1.
Augusta Jane Evans
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Augusta Jane Wilson, or Augusta Evans Wilson, was an American author of Southern literature. She was born Augusta Jane Evans on May 8,1835, in Columbus, the area of her birth was then known as Wynnton. As a young girl in 19th-century America she received little in the way of a formal education, however, she became a voracious reader at an early age. Her father, Matthew Evans, suffered bankruptcy and lost the familys Sherwood Hall property in the 1840s and he moved his family of 10 from Georgia to San Antonio, Texas, in 1845. Evanss time there would inspire her first published literary work, in 1850, at the age of 15 she wrote Inez, A Tale of the Alamo, a sentimental, moralistic, anti-Catholic love story. It told the story of one orphans spiritual journey from skepticism to devout faith. She presented the manuscript to her father as a Christmas gift in 1854 and it was published anonymously in 1855. However, life in a border town like San Antonio proved dangerous. By 1849, Evanss parents moved the family to Mobile, Alabama and she wrote her next novel, Beulah, at age 18, it was published in 1859. Beulah began the theme of education in her novels. It sold well, selling over 22,000 copies during its first year of publication and it established her as Alabamas first professional author. Her family used the proceeds from her success to purchase Georgia Cottage on Springhill Avenue. After most of the Southern states declared their independence and seceded from the Union into the Confederate States of America and her brothers had joined the 3rd Alabama Regiment and, when she traveled to visit them in Virginia, her party was fired upon by Union soldiers from Fort Monroe. I longed for a Secession flag to shake defiantly in their teeth at every fire, and my fingers fairly itched to touch off a red-hot-ball in answer to their chivalric civilities, she wrote to a friend. She became active in the subsequent Civil War as a propagandist, Evans was engaged to a New York journalist named James Reed Spalding. But she broke off the engagement in 1860, because he supported Abraham Lincoln and she nursed sick and wounded Confederate soldiers at Fort Morgan on Mobile Bay. Evans also visited Confederate soldiers at Chickamauga and she also sewed sandbags for the defense of the community, wrote patriotic addresses, and set up a hospital near her residence. The hospital was dubbed Camp Beulah by local admirers in honor of her novel and she also corresponded with general P. G. T. de Beauregard in 1862
Augusta Jane Evans
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Augusta Jane Evans.
2.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
United States Navy
United States Navy
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United States Navy portal
United States Navy
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USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente during the
Quasi-War
United States Navy
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USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere during the
War of 1812
3.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
Pittsburgh
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Clockwise:
Cathedral of Learning at the
University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh skyline;
Carnegie Mellon University;
PNC Park;
Duquesne Incline
Pittsburgh
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This article is about the Pennsylvania city. For other uses, see
Pittsburgh (disambiguation).
Pittsburgh
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Monongahela River scene, 1857
Pittsburgh
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Downtown facade memorializing Pittsburgh's
industrial heritage with an image of legendary steelworker
Joe Magarac
4.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
Seattle
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Downtown Seattle from
Queen Anne Hill
Seattle
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Seal
Seattle
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The
Battle of Seattle (1856)
Seattle
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Seattle's first
streetcar, at the corner of Occidental and Yesler, 1884. All of the buildings visible in this picture were destroyed by fire five years later.
5.
The Pittsburgh Cycle
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August Wilson was an American playwright whose work included a series of ten plays, The Pittsburgh Cycle, for which he received two Pulitzer Prizes for Drama. Each work in the series is set in a different decade, Wilson was born Frederick August Kittel, Jr. in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the fourth of six children. His father, Frederick August Kittel, Sr. was a Sudeten German immigrant and his mother, Daisy Wilson, was an African-American cleaning woman, from North Carolina. Wilsons maternal grandmother walked from North Carolina to Pennsylvania in search of a better life, Wilsons mother raised the children alone until he was five in a two-room apartment above a grocery store at 1727 Bedford Avenue, his father was mostly absent from his childhood. Wilson later wrote under his mothers surname, the economically depressed neighborhood where he was raised was inhabited predominantly by black Americans and Jewish and Italian immigrants. They were soon forced out of their house and on to their next home, in 1959, Wilson was one of fourteen African-American students at the Central Catholic High School, from which he dropped out after one year. He then attended Connelley Vocational High School, but found the curriculum unchallenging and he dropped out of Gladstone High School in the 10th grade in 1960 after his teacher accused him of plagiarizing a 20-page paper he wrote on Napoleon I of France. Wilson hid his decision from his mother because he did not want to disappoint her, at the age of 16 he began working menial jobs, where he met a wide variety of people on whom some of his later characters were based, such as Sam in The Janitor. Wilson made such use of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh to educate himself that it later awarded him an honorary high school diploma. Wilson knew that he wanted to be a writer, but this created tension with his mother, Frederick August Kittel, Jr. changed his name to August Wilson to honor his mother after his fathers death in 1965. That same year, he discovered the blues as sung by Bessie Smith, and he bought a typewriter for $10. At 20, he decided he was a poet and submitted work to magazines as Harpers. He began to write in bars, the cigar store. He liked to write on cafe napkins because, he said, it freed him up and he would then gather the notes and type them up at home. Gifted with a talent for catching dialect and accents, Wilson had an astonishing memory and he slowly learned not to censor the language he heard when incorporating it into his work. Malcolm Xs voice influenced Wilsons life and work, both the Nation of Islam and the Black Power spoke to him regarding self-sufficiency, self-defense, and self-determination, and he appreciated the origin myths that Elijah Muhammad supported. In 1969 Wilson married Brenda Burton, a Muslim, and converted to Islam to sustain the marriage and he and Brenda had one daughter, Sakina Ansari-Wilson, and divorced in 1972. In 1968, he co-founded the Black Horizon Theater in the Hill District of Pittsburgh along with his friend Rob Penny, Wilsons first play, Recycling, was performed for audiences in small theaters, schools and public housing community centers for 50 cents a ticket
The Pittsburgh Cycle
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August Wilson
The Pittsburgh Cycle
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External video
The Pittsburgh Cycle
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Wilson's childhood home at 1727 Bedford Avenue in Pittsburgh
The Pittsburgh Cycle
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The August Wilson Theatre, New York City
6.
Pulitzer Prize for Drama
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The Pulitzer Prize for Drama is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes and it recognizes a theatrical work staged in the U. S. during the preceding calendar year. The drama jury, which consists of one academic and four critics, attends plays in New York, in 1955 Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. was selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for Drama by that awards committee. However, the selection was overruled by the awards advisory board. Had Albee been awarded, he would be tied with Eugene ONeill for the most Pulitzer Prizes for Drama, in its first 98 years to 2013, the Drama Pulitzer was awarded 82 times, none were given in 15 years and it was never split. Many of the prizes were won by people for their collaboration. * Star marks winners of the annual Tony Award for Best Play or Best Musical,1917, no award 1918, Why Marry. – Jesse Lynch Williams 1919, no award Nine musicals have won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and they are, George and Ira Gershwins Of Thee I Sing, Rodgers and Hammersteins South Pacific, Bock & Harnicks Fiorello. Of Thee I Sing, Sunday in the Park with George, however, Of Thee I Sing opened when the Tony Awards did not exist, and Next to Normal won the Tony Award for Best Original Score and the Tony Award for Best Orchestrations. The award goes to the playwright, although production of the play is taken into account. In the case of a musical being awarded the prize, the composer, lyricist, the reason given was that the Pulitzer Prize for Drama is a dramatic award, and not a musical one. Additionally, since 1983, when the identity of finalists was first disclosed and they are, Lee Breuer and Bob Telsons The Gospel at Colonus, Lin-Manuel Miranda and Quiara Alegría Hudes In the Heights, and Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Krons Fun Home. The latter two shows, however, each won the Tony Award for Best Musical, ¹All listed dates are Prize years. Generally, the musical in question opened in New York during either the preceding year or the preceding Broadway season. Eugene ONeill won the Pulitzer for Drama four times, three in the 1920s, several people have won two or three. Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners at Wikimedia Commons
Pulitzer Prize for Drama
7.
African-American
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
African-American
African-American
African-American
African-American
8.
Hill District
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The Hill District is a historic African-American collection of neighborhoods in the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Beginning in the leading up to World War I the Hill was the cultural center of African-American life in the city. The Hill District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as of 2010 the area comprises Census Tracts 305,501,506,509,510 and 511. It is bordered by the Downtown on the west, the Strip District next to the Allegheny River and Polish Hill to the north, the Bluff on the southwest, and Oakland on the east and southeast. The census tract/neighborhoods noted in the Hill District are represented on the Pittsburgh City Council by the member for District 6. Part of the Upper Hill is also represented under District 7, the 15219 ZIP code covers all five neighborhoods, and the 15213 ZIP code covers part of Terrace Village and the Upper Hill. Following the rebellion by slaves and gaining of independence of Haiti in 1804, the early residents of the Hill District were middle-class free blacks. In 2004 the Pittsburgh City Council announced commemoration of the 200th anniversary of Haitis independence, beginning in the 1910s, the Hill attracted migrants from elsewhere in the United States and from abroad, creating a vibrant and diverse social landscape. Jazz musicians thrived here and the neighborhood was considered the crossroads of the world and that phrase, attributed to Harlem Renaissance poet Claude McKay, was popularized by radio DJ Mary Dee, of WHOD Radio, Pittsburghs only black radio station. The district had cultural vibrancy, and numerous entertainment venues and black-owned businesses. Following World War II, the government committed to upgrade housing across the nation. In an article from 1943, George E and he wrote, The Hill District of Pittsburgh is probably one of the most outstanding examples in Pittsburgh of neighborhood deterioration. There are 7,000 separate property owners, more than 10,000 dwelling units, approximately 90 per cent of the buildings in the area are sub-standard and have long outlived their usefulness, and so there would be no social loss if they were all destroyed. Evans represented the majority view of Pittsburgh politicians, including state representative Homer S. Brown, born in West Virginia, Brown was the third African American to graduate from the University of Pittsburgh law school and was active in civic affairs. He established a law practice, became president of the local NAACP chapter, in the 1940s, working with David Lawrence, Richard King Mellon, and other business leaders, Brown drafted legislation that opened the way to urban renewal in the Hill District. During the next decade, he authorized the relocation of 1,500 black families to make way for the Civic Arena and he was elected as Allegheny Countys first African-American judge, sitting in Pittsburgh. In the summer of 1956, some 1,300 structures were razed, displacing about 1,500 families and this cleared the way for the construction of the Civic Arena and adjacent parking, to support downtown events and attract major entertainment. But, the redevelopment severed the Hill District from surrounding neighborhoods, between 1950 and 1990, the Hill lost 71% of its residents and about 400 businesses, leaving the neighborhood hollowed out
Hill District
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The Hill District is the largely green area visible above
downtown Pittsburgh in this aerial photo.
9.
Sudeten Germans
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German Bohemians, later known as the Sudeten Germans, were ethnic Germans living in the lands of the Bohemian Crown, which later became an integral part of the state of Czechoslovakia. Ethnic Germans migrated into Bohemia, a part of the Holy Roman Empire, since the 11th century, mostly in the regions of the Sudetenland. They became known as the Sudeten Germans after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, after 1945, most ethnic Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia to Germany and Austria. The area that became known as the Sudetenland possessed chemical works and lignite mines, as well as textile, china, the Bohemian border with Bavaria was inhabited primarily by Germans. The Upper Palatine Forest, which extends along the Bavarian frontier, Moravia contained patches of locked German territory to the north and south. More characteristic were the German language islands, towns inhabited by German minorities and this form of separation continued until the end of the Second World War, when the Germans were expelled. In the English language, ethnic Germans that originated in the Kingdom of Bohemia were traditionally referred to as ″German Bohemians″ and this appellation utilizes the broad definition of Bohemia, which includes all of the three Bohemian crown lands, Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia. In the German language, it is common to distinguish between the three lands, hence the prominent terms Deutschböhmen, Deutschmährer and Deutschschlesier. Even in German, however, the use of ″Bohemian″ is also found. The term ″Sudeten Germans″ came about during rising ethnic nationalism in the early 20th century and it coincided with the rise of another new term, ″the Sudetenland″, which referred only to the parts of the former Kingdom of Bohemia that were inhabited predominantly by ethnic Germans. These names were derived from the Sudeten Mountains, which form the border of the Czech lands. As these terms were used by the Nazi German regime to push forward the creation of a Greater Germanic Reich. There have been ethnic Germans living in the Bohemian crown lands since the Middle Ages, Czechs made up about 20 percent of the student body at the time of its founding, while the rest was primarily German. For centuries, German Bohemians played important roles in the economy, for example, forest glass production was a common industry among German Bohemians. Though they were living beyond the medieval Kingdom of Germany, an independent German Bohemian awareness, however, was not widespread, individuals were usually seen as Bohemians, Moravians, Silesians. With the rise of the Habsburgs in Bohemia after the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, increasingly, the Bohemian crown lands were ruled from the Austrian capital Vienna, which favored the dominance of both the German language and German culture. As the 19th century arrived, resistance to the German domination began to develop among the Czech population, each ethnicity, in regions in which they were the majority, tried to retain sovereignty over their own affairs. Czechs and Germans generally maintained separate schools, churches, and public institutions, nevertheless, despite this separation, it was not uncommon for Germans to understand some Czech, or for Czechs to speak some German
Sudeten Germans
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Ethnic Germans in the
Bohemian Forest
Sudeten Germans
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Der Ackermann aus Böhmen, 15th-century manuscript,
Heidelberg University
Sudeten Germans
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German dialects with overlaps to Sudeten
Sudeten Germans
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Sudeten German Freikorps
10.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
North Carolina
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North Carolina topographic map
North Carolina
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Flag
North Carolina
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The
Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the
Blue Ridge Parkway.
North Carolina
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Deer in the
Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of North Carolina
11.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
Pennsylvania
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World's End State Park, Sullivan County
Pennsylvania
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Flag
Pennsylvania
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Autumn in North Branch Township,
Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by
Edward Hicks
12.
Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)
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Hazelwood is a neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is represented on Pittsburgh City Council by Corey OConnor and it is bordered by Greenfield and Oakland on the north, Squirrel Hill and Glen Hazel on the east, and the Monongahela River on the south and west. The Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire houses 13 Engine and 13 Truck in Hazelwood, in 1758 a large tract of woodland was purchased for $10,000 under the Stanwix Treaty made with the Native-Americans. This area would include Hazelwood and Greenfield of the 15th ward, Hazelwood takes its name from the hazelnut trees which once flourished along the Monongahela river. The first settlers were of Scottish descent and settled what was known as Scotch Bottom and this area ran from Four Mile Run to Six Mile Ferry, four and six miles from the Point respectively. Among the first settlers was John Woods, a politician who built his Hazel Hill estate in 1784 and that house still stands, the second oldest stone building in Pittsburgh after The Fort Pitt Blockhouse. Eventually, large farms were cut out of the hills, attracting more residents. The first track of railroad was built by Mr. B. F. Jones, of the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad and later of Jones, unlike most lines, this railroad was built inland as to respect the residents concern of maintaining the rivers aesthetic value. This railroad would later separate Hazelwood into two sections, coining the term below the tracks. In 1869 Hazelwood was incorporated into the city, and by the year the railway had spurred iron and steel industries, railroading, boatbuilding. By the late 19th century Hazelwood was a bustling town, in the 1950s the neighborhood was host to over 200 businesses. It had become home to large Hungarian, Italian, Slovak, Carpatho-Rusin, Polish, with the construction of the Civic Arena in the Hill District large African-American populations made Hazelwood a home. In the 1980s the steel began to decline. As the industry packed up, so did business and many residents, like many areas in the rust-belt, Hazelwood fell into disrepair. Hazelwood was home to the city of Pittsburghs last operating mill, the Hazelwood Coke Works, which was owned by Jones and Laughlin and later, its parent company, LTV. Recently, Hazelwood has been working to improve as a community, many abandoned buildings have been razed, and new ones constructed in their place. In addition, some parks, such as Lewis Playground shown here, Hazelwood and Glen Hazel are family-oriented neighborhoods, with many community activities focusing on youth programs. The neighborhoods are noted for their numerous churches and the roles they play in building community spirit
Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)
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The
John Woods House, built in 1792, is perhaps the oldest house in the city of Pittsburgh.
Hazelwood (Pittsburgh)
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Construction at Second and Greenfield Avenues, Hazelwood, 1906
13.
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcaster and television program distributor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid 2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. Founded by Hartford N. Gunn Jr, in 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of programming content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule
PBS
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PBS
14.
Plagiarism
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Plagiarism is the wrongful appropriation and stealing and publication of another authors language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions and the representation of them as ones own original work. Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics and it is subject to sanctions like penalties, suspension, and even expulsion. Recently, cases of plagiarism have been identified in academia. The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe in the 18th century, Plagiarism is not in itself a crime, but can constitute copyright infringement. In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense, Plagiarism is not defined or punished by law, but rather by institutions. In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word plagiarius to denote stealing someone elses work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial, plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson to describe someone guilty of literary theft. The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620, the Latin plagiārius, kidnapper, and plagium, kidnapping, have the root plaga, based on the Indo-European root *-plak, to weave. Plagiarism specifically is not mentioned in any current statute, either criminal or civil, some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights. The increased availability of copyrighted material due to the development of technology has furthered the debate as to whether copyright offences are criminal. In short, people are asked to use the guideline, if you did not write it yourself, Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing authors reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered an offense against the plagiarists audience. Plagiarism is also considered an offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content. In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarists contract, or, if done knowingly. Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud, many institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. Most universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations, required writing courses, indeed, there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong. Nevertheless, each year students are brought before their institutions’ disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork, an extreme form of plagiarism, known as contract cheating involves students paying someone else, such as an essay mill, to do their work for them. In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation
Plagiarism
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L.H.O.O.Q. (1919), one of
Marcel Duchamp 's
readymades.
Plagiarism
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One form of academic plagiarism involves appropriating a published article and modifying it slightly to avoid suspicion.
15.
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
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The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh is the public library system in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Its main branch is located in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, like hundreds of other Carnegie libraries, the construction of the main library, which opened in 1895, and several neighborhood branches, was funded by industrialist Andrew Carnegie. The Pittsburgh Photographic Library is a photography repository held by the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh of over 50,000 prints, the City of Pittsburgh was originally home to eight Carnegie libraries constructed at the turn of the 20th century. The city declined Carnegie’s initial offer out of concern that a publicly funded library was not a use of public tax funds. With the passing of years and the state legislature’s endorsement of the project, however. While the initial plan called for those five branches, the Pittsburgh would go on to receive another three Carnegie libraries in the East Liberty, South Side, and Homewood neighborhoods. Construction on the library was finished in 1895 while the branch libraries were constructed over the following fifteen years. The East Liberty branch was demolished in the 1960s as part of a redevelopment plan, allegheny Beechview Brookline Carrick Downtown and Business East Liberty Hazelwood Hill District Homewood Knoxville Lawrenceville Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Main Mt. The Our Library, Our Future voter initiative was a campaign spearheaded by the library & community supporters to increase funding for the library by raising property taxes. The voter initiative would raise the rate in the city of Pittsburgh by a quarter of a mill. On November 4,2011, city voters voted in favor of the referendum by a 72% majority, the increase in taxes gives the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh approximately an additional three million dollars a year. Allegheny Regional Asset District Pennsylvania Library Association Toker, Franklin, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Works by Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh at Internet Archive
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
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Interior view of the main branch in the Oakland neighborhood
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
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Tunnels
16.
Ralph Ellison
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Ralph Waldo Ellison was an American novelist, literary critic, and scholar. Ellison is best known for his novel Invisible Man, which won the National Book Award in 1953 and he also wrote Shadow and Act, a collection of political, social and critical essays, and Going to the Territory. For The New York Times, the best of these essays in addition to the novel put him among the gods of Americas literary Parnassus, a posthumous novel, Juneteenth, was published after being assembled from voluminous notes he left after his death. Ralph Waldo Ellison, named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, was born at 407 East First Street in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to Lewis Alfred Ellison and Ida Millsap, on Saturday March 1,1913. He was the second of three brothers, firstborn Alfred died in infancy, and younger brother Herbert Maurice was born in 1916. The elder Ellison loved literature, and doted on his children, in 1921, Ellisons mother and her children moved to Gary, Indiana, where she had a brother. According to Ellison, his mother felt that my brother and I would have a chance of reaching manhood if we grew up in the north. She did not find a job and her brother lost his, the returned to Oklahoma, where Ellison worked as a busboy, a shoeshine boy, hotel waiter. From the father of a friend he received free instructions for playing trumpet and alto saxophone. Ida remarried three times after Lewis died, however, the family life was precarious, and Ralph worked various jobs during his youth and teens to assist with family support. While attending Douglass High School, he found time to play on the schools football team. He graduated from school in 1931. He worked for a year, and found the money to make a payment on a trumpet, using it to play with local musicians. At Douglass, he was influenced by principal Inman E. Page and his daughter, Ellison applied twice for admission to Tuskegee Institute, the prestigious all-black university in Alabama founded by Booker T. Washington. He was finally admitted in 1933 for lack of a player in its orchestra. Ellison hopped freight trains to get to Alabama, and was soon to find out that the institution was no less class-conscious than white institutions generally were. Ellisons outsider position at Tuskegee sharpened his satirical lens, critic Hilton Als believes, in passages of Invisible Man, he looks back with scorn and despair on the snivelling ethos that ruled at Tuskegee. Tuskegees music department was perhaps the most renowned department at the school, Ellison also was guided by the departments piano instructor, Hazel Harrison
Ralph Ellison
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Ralph Ellison
Ralph Ellison
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Ralph Ellison monument in front of 730
Riverside Drive
17.
Richard Wright (author)
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Richard Nathaniel Wright was an American author of sometimes controversial novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction. Literary critics believe his work helped change race relations in the United States in the mid-20th century, Richard Nathaniel Wright was born on September 4,1908, at Ruckers Plantation, between the train town of Roxie and the larger river city of Natchez, Mississippi. His autobiography, Black Boy, covers the interval in his life from 1912 until May 1936 and he was the son of Nathan Wright and Ella (b.1884 Mississippi- d. Jan 13,1959 Chicago, Illinois}. His parents were free after the Civil War, both sets of his grandparents had been born into slavery and freed as a result of the war. Richards father left the family when the boy was six years old, in 1916 his mother Ella moved with Richard and his younger brother to live with her sister Maggie and her husband Silas Hoskins in Elaine, Arkansas. This was also in the area of the Mississippi Delta and former cotton plantations, the Wrights were forced to flee after Silas Hoskins disappeared, reportedly killed by a white man who coveted his successful saloon business. After his single-parent mother became incapacitated by a stroke, Richard was separated from his younger brother, at the age of 12, he had not yet had a single complete year of schooling. Soon Richard and his moved to the home of his maternal grandmother in the state capital, Jackson, Mississippi. There he was able to attend school regularly. After a year, at the age of 13 he entered the Jim Hill public school, in his grandparents pious, Seventh-Day Adventist household, Richard felt stifled by his aunt and grandmother, who tried to force him to pray so that he might find God. He later threatened to leave home because his Grandmother Wilson refused to him to work on Saturdays. This early strife with his aunt and grandmother left him with a permanent, at the age of 15, while in eighth grade, Wright published his first story, The Voodoo of Hells Half-Acre, in the local Black newspaper Southern Register. He described the story as about a villain who sought a widows home, after excelling in grade school and junior high, in 1923, Wright earned the position of class valedictorian of Smith Robertson junior high school. He was assigned to write a paper to be delivered at graduation in a public auditorium, Later, he was called to the principals office, where the principal gave him a prepared speech to present in place of his own. Richard challenged the principal, saying. the people are coming to hear the students, the principal threatened him, suggesting that Richard might not be allowed to graduate if he persisted, despite having passed all the examinations. He also tried to entice Richard with an opportunity to become a teacher, determined not to be called an Uncle Tom, Richard refused to deliver the principals address, written to avoid offending the white school district officials. Despite pressure even from his classmates, Richard delivered his speech as he had planned, in September that year, Wright registered for mathematics, English, and history courses at the new Lanier High School, constructed for black students in Jackson. He had to stop attending classes after a few weeks of irregular attendance because he needed to earn money for family expenses, the next year, at the age of 17, Wright moved on his own to Memphis, Tennessee, in November 1925
Richard Wright (author)
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Wright in a 1939 photograph by
Carl Van Vechten
Richard Wright (author)
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A historic marker in
Natchez,
Mississippi, commemorating Richard Wright, who was born near the city
Richard Wright (author)
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Plaque commemorating Wright's residence in Paris, at 14th Monsieur-le-Prince street
Richard Wright (author)
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Banned Books Week reading of Black Boy at
Shimer College in 2013
18.
Langston Hughes
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James Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance in New York City. He famously wrote about the period that the negro was in vogue, like many African Americans, Hughes has complex ancestry. Both of Hughes paternal great-grandmothers were enslaved African Americans and both of his paternal great-grandfathers were white slave owners in Kentucky, according to Hughes, one of these men was Sam Clay, a Scottish-American whiskey distiller of Henry County and supposedly a relative of the statesman Henry Clay. The other was Silas Cushenberry, a Jewish-American slave trader of Clark County, Hughess maternal grandmother Mary Patterson was of African-American, French, English and Native American descent. One of the first women to attend Oberlin College, she married Lewis Sheridan Leary, also of mixed race, Leary subsequently joined John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 and died from his wounds. In 1869 the widow Mary Patterson Leary married again, into the elite and her second husband was Charles Henry Langston, of African-American, Euro-American and Native American ancestry. He and his younger brother John Mercer Langston worked for the abolitionist cause, Charles Langston later moved to Kansas, where he was active as an educator and activist for voting and rights for African Americans. Charles and Marys daughter Caroline was the mother of Langston Hughes, Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, the second child of school teacher Carrie Mercer Langston and James Nathaniel Hughes. Langston Hughes grew up in a series of Midwestern small towns, Hughes father left his family and later divorced Carrie. He traveled to Cuba and then Mexico, seeking to escape the racism in the United States. After his parents separated, his mother traveled seeking employment, and young Langston Hughes was raised mainly in Lawrence, Kansas by his maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston. Through the black American oral tradition and drawing from the activist experiences of her generation and he spent most of his childhood in Lawrence. In his 1940 autobiography The Big Sea he wrote, I was unhappy for a long time, after the death of his grandmother, Hughes went to live with family friends, James and Mary Reed, for two years. Later, Hughes lived again with his mother Carrie in Lincoln and she had remarried when he was still an adolescent, and eventually they moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he attended high school. His writing experiments began when he was young, while in grammar school in Lincoln, Hughes was elected class poet. He stated that in retrospect he thought it was because of the stereotype about African Americans having rhythm, I was a victim of a stereotype. There were only two of us Negro kids in the class and our English teacher was always stressing the importance of rhythm in poetry
Langston Hughes
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1936 photo by
Carl Van Vechten
Langston Hughes
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Hughes in 1902
Langston Hughes
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Hughes at university in 1928
Langston Hughes
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Hughes's ashes are interred under a cosmogram medallion in the foyer of the Arthur Schomburg Center in Harlem
19.
Arna Bontemps
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Arnaud Arna Wendell Bontemps was an American poet, novelist and librarian, and a noted member of the Harlem Renaissance. Bontemps was born in Alexandria, Louisiana, into a Louisiana Creole family and his father, Paul Bismark Bontemps, worked as a bricklayer, his mother, Maria Carolina Pembroke, as a schoolteacher. When he was three years old, his family moved to Los Angeles, California in the Great Migration of blacks out of the South and into cities of the North and they settled in what became known as the Watts district. After attending public schools, Bontemps attended Pacific Union College in Angwin, California and he majored in English and minored in history, and he was also a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity. Along with many other West Coast Intellectuals, Bontemps was drawn to New York during the Harlem Renaissance, after graduation, he moved to New York to teach at the Harlem Academy in 1924. The Harlem Academy is the present day Northeastern Academy in New York City, while he was teaching, Bontemps began to publish poetry. In both 1926 and 1927, he received the Alexander Pushkin Prize of Opportunity, a National Urban League published journal, and in 1926 he won the Crisis Poetry Prize, which was an official journal of the NAACP. In New York, Bontemps met many friends including Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes. Du Bois, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Hughes became a role model, collaborator, and dear friend to Bontemps. Bontemps was married in 1926 to Alberta Johnson, with whom he had six children, from oldest to youngest they are, Joan, Paul, Poppy, Camille, Connie and Alex. In 1931, he left New York and his position at the Harlem Academy as the Great Depression got severely worse. He and his moved to Huntsville, Alabama, where he had a teaching position at the Oakwood Junior College for three years. In the early 1930s, Bontemps expanded his writing as he began to publish fiction and he received a considerable amount of attention for his first novel, God Sends Sunday. This novel was a quintessential writing piece of the Harlem Renaissance movement and it followed the story of an African-American jockey named Little Augie who effortlessly earns money and then carelessly squanders it. Little Augie ends up wandering through the sporting world when his luck as a jockey eventually runs out. Bontemps was praised for his style, his re-creation of the black language. However, despite the abundant amount of praise Bontemps received for this novel, du Bois viewed it as “sordid” and equated it with other “decadent” novels of the Harlem Renaissance. Later in his career, Bontemps collaborated with Countee Cullen to create a dramatic adaption of the novel, together in 1946 they published this adaption of the book titled St. Louis Woman
Arna Bontemps
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Arna Bontemps, photographed by
Carl Van Vechten, 1938
Arna Bontemps
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The Arna Bontemps African American Museum is located downtown in his native
Alexandria,
Louisiana.
20.
Bessie Smith
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Bessie Smith was an American blues singer. Nicknamed the Empress of the Blues, she was the most popular female singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and was an influence on other jazz singers. The 1900 census indicates that Smith was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in July 1892, the 1910 census gave her age as 16. A birth date of April 15,1894, appears on subsequent documents and was observed as her birthday by the Smith family, the 1870 and 1880 censuses report three older half-siblings, but later interviews with Smiths family and contemporaries did not mention them among her siblings. She was the daughter of Laura and William Smith, a laborer and he died while his daughter was too young to remember him. By the time Bessie was nine, her mother and a brother had also died and her older sister Viola took charge of caring for her siblings. To earn money for their household, Smith and her brother Andrew began busking on the streets of Chattanooga, she sang and danced. Their favorite location was in front of the White Elephant Saloon at Thirteenth and Elm streets, in 1904, her oldest brother, Clarence, left home, joining a small traveling troupe owned by Moses Stokes. If Bessie had been old enough, she would have gone with him, said Clarences widow, thats why he left without telling her, but Clarence told me she was ready, even then. Of course, she was only a child, in 1912, Clarence returned to Chattanooga with the Stokes troupe and arranged an audition for his sister with the managers of the troupe, Lonnie and Cora Fisher. She was hired as a rather than a singer, because the company already included the well-known singer Ma Rainey. Smith eventually moved on to performing in various lines, making the 81 Theater in Atlanta her home base. She also performed in shows on the circuit and became its biggest star after she signed a recording contract with Columbia Records. Smiths recording career began in 1923 and she was then living in Philadelphia, where she met Jack Gee, a security guard, whom she married on June 7,1923, just as her first record was being released. Their marriage was stormy with infidelity on both sides, including numerous female lovers for Bessie, Gee was impressed by the money but never adjusted to show business life or to Smiths bisexuality. In 1929, when she learned of his affair with singer, Gertrude Saunders, Smith ended the relationship. Smith later entered a marriage with an old friend, Richard Morgan
Bessie Smith
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Smith in 1936. (photograph by
Carl Van Vechten)
Bessie Smith
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Smith's death certificate
21.
Malcolm X
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Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little and later also known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz, was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history, Malcolm X was effectively orphaned early in life. His father was killed when he was six and his mother was placed in a hospital when he was thirteen. In 1946, at age 20, he went to prison for larceny, while in prison, he became a member of the Nation of Islam, and after his parole in 1952, quickly rose to become one of the organizations most influential leaders. He served as the face of the controversial group for a dozen years. In his autobiography, Malcolm X wrote proudly of some of the achievements the Nation made while he was a member. The Nation promoted black supremacy, advocated the separation of black and white Americans, by March 1964, Malcolm X had grown disillusioned with the Nation of Islam and its leader Elijah Muhammad. Expressing many regrets about his time with them, which he had come to regard as largely wasted and he continued to emphasize Pan-Africanism, black self-determination, and black self-defense. In February 1965, he was assassinated by three members of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm Little was born May 19,1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the fourth of seven children of Grenada-born Louise Helen Little and Georgia-born Earl Little. Earl was an outspoken Baptist lay speaker, and he and Louise were admirers of Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X later said that white violence killed three of his fathers brothers. Because of Ku Klux Klan threats—Earls UNIA activities were spreading trouble—the family relocated in 1926 to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, there the family was frequently harassed by the Black Legion, a white racist group. When the family home burned in 1929, Earl accused the Black Legion, when Little was six, his father died in what was officially ruled a streetcar accident, though his mother Louise believed Earl had been murdered by the Black Legion. Rumors that white racists were responsible for his fathers death were widely circulated, as an adult, he expressed conflicting beliefs on the question. To make ends meet Louise rented out part of her garden, in 1937 a man Louise had been dating—marriage had seemed a possibility—vanished from her life when she became pregnant with his child. In late 1938 she had a breakdown and was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital. The children were separated and sent to foster homes, Malcolm and his siblings secured her release 24 years later. Malcolm Little excelled in high school but dropped out after a white teacher told him that practicing law. Later Malcolm X recalled feeling that the world offered no place for a career-oriented black man
Malcolm X
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Malcolm X in March 1964
Malcolm X
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Malcolm X in 1964
Malcolm X
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Mosque Maryam,
Chicago,
Illinois,
United States
Malcolm X
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Cassius Clay (in dark suit) watches Elijah Muhammad speak, 1964
22.
Nation of Islam
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The Nation of Islam, abbreviated as NOI, is an African American political and religious movement, founded in Detroit, Michigan, United States, by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad on July 4,1930. Its stated goals are to improve the spiritual, mental, social, critics have described the organization as being black supremacist and antisemitic. The Southern Poverty Law Center tracks the NOI as a hate group and its official newspaper is The Final Call. In 2007, the membership was estimated to be between 20,000 and 50,000. The Nation has long been an advocate of African-American businesses. There were a number of splits and splinter groups during Elijah Muhammads leadership, in 1977, Louis Farrakhan rejected Warith Deen Mohammeds leadership and re-established the Nation of Islam on the original model. He took over the Nation of Islams headquarters Temple, Mosque Maryam in Chicago, since 2010, under Farrakhan, members have been strongly encouraged to study Dianetics, and the Nation claims it has trained 1055 auditors. The NOI was founded in Detroit on July 4,1930, by Wallace Fard Muhammad, the NOI teaches that W. Fard Muhammad was both the Messiah of Judaism and the Mahdi of Islam. Fard chose his assistant minister, Elijah Muhammad, in 1931 to succeed him as head of the movement, Fard trained Muhammad night and day for 3½ years before he took over NOI in 1934. Muhammad and the movement were widely rejected during his 44 years as the NOI leader, Muhammad established a newspaper, The Final Call to Islam, and attempted to create schools founded upon Muslim teachings. Muslim parents agreed with the foundation of new schools. Muslim teachers were charged with contributing to the delinquency of minors, Muhammad left for Chicago in September of that year. He was soon joined by W. D. Fard Muhammad, in 1942, during World War II, Elijah Muhammad was charged and convicted of violating the Selective Service Act and jailed. Many other Nation of Islam members were charged for the same thing, upon his release in 1946, Elijah Muhammad slowly built up the membership of his movement through recruitment in the postwar decades. His program called for the establishment of a nation for black Americans. During this time, the Nation of Islam attracted Malcolm Little, while in prison in Boston for burglary from 1946 to 1952, Little joined the Nation of Islam. He was influenced by his brother, Reginald, who had become a member in Detroit, Little quit smoking, gambling and eating pork, in keeping with the Nations practices and dietary restrictions. He spent long hours reading books in the prison library and he sharpened his oratory skills by participating in debating classes
Nation of Islam
–
Mosque Maryam,
Chicago,
Illinois,
United States
Nation of Islam
–
Elijah Muhammad
Nation of Islam
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A crowd of Black Muslims applaud during Elijah Muhammad's annual
Saviors' Day message in Chicago in 1974
Nation of Islam
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The Million Man March,
Washington, D.C., October 1995
23.
Black Power
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Black Power is a political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent. It is used by African Americans in the United States, the earliest known usage of the term is found in a 1954 book by Richard Wright entitled Black Power. New York politician Adam Clayton Powell Jr. used the term on May 29,1966 during an address at Howard University, the only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin now is Black Power, Stokely Carmichael saw the concept of Black Power as a means of solidarity between individuals within the movement. It was a replacement of the Freedom Now, slogan of Carmichaels contemporary, the non-violent leader Martin Luther King. With his use of the term, Carmichael felt this movement was not just a movement for racial desegregation and he said, Black Power means black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak their needs. Black Power adherents believed in Black autonomy, with a variety of such as black nationalism, black self-determination. Such positions caused friction with leaders of the mainstream Civil Rights Movement, however, many groups and individuals - including Rosa Parks, Robert F. Williams, Maya Angelou, Gloria Richardson, and Fay Bellamy Powell - participated in both civil rights and black power activism. A growing number of scholars conceive of the rights and black power movements as one interconnected Black Freedom Movement. Numerous Black Power advocates were in favor of black self determination due to the belief that people must lead. Stokely Carmichael is such an advocate and states that, only black people can convey the revolutionary idea--and it is a revolutionary idea--that black people are able to do things themselves, however, this is not to say that Black Power advocates promoted racial segregation. Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton write that there is a definite and they felt that whites could serve the movement by educating other white people. Not all Black Power advocates were in favor of black separatism, while Stokely Carmichael and SNCC were in favor of separatism for a time in the late 1960s, organizations such as the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense were not. Bobby Seale, Chairman and Co-Founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was outspoken about this issue and his stance was that the oppression of black people was more a result of economic exploitation than anything innately racist. In his book Seize the Time, he states that In our view it is a struggle between the massive proletarian working class and the small, minority ruling class. Working-class people of all colors must unite against the exploitative, oppressive ruling class, so let me emphasize again—we believe our fight is a class struggle and not a race struggle. Internationalist offshoots of black power include African Internationalism, pan-Africanism, black nationalism, douglass predicted, The days of Black Power are numbered. But with the swiftness of an arrow, it rushes to the tomb, while crushing its millions, it is also crushing itself
Black Power
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Three Proud People mural in
Newtown, depicting the
1968 Olympics Black Power salute.
24.
Elijah Muhammad
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Elijah Muhammad was an African-American religious leader, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali, as well as his own son, elijahs education ended at the third grade to work in sawmills and brickyards. To support the family, he worked with his parents as a sharecropper, when he was sixteen years old, he left home and began working in factories and at other businesses. Poole married Clara Evans on March 7,1917, the Poole family was among the hundreds of thousands of black families forming the First Great Migration leaving the oppressive and economically troubled South in search of safety and employment. Poole later recounted that before the age of 20, he had witnessed the lynchings of three men by white people. He said, I seen enough of the mans brutality to last me 26,000 years. Moving his own family, parents and siblings, Elijah and the Pooles settled in Hamtramck, through the 1920s and 1930s, Poole struggled to find and keep work as the economy suffered during the Great Depression. During their years in Detroit, Elijah and Clara had eight children, six boys, while he was in Detroit, Poole began taking part in various Black Nationalist movements within the city. In August 1931, at the urging of his wife, Elijah Poole attended a speech on Islam, afterward, Poole said he approached Fard and asked if he was the redeemer. Fard responded that he was, but that his time had not yet come, Fard taught that Blacks, as original Asiatics, had a rich cultural history which was stolen from them in their enslavement. Fard stated that African Americans could regain their freedoms through self-independence and cultivation of their own culture, Poole, having strong consciousness of both race and class issues as a result of his struggles in the South, quickly fell in step with Fards ideology. Poole soon became an ardent follower of Fard and joined his movement, as did his wife, soon afterward, Poole was given a Muslim surname, first Karriem, and later, at Fards behest, Muhammad. He assumed leadership of the Nations Temple No.2 in Chicago and his younger brother Kalot Muhammad became the leader of the movements self-defense arm, the Fruit of Islam. Fard turned over leadership of the growing Detroit group to Elijah Muhammad, Elijah Muhammad and Wallace Fard continued to communicate until 1934, when Wallace Fard disappeared. Elijah Muhammad succeeded him in Detroit and was named Minister of Islam, after the disappearance, Elijah Muhammad told followers that Wallace Fard Muhammad had come as Allah, in the flesh, to share his teachings that are a salvation for his followers. In 1934, the Nation of Islam published its first newspaper, Final Call to Islam, to educate, the controversy led to the jailing of several University of Islam board members and Elijah Muhammad in 1934 and to violent confrontations with police. Muhammad was put on probation, but the university remained open, Elijah Muhammad took control of Temple No. 1, but only after battles with other leaders, including his brother
Elijah Muhammad
–
Muhammad speaking in 1964.
Elijah Muhammad
–
Mosque Maryam,
Chicago,
Illinois,
United States
25.
Jitney (play)
–
Jitney is a play by August Wilson. The eighth in his Pittsburgh Cycle, this play is set in a gypsy cab station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The play premiered on Broadway in 2017, Jitney was written in 1979 and first produced at the small Allegheny Repertory Theatre, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1982. When Wilson took his mother to see that production they arrived by jitney and that was followed by a separate production at Penumbra Theatre in St. Paul, Minnesota. After Wilson had a series of produced on Broadway, Eddie Gilbert, artistic director of the Pittsburgh Public Theater, read the 1979 script. In response, Wilson returned to Pittsburgh in 1996 re-writing it extensively for what is referred to as its professional premiere and this was the first Pittsburgh Cycle premiere not to be directed by Lloyd Richards. Wilson continued working on the script, Jitney opened Off-Broadway at the Second Stage Theatre on April 25,2000 and closed on September 10, because another play was coming in. The play next moved to the Union Square Theatre on September 19,2000 where it closed on January 28,2001. Directed by Marion McClinton, the cast featured four actors who had been with it almost continuously since 1996, Anthony Chisholm, Paul Butler, Willis Burks and Stephen McKinley Henderson. Jitney went on to London, and ran at the National Theatres Lyttelton Theatre from October 16,2001 and it won the Olivier Award for best play of the year. Directed by McClinton, it featured much of the New York cast, mcClintons production moved to San Franciscos Curran Theatre in early 2002. The Broadway premiere of Jitney began previews at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre on December 28,2016, the play closed on March 12,2017. The play, produced by the Manhattan Theatre Club, is directed by Ruben Santiago-Hudson and this play portrays the lives of the jitney drivers at the station owned by Becker. One of the drivers, Darnell Williams and his girlfriend Rena Youngblood, have a complicated relationship. They have a son named Jesse, finally it is revealed that Darnell has been going around with Rena’s sister in order to shop for a new house for himself and Rena. Beckers son, Clarence, returns from prison, Booster has been in incarcerated because he murdered his lover, a white woman, because she lied when she claimed that she had been raped by Booster. Booster has come to his fathers jitney station hoping to make amends and he and his father argue, and his father disowns him. When Becker dies at the end, Booster appears to be taking his fathers place as the boss of the jitney station, Jitney at the Internet off-Broadway Database Internet Broadway Database
Jitney (play)
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Jitney
Jitney (play)
26.
Kuntu Repertory Theatre
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Kuntu Repertory Theatre was a primarily student-based, African-American repertory theatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Dr. Vernell A. Lillie founded it in 1974 at the University of Pittsburgh as a way of showcasing the playwright Rob Penny. The next year Pennys friend, August Wilson, brought his play Homecoming to Kuntu, the theater group remained part of the University of Pittsburghs Department of Africana Studies through the 2010-2011 season when Lillie retired as a professor at Pitt. Wilson, Penny, and poet Maisha Baton also started the Kuntu Writers Workshop to bring African-American writers together in discussion and to assist them in publication and production. Kuntus primary venues when based at the University of Pittsburgh were the Stephen Foster Memorial, and later, through the 2010-11 season, in 2011 Kuntu moved to a new home at the Carnegie Library of Pittsburghs Homewood branch. Due to funding difficulties, the Kuntu Repertory Theatre announced it was closing after the 2012-2013 season, esther Rolle Glynn Turman Mark Southers Rob Penny Sala Udin Montae Russell Theatre in Pittsburgh Conner, Lynne. Pittsburgh in Stages, Two Hundred Years of Theater
Kuntu Repertory Theatre
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Tunnels
Kuntu Repertory Theatre
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Kuntu Repertory Theatre
27.
University of Pittsburgh
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The University of Pittsburgh is a state-related research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1787 after the American Revolutionary War, it was founded on the edge of the American frontier as the Pittsburgh Academy and it developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819. For most of its history, Pitt was a private institution, the university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania, Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville. The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District, most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece, the university has an annual operating budget of approximately $2 billion, which includes nearly $900 million in research and development expenditures. It is the second-largest non-government employer in the Pittsburgh region behind UPMC, Pitt is ranked among the top public universities in the United States in both domestic and international rankings, and has been listed as a best value in higher education by several publications. Pitt students have access to arts programs throughout the campus and city. Pitts varsity athletic teams, collectively known as the Pittsburgh Panthers, compete in Division I of the NCAA, primarily as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Founded by Hugh Henry Brackenridge as Pittsburgh Academy in 1787, the University of Pittsburgh is one of the few universities and colleges established in the 18th century in the United States. It is the oldest continuously chartered institution of learning in the U. S. west of the Allegheny Mountains, the school began as a preparatory school, presumably in a log cabin, possibly as early as 1770 in Western Pennsylvania, then a frontier. A brick building was erected in 1790 on the side of Third Street. The small two-story brick building, with a gable facing the alley, within a short period, more advanced education in the area was needed, so in 1819 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania amended the schools 1787 charter to confer university status. The school took the name the Western University of Pennsylvania, or WUP, by the 1830s, the university faced severe financial pressure to abandon its traditional liberal education in favor of the state legislatures desire for it to provide more vocational training. The decision to remain committed to liberal education nearly killed the university and it was also during this era that the founder of Mellon Bank, Thomas Mellon, graduated and later taught at WUP. The universitys buildings, along with most of its records and files, were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1845 that wiped out 20 square blocks of Pittsburgh, classes were temporarily held in Trinity Church until a new building was constructed on Duquesne Way. Only four years later, in 1849, this also was destroyed by fire. Due to the nature of these fires, operations were suspended for a few years to allow the university time to regroup. By 1854, WUP had erected a new building on the corner of Ross and Diamond streets, langley was professor of astronomy and physics and remained at WUP until 1891, when he was succeeded by another prominent astronomer, James Keeler. Growing quickly during this period, WUP outgrew its downtown facilities, the university eventually found itself on a 10-acre site on the North Sides Observatory Hill at the location of its Allegheny Observatory
University of Pittsburgh
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Hugh Henry Brackenridge, founder of Pittsburgh Academy, the precursor to the University of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
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University of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
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The University in 1833 at its location on 3rd Avenue in downtown Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
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The
Cathedral of Learning, the centerpiece of Pitt's campus and the tallest educational building in the Western Hemisphere
28.
Sizwe Banzi is Dead
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Sizwe Banzi Is Dead is a play by Athol Fugard, written collaboratively with two South African actors, John Kani and Winston Ntshona, both of whom appeared in the original production. Its world première occurred on 8 October 1972 at the Space Theatre, Cape Town and its subsequent British première won a London Theatre Critics Award for the Best Play of 1974. Its American première occurred at the Edison Theatre, in New York City, the play opens in the photography studio of a man named Styles. The studio is located in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, after reading a newspaper article on an automobile plant, Styles tells a humorous story to the audience about an incident that occurred when he worked at Ford Motor Company. Styles continues to read the paper and talks about his photography studio and his musings are interrupted when a customer, Sizwe Bansi, arrives. He asks to have his picture taken, but when Styles asks him for his deposit and name, Sizwe hesitates, Styles asks Sizwe what he will do with the photo, and Sizwe tells him he will send it to his wife. When the picture is taken, the moment is frozen into what the photograph will look like and it comes to life and Sizwe dictates the letter to his wife that will accompany the photo. In the letter, Sizwe tells his wife that Sizwe Bansi is dead and he writes that when he arrived in Port Elizabeth from their home in King William’s Town, he stayed with a friend named Zola who tried to help Sizwe find a job. His employment search was unsuccessful, as a result, he was told by the authorities that he must leave in three days, Sizwe went to stay with Zola’s friend, Buntu. The play returns to present time, staying at Buntu’s house, Sizwe tells Buntu about his problems — unless a miracle happens, he will have to leave town in three days. Buntu is sympathetic to the problem and suggests he work in the mines in King William’s Town, Sizwe rejects the idea as too dangerous. Buntu decides to take him out for a treat at Sky’s place, the focus switches back to Sizwe as he continues to compose the letter to his wife. He describes his experiences at Sky’s Shebeen, where he was served alcohol by a woman in a respectful manner, the scene shifts to the outside of Sky’s after Sizwe and Buntu have been drinking. Buntu decides that he needs to get home to go to work tomorrow and he goes into an alley to relieve himself and finds a dead man there. Sizwe wants to report the body to the police, Buntu nixes the idea, but he retrieves the dead man’s identity book to find his address. Buntu finds that the man, named Robert Zwelinzima, has a work-seeker’s permit — the very thing that Sizwe needs to stay in town, at Buntu’s house, Buntu switches the photographs in the books. He proposes that they burn Sizwe’s book — effectively making him dead — and have Sizwe adopt the dead man’s identity so he can stay in Port Elizabeth, Sizwe is unsure about the plan, in particular, he worries about his wife and children. Buntu contends that they can remarry, after much discussion, Sizwe agrees to the switch
Sizwe Banzi is Dead
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Poster for the 2007 Royal National Theatre production
29.
Pittsburgh Public Theater
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Pittsburgh Public Theater, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a professional theater company. Led by Producing Artistic Director Ted Pappas and a board of trustees, Pittsburgh Public annually produces a subscription series that mixes classics, works from Broadway. Pittsburgh Public Theater has been in operation since 1975, first on Pittsburghs North Side and since 1999 in the OReilly Theater. 1974, Joan Apt and Margaret Rieck start Pittsburgh Public Theater with Ben Shaktman as General Director, the City of Pittsburgh offers Allegheny Theater to The Public rent free. Grants from 37 corporations, foundations and the arts council, along with 934 individuals. With a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation and a design by Peter Wexler, september 1975, First Public Theater production, The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, stars Carol Teitel and is directed by Ben Shaktman, at the Allegheny Theater on the North Side. October 1975, Tom Atkins makes his first appearance as Randle P. McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, november 1975, Leonard Nimoy begins performances in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night as Malvolio. October 1976, Playwright August Wilson is in the audience to see Sizwe Banzi is Dead by Athol Fugard, 1977-78, Season expands from three to five plays. Tom Atkins plays the title role, jean Smart is Lady Macbeth, and Keith Fowler is Macduff. 1980, Allegheny Theater is renamed the Theodore L. Hazlett, Theater in honor of the visionary head of the Mellon Trust. Howard J. Millman becomes Executive Director of Pittsburgh Public Theater, 1980-81, Season expands from five to six plays. February 1982, Ben Shaktman resigns, effective June 30, dennis Babcock replaces Howard J. Millman in the position of Managing Director. 1982-84, Larry Arrick serves as Artistic Director, perfido Associates, theater is renovated to increase seating to 471, increase technical capabilities, and enlarge lobby space. April 1984, William T. Gardner is named Producing Director, september 1984, Legendary actress Sylvia Sidney appears in Marsha Normans night, Mother, directed by Peter Bennett. April 1985, Helena Ruoti makes her Public Theater debut in Becoming Memories, written by Arthur Giron, april 1987, The Public presents its first benefit performance for the Pittsburgh AIDS Task Force. 1988, Horton Foote directs the premiere of his play Habitation of Dragons, June 1989, Dan Fallon joins The Public as Managing Director. July 1989, Cloris Leachman appears in an engagement of Grandma Moses – An American Primitive presented by Pittsburgh Public Theater at the Fulton Theater. 1989-90, The Public has an all-time high subscription base of 16,185,1990, The musical Eleanor is directed by Mel Shapiro and choreographed by Rob Marshall
Pittsburgh Public Theater
–
Tunnels
30.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
–
Saint Paul is the capital and second-most populous city of the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of 2015, the estimated population was 300,851. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the states largest city. Known as the Twin Cities, the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents. Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center, the Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska. Though Minneapolis is better-known nationally, Saint Paul contains the state government, regionally, the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild, and for the Science Museum of Minnesota. As a business hub of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of such as Ecolab. Saint Paul, along with its Twin City, Minneapolis, is known for its literacy rate. It was the city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007. The settlement originally began at present-day Lamberts Landing, but was known as Pigs Eye after Pierre Pigs Eye Parrant established a tavern there. Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago. From the early 17th century until 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota and they called the area I-mni-za ska dan for its exposed white sandstone cliffs. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a U. S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort. The negotiated territory was located on banks of the Mississippi River, starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present-day Minneapolis, to its confluence with the Saint Croix River. Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, the 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U. S. Government. Taoyateduta moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south, fur traders, explorers, and missionaries came to the area for the forts protection. Many of the settlers were French-Canadians who lived nearby, however, as a whiskey trade flourished, military officers banned settlers from the fort-controlled lands
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Clockwise from the top: Downtown Saint Paul as seen from the Southwest, the
Xcel Energy Center, the
Cathedral of Saint Paul, the
Minnesota State Capitol, the
Marjorie McNeely Conservatory, and the historic
James J. Hill House
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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A burial mound at
Indian Mounds Park.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Joe Rolette, who was responsible for preventing the capital of Minnesota from moving to
Saint Peter.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
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The
Meeker Island Lock and Dam was the first lock and dam on the Mississippi River in 1902.
31.
Science Museum of Minnesota
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The Science Museum of Minnesota is an American museum focused on topics in technology, natural history, physical science, and mathematics education. Founded in 1907 and located in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the 501 nonprofit institution is staffed by over 600 employees, the museums mission statement is to Turn on the science, Inspire learning. The museum was formed during a luncheon in 1906 when Charles W. Ames, the museum, originally named the St. Paul Institute of Science and Letters, was first located at the St. Paul Auditorium on Fourth Street. In 1927 the museum moved to Merriam Mansion on Capitol Hill and this move provided more storage space for exhibits. As the Science Museum continued to outgrow its facilities, it moved to the St. Paul-Ramsey Arts, in 1978, this expanded across a skyway into a new space on Wabasha between 10th and Exchange, greatly increasing exhibit space and adding an IMAX Dome cinema. In the early 1990s, plans for a new and more modern facility, with aid from public funding initiatives, the new museum broke ground on May 1,1997 and opened on December 11,1999. During the move,1.75 million artifacts were transported, there are a number of exhibits that are always in the museum, including, Dinosaurs & Fossils showcases several real and replicated dinosaur skeletons, as well as many complete and preserved animals. Some highlights include a Triceratops, Diplodocus, Allosaurus, Stegosaurus, the Human Body Gallery shows visitors the various tissues, organs, and systems that make up the human body. Visitors can extract DNA and perform other science experiments in the Cell Lab, there is a mummy on display here, as well as many cultural artifacts from the Museum of Questionable Medical Devices. The museum acquired these pieces in 2002 when its original owner Bob McCoy, son of Wilson McCoy, the Experiment Gallery allows visitors to explore concepts in physics, math, and physical and earth science with interactive displays. Is the first national exhibition to tell the stories of race from the biological, cultural, combining these perspectives offers an unprecedented look at race and racism in the United States. The We Move & We Stay features artifacts and historical content about the Dakota, the Mississippi River Gallery takes advantage of the museums proximity to the river and a National Park to educate visitors about its natural resources. Visitors can learn about the environment and animals of the river and it is also home The Collectors Corner. Traders bring in natural artifacts they have found to trade them for points or another artifact, the more information they can discuss about their item, the more points they earn. The Big Back Yard is an outdoor exhibit that contains information. A mini golf course lets visitors explore erosion, pollution, Science House is a zero emission building aimed at educating visitors about renewable energy and energy conservation. Science Buzz is an exhibit where you can dig deeper into science headlines and it is constantly changing and has a presence in each gallery of the museum. The counterweights for the system were so massive that they had to be put in place before the rest of the building
Science Museum of Minnesota
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Science Museum of Minnesota
Science Museum of Minnesota
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The "electro-metabograph machine" on display in the Quackery Hall of Fame
Science Museum of Minnesota
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The Triceratops
32.
Joe Louis
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Joseph Louis Barrow, best known as Joe Louis and nicknamed the Brown Bomber, was an American professional boxer who competed from 1934 to 1951. He reigned as the heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949. Louis championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 26 championship fights, the 27th fight, against Ezzard Charles in 1950, was a challenge for Charles heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis reign. Louis was victorious in 25 title defenses, a record second only to Julio César Chávez with 27. Louis cultural impact was felt well outside the ring and he was instrumental in integrating the game of golf, breaking the sports color barrier in America by appearing under a sponsors exemption in a PGA event in 1952. Born in rural Chambers County, Alabama, Louis was the seventh of eight children of Munroe Barrow and he weighed 11 pounds at birth. Both of his parents were children of slaves, alternating between sharecropping and rental farming. Munroe was predominantly African American, with some white ancestry, while Lillie was half Cherokee, Louis spent twelve years growing up in rural Alabama, where little is known of his childhood. He suffered from a speech impediment and spoke very little until about the age of six, Munroe Barrow was committed to a mental institution in 1916 and, as a result, Joe knew very little of his biological father. Around 1920, Louiss mother married Pat Brooks, a construction contractor. In 1926, shaken by a gang of men in the Ku Klux Klan, Louiss family moved to Detroit, Michigan. Joes brother worked for Ford Motor Company and the family settled into a home at 2700 Catherine Street in Detroits Black Bottom neighborhood, Louis attended Bronson Vocational School for a time to learn cabinet-making. The Great Depression hit the Barrow family hard, but as an alternative to gang activity and his mother attempted to get him interested in playing the violin. Legend has it that he tried to hide his pugilistic ambitions from his mother by carrying his boxing gloves inside his violin case, Louis made his debut in early 1932 at age 17. More likely, Louis simply omitted his last name to keep his boxing a secret from his mother, in 1933, Louis won the Detroit-area Golden Gloves Novice Division championship against Joe Biskey for the light heavyweight classification. He later lost in the Chicago Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions, the next year, competing in the Golden Gloves Open Division, he won the light heavyweight classification, this time also winning the Chicago Tournament of Champions. However, an injury forced Louis to miss the New York/Chicago Champions cross-town bout for the ultimate Golden Gloves championship. In April 1934, he followed up his Chicago performance by winning the United States Amateur Champion National AAU tournament in St. Louis, by the end of his amateur career, Louiss record was 50-3, with 43 knockouts
Joe Louis
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Louis in 1941
Joe Louis
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Louis vs. Schmeling, 1936
Joe Louis
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Louis in 1937
Joe Louis
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World War II recruiting poster featuring Louis
33.
Billy Conn
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William David Billy Conn was an Irish American professional boxer and Light Heavyweight Champion famed for his fights with Joe Louis. He had a boxing record of 63 wins,11 losses and 1 draw. His nickname, throughout most of his career, was The Pittsburgh Kid, Conn debuted as a professional boxer winning on July 20,1934, against Johnny Lewis, via a knockout in round three. Conn built a record of 47 wins,9 losses and 1 draw, with 7 knockout wins, along the way, he beat former or future world champions Fritzie Zivic, Solly Krieger and Fred Apostoli, as well as Teddy Yarosz and Young Corbett III. On July 13,1939, he met World Light Heavyweight Champion Melio Bettina in New York, outpointing him in 15 rounds and winning the World Light Heavyweight Championship. Conn defended his title against Bettina and twice against another World Light Heavyweight Champion, Billy married Mary Louise Smith, also from Pittsburgh. They have pictures of themselves at the vacation spot Ocean City, Billy did not get along with Marys father, former MLB champion Jimmy Greenfield Jimmie Smith. A fight broke out between them in Smiths Squirrel Hill home on Beechwood Boulevard, Conn punched his father-in-law in the head and broke his hand. As a result of the injury, the fight with Joe Louis was postponed, frank Deford wrote colorfully about the kitchen brawl in his Sports Illustrated story The Boxer and the Blond. In May 1941, Conn gave up his World Light Heavyweight title to challenge World Heavyweight Champion Joe Louis, the fight became part of boxings lore because Conn held a secure lead on the scorecards leading to round 13. According to many experts and fans who watched the fight, Conn was outmaneuvering Louis up to that point. In a move that Conn would regret for the rest of his life, he tried to go for the knockout in round 13, ten minutes after the fight, Conn told reporters, I lost my head and a million bucks. When asked by a reporter why he went for the knockout, Conn replied famously, later he would joke with Louis, Why couldnt you let me hold the title for a year or so. To which the Brown Bomber responded, You had the title for twelve rounds, in 1942, Conn beat Tony Zale and had an exhibition with Louis. World War II was at one of its most important moments, however, Conn went to war and was away from the ring until 1946. By then, the public was clamoring for a rematch between him and the still World Heavyweight Champion Louis and this happened, and on June 19,1946, Conn returned into the ring, straight into a World Heavyweight Championship bout. Before that fight, it was suggested to Louis that Conn might outpoint him because of his hand, in a line that would be long-remembered, Louis replied, He can run, but he cant hide. Most people who saw it agreed that both Conn and Louis abilities had eroded with their time spent serving in the armed forces, Conns career was basically over after this fight, but he still fought two more fights, winning both by knockout in round nine
Billy Conn
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Billy Conn Boulevard in Pittsburgh, PA
34.
Great Migration (African American)
–
The Great Migration was the movement of 5 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1915 and 1960. Until 1910, more than 90 percent of the African-American population lived in the American South, in 1900, only one-fifth of African-Americans living in the South were living in urban areas. By 1970, more than 80 percent of African-Americans lived in cities, in sheer numbers it outranks the migration of any other ethnic group—Italians or Irish or Jews or Poles—to. For blacks, the migration meant leaving what had always been their economic and social base in America, some historians differentiate between a first Great Migration, which saw about 1. Since 1965, a migration has gathered strength. Dubbed the New Great Migration, it has seen many African-Americans move to the South, as early as 1975 to 1980, seven southern states were net African-American migration gainers. African-American populations have continued to drop much of the Northeast, especially the state of New York and northern New Jersey. James Gregory calculates decade-by-decade migration volumes in his book, The Southern Diaspora, Black migration picked up from the start of the new century, with 204,000 leaving in the first decade. The pace accelerated with the outbreak of World War I and continued through the 1920s, by 1930, there were 1.3 million former southerners living in other regions. The Great Depression wiped out job opportunities in the industrial belt, especially for African Americans. A second and larger Great Migration began around 1940 as defense industries geared up for World War II. 1.4 million black southerners moved north or west in the 1940s, followed by 1.1 million in the 1950s, by the late 1970s, as deindustrialization and the Rust Belt crisis took hold, the Great Migration came to an end. African-Americans moved from the 14 states of the South, especially Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, based on the total populations in each of the four states, only Georgia showed a net decrease in its African American population in 1950 compared to 1920. Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, and Mississippi showed net increases in their African American populations in 1950 compared to 1920, big cities were the principal destinations of southerners throughout the two phases of the Great Migration. In the first phase, eight major cities attracted two-thirds of the migrants, New York and Chicago, followed in order by Philadelphia, St. Louis, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Indianapolis. The Second great black migration increased the populations of cities while adding others as destinations. Cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Phoenix, Seattle, there were clear migratory patterns that linked particular states and cities in the South to corresponding destinations in the North. Almost half of those who migrated from Mississippi during the first Great Migration, for example, ended up in Chicago, for the most part, these patterns were related to geography, with the closest cities attracting the most migrants
Great Migration (African American)
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During World War I there was a great migration north…, painting by
Jacob Lawrence (black-and-white reproduction of colored original).
Great Migration (African American)
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Graph showing the percentage of the African-American population living in the American South, 1790-2010.
Great Migration (African American)
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African-American youths play basketball in Chicago's
Stateway Gardens high-rise housing project in 1973.
Great Migration (African American)
–
The Hub is the retail heart of the
South Bronx, New York City.
35.
Seattle Repertory Theatre
–
Seattle Repertory Theatre is a major regional theatre located in Seattle, Washington, at the Seattle Center. It is a member of Theatre Puget Sound and Theatre Communications Group, founded in 1963, it is led by Artistic Director Braden Abraham and Managing Director Jeffrey Herrmann. It received the 1990 Regional Theatre Tony Award, the first home of the Seattle Rep was the Seattle Playhouse, built as part of the fair grounds for the 1962 Century 21 Exposition, Seattles 1962 Worlds Fair. The building, extant as of 2009, was renovated in 1987 as a home for the Intiman Theatre, actor Hal Holbrook had appeared at the Playhouse during the fair, and is believed to be the person who suggested it as a home for a repertory theater company. Seattle businessman and arts patron Bagley Wright and others raised money, stuart Vaughan was the founding artistic director and directed the first production, King Lear, which opened the new companys first season on November 14,1963. The original acting company included Seattle native Marjorie Nelson and an associate member from the University of Washington. Both went on to become mainstays of Pacific Northwest theater, donald Foster came aboard as executive director in 1964. The first summer Theater-in-the-Park production was The Taming of the Shrew, the first Northwest tour included Twelfth Night and Ah, Wilderness. Peter Donnelly joined The Rep on a Ford Foundation grant as a management intern, in 1966, Allen Fletcher became The Reps second artistic director. The Off-Center series focused on contemporary works, the first of Off-Center production, in 1967, featured The Death of Bessie Smith and The American Dream, two one-act plays by Edward Albee. The Rep was invited to the Bergen International Festival in 1968, in 1970, Peter Donnelly became producing director, and W. Duncan Ross became artistic director. In 1972, The Reps artistic role in the state was acknowledged with the Washington State Governors Arts Award and that same year was the beginning of Rep ‘n Rap, a summer tour program featuring Thurbermania. The following year, there was a presentation of Promenade All directed by Hume Cronyn. The 2nd Stage series began a year later with Max Frischs Biography, in 1975, a tour of the western states included Seven Keys to Baldpate by George M. Cohan. Private funding and a bond issue raised $5.8 million for a new theater. The first Mobile Outreach Bunch toured Washington and Idaho schools with The Energy Show, John Hirsch joined as consulting artistic director with Daniel Sullivan as resident director that same year, and Plays-in-Progress, initiated by Daniel Sullivan, began developing new plays. In 1981, Daniel Sullivan became artistic director and the Seattle Repertory Organization held the first Elegant Elephant Sale, an event that continued for nearly two decades. On December 29, ground was broken for the new Bagley Wright Theatre, in 1984, Herb Gardners Im Not Rappaport starring Harold Gould, Cleavon Little and David Strathairn opened prior to its Broadway run
Seattle Repertory Theatre
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Courtyard of the Seattle Playhouse, now
Intiman Theatre (2009).
Seattle Repertory Theatre
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"Bringing Theatre into the Classroom" participants work on integrating tableaux into their lesson plans.
Seattle Repertory Theatre
–
The balcony of the Bagley Wright Theatre during
Bumbershoot 2008.
36.
Denzel Washington
–
Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. is an American actor, director, and producer. Tolson in The Great Debaters, and drug kingpin Frank Lucas in American Gangster and he has been a featured actor in the films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and has been a frequent collaborator of directors Spike Lee, Antoine Fuqua and Tony Scott. In 2016, Washington was selected as the recipient for the Cecil B, deMille Lifetime Achievement Award at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. In 2002, Washington made his debut with biographical film Antwone Fisher. His second directorial effort was The Great Debaters, released in 2007, Washingtons third directorial effort, Fences, starring himself and Viola Davis, was released on December 16,2016. Washington was born in Mount Vernon, New York and his mother, Lennis Lynne, was a beauty parlor owner and operator born in Georgia and partly raised in Harlem. Washington attended Pennington-Grimes Elementary School in Mount Vernon until 1968, when he was 14, his parents divorced, and his mother sent him to a private preparatory school, Oakland Military Academy in New Windsor, New York. That decision changed my life, Washington later said, because I wouldnt have survived in the direction I was going, the guys I was hanging out with at the time, my running buddies, have now done maybe 40 years combined in the penitentiary. They were nice guys, but the streets got them, after Oakland, Washington next attended Mainland High School, a public high school in Daytona Beach, Florida, from 1970 to 1971. He was interested in attending Texas Tech University, I grew up in the Boys Club in Mount Vernon, so when I was in high school, I wanted to go to Texas Tech in Lubbock just because they were called the Red Raiders and their uniforms looked like ours. Washington earned a B. A. in Drama and Journalism from Fordham University in 1977, at Fordham, he played collegiate basketball as a guard under coach P. J. Carlesimo. After a period of indecision on which major to study and taking a semester off, Washington worked as creative director at an overnight summer camp, Camp Sloane YMCA in Lakeville. He participated in a talent show for the campers and a colleague suggested he try acting. He then attended school at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. Washington spent the summer of 1976 in St, shortly after graduating from Fordham, Washington made his screen acting debut in the 1977 made-for-television film Wilma, and his first Hollywood appearance in the 1981 film Carbon Copy. A major career break came when Washington starred as Dr. Phillip Chandler in NBCs television hospital drama St. Elsewhere and he was one of only a few African-American actors to appear on the series for its entire six-year run. He also appeared in television, motion picture and stage roles, such as the films A Soldiers Story, Hard Lessons. In 1989, Washington won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of a defiant, in 1990, Washington starred as Bleek Gilliam in the Spike Lee film Mo Better Blues
Denzel Washington
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Washington in 2000
Denzel Washington
–
Washington at the
62nd Academy Awards, at which he won
Best Supporting Actor for the film
Glory.
Denzel Washington
–
Washington's signature in front of
Grauman's Chinese Theatre
Denzel Washington
–
Washington after a performance of Julius Caesar in May 2005.
37.
Fences (film)
–
Fences is a 2016 American drama film directed by and starring Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson, based on his Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name. In addition to Washington, the film also stars Viola Davis, Stephen Henderson, Jovan Adepo, Russell Hornsby, Mykelti Williamson, principal photography on the film began on April 25,2016, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the Hill District, and wrapped in mid-June 2016. Fences was released in the United States on December 16,2016, by Paramount Pictures, received positive reviews and it also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for Washington and a Best Supporting Actress win for Davis. In 1950s Pittsburgh, Troy Maxson lives with his wife Rose and their son Cory, Gabriel has since moved out, but still lives in the neighborhood, often getting in trouble with the law for his eccentric behavior, which includes religious fixations. In his adolescence, Troy left home from his abusive father, after killing a man during a robbery led him to prison, he met Bono and revealed himself to be a talented baseball player. He then played in the professional Negro Leagues, but he never made it to Major League Baseball, when Bono says that Troy was born too soon, Troy rejects this choice of words and insists that he was passed over due to the color of his skin. Having survived a bout of pneumonia in his youth, Troy claims to have done so by defeating the Grim Reaper in a fistfight. Rose later tells Troy that Cory is being scouted by a football team. Not only is he stung by his own lack of success in baseball and he tells Cory that he will not sign the permission documents. He does not want his son to fail as he did, Rose asks Troy to build a fence around their house, and Troy demands that Cory help him as punishment for Cory not doing his chores due to football practice. Troy and Cory clash over Corys ambitions to play college football, Troy achieves a promotion to driving the garbage truck, becoming the first African-American to do so in Pittsburgh, even though he cant read and doesnt have a drivers license. Bono finds out that Troy is cheating on Rose with Alberta, a woman he met at the local bar, the two then become estranged when Troy is assigned to a different neighborhood. Cory lashes out and throws his helmet at Troy, which Troy claims is the first of Corys three permitted offenses. When called to bail Gabriel out of jail for disturbing the peace, Troy unknowingly signs papers rerouting half of Gabriels pension to a psychiatric hospital, forcing Gabriel to be institutionalized. Troy brings his baby daughter Raynell home, and Rose decides to raise her as her own, Cory is considering enlisting in the United States Marine Corps after missing his opportunity to attend college. One day, when he returns home, an intoxicated Troy blocks his path, Troy gains the upper hand, grabs the bat from Cory, and drives him out of the house. Both energized and disoriented by his victory, Troy once again challenges the Reaper to come for him, six years later, Troy has died of a heart attack, and Cory, now a USMC corporal, returns home, but informs Rose he will not attend the funeral. Rose admits to loving Troy despite his flaws and pleads that Troy is still a part of him
Fences (film)
–
Washington in 2000
Fences (film)
–
Washington at the
62nd Academy Awards, at which he won
Best Supporting Actor for the film
Glory.
Fences (film)
–
Washington's signature in front of
Grauman's Chinese Theatre
Fences (film)
–
Washington after a performance of Julius Caesar in May 2005.
38.
Viola Davis
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Viola Davis is an American actress and producer. She is the black woman to be nominated for three Academy Awards, winning one, and is the only black actress or actor to win the Triple Crown of Acting. In 2012, she was listed by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. After graduating from the Juilliard School in 1993, Davis began her career on stage, in 2001, she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her role as Tonya in the original production of August Wilsons King Hedley II. Davis film breakthrough came in 2008 when her role in the drama Doubt earned her several nominations, including the Golden Globe, SAG. Greater success came to Davis in the 2010s and she won the 2010 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her role as Rose Maxson in the revival of August Wilsons play Fences. For her lead role as 1960s housemaid Aibeleen Clark in the comedy-drama The Help, she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress among others and her portrayal also won her two SAG Awards in 2015 and 2016. Davis and her husband, Julius Tennon, are the founders of the production company JuVee Productions, Davis has starred in their productions Lila & Eve and Custody. Davis was born in St. Matthews, South Carolina, at her grandparents house on the Singleton Plantation and she is the daughter of Mary Alice and Dan Davis, and is the second youngest of six children. Her father was a trainer and her mother was a maid. Her mother was also an activist during the Civil Rights Movement, at the age of two, Davis was taken to jail with her mother after she was arrested during a civil rights protest. Two months after she was born, her moved to Central Falls, Rhode Island, with Davis. She has described herself as having lived in poverty and dysfunction during her childhood. Davis is the cousin of actor Mike Colter, who is known for portraying the Marvel Comics character Luke Cage. Davis attended Central Falls High School, the alma mater to which she credits her love of stage acting with her involvement in the arts. As a teen, she was involved in the federal TRIO Upward Bound, when enrolled at the Young Peoples School for the Performing Arts in West Warwick, Rhode Island, Davis talent was recognized by a director at the program, Bernard Masterson. Following graduation from school, Davis studied at Rhode Island College, majoring in theater. She was awarded a doctorate in Fine Arts from the college in 2002
Viola Davis
–
Davis at the
SAG Awards, 2015
39.
Fences (play)
–
Fences is a 1985 play by American playwright August Wilson. Set in the 1950s, it is the sixth in Wilsons ten-part Pittsburgh Cycle, like all of the Pittsburgh plays, Fences explores the evolving African-American experience and examines race relations, among other themes. The play won the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 1987 Tony Award for Best Play, the play was first developed at the Eugene ONeill Theater Centers 1983 National Playwrights Conference and premiered at the Yale Repertory Theatre in 1985. The focus of Wilsons attention in Fences is Troy, a 53-year-old head of household who struggles with providing for his family, the play takes place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, although never officially named it makes mention of several key locations in Pittsburgh. Troy was an excellent player in Negro league baseball in his younger days, because the color barrier had not yet been broken in Major League Baseball, Troy was unable to get into that league to make good money or to save for the future. He now lives a menial, though respectable life of trash collecting, later in the play, he crosses the race barrier. Troy lives with his wife, Rose, his son, Cory, and his younger brother Gabriel, Gabe had received $3000 from the government, and Troy took this money to purchase a home for his family, including a room for Gabe. A short time before the opening, Gabriel has rented a room elsewhere. Lyons is Troys son from a marriage, and lives outside the home. Bono is Troys best friend and co-worker, the play begins on payday, with Troy and Bono drinking and talking. Troys character is revealed through his speech about how he went up to their boss, Mr. Rand, and asked why black men are not allowed to drive garbage trucks, Rose and Lyons join in the conversation. Lyons, a musician, has come to borrow money from Troy, confident that he will receive it, and promises to pay him back because his girlfriend Bonnie just got a job. Troy, who is a believer in responsibility, belittles his son because he refuses to find a real job as Troy did rather than pursuing his dream of becoming a musician. Cory tells Troy and Rose about an opportunity for a football scholarship. Troy tells Cory he will not let his son play football for fear of racial discrimination, father and son argue about Troys actions, but Troy stubbornly does not back down from his argument and sends Cory to his room. Later on, it is discovered that Troy told Corys coach that his son is no longer to play football, when Cory discovers of this, he and Troy get into a fight resulting in Troys kicking Cory out of his house. Later, it is revealed that Cory enlisted in the military after this event, Troy admits to Rose that he has been having an affair and that his mistress, Alberta, is pregnant. Troy brings his baby daughter Raynell home, and Rose agrees to raise the girl as her own and she remains in the family home but the couple are estranged, she refuses to accept Troy back into her life
Fences (play)
–
Fences
40.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
Pulitzer Prize
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Pulitzer Prize
41.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
Tony Award
–
Designed by
Herman Rosse, 1949
Tony Award
–
Former logo
42.
The Piano Lesson
–
The Piano Lesson is a 1990 play by American playwright August Wilson. It is the play in Wilsons The Pittsburgh Cycle. Wilson began writing this play by playing with the answers regarding the possibility of acquir a sense of self-worth by denying ones past. The Piano Lesson received the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, a Romare Bearden painting, The Piano Lesson, inspired Wilson to write a play featuring a strong female character to confront African-American history, paralleling Troy in earlier Fences. However, on finishing his play, Wilson found the ending to stray from the female character as well as from the question regarding self-worth. What The Piano Lesson finally seems to ask is, What do you do with your legacy, and how do you best put it to use. Set in 1936 Pittsburgh during the aftermath of the Great Depression, The Piano Lesson follows the lives of the Charles family in the Doaker Charles household and an heirloom, the family piano. The play focuses on the arguments between a brother and a sister who have different ideas on what to do with the piano, the brother, Boy Willie, is a sharecropper who wants to sell the piano to buy the land where his ancestors toiled as slaves. The sister, Berniece, remains emphatic about keeping the piano, Act 1, Scene 1 Boy Willie and Lymon arrive in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from Mississippi and enter the Charles household at five in the morning. They have brought a truck of watermelons to sell, against Doakers advice, Boy Willie wakes his sister Berniece, and tells her of Sutters death. Berniece accuses Boy Willie of shoving Sutter down a well, instead, Boy Willie wakes Bernieces daughter, Maretha, causing Berniece to run back up the stairs where she sees Sutters ghost. Lymon notices the piano which Willie intends to sell to buy Sutters land, Doaker insists that Berniece will not sell the piano, because she refused to sell when Avery brought a buyer to the house. Willie insists that he will convince her, Maretha comes downstairs, and Willie asks her to play the piano. She plays the beginning of a few tunes, and he answers her song with a boogie-woogie. Berniece enters with Avery, and Willie asks whether she still has the prospective buyers name, Berniece refuses to listen and walks out. Act 1, Scene 2 Wining Boy and Doaker talk in the kitchen when Boy Willie and Lymon enter, Willies uncles warn him that Sutter will cheat him but Boy Willie refuses to listen. The story behind Lymon and Boy Willies term in Parchman Prison Farm is revealed, Lymon and Willie both gather different perspectives from their experiences. Lymon wants to flee to the North where he will be treated, while Willie feels that whites only treat blacks badly if the blacks do not try
The Piano Lesson
–
The Piano Lessons
The Piano Lesson
–
Hallmark
teleplay VHS cover
43.
Jorge Luis Borges
–
Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo KBE was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, and a key figure in Spanish-language literature. Borges works have contributed to literature and the fantasy genre. However, some critics consider Borges to be a predecessor and not actually a magical realist and his late poems dialogue with such cultural figures as Spinoza, Camões, and Virgil. In 1914, Borges family moved to Switzerland, where he studied at the Collège de Genève, the family travelled widely in Europe, including Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and he also worked as a librarian and public lecturer. In 1955, he was appointed director of the National Public Library and he became completely blind by the age of 55, as he never learned braille, he became unable to read. Scholars have suggested that his progressive blindness helped him to create innovative literary symbols through imagination, in 1961, he came to international attention when he received the first Formentor prize, which he shared with Samuel Beckett. In 1971, he won the Jerusalem Prize and his work was translated and published widely in the United States and Europe. Borges himself was fluent in several languages and he dedicated his final work, The Conspirators, to the city of Geneva, Switzerland. Writer and essayist J. M. Coetzee said of him, He, more than anyone, renovated the language of fiction, Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo was born into an educated middle-class family on 24 August 1899. They were in comfortable circumstances but not wealthy enough to live in downtown Buenos Aires so the family resided in Palermo, Borgess mother, Leonor Acevedo Suárez, came from a traditional Uruguayan family of criollo origin. Her family had been involved in the European settling of South America and the Argentine War of Independence. His 1929 book, Cuaderno San Martín, includes the poem Isidoro Acevedo, commemorating his grandfather, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida, a soldier of the Buenos Aires Army. A descendant of the Argentine lawyer and politician Francisco Narciso de Laprida, de Acevedo Laprida fought in the battles of Cepeda in 1859, Pavón in 1861, de Acevedo Laprida died of pulmonary congestion in the house where his grandson Jorge Luis Borges was born. Borgess own father, Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam was a lawyer, Borges Haslam was born in Entre Rios of Spanish, Portuguese, and English descent, the son of Francisco Borges Lafinur, a colonel, and Frances Ann Haslam, an Englishwoman. Borges Haslam grew up speaking English at home, the family frequently traveled to Europe. Borges Haslam wed Leonor Acevedo Suarez and was father of the painter Norah Borges. At age nine, Jorge Luis Borges translated Oscar Wildes The Happy Prince into Spanish and it was published in a local journal, but his friends thought the real author was his father
Jorge Luis Borges
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Borges in 1951, by
Grete Stern
Jorge Luis Borges
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Jorge Luis Borges in 1921
Jorge Luis Borges
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Adolfo Bioy Casares,
Victoria Ocampo and Borges in 1935
Jorge Luis Borges
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Jorge Luis Borges in the 1940s
44.
Amiri Baraka
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Amiri Baraka, previously known as LeRoi Jones and Imamu Amear Baraka, was an African-American writer of poetry, drama, fiction, essays and music criticism. He was the author of books of poetry and taught at several universities, including the State University of New York at Buffalo. He received the PEN Open Book Award, previously known as the Beyond Margins Award, in 2008 for Tales of the Out, Barakas career spanned nearly 50 years, and his themes range from black liberation to white racism. Barakas poetry and writing have attracted high praise and condemnation. In the African-American community, some compare Baraka to James Baldwin and recognize him as one of the most respected, others have said his work is an expression of violence, misogyny, homophobia and racism. Regardless of viewpoint, Barakas plays, poetry, and essays have been defining texts for African-American culture, Barakas brief tenure as Poet Laureate of New Jersey involved controversy over a public reading of his poem Somebody Blew Up America. Accusations of anti-semitism, and some attention from critics and politicians. Baraka was born Everett LeRoi Jones in Newark, New Jersey and his father, Colt Leverette Jones, worked as a postal supervisor and lift operator. His mother, Anna Lois, was a social worker and he won a scholarship to Rutgers University in 1951, but transferred in 1952 to Howard University. His classes in philosophy and religion helped lay a foundation for his later writings and he subsequently studied at Columbia University and the New School for Social Research without obtaining a degree. In 1954, he joined the US Air Force as a gunner and his commanding officer received an anonymous letter accusing Baraka of being a communist. This led to the discovery of Soviet writings in Barakas possession, his reassignment to gardening duty and he later described his experience in the military as racist, degrading, and intellectually paralyzing. While he was stationed in Puerto Rico, he worked at the library, which allowed him ample reading time. The same year, he moved to Greenwich Village, working initially in a warehouse of music records and his interest in jazz began during this period. At the same time he came in contact with the avant-garde Black Mountain poets, in 1958 he married Hettie Cohen, with whom he had two daughters, Kellie Jones and Lisa Jones. He and Hettie founded Totem Press, which published such Beat poets as Jack Kerouac and they also jointly founded a quarterly literary magazine, Yugen, which ran for eight issues. Baraka also worked as editor and critic for the literary and arts journal Kulchur, with Diane di Prima he edited the first twenty-five issues of their little magazine The Floating Bear. In the autumn of 1961 he co-founded the New York Poets Theatre with di Prima, the choreographers Fred Herko and James Waring, and he had an extramarital affair with di Prima for several years, their daughter, Dominique di Prima, was born in June 1962
Amiri Baraka
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Baraka addressing the Malcolm X Festival from the Black Dot Stage in San Antonio Park, Oakland, California while performing with
Marcel Diallo and his Electric Church Band
Amiri Baraka
–
Poets Amiri Baraka and
Caterina Davinio, 2013
45.
Romare Bearden
–
Romare Bearden was an Afro-American artist. He worked with many types of media including cartoons, oils, born in Charlotte, North Carolina, educated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Bearden moved to New York City after high school and went on to graduate from NYU in 1935. He began his career creating scenes of the American South. Later, he endeavored to express the humanity he felt was lacking in the world after his experience in the US Army during World War II on the European front and he later returned to Paris in 1950 and studied Art History and Philosophy at the Sorbonne in 1950. Beardens early work focused on unity and cooperation within the African-American community and his lifelong support of young, emerging artists led him and his wife to create the Bearden Foundation to support young or emerging artists and scholars. In 1987, Bearden was awarded the National Medal of Arts and his work in collage led the New York Times to describe Bearden as “the nations foremost collagist” in his 1988 obituary. Bearden was born in Charlotte, North Carolina and his family moved him to New York City as a toddler, and their household soon became a meeting place for major figures of the Harlem Renaissance. His mother, Bessye Bearden, played a role with New York Citys Board of Education. Bessye Bearden was also a New York correspondent for The Chicago Defender, young Romare Bearden traveled frequently, to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and to visit family members in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1929 he graduated from Peabody High School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he then enrolled in Lincoln University, the nations first Historically Black College and University founded in 1854. He later transferred to Boston University where he served as art director for Beanpot, Bearden studied art, education, science and mathematics, graduating with a degree in science and education in 1935. He continued his study under German artist George Grosz at the Art Students League in 1936 and 1937. During this period he supported himself as a political cartoonist for African-American newspapers, including the Baltimore Afro-American, Bearden grew as an artist not by learning how to create new techniques and mediums, but by his life experiences. His early paintings were often of scenes in the American South, in 1935, Bearden became a case worker for the Harlem office of the New York City Department of Social Services. Throughout his career as an artist, Bearden worked as a case worker off, during World War II, Bearden joined the United States Army, serving from 1942 until 1945. After serving in the army, Bearden joined the Samuel Kootz Gallery, a commercial gallery in New York. He would return to Europe in 1950 to study philosophy with Gaston Bachelard, Bearden then traveled throughout Europe visiting Picasso and other artists. This completely changed his style of art as he started producing abstract representations of what he deemed as human and his works were exhibited at the Samuel M. Kootz gallery until his work was deemed not abstract enough
Romare Bearden
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Romare Bearden, in his army uniform, a photograph taken by
Carl Van Vechten, 1944
Romare Bearden
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Romare Bearden, Patchwork Quilt, cut-and-pasted cloth and paper with synthetic polymer paint on composition board, 1970,
Museum of Modern Art
Romare Bearden
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Bearden (right) discussing one of his paintings, Cotton Workers, with Pvt.
Charles H. Alston, his first art teacher and cousin, in 1944. Both Bearden and Alston were members of the
372nd Infantry Regiment stationed in New York City.
Romare Bearden
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Romare Bearden, The Calabash,
collage, 1970,
Library of Congress
46.
James Baldwin
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James Arthur Baldwin was an American novelist, essayist, playwright, poet, and social critic. His essays, as collected in Notes of a Native Son, explore palpable yet unspoken intricacies of racial, sexual, some Baldwin essays are book-length, for instance The Fire Next Time, No Name in the Street, and The Devil Finds Work. An unfinished manuscript, Remember This House, was expanded upon and adapted for cinema as the Academy Award nominated documentary film, such dynamics are prominent in Baldwins second novel, Giovannis Room, written in 1956, well before the gay liberation movement. Baldwin was born after his mother, Emma Berdis Jones, left his father because of his drug abuse and moved to Harlem. There, she married a preacher, David Baldwin, Baldwin spent much time caring for his several younger brothers and sisters. At the age of 10, he was teased and abused by two New York police officers, an instance of racist harassment by the NYPD that he would experience again as a teenager and document in his essays. His adoptive father, whom Baldwin in essays called simply his father and his stepfather died of tuberculosis in summer of 1943 just before Baldwin turned 19. The quest to answer or explain family and social rejection—and attain a sense of selfhood,24 on 128th Street between Fifth and Madison Avenues in Harlem, where he wrote the school song, which was used until the school closed down. He then went on to DeWitt Clinton High School, in the Bronxs Bedford Park section, there, along with Richard Avedon, Baldwin worked on the school magazine as literary editor but disliked school because of the constant racial slurs. The difficulties of his life, including his stepfathers abuse, led Baldwin to seek solace in religion, at the age of 14 he attended meetings of the Pentecostal Church and, during a euphoric prayer meeting, he converted and became a junior Minister. Before long, at the Fireside Pentecostal Assembly, he was drawing larger crowds than his stepfather had done in his day. At 17, however, Baldwin came to view Christianity as based on false premises, Baldwin once visited Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, who inquired about Baldwins religious beliefs. He answered, I left the church 20 years ago and havent joined anything since, Elijah asked, And what are you now. Still, his church experience significantly shaped his worldview and writing, Baldwin reflected that being in the pulpit was like working in the theatre, I was behind the scenes and knew how the illusion was worked. Baldwin accused Christianity of reinforcing the system of American slavery by palliating the pangs of oppression, Baldwin praised religion, however, for inspiring some American blacks to defy oppression. He once wrote, If the concept of God has any use, it is to make us larger, freer, If God cant do that, its time we got rid of him. Baldwin publicly described himself as not religious, a recording of him singing Precious Lord, Take My Hand a cappella was played at his funeral. When Baldwin was 15, his high-school running buddy, Emile Capouya, skipped school one day and, in Greenwich Village, met Beauford Delaney, Capouya gave Baldwin Delaneys address and suggested paying him a visit
James Baldwin
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Baldwin in 1969
James Baldwin
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James Baldwin, photographed by
Carl Van Vechten, 1955
James Baldwin
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James Baldwin in his house in Saint-Paul de Vence
James Baldwin
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Richard Wright (1908–1960) photographed in 1939 by
Carl Van Vechten
47.
William Faulkner
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William Cuthbert Faulkner was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays and he is primarily known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, where he spent most of his life. Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers in American literature generally, two of his works, A Fable and his last novel The Reivers, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Absalom, Absalom. is often included on similar lists, Faulkner was born William Cuthbert Falkner in New Albany, Mississippi, the first of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler. He had three brothers, Murry Charles Jack Falkner, author John Faulkner, and Dean Swift Falkner. Soon after his first birthday, his family moved to Ripley, Mississippi, Murry hoped to inherit the railroad from his father, John Wesley Thompson Falkner, but John had little confidence in Murrys ability to run a business and sold it for $75,000. Following the sale of the business, Murry became disappointed and planned a new start for his family by moving to Texas. Maud, however, disagreed with this proposition, and it was decided that they would move to Oxford, Mississippi, where Murrys father owned several businesses, making it easy for Murry to find work. Thus, four days prior to Williams fifth birthday on September 21,1902, the Falkner family settled in Oxford and his family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline Callie Barr crucially influenced the development of Faulkners artistic imagination. Both his mother and grandmother were avid readers and also painters and photographers, while Murry enjoyed the outdoors and encouraged his sons to hunt, track, and fish, Maud valued education and took pleasure in reading and going to church. She taught her sons to read before sending them to school and exposed them to classics such as Charles Dickens. Faulkners lifelong education by Callie Barr is central to his novels preoccupations with the politics of sexuality, as a schoolchild, Faulkner had much success early on. He excelled in the first grade, skipped the second, and continued doing well through the third, however, beginning somewhere in the fourth and fifth grades of his schooling, Faulkner became a much more quiet and withdrawn child. He began to play hooky occasionally and became indifferent to his schoolwork. The decline of his performance in school continued, and Faulkner wound up repeating the eleventh, and then final grade, Faulkner also spent much of his boyhood listening to stories told to him by his elders. These included war stories shared by the old men of Oxford and stories told by Barr of the Civil War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Falkner family. Faulkners grandfather would tell him of the exploits of Williams great-grandfather, after whom he was named, William Clark Falkner, who was a successful businessman, writer. Telling stories about William Clark Falkner, whom the family called Old Colonel, had become something of a family pastime when Faulkner was a boy
William Faulkner
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Faulkner in 1954
William Faulkner
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William Faulkner's
Underwood Universal Portable typewriter in his office at
Rowan Oak, which is now maintained by the
University of Mississippi in
Oxford as a museum
48.
Yoknapatawpha County
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Faulkner often referred to Yoknapatawpha County as my apocryphal county. From Sartoris onwards, Faulkner would set all but three of his novels in the county, as well as over 50 of his stories in Yoknapatawpha County, includes a map of Yoknapatawpha County drawn by Faulkner. It is derived from two Chickasaw words—Yocona and petopha, meaning split land, Faulkner claimed to a University of Virginia audience that the compound means water flows slow through flat land. Yoknapatawpha was the name for the actual Yocona River, a tributary of the Tallahatchie which runs through the southern part of Lafayette County. The area was originally Chickasaw land, white settlement started around the year 1800. Later, the county became mostly small farms, by 1936, the population was 25,611, of which 6,298 were white and 19,313 were black. Richard Reed has presented a detailed analysis of Yoknapatawpha County. Charles S. Aiken has examined Faulkners incorporation of real-life historical and geographical details into the presentation of the county. Aiken has further discussed the parallels of Yoknapatawpha County with the real-life Lafayette County, and also the representation of the Upland South, a Faulkner Glossary, Yoknapatawpha County Map William Faukner on the Web The Digital Yoknapatawpha Project Audio of Yoknapatawpha pronunciation and translation from Chickasaw by Faulkner
Yoknapatawpha County
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Map drawn by
William Faulkner for The Portable Faulkner (1946).
49.
Brian Friel
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Brian Patrick Frielα was an Irish dramatist, short story writer and founder of the Field Day Theatre Company. He had been considered one of the greatest living English-language dramatists, and referred to as an Irish Chekhov and his plays have been compared favourably to those of contemporaries such as Samuel Beckett, Arthur Miller, Harold Pinter and Tennessee Williams. His plays were featured on Broadway throughout this time. In 1980 Friel co-founded Field Day Theatre Company and his play Translations was the companys first production, with Field Day, Friel collaborated with Seamus Heaney,1995 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Heaney and Friel first became friends after Friel sent the young poet a letter following the publication of Death of a Naturalist, Friel was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the British Royal Society of Literature and the Irish Academy of Letters. He was appointed to Seanad Éireann in 1987 and served until 1989, in later years, Dancing at Lughnasa reinvigorated Friels oeuvre, bringing him Tony Awards, the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play. It was also adapted into a film, starring Meryl Streep, directed by Pat OConnor, script by Frank McGuinness. Friel was born in 1929 at Knockmoyle, close to Omagh, County Tyrone and he was the son of Patrick Paddy Friel, a primary school teacher and later a councillor on Londonderry Corporation, the local city council in Derry. Friels mother, Mary McLoone, was postmistress of Glenties, County Donegal, the family moved to Derry when Friel was ten years old. There, he attended St Columbs College, the school attended by Seamus Heaney, John Hume, Seamus Deane, Phil Coulter, Eamonn McCann. Friel received his B. A. from St Patricks College, Maynooth and he married Anne Morrison in 1954, with whom he has four daughters and one son. Between 1950 and 1960, he worked as a Maths teacher in the Derry primary and intermediate school system, taking leave in 1960 to pursue a career as writer, living off his savings. In the late 1960s, the Friels moved from 13 Malborough Street, Derry to Muff, County Donegal, eventually settling outside Greencastle, after a long illness Friel died at the age of 86 in the early morning of Friday 2 October 2015 in Greencastle, County Donegal. He was survived by his wife Anne and children Mary, Judy, Sally, a daughter, Patricia, predeceased him in 2012. A common setting for Friels plays is in or around the town of Ballybeg. There are fourteen such plays, Philadelphia, Here I Come and these plays present an extended history of this imagined community, with Translations and The Home Place set in the nineteenth century, and Dancing at Lughnasa in the 1930s. To the prosperous and multicultural city of Molly Sweeney and Give Me Your Answer Do. where the characters have health clubs, ethnic restaurants. His plays have been compared favourably to those of such as Samuel Beckett, Arthur Miller, Harold Pinter
Brian Friel
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Brian Friel
Brian Friel
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The childhood home of Brian Friel, at
Omagh in
County Tyrone
Brian Friel
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Translations on stage in Minsk
American Masters, August Wilson: The Ground on Which I Stand, PBS, 1:24:39[3]
