will be able to compile extremely large surveys of the sky faster than any other telescope. The SKA will provide continuous coverage from 50 MHz to 14 GHz in the first two phases of its construction. A third phase will extend the frequency range up to 30 GHz. Phase 1, Providing ~10% of the collecting area at low. Phase 2, Completion of the array at low and mid frequencies by 2030. These will be grouped in 100 m diameter each containing about 90 elements
25.
Mangere
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Māngere is one of the largest suburbs in Auckland, in northern New Zealand. It is located on flat land on the northeastern shore of the Manukau Harbour. It is the location of Auckland Airport, which close to the harbours edge to the south of the suburb. Māngere has two major sub-areas, Māngere Bridge and Māngere East, with Favona, in the east, the suburb is named after Māngere Mountain, one of Aucklands largest volcanic cones. The title comes from the Māori words hau māngere meaning lazy winds, Māngere is often described as a very multicultural area, with Europeans, Māori, Pacific Islanders and Asians living in the area, often with large families. Houses are a mixture of villas and bungalows, often located on farms or market gardens developed by the state in the 1940s to 1960s. Māngeres most famous son is David Lange, who was the Member of Parliament for Mangere from 1977 until 1996, another local personality is former heavyweight boxing champion David Tua. William Sio of the Labour Party has been the member of Parliament for the Māngere electorate since 2008, further to the east of Māngere, at Ōtāhuhu, the isthmus of Auckland reaches its narrowest point. To alleviate this bottleneck, Māngere Bridge was built to accommodate traffic south from the city. Construction work on the bridge was the subject of one of New Zealands longest-running industrial disputes, the bridge was finally completed in 1983, linking Māngere with the Auckland suburb of Onehunga to the north. The Southwestern Motorway, one of the two motorways running south from the isthmus, runs across the bridge and through Māngere, passenger train Eastern Line and Southern Line services run along the eastern edge of Māngere, stopping at Middlemore station. Māngere station further north at Massey Road closed in 2011, the Māngere Rovers RFC rugby union club is also based in Māngere and competes in the Auckland Premier Competition. The Mangere United Football and Auckland United football club is based in Māngere and competes in the Auckland Football
26.
English language
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English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
27.
Wageningen University
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Wageningen University & Research is a Dutch public university in Wageningen, Netherlands. It consists of Wageningen University and the agricultural research institutes of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture. Wageningen UR trains specialists in life and social sciences and focuses its research on scientific, social and commercial problems in the field of life sciences, in the field of life sciences, agricultural and environmental science, the university is considered world-class. Wageningen University offers undergraduate and professional degrees, including doctorates, the university has about 10,000 students from over 100 countries. Its core focus is the life and agricultural sciences and it is a member of the Euroleague for Life Sciences university network. Wageningen University was the first Dutch University or school that was allowed to use the ECTS label and this label is awarded by the European Commission and guarantees the quality of the study programme. An important consideration is that the University consequently applies the European Credit Transfer System, the label is an acknowledgment of the international character of the University. Out of 56 European applications in 2005, only 3 ECTS labels were awarded, Wageningen University offers 20 BSc programmes. The language of instruction is partly Dutch, partly English, for some BSc programmes the language of instruction is English. The programmes start each year in September, they last three years and consist of 180 ECTS credits, the programmes are in the field of economy & society, health, life sciences & technology, nature & environment, animals & plants. These bachelor programmes are Agro Technology, Biology, Biotechnology, Animal Sciences, Food Technology, Molecular Life Sciences, Wageningen University offers a 29 different MSc programmes and 2 online master programs. The language of instruction is English, the programmes start each year in September, they last two years and consist of 120 ECTS credits. Most programmes offer various specialisations and possibilities for majors, to apply for a PhD position, the applicant must contact one of the six Graduate Schools of Wageningen University. In order to guarantee adequate supervision, the subject must fit in the research programme of a Graduate School. The four-year PhD programme consists of a component and a smaller education component. Upon completion of PhD programme, the PhD student is expected to be, Able to integrate his or her own work in the theoretical framework of his or her discipline in a broader area of research and able to communicate this in a scientific or general setting. Competent in identifying priority areas of research and in formulating questions, in 1876 the Rijkslandbouwschool was established in Wageningen. The name changed to Rijks Landbouw Hoogeschool, the openings date and official Dies natalis is 9 March 1918
28.
University of Akureyri
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The University of Akureyri was founded on September 5,1987, in the city of Akureyri in the northeastern part of Iceland. It has grown since then, establishing a school of sciences, humanities and social science. Additionally, The University of Akureyri coordinates with other Nordic Universities for the West Nordic Studies, the University was established in 1987 when the health sciences and industrial management studies began. The first rector was Haraldur Bessason, staff were four people in total and the number of students 31. Two classrooms in the sports center were used as classrooms. In 1988, the library was added to the school. Two months after the library was added, the Student Center opened, the first class to graduate was in 1989, and consisted of 10 industrial management students. On January 4,1990, the Faculty of Fisheries was established, the first masters degree students graduated February 26,2000. These students pursued a degree in nursing. A new chancellor took over from Þorsteinn Gunnarsson in the 1st of July 2009 after 15 years in office, the main building, called Sólborg is a series of interconnected sections built in numerous phases since 1967. The University received its current residence in 1995, a new research and development building called Borgir was opened in 2004. Teaching is conducted in two buildings at the University of Akureyri campus called Sólborg and Borgir, the university campus area is centrally located in Akureyri. Other facilities include a cafeteria, and a wellness and exercise centre, the university library is located at Sólborg, where there are facilities for reading and computer use. It is a library and it tailors its purchases of material mostly according to the requirements of the University faculties. Students have access to the rooms at all hours. Students from all the affiliated masters programmes will attend a joint first course, Introduction to Circumpolar Studies, students continue their studies at their home institution but those following the West Nordic Studies study line will take at least one term’s coursework from a partner university. In addition to the coursework, all complete a substantial thesis. The University of Akureyri’s partner universities are the University of the Faroe Islands, the University of Greenland, the University of Iceland, all courses in Polar Law are taught in English
29.
McGill University
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McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1821 by royal charter, issued by King George IV of Great Britain, the University bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland whose bequest in 1813 formed the universitys precursor, McGill College. Its academic units are organized into 11 main Faculties and Schools, McGill offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, with the highest average admission requirements of any Canadian university. Most students are enrolled in the five largest faculties, namely Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, tuition fees vary significantly between in-province, out-of-province, and international students, as well as between faculties. Scholarships are generous, yet highly competitive and relatively difficult to attain, throughout its long history, McGill alumni were instrumental in inventing or initially organizing football, basketball, and ice hockey. In 1816 the RIAL was authorized to operate two new Royal Grammar Schools, in Quebec City and in Montreal and this was an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools. When James McGill died in 1813 his bequest was administered by the RIAL, the original two Royal Grammar Schools closed in 1846 and by the mid-19th century the RIAL lost control of the other 82 grammar schools it had administered. Its sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequest on behalf of the private college, since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, The Trustees of the RIAL comprise the Board of Governors of McGill University. James McGill, born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a merchant in Quebec. Between 1811 and 1813, he drew up a will leaving his Burnside estate, a 19-hectare tract of rural land and 10,000 pounds to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds had to be used for the establishment of a University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province. On March 31,1821, after protracted battles with the Desrivières family. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a University, the Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833, this was also the first medical degree to be awarded in Canada. The Faculty of Medicine remained the only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building. The university also historically has strong linkage with The Canadian Grenadier Guards and this title is marked upon the stone that stands before the Arts building, from where the Guards step off annually to commemorate Remembrance Day. The Faculty of Law was founded in 1848 which is also the oldest of its kind in the nation,48 years later, the school of architecture at McGill University was founded. Sir John William Dawson, McGills principal from 1855 to 1893, is credited with transforming the school into a modern university. He recruited the aid of Montreals wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and their names adorn many of the campuss prominent buildings
30.
York University
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York University is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. York University has approximately 52,300 students,7,000 faculty and staff, York University participates in the Canadian Space Program and is home to Canadas only space engineering program. York has pioneered several PhD programs in Canada, including womens studies, the School of Social Work is recognized as having one of the most socially responsive programs in the country. Yorks psychology program is the largest in North America, York Universitys business school and law school have continuously and consistently been ranked among the top schools in Canada and the world. York University was established in 1959 as an institution by the York University Act. Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students, the president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership. In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus, Glendon College and it became independent in 1965, after an initial period of affiliation with the University of Toronto, under the York University Act,1965. Its main campus on the outskirts of Toronto opened in 1965. At the time, York University was envisaged as a campus to U of T. In 1965, the university opened a campus, the Keele Campus, in North York, located in the Jane. The first Canadian undergraduate program in dance opened at York University in 1970, in 1972, Canada Post featured the nascent institution on 8¢ stamps, entitled York University Campus, North York, Ont. The first Canadian PhD. program in Womens Studies opened with five candidates in January 1992 and its bilingual mandate and focus on the liberal arts continue to shape Glendons special status within York University. The new Keele Campus was regarded as isolated, in a generally industrialized part of the city. Petrol storage facilities are located across the street. Some of the architecture was unpopular with many, not only for the brutalist designs. The Aviva Centre tennis stadium, built in 2004, is a perennial host of the Canada Masters tennis tournament. As Toronto has spread out, York has found itself in a relatively central location within the built-up Greater Toronto Area. Its master plan envisages a denser on-campus environment commensurate with that location, students occupied the universitys administration offices in March 1997, protesting escalating tuition hikes
31.
Pacific Islands
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The Pacific Islands is a term broadly referring to the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Depending on the context, it may refer to countries and islands with common Austronesian origins, islands once or currently colonized, in English, the umbrella term Pacific Islands may take on several meanings. Sometimes it refers to only those islands covered by the continent of Oceania, there are many other islands located within the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean that are not considered part of Oceania. This list includes all islands found in the geographic Pacific Ocean, with an area larger than 10,000 square kilometers
32.
Creative Commons
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Creative Commons is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public and these licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. An easy-to-understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual symbols, Creative Commons licenses do not replace copyright, but are based upon it. The result is an agile, low-overhead and low-cost copyright-management regime, Wikipedia uses one of these licenses. The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, the first article in a general interest publication about Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin, was published in February 2002. The first set of licenses was released in December 2002. In 2003 the Open Content Project, a 1998 precursor project by David A. Wiley, announced the Creative Commons as successor project, matthew Haughey and Aaron Swartz also played a role in the early stages of the project. As of January 2016 there were an estimated 1.1 billion works licensed under the various Creative Commons licenses, as of March 2015, Flickr alone hosts over 306 million Creative Commons licensed photos. Creative Commons is governed by a board of directors and their licenses have been embraced by many as a way for creators to take control of how they choose to share their copyrighted works. Beyond that, Creative Commons has provided institutional, practical and legal support for individuals and groups wishing to experiment, Creative Commons attempts to counter what Lawrence Lessig, founder of Creative Commons, considers to be a dominant and increasingly restrictive permission culture. Lessig describes this as a culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the powerful, as of 2017, they are Paul Keller, Jonathan Nightingale, Chris Thorne. As of 2015, there are more than 100 affiliates working in over 75 jurisdictions to support, Creative Commons Korea is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon, the major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was consequently founded as an incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been promoting the liberal. Since March 15,2012 he has been detained by the Syrian government in Damascus at Adra Prison, on October 17,2015 Creative Commons Board of Directors approved a resolution calling for Bassel Khartabil release. All current CC licenses require attribution, which can be inconvenient for works based on other works. Critics also worried that the lack of rewards for content producers will dissuade artists from publishing their work, Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig countered that copyright laws have not always offered the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that todays law provides
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David Robie
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David Robie is a New Zealand author, journalist and media educator who has covered the Asia-Pacific region for international media for more than two decades. He became a professor in Auckland University of Technology School of Communication Studies in 2005. In 1985, Dr Robie sailed on board the Greenpeace eco-navy flagship Rainbow Warrior for 10 weeks until it was bombed by French secret agents in New Zealand’s Auckland harbour. He is the author of a book about the voyage, Eyes of Fire. An updated memorial edition of Eyes of Fire was published in July 2005, in 1999, Robie became the annual Australian Press Council Fellow and is an advocate of Pacific media freedom. He is founding editor of Pacific Journalism Review, which was launched at the University of Papua New Guinea in 1994, in 2005, he won the PIMA Pacific Media Freedom Award. He specialises in Asia-Pacific issues and is now director of the Pacific Media Centre, Dr Robie is author of several books on South Pacific media and politics, including Mekim Nius, South Pacific media, politics and education. - IPI Global Journalist, September 2000
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Oceania
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Oceania, also known as Oceanica, is a region centred on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. The term is used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia. The term was coined as Océanie circa 1812 by geographer Conrad Malte-Brun, the word Océanie is a French word derived from the Latin word oceanus, and this from the Greek word ὠκεανός, ocean. Natives and inhabitants of this region are called Oceanians or Oceanicans, as an ecozone, Oceania includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all of Polynesia except New Zealand. New Zealand, along with New Guinea and nearby islands, part of the Philippine islands, Australia, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, in geopolitical terms, however, New Zealand, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia are almost always considered part of Oceania. Australia and Papua New Guinea are usually considered part of Oceania along with the Maluku Islands, puncak Jaya in Papua is often considered the highest peak in Oceania. Oceania was originally conceived as the lands of the Pacific Ocean and it comprised four regions, Polynesia, Micronesia, Malaysia, and Melanesia. The area extends to Sumatra in the west, the Bonin Islands in the northwest, the Hawaiian Islands in the northeast, Rapa Nui and Sala y Gómez Island in the east, and Macquarie Island in the south. Not included are the Pacific islands of Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and the Japanese archipelago, all on the margins of Asia, and the Aleutian Islands of North America. The islands at the extremes of Oceania are Bonin, a politically integral part of Japan, Hawaii, a state of the United States. There is also a geographic definition that excludes land on the Sunda Plate. Biogeographically, Oceania is used as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone or the Pacific ecozone, Oceania is one of eight terrestrial ecozones, which constitute the major ecological regions of the planet. The Oceania ecozone includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all of Polynesia except New Zealand, New Zealand, New Guinea, Melanesia apart from Fiji, and Australia constitute the separate Australasian ecozone. The Malay Archipelago is part of the Indomalaya ecozone, related to these concepts are Near Oceania, that part of western Island Melanesia which has been inhabited for tens of millennia, and Remote Oceania which is more recently settled. The term is used to denote a continent comprising Australia. New Zealand forms the corner of the Polynesian Triangle. Its indigenous Māori constitute one of the cultures of Polynesia. It is also, however, considered part of Australasia, the history of Oceania in the medieval period was synonymous with the history of the indigenous peoples of Australasia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia
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Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
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New media
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New media most commonly refers to content available on-demand through the Internet, accessible on any digital device, usually containing interactive user feedback and creative participation. Common examples of new media websites such as online newspapers, blogs, wikis, video games. A defining characteristic of new media is dialogue, New Media transmit content through connection and conversation. It enables people around the world to share, comment on, unlike any of past technologies, New Media is grounded on an interactive community. Most technologies described as new media are digital, often having characteristics of being manipulated, networkable, dense, compressible, some examples may be the Internet, websites, computer multimedia, video games, virtual reality, augmented reality, CD-ROMS, and DVDs. New media does not include television programs, feature films, magazines, books, Facebook is an example of the social media model, in which most users are also participants. Wikitude is an example for augmented reality and it displays information about the users surroundings in a mobile camera view, including image recognition, 3D modeling and location-based approach to augmented reality. In the 1950s, connections between computing and radical art began to grow stronger, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, we seem to witness a different kind of parallel relationship between social changes and computer design. Although causally unrelated, conceptually it makes sense that the Cold War, writers and philosophers such as Marshall McLuhan were instrumental in the development of media theory during this period. Until the 1980s media relied primarily upon print and analog broadcast models, such as those of television, the last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital technologies, such as the Internet and video games. However, these examples are only a representation of new media. The use of computers has transformed the remaining old media, as suggested by the advent of digital television. Andrew L. Shapiro argues that the emergence of new, digital technologies signals a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources. W. Russell Neuman suggests that whilst the new media have technical capabilities to pull in one direction, economic, Neuman argues that new media will, Alter the meaning of geographic distance. Allow for an increase in the volume of communication. Provide the possibility of increasing the speed of communication, allow forms of communication that were previously separate to overlap and interconnect. Scholars, such as Lister et al, New Media as Computer Technology Used as a Distribution Platform – New Media are the cultural objects which use digital computer technology for distribution and exhibition. E. g. Internet, Web sites, computer multimedia, the problem with this is that the definition must be revised every few years
