1.
Governor of Maryland
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The Governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the State of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the states National Guard units. The Governor is the official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the State and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of constitutional powers, the Governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful Governors in the United States. The current Governor is Larry Hogan, a Republican who defeated Lt, Governor Anthony Brown on November 4,2014. Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Governor is elected by the citizens of Maryland to serve a four-year term, under the Constitution of Maryland, the Governor can run any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. This makes it possible for a governor to run for the office again after remaining out of office for at least one term. An eligible candidate for Governor must be at least 30 years old, and also a resident of, the Governor, like all statewide officials in Maryland, is elected in the even-numbered years in which the election for President of the United States does not occur. The main constitutional responsibility of the Governor of Maryland, and any other States chief executive, is to out the business of the state. The Governor also has some say in these laws, since the Governor has the ability to any bill sent to his or her desk by the Maryland General Assembly. Every year, the Governor must present a budget to the Maryland General Assembly. The Assembly may, however, increase funds for the Legislative, the Governor has the power to veto any law that is passed by the General Assembly, including a line item veto, which can be used to strike certain portions of appropriations bills. The Legislature then has the power to override a Governors veto by vote of three-fifths of the number of members in each house, the Governor also sits on the Board of Public Works, whose other two members are the Comptroller and the Treasurer. This Board has broad powers in overseeing and approving the spending of state funds and they must approve state expenditures of all general funds and capital improvement funds, excluding expenditures for the construction of state roads, bridges, and highways. The Governor appoints almost all military and civil officers of the State government, subject to advice, any officer appointed by the Governor, except a member of the General Assembly, is removable by him or her, if there is a legitimate cause for removal. Among the most prominent of the Governors appointees are the 24 secretaries and heads of departments that make up the Governors Cabinet. The Governor of Maryland is the Chairman of the Governors Executive Council which coordinates all state government functions, hunter-Cevera Adjutant General - Gen. Linda Singh Other members of the Governors Staff may be invited to Cabinet meetings as attendees. The Governor also oversees several sub-cabinets that coordinate the activities of a function of state government that involves several state departments or agencies. In times of emergency, the Governor may exercise emergency powers
2.
Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
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The Lieutenant Governor of Maryland is the second highest-ranking official in the executive branch of the state government of Maryland in the United States. He or she is elected on the ticket as the Governor of Maryland. The current Lieutenant Governor is Boyd Rutherford, the position was first created by the Maryland Constitution of 1864. Under that system of government, the lieutenant governor served as president of the Senate and would assume the office of governor if the incumbent should die, resign, be removed, the states present constitution, adopted in 1867, abolished the lieutenant governorship. However, the position was re-established by an amendment ratified on November 3,1970. Under the 1970 amendment, the Lieutenant Governor shall have only the duties delegated to him by the Governor, marylands lieutenant governorship is thus weaker than the office in several, but not all, other states that have one. In both of those states, as in others, the lieutenant governor is elected in his or her own right. If there is a vacancy in the office of the governor, a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship is filled by a person nominated by the governor and confirmed by a majority vote of the General Assembly voting in joint session. Parties Unionist Democratic Republican Constitution amended November 4,1970 to create Lt. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. lieutenant governors of Maryland who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. lieutenant governor of Maryland was that of Blair Lee III, Governor of Maryland Government of Maryland Lieutenant Governor Maryland State Archives. Maryland Manual On-Line, A Guide to Maryland Government
3.
Christopher C. Cox
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Christopher Christian Cox was known as an American surgeon, professor at Philadelphia College of Medicine and served briefly as a politician. Born in Baltimore, Cox was a member of the National Union Party and he received a Bachelor of Arts from Yale in 1835 and a Master of Arts thereafter. He graduated from Washington University with a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1838 and he moved to practice in Easton in 1843. He was Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the Philadelphia College of Medicine from 1848 to 1849 and became Professor of Obstetrics, in 1857 and 1857 Cox was president of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. In 1861 he became a surgeon in the United States Army, Cox served as the first Lieutenant Governor of Maryland from 1865 to 1868. The relatively new office was abolished in 1868 and not reinstated until 1970, upon which the lieutenant governor. Re-creation of the involved a amendment to the Maryland Constitution of 1867. Trinity College conferred an LL. D. on Cox in 1867 and he was editor of the National Medical Journal in Washington, D. C. from 1870 to 1872, and also assistant editor of the Baltimore Patriot. Cox was one of the founders of the Literary Society of Washington in 1874, an Episcopalian, he died in Washington D. C
4.
Thomas Holliday Hicks
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Thomas Holliday Hicks was a politician in the divided border-state of Maryland during the American Civil War. As governor, opposing the Democrats, his views reflected the conflicting local loyalties. Under pressure to call the General Assembly into special session, he held it in the town of Frederick. In December 1862, Hicks was appointed to the U. S. Senate, where he endorsed Lincolns re-election in 1864, but died soon afterwards. Born in 1798 near East New Market, Maryland, Hicks began his career as a Democrat when he was elected town constable and then, in 1824. Later, he switched to the Whig Party and was elected to the House of Delegates in 1830, in 1837, the legislature elected him a member of the Governors Council, the last to be chosen before that body was abolished. In 1838, he was appointed Register of Wills for Dorchester County and he stayed in that job until his election as governor. In 1857, as the Whig Party disintegrated, Hicks joined the Native American Party, as such, in 1858, he ran for governor and defeated Democrat John Charles Groome by 8,700 votes. The election, however, was notable for fraud, open intimidation of voters, Hicks was one of the oldest men to become governor. In his gubernatorial inaugural address, Hicks criticized the numbers of immigrants coming to America. Hicks opposed abolitionists and supported slave owners and he denounced “he attacks of fanatical and misguided persons against property in slaves and added that slave owners had a right under the Constitution to recover their property. Hicks belatedly supported the Union of the states and sought to prevent Maryland from seceding and joining the Confederacy and this would have isolated Washington, D. C. in confederate territory. Hicks reflected the divisions in his state, in Hicks writings about the South and its secession, he referred to it as we. He wrote that they, the North, were wrong in refus to observe the requirements of the Constitution to permit new states to join the Union as slave states. Kane, and former Governor Enoch Louis Lowe requested that Hicks burn the bridges leading to Baltimore. These actions were addressed in Ex parte Merryman, the case of Maryland militia Captain John Merryman who was arrested by Union forces. After initially denying that he had authorized such actions, Hicks backtracked and voiced his support for the Union, Hicks worried about Marylands position as a border state. In an address to the Maryland General Assembly on April 25,1861, the Assembly normally met in Annapolis, but that city was occupied by Union troops, so Hicks changed the location to Frederick, a generally pro-Union town
5.
Thomas Swann
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Thomas Swann was an American politician. Initially a Know-Nothing, and later a Democrat, he served as mayor of Baltimore, as the 33rd Governor of Maryland, Representative from Marylands 3rd congressional district and then 4th congressional district. Thomas Swann took the oath of office on January 11,1865, many believed once slavery was abolished in Maryland African Americans would begin a mass emigration to a new state. As white soldiers returned from southern battlefields they came home to find not only were their slaves gone. With a growing number of disaffected white men, Thomas Swann embarked on a campaign of Redemption and his strategy was built on the platform of entrenching white power and displacing independent African Americans. During this same time a crisis in New England caused the oyster industry in Marylands Chesapeake Bay to surge. Swanns problem was that the Bay oyster trade was heavily African American and his solution, use government policy to push African Americans in the bay and replace them with, White Labor, at reasonable rates wherever needed. Even more egregious he enacted a law that encouraged white fisherman to harass black fisherman when he signed into law the states first ever Oyster Code. Furthermore, all owners and masters are hereby vested with the power to summon pose comitatus to aid in such arrest. ”Even more egregious, any property seized during an Oyster Code violation was auctioned off. So it required a state referendum in Maryland to end slavery. Swann was born in Alexandria, Virginia, and attended Columbian College in Washington, D. C. and he studied law and was admitted to the Bar. A Democrat, he was appointed by 7th President Andrew Jackson as secretary of the United States Commission to Naples, in 1834, Swann moved to Baltimore, Maryland in 1834, where he engaged in business in the new railroad industry. Swann rose to be director and president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1847 and he was chosen as president of the Northwestern Virginia Railroad. Swann was first elected Mayor of Baltimore in 1856 as a member of the Know Nothing movement in one of the bloodiest and he supposedly defeated Democratic challenger Robert Clinton Wright by over a thousand votes. During the mid-1850s, public order in Baltimore City had often threatened by the election of candidates of the Know Nothing movement which became known as the American Party. Hinks duly gave State Militia general George H. Steuart the order, as a result, violence broke out on polling day, with shots exchanged by competing mobs. In the 2nd and 8th Wards several citizens were killed, the result of the election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for Swann by around 9,000 votes. However, Mayor Swann, this time running for re-election, successfully argued for a compromise measure involving special police forces to prevent disorder, and Steuarts militia were stood down
6.
Bel Air, Harford County, Maryland
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The town of Bel Air is the county seat of Harford County, Maryland. According to the 2010 United States Census the population of the town was 10,120, Bel Air is located at 39°32′12″N 76°20′54″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 3.03 square miles. Bel Air is a transition between the continental and humid subtropical climates. Bel Air features hot, often humid summers, mild, wet springs, pleasant falls, the average precipitation for Bel Air is around 40-43 inches while snowfall averages 19–24 inches. Bel Air is located on U. S. Route 1, Route 1 has both a bypass around Bel Air and Hickory, and a business route snaking through downtown. Both are connected to I-95 by Maryland Route 24 and Maryland Route 543, in the mid 20th century the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad ran through town, but the tracks were dismantled in 1958. The station was located on Rockspring Ave. between Broadway and Ellendale St, much of the railroads former route in and around Bel Air is now the Ma and Pa walking trail, which cuts through various wooded sections of town in and around Heavenly Waters Park. Bel Airs primary law enforcement agency is the Bel Air Police Department which was established in 1874 and its headquarters is located at 39 N. Overseeing the department is Charles Moore, lifelong Harford County resident, as of the census of 2010, there were 10,120 people,4,491 households, and 2,568 families residing in the town. The population density was 3,453.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 4,744 housing units at an average density of 1,619.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 89. 8% White,4. 4% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 8% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 7% from other races, and 2. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 3% of the population,36. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the family size was 2.89. The median age in the town was 40.3 years. 20. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 1% were from 25 to 44,26. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47. 8% male and 52. 2% female, the census of 2000 reports that there were 10,080 people,4,235 households, and 2,511 families residing in the town. The population density was 3,583.7 people per square mile, there were 4,444 housing units at an average density of 1,580.0 per square mile
7.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
8.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
9.
Whig Party (United States)
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
10.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
11.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
12.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
13.
St. Mary's Seminary and University
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Founded in 1791 as a Catholic seminary under the leadership of newly ordained first Bishop John Carroll, after he returned to America from his consecration in England that year. A former large tavern was secured just northwest outside of the growing Baltimore Town on the Hookstown Road, within a decade, the Seminary was moved south to North Paca Street at the developed northwest edge of the newly incorporated city. The seminary was founded by the French Sulpician Fathers, and continued to be operated by that Community after 1852, designed in 1806 by J. Maximilian M. Godefroys original chapel stands adjacent to the now historical shrine of the Mother Seton House, used by Elizabeth Ann Seton. The old Godefroy Chapel is now used as part of the seminarys Spiritual Center, the influence of the St. Marys Seminary increased in the late 19th Century under the leadership of Alphonse Magnien, who served as superior of the school from 1878 to 1902. The lawn was used as a pad for leaving to the local airport following the several days of the 1995 Baltimore visit by Pope John Paul II. In 1974, the name was changed to St. Marys Seminary and University to reflect its expanded departments. Father Robert F. Leavitt retired as long-time president/rector in spring 2007, the Seminarys alumni have gone on to reach bishops positions and form leading teaching roles in various theological seminaries of the Church in many cities and towns of the United States. The Knott Library at St. Marys Seminary and University houses the papers of Fr. Raymond E. Brown S. S. an eminent Johannine scholar, Dr. Brent Laytham, formerly of North Park University, is the E. I. s dean, succeeding Dr. Michael J. Gorman. Gorman remains on the faculty as the inaugural Raymond E. Brown Professor of Biblical Studies, in May 2012, N. T. Wright was the keynote speaker for the graduating class at the E. I. and was himself awarded an honorary degree. William O. Brady, Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, in St. Paul, writer/Author about early California province, republic and state history plus legal practices, law and precedents
14.
Thomas Pratt (Maryland politician)
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Thomas George Pratt was a lawyer and politician from Annapolis, Maryland. He was the 27th Governor of Maryland from 1845 to 1848, Pratt was born in Georgetown, Maryland, completed preparatory studies, and attended Georgetown University. He is believed to have attended the College of New Jersey at some point and he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Upper Marlboro, Maryland in 1823. Pratt married and had five children with Adeline MacKubin Kent, daughter of Maryland governor Joseph Kent, Pratt served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1832 to 1835, and as a presidential elector on the Whig ticket for William Henry Harrison in 1836. He was appointed president of the Governors Council in 1836, serving until the position was abolished the following year, Pratt was elected a member of the Maryland State Senate, the first directly-elected senator from Prince Georges County, Maryland, and served from 1838 to 1843. In 1844, Pratt was nominated as a candidate for governor representing the Whig party and he campaigned with the promise of resolving the serious state debt, and defeated his opponent, James Carroll, by a margin of a mere 548 votes. Pratt immediately announced several long-term objectives, namely the immediate payment of the debt of the state. The most serious problems of Pratts administration came with relations to the neighbor state of Pennsylvania. It was during this time that Pratt began to move away from the Whig party, in terms of transportation, Pratt favored the extension of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad into Ohio, rather than supporting canals. Pratts term as governor expired in 1848, and he returned to practicing law in Annapolis. He was reelected in 1851 and served from January 12,1850, as senator, Pratt supported Democrat James Buchanan in the 1856 presidential election, following the dissolution of the Whig party. When the American Civil War began, Pratt was eyed suspiciously by Maryland authorities, as he was staunchly pro-slavery, but mostly pro-South, in 1863, Pratt tried to vote in the November election. He was not allowed to vote because he would not take a loyalty oath, Pratt and his secretary Col. Nicholson were arrested because of the refusal on November 21,1863. He was imprisoned at Fort Monroe, but was later released and he moved to Baltimore, Maryland in 1864, resuming the practice of law. The same year, Pratt served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention, in 1866, he attended the National Union Convention in Philadelphia. Pratt was one of the attorneys for Jefferson Davis during his trial at Fortress Monroe and he was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1867, and died in Baltimore in 1869. He is interred in St. Anne’s Cemetery of Annapolis, the Governors of Maryland 1777-1970, 129-133. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, jean H. Baker, Ambivalent Americans, The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins
15.
Peace Conference of 1861
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The Peace Conference of 1861 was a meeting of 131 leading United States politicians in February 1861, at the Willards Hotel in Washington, D. C. on the eve of the American Civil War. The success of President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party in the elections of 1860 led to a flurry of political activity. In much of the South, elections were held to select delegates to special conventions empowered to consider secession from the Union. In Congress, efforts were made in both the House of Representatives and the Senate to reach compromise over the issues relating to slavery that were dividing the nation, the conference was the final effort by the individual states to resolve the crisis. In December 1860 the final session of the Thirty-sixth Congress met, in the House, the Committee of Thirty-Three, led by Ohio Republican Thomas Corwin, was formed in order to reach a compromise to preserve the Union. In the Senate, former Kentucky Whig John J. Crittenden, elected as a Unionist candidate, hopes were high, especially in the Border States, that the lame duck Congress could reach a successful resolution before the new Republican administration took office. Crittendens proposals were debated by a specially selected Committee of Thirteen, Lincoln made known his objections, and the Compromise was rejected by the committee on December 22 by a vote of 7–6. Crittenden later brought the issue to the floor of the Senate as a proposal to have his compromise made subject to a national referendum, a version of their work was rejected by the House on January 7. This latter proposal would result in a de facto extension of the Missouri Compromise line for all existing territories below the line, a fourth avenue towards compromise came from the state of Virginia. Later Tyler was a delegate to the Virginia convention called to consider whether or not to follow the deep South states out of the Union. Thomas Corwin agreed to hold off any final vote on his House plan pending the final actions of the Peace Conference, no delegates were sent by the Deep South states, or by Arkansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, and Oregon. Fourteen free states and seven states were represented. Many of the came in the belief that they could be successful. Because many of the 131 delegates qualified as senior statesmen, the meeting was frequently referred to derisively as the Old Gentlemans Convention, on February 6 a separate committee charged with drafting a proposal for the entire convention to consider was formed. The committee consisted of one representative from state and was headed by James Guthrie. The entire convention met for three weeks, and its product was a proposed seven point constitutional amendment that differed little from the Crittenden Compromise. The key issue, slavery in the territories, was addressed simply by extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific coast with no provision for newly acquired territory and this section barely passed by a 9–8 vote of the states. Key sections of this amendment could only be amended with the concurrence of all of the states
16.
National Union Party (United States)
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The National Union Party was the name used by the Republican Party for the national ticket in the 1864 presidential election, held during the Civil War. State Republican parties, for the most part, did not change their name, the temporary name was used to attract War Democrats and Border State Unionists who would not vote for the Republican Party. The party nominated incumbent President Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Andrew Johnson, the National Union Party was created in 1864 prior to the end of the Civil War. A faction of anti-Lincoln Radical Republicans held the belief that Lincoln was incompetent, a number of Radical Republicans formed a party called the Radical Democracy Party, and a few hundred delegates in Cleveland starting on May 31,1864, eventually nominating John C. Frémont, who had also been the Republicans first presidential standard-bearer during the 1856 U. S. presidential election and this is the main reason why War Democrat Andrew Johnson was selected to be the Vice Presidential nominee, then-current Vice President Hannibal Hamlin was not nominated. The National Unionists supporting the Lincoln-Johnson ticket also hoped that the new party would stress the national character of the war. But as an Abolition party, as a Republican party, as a Whig party, as a Democratic party, as an American party, I will not follow you one foot. I am not insensible at all to the personal compliment there is in this, yet I do not allow myself to believe that any, Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The complexion of the war changed as the election approached, Confederate Commander Robert E. Lees last victory in battle occurred June 3,1864, at Cold Harbor. Union General Ulysses S. Grants aggressive tactics trapped Lee in the trenches defending Richmond, admiral David Farragut successfully shut down Mobile Bay as a Confederate resource in the Battle of Mobile Bay, August 3–23,1864. Most decisive of all, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman captured Atlanta on September 1,1864, Frémont and his fellow Republicans hated their former ally U. S. Frémont, aware that his candidacy could result in victory for the Democrats, on September 22,1864, Frémont dropped out of the race. On September 23, Lincoln asked for, and received, Blairs resignation, the National Union ticket went on to win handily in the election of 1864, defeating the Democratic ticket of General George B. McClellan, whom Lincoln had previously relieved of his command, in the 1864 Congressional Elections, the party won 42 Senate seats, and 149 seats in the House of Representatives. These candidates ran under various party names, including National Union, Republican and Unconditional Union, upon Lincolns death in 1865, Andrew Johnson became the only other National Union President. After the bitter break with the Republicans in Congress over Reconstruction policies, Johnson used federal patronage to build up a party of loyalists, Johnsons friends sponsored the 1866 National Union Convention in August 1866 in Philadelphia as part of his attempt at maintaining a coalition of supporters. The convention sought to bring together moderate and conservative Republicans and defecting Democrats and forge a coalition behind President Andrew Johnson. In the fall of 1866 Johnson embarked upon a tour before the 1866 Congressional elections to attempt to garner support for his policies
17.
War Governors' Conference
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The Loyal War Governors Conference was an important political event of the American Civil War. It was held at the Logan House Hotel in Altoona, Pennsylvania on September 24 and 25,1862, thirteen governors of Union states came together to discuss the war effort, state troop quotas, and the ultimate support of President Abraham Lincoln and his Emancipation Proclamation. The leaders also suggested the removal of General George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, the meeting was established and hosted by Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin, who was a staunch defender of the war effort and Lincoln Administration policies. Ultimately, the event provided Lincoln much-needed support from the Northern states, in the late summer of 1862, the war effort was going poorly for the United States and President Abraham Lincoln. If he issued the proclamation prematurely, it would appear as a last cry for help to both the country and the world, Lincoln needed a military victory so that he could announce the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. From the infamy of ruining his country, Altoona, Pennsylvania would be that point of location for the meeting. The Battle of Antietam on September 17,1862 allowed Lincoln to claim the victory he so desperately needed and this key event would be a main topic among the governors. The state executives began to arrive at the Logan House Hotel in Altoona on September 23, in fact, during the Gettysburg Campaign, the city was strongly considered by Confederate General Robert E. Lee as a potential target should his forces have gotten that far. As more governors and delegates arrived, crowds of local onlookers, even General John Alexander McClernand and staff, who were passing through Altoona, decided to observe the spectacle. Also in attendance was a reporter from the New York Herald, the day before the meeting was to begin, the governors who had arrived so far took a sight-seeing trip to the famous Horseshoe Curve, compliments of John Edgar Thomson and the Pennsylvania Railroad. The meeting began the next morning, at that point, eleven governors, one representative, and a number of aides were in attendance. After an initial welcome by Governor Curtin, the group went right to business and these included ways they could support the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and how their individual states could aid the war effort. One of the topics of discussion concerned General George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, Governor John Andrew of Massachusetts took to the floor and openly began to criticize General McClellans ability as a leader. Governor David Tod of Ohio stated that he could not understand why some would want to remove McClellan, the debate continued until 12,30 a. m. until the topic was exhausted. Despite the many heated debates that took place during the meeting, bradfords disapproval is most likely a result of Maryland still being a slave state. In the morning, Governor Austin Blair of Michigan arrived late but joined the fellow delegates in going to Washington, with Blairs name, a total of twelve signatures were included on the address to be presented to the president. No official minutes of the meeting were kept for security reasons, perhaps because of this, the event is often overlooked by historians
18.
Altoona, Pennsylvania
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Altoona is a city in south central Pennsylvania Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the city of the Altoona Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 46,320 at the time of the 2010 Census and this includes the adjacent boroughs of Hollidaysburg and Duncansville, adjacent townships of Logan, Allegheny, Blair, Frankstown, Antis, and Tyrone, as well as nearby boroughs of Bellwood and Newry. Having grown around the industry, the city is currently working to recover from industrial decline. The city is home to the Altoona Curve baseball team of the Double A Eastern League and it also houses the 75-plus-year-old Altoona Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Teresa Cheung. As a major town, Altoona was founded by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1849 as the site for a shop. Altoona was incorporated as a borough on February 6,1854, and as a city under legislation approved on April 3,1867, one explanation of the citys name is that the word Altoona is a derivative of the Latin word altus, meaning high. This explanation is contradicted by Pennsylvania Place Names, although Altoona, in Blair Country, is popularly known as the Mountain City, its name has no direct or indirect etymological relation to the Latin adjective altus, signifying elevated, lofty. Two very different explanations of the origin of name are current. He was then the oldest continuous resident of the city and he was much respected, and had long been one of the private pensioners of Andrew Carnegie. The etymological derivation of the name Altona is not known with certainty, the town grew rapidly in the late 19th century, its population approximately 2,000 in 1854,10,000 in 1870, and 20,000 in 1880. The demand for locomotives during the Civil War stimulated much of this growth, Altoona was also the site of the first Interstate Commission meeting to create and design the Gettysburg National Cemetery following the devastating Battle of Gettysburg. The centrality and convenience of the rail transportation brought these two important gatherings to the city during the war. Horseshoe Curve, a section of track built by the PRR, has become a tourist attraction. The curve was used to trains to a sufficient elevation to cross the Allegheny Ridge to the west. The PRR built many of its own locomotives at the Works, some 7,873 in all, PRR had significant influence on the city, creating the citys fire departments and relocating the hospital to a site nearer to the shops gates. Today, the department employs 65 personnel and is the largest career department between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. PRR sponsored a city band and constructed Cricket Field, in 1853, the PRR built the Mechanics Library, the first industrial library in the nation which exists today as the Altoona Area Public Library
19.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
20.
Bradley T. Johnson
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Bradley Tyler Johnson was an American lawyer, soldier, and writer. His home state of Maryland remained in the Union during the American Civil War by military force, Johnson served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army, leading efforts to raise a Maryland Line in the CSA, and rising to command the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA. Johnson was born in Frederick City, Maryland, a son of Charles Worthington Johnson and he graduated from Princeton in 1849, read law with William Ross of Frederick, and finished his legal degree at Harvard. He was admitted to the bar in 1851, on June 23,1851, he married Jane Claudia Saunders of North Carolina. Their son, Bradley Saunders Johnson was born on February 14,1856, by early May 1861 around 500 Marylanders had begun to assemble at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, under Johnsons command, forming 8 companies of Maryland infantry. Johnson preferred not to join the newly forming Virginia regiments, arguing that Marylanders should fight under their own flag. On May 17,1862 the initial 12-month term of duty of C Company, 1st Maryland Regiment, expired, Johnson reluctantly agreed with the men, but he could not disband the entire regiment in mid-campaign, and discontent began to spread. By May 22, on the eve of the Battle of Front Royal, steuart and Johnson argued with the men to no avail, though news of the rebellion was kept secret from General Jackson. When given orders to engage the enemy, Johnson addressed his soldiers, You have heard the order, I will have to return it with the endorsement upon the back that the First Maryland refuses to meet the enemy, despite being given orders by General Jackson. Before this day I was proud to call myself a Marylander, Marylanders you call yourselves - profane not that hallowed name again, for it is not yours. What Marylander ever before threw down his arms and deserted his colors in the presence of the enemy, and those arms, never before has one single blot defaced her honored history. Could it be possible to conceive a more atrocious, an outrage more damnable. Go home and publish to the world your infamy, boast of it when you meet your fathers and mothers, brothers, sisters and sweethearts. Tell them it was you who, when brought face to face with the enemy, proved yourselves recreants and this is the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B, mcClellan, away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula. Johnson was advanced to the rank of general of cavalry in 1864. As commander of the post at Salisbury, N. C. he used his influence to lessen the suffering among the prisoners of war, after the war, Johnson practiced law in Richmond until 1879, when he moved to Baltimore. After the death of his wife, he moved to Amelia, Virginia, where he died, reports of Chases Decisions on the Fourth Circuit Memoir of Joseph E. C
21.
David Hunter
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David Hunter was a Union general during the American Civil War. S. Hunter was born in Troy, New York, or Princeton and he was the cousin of writer-illustrator David Hunter Strother and his maternal grandfather was Richard Stockton, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. He graduated from the United States Military Academy, in 1822, records of his military service prior to the Civil War contain significant gaps. From 1828 to 1831, he was stationed on the northwest frontier, at Fort Dearborn, where he met and married Maria Kinzie and he served in the infantry for 11 years, and was appointed captain of the 1st U. S. Dragoons in 1833. He resigned from the Army in July 1836 and moved to Illinois and he rejoined the Army in November 1841 as a paymaster and was promoted to major in March 1842. One source claims that he saw action in the Second Seminole War, in 1860, Hunter was stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and he began a correspondence with Abraham Lincoln, focusing on Hunters strong anti-slavery views. This relationship had long-lasting political effects, the first of which was an invitation to ride on Lincolns inaugural train from Springfield, Illinois, to Washington, during this duty, Hunter suffered a dislocated collarbone at Buffalo, due to a crowd pressing the president-elect. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, Hunter was promoted to colonel of the 6th U. S and he was wounded in the neck and cheek while commanding a division under Irvin McDowell at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861. In August, he was promoted to general of volunteers. He served as a commander in the Western Army under Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont, and was appointed as commander of the Western Department on November 2,1861 and that winter, Hunter was transferred to command the Department of Kansas and, in March 1862, was transferred again to command the Department of the South and the X Corps. Hunter served as the president of the court-martial of Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter and he also served briefly as the Assistant Inspector General of the Department of the Gulf. Hunter was an advocate of arming black men as soldiers for the Union cause. Confederate President Jefferson Davis issued orders to the Confederate army that Hunter was to be considered a felon to be executed if captured and this action incensed border state slave holders, and Kentucky Representative Charles A. Wickliffe sponsored a resolution demanding a response. Congress approved the Confiscation Act of 1862, which freed all slaves working within the armed forces by forbidding Union soldiers to aid in the return of fugitive slaves. In 1863, Hunter wrote a letter to Confederate leader Jefferson Davis protesting against the Confederate armys brutal mistreatment of captured black U. S. soldiers. Sigel did a job, losing immediately at the Battle of New Market to a force that included cadets from the Virginia Military Institute. Hunter replaced Sigel in command of the Army of the Shenandoah, Lee was concerned enough about Hunter that he dispatched a corps under Lt. Gen. Jubal A
22.
John Letcher
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John Letcher was an American lawyer, journalist, and politician. He served as a Representative in the United States Congress, was the 34th Governor of Virginia during the American Civil War and he was also active on the Board of Visitors of Virginia Military Institute. John Letcher was born in the town of Lexington in Rockbridge County and he attended private rural schools and Randolph-Macon College in Boydton, Virginia. In 1833, he was graduated from Washington Academy in Lexington and he studied law, was admitted to the Virginia State Bar, and opened a practice in Lexington in 1839. Letcher was editor of the Valley Star newspaper from 1840 to 1850 and he was active in the presidential campaigns of 1840,1844, and 1848, serving as Democratic elector in 1848. He was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850 and he was elected as a Democratic candidate and served as a Representative in the United States Congress from 1851 to 1859. In Congress, he was known as Honest John because of his opposition to government extravagance, John Letcher was elected as Governor of Virginia in 1859, defeating Whig candidate William L. Goggin, and served from 1860–1864. Letcher was prominent in the organization of the convention that met in Washington. February 8,1861, in an effort to devise means to prevent the impending American Civil War and he discouraged secession, but was active in sustaining the ordinance passed by Virginia on April 17,1861. Governor Letcher appointed Robert E. Lee, who had just resigned as a colonel in the U. S. Army, as commander in chief of Virginia’s army, colonel John Brown Baldwin defeated Letcher in May 1863 for a seat in the Second Confederate Congress. In 1864, his home in Lexington was burned by Union troops during General David Hunters raid, after the Civil War, Letcher resumed the practice of law in Lexington. He was elected as a member of the House of Delegates in the Virginia General Assembly 1875–1877 and he was a member of the Board of Visitors of the Virginia Military Institute 1866–1880 and served as president of the Board for ten years. He died on January 26,1884 at the age of 70,1859 – Letcher was elected Governor of Virginia, defeating American William Leftwich Goggin. Letchers son, John Davidson Letcher, was a professor at Oregon State University, John Letcher of Virginia, The Story of Virginia’s Civil War Governor. The Civil War Day by Day, An Almanac, 1861–1865
23.
Samuel Green (freedman)
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Samuel Green was an African-American slave, freedman, and minister of religion, who was jailed in 1857 for possessing a copy of the anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. He was born in East New Market, Maryland, to an enslaved mother and his father may have been enslaved. The identity of both parents remains unknown and he labored for his enslaver, Henry Nichols, until Nicholss death in 1832. A provision in Nicholss will enabled Green to buy his freedom, Samuel then worked as a farmer and as a minister or exhorter in the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Dorchester County, Maryland. He was able to buy the freedom of his wife Catherine in 1842 from her enslaver, Sam and Kittys two children, Sam Jr. and Susan, were subsequently sold by Richardson to Dr. James Muse in 1847, taking them out of Sam and Kittys household. Reverend Samuel Greens reputation grew in stature in both the African American and white community of Dorchester County, in 1852, he served as a delegate to the Convention of the Free Colored People of Maryland in Baltimore, where he resisted efforts to encourage emigration to Africa. In October 1855 he attended the National Convention of the Colored People of the United States, held at Franklin Hall in Philadelphia, as a delegate from Maryland. In August 1854, Sam Green’s son, Sam Jr. a skilled blacksmith, ran away from Dr. Muse after learning that he might be sold. From there, he was sent along swiftly to Chipaway, Ontario, Canada, just across the U. S. border near Niagara Falls, where he joined other Eastern Shore runaways living relatively free lives. Sam Green Sr. is known to have helped Harriet Tubman and other slaves from the region. Once settled in Chipaway, Sam, Jr. wrote to his parents, telling them news of his journey to freedom, which included “plenty of friends, plenty to eat. Jackson soon fled North with Tubman and her brothers in December 1854, tragically, Sam Jr. ’s sister Sarah was unable to flee, as the mother of two young children, Sarah may have been unwilling or unable to run away with her brother. Muse, angry over the escape of Sam Jr. and suspicious that Sarah might run off as well, sold her to a Missouri family, cruelly separating her from her family forever. When the Dorchester County sheriff searched Greens house, he found the letters from Samuel Jr. naming Jackson and Bailey, raising further suspicions, Green had recently returned from a trip to Canada to visit with his fugitive son. Authorities also discovered a Canadian map, various schedules. He was acquitted on the charge, but convicted on the first. The case caused a deal of concern, with abolitionists calling for Green to be released. John Dixon Long wrote in 1857, Dorchester County is almost exclusively a Methodist County, if the members of the M. E
24.
Abolitionism in the United States
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Abolitionism in the United States was the movement before and during the American Civil War to end slavery in the United States. In the Americas and western Europe, abolitionism was a movement to end the Atlantic slave trade, in the 17th century, English Quakers and Evangelicals condemned slavery as un-Christian. At that time, most slaves were Africans, but thousands of Native Americans were also enslaved, in the 18th century, as many as six million Africans were transported to the Americas as slaves, at least a third of them on British ships to North America. Abolition was part of the message of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s in the Thirteen Colonies, in the same period, rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment criticized slavery for violating human rights. A member of the British Parliament, James Edward Oglethorpe, was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery, founder of the Province of Georgia, Oglethorpe banned slavery on humanistic grounds. He argued against it in Parliament and eventually encouraged his friends Granville Sharp, soon after his death in 1785, Sharp and More joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect. Although anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, colonies and emerging nations, notably in the southern United States, continued to use and uphold traditions of slavery. Massachusetts ratified a constitution that declared all men equal, freedom suits challenging slavery based on this principle brought an end to slavery in the state, in other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans. During the ensuing decades, the abolitionist movement grew in Northern states, britain banned the importation of African slaves in its colonies in 1807 and abolished slavery in the British Empire in 1833. The United States criminalized the international trade in 1808 and made slavery unconstitutional in 1865 as a result of the American Civil War. Historian James M. McPherson defines an abolitionist as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional and total abolition of slavery in the United States. He does not include antislavery activists such as Abraham Lincoln, U. S. President during the Civil War, or the Republican Party, the first Americans who made a public protest against slavery were the Mennonites of Germantown, Pennsylvania. Soon after, in April 1688, Quakers in the town wrote a two-page condemnation of the practice and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church. The Quaker establishment never took action, the Quaker Quarterly Meeting of Chester, Pennsylvania, made its first protest in 1711. Within a few decades the entire slave trade was under attack, being opposed by leaders as William Burling, Benjamin Lay, Ralph Sandiford, William Southby. Slavery was banned in the Province of Georgia soon after its founding in 1733, the colonys founder, James Edward Oglethorpe, fended off repeated attempts by South Carolina merchants and land speculators to introduce slavery to the colony. In 1739, he wrote to the Georgia Trustees urging them to hold firm, If we allow slaves we act against the principles by which we associated together. Whereas, now we should occasion the misery of thousands in Africa, by setting men upon using arts to buy, the struggle between Georgia and South Carolina led to the first debates in Parliament over the issue of slavery, occurring between 1740 and 1742
25.
Andrew Johnson
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Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, the new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote, Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several towns before settling in Greeneville. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835, after brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857, in his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. As Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the Confederate States of America and he was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his states secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. When Johnson was sworn in as president in March 1865, he gave a rambling speech. Six weeks later, the assassination of Lincoln made him president, Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction – a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency, Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, Johnson went on a national tour promoting his executive policies. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnsons ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political vindication, Johnson is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history. While some admire his strict constitutionalism, his opposition to federally guaranteed rights for African Americans is widely criticized
26.
Horace Greeley
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Horace Greeley was founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time. Greeley was born to a family in Amherst, New Hampshire. He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune and he wrote for or edited several publications and involved himself in Whig Party politics, taking a significant part in William Henry Harrisons successful 1840 presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune, which became the newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the American West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed. He popularized the phrase Go West, young man, and grow up with the country, Greeleys alliance with William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed led to him serving three months in the House of Representatives, where he angered many by investigating Congress in his newspaper. In 1854, he helped found and may have named the Republican Party, Republican newspapers across the nation regularly reprinted his editorials. During the Civil War, he mostly supported Lincoln, though urging him to commit to the end of slavery before the President was willing to do so, after Lincolns assassination, he supported the Radical Republicans in opposition to President Andrew Johnson. He broke with Republican president Ulysses Grant because of corruption and Greeleys sense that Reconstruction policies were no longer needed, Greeley was the new Liberal Republican Partys candidate in the 1872 U. S. presidential election. He lost in a landslide, despite having the support of the Democratic Party. He was devastated by the death of his wife, who died five days before the election, Horace Greeley was born on February 3,1811, on a farm about five miles from Amherst, New Hampshire. He could not breathe for the first twenty minutes of his life and he was of English descent, and his forebears included early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Greeley was the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary Greeley, Zaccheus was not successful, and moved his family several times, as far west as Pennsylvania. Horace attended the schools, and was a brilliant student. Seeing the boys intelligence, some neighbors offered to pay Horaces way at Phillips Exeter Academy, in 1820, Zaccheuss financial reverses caused him to flee New Hampshire with his family lest he be imprisoned for debt, and settle in Vermont. Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, in 1822, Horace ran away from home to become a printers apprentice, but was told he was too young. In 1826, at age 15, he was made an apprentice to Amos Bliss, editor of the Northern Spectator. There, he learned the mechanics of a job, and acquired a reputation as the town encyclopedia
27.
Green Mount Cemetery
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Green Mount Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It retained the name Green Mount when the land was purchased from the heirs of Baltimore merchant Robert Oliver, Green Mount is a treasury of precious works of art, including striking works by major sculptors including William H. Rinehart and Hans Schuler. The cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, guided tours are available at various times of the year. A Baltimore City Landmark plaque at the entrance reads, Green Mount Cemetery was dedicated in 1839 on the site of the country estate of Robert Oliver. In addition to John Wilkes Booth, two other conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln are buried here, Samuel Arnold and Michael OLaughlen. It is common for visitors to the cemetery to leave pennies on the graves of the three men, the one-cent coin features the likeness of the president they successfully sought to murder. The 1965 agreement allowed for the former King Edward VIII and wife, arunah Abell, journalist, newspaper publisher, founder of the Philadelphia Public Ledger and Baltimore Sun newspapers. James Monroe Bankhead, U. S. Army General that served in the War of 1812, Second Seminole War, Daniel Moreau Barringer, a United States Congressman and diplomat. Aubrey Bodine, photographer Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte, Baltimore-born wife of Napoleons brother, napoleon refused to recognize the marriage. When Jérôme returned to France in 1805, his wife was forbidden to debark and went to England, napoleon issued a state decree of annulment for his brother in 1806, and Elizabeth Patterson returned to Baltimore with her son. Asia Frigga Clarke, author and sister of John Wilkes Booth, John Wilkes Booth, assassin of President Abraham Lincoln. Junius Brutus Booth, noted English actor, the foremost tragedian of the early-to-mid 19th century, mary Ann Holmes Booth, wife of Junius Brutus Booth and mother of John Wilkes Booth. Jesse D. Bright, United States Senator from Indiana, James M. Buchanan, Judge and United States Ambassador to Denmark. James Buck, an American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient, John Archibald Campbell, was a United States Supreme Court Justice. Congressman for Marylands 3rd District, 1863–1865, William Daniel, state legislator and Prohibition Party vice presidential candidate, 1884/ Allen Welsh Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency and a member of the Warren Commission. Arnold Elzey, Confederate Civil War general from Maryland, George F. Emmons, Rear Admiral, United States Navy. George Hyde Fallon, U. S. Congressman, 4th District of Maryland Robert G. Harper and he left substantial bequests in his will to found the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital. Reverdy Johnson, statesman, United States Senator and United States Attorney General, joseph Eggleston Johnston, military officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War
28.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
29.
Province of Maryland
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Its first settlement and capital was St. Marys City, in the southern end of St. Marys County, which is a peninsula in the Chesapeake Bay and is also bordered by four tidal rivers. The province began as a colony of the English Lord Baltimore. In 1689, the following the Glorious Revolution, John Coode led a rebellion that removed Lord Baltimore from power in Maryland. Power in the colony was restored to the Baltimore family in 1715 when Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, insisted in public that he was a Protestant. Despite early competition with the colony of Virginia to its south, and the Dutch colony of New Netherland to its north, Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province. By 1776 the old order had been overthrown, as Maryland citizens signed the Declaration of Independence, the Catholic George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, former Secretary of State to His Majesty, King Charles I, wished to create a haven for English Catholics in the New World. Upon Baltimores death in 1632 the grant was transferred to his eldest son Cecil, on June 20,1632 Charles I of England granted the original charter for Maryland, a proprietary colony of about twelve million acres, to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Some historians view this grant as a form of compensation for Calverts fathers having been stripped of his title of Secretary of State upon announcing his Roman Catholicism in 1625. The charter offered no guidelines on religion, although it was assumed that Catholics would not be molested in the new colony. The charter had originally granted to Calverts father, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. Whatever the reason for granting the colony specifically to Baltimore, however, the colony of New Netherland begun by Englands great imperial rival in this era, the United Provinces specifically claimed the Delaware River valley and was vague about its border with Virginia. Charles rejected all the Dutch claims on the Atlantic seaboard, but was anxious to bolster English claims by formally occupying the territory, the new colony was named after the devoutly Catholic Henrietta Maria of France, the Queen Consort. Colonial Maryland was considerably larger than the state of Maryland. The original charter granted the Calverts an imprecisely defined territory north of Virginia and south of the 40th parallel, like other aristocratic proprietors, he also hoped to turn a profit on the new colony. The Calvert family recruited Catholic aristocrats and Protestant settlers for Maryland, luring them with land grants. To try to gain settlers, Maryland used what is known as the headright system, settlers were given 50 acres of land for each person they brought into the colony, whether as settler, indentured servant or slave. Of the 200 or so initial settlers who traveled to Maryland on the ships Ark and Dove, Clements Island, off the northern shore of the Potomac River, upstream from its confluence with the Chesapeake Bay and Point Lookout. The new settlers were led by Lord Baltimores younger brother Leonard Calvert and he knew of white men from communication with native tribes to the South and West in Virginia and he was eager to gain technology, such as guns and gunpowder, from the Maryland settlers
30.
Leonard Calvert
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Leonard Calvert was the First Proprietary Governor of Maryland. He was the son of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. His elder brother Cecil, who inherited the colony and the title upon the death of their father George, April 15,1632, Leonard was named after his grandfather, the father of George who was also Leonard Calvert of Yorkshire. In 1628 Leonard accompanied his father, to the new colony of Newfoundland, the colony ultimately failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French and the family returned to England. In 1632, he returned to England where he negotiated an additional patent for the colony of Maryland from King Charles I of England, however, before the papers could be executed, George died on the 15th of April,1632. On June 20,1632, Cecil, the second Lord Baltimore executed the charter for the colony of Maryland that his father had negotiated, Leonard Calvert was appointed the colonys first Governor. Two days later, on the 27th March, they returned further south down-river near the point where the Potomac meets the Bay at what is now St, in 1638, Calvert seized a trading post at Kent Island established by the Virginian William Claiborne. In 1643 Governor Calvert went to England to discuss policies with his brother Cecil, Calvert returned to Maryland in 1644 with his new wife and children. That same year, Claiborne returned and led an uprising of Maryland Protestants against the Catholic Proprietor, Calvert was soon forced to flee southward to Virginia. He returned at the head of a force in 1646. Leonard Calvert died of an illness in the summer of 1647, before he died, he wrote a will naming Margaret Brent, as the executor of his estate. Calvert also named his friend and fellow passenger aboard the Ark, in 1890, the State of Maryland erected an obelisk monument to him and his wife at Historic St. Marys City which had a historical district created to commemorate the colonial origins of the colony. The location of Leonard Calverts grave has been lost to history, archeologists based in the Historic St. Marys City research complex believe that Leonard Calvert is buried somewhere in St. Inigoes, Maryland. The most likely spot has been narrowed down to somewhere on Webster Field, several archeological digs have been conducted but the grave has yet to be discovered. Members of the Calvert family in the settlement were known to be buried in lead coffins and it is not known if this is how Leonard Calvert was buried. His death, due to disease, happened suddenly and unexpectedly after a period of warfare had wracked the colony. List of colonial governors of Maryland Dictionary of American Biography Base Set, American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Calvert Family Tree Images of Leonard Calvert on the State of Maryland online archives
31.
Thomas Greene (governor)
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Thomas Greene of Bobbing, Kent, 2nd Proprietary Governor of Maryland was an early settler of the Maryland colony and second Provincial Governor of the colony from 1647 to 1648. He was the son of Sir Thomas Greene and Lady Margaret Webb and his father was created Knight Bachelor of the Realm by James I in 1622 at Windsor Castle. Thomas came over from England on the Ark and Dove expedition in 1634, Greene was among the earliest settlers of the colony after its founding in 1634 as a haven of religious tolerance for English Catholics among other groups. He was already prominent in the politics of the colony by 1637 or 1638, Greene and others voted against some of these measures, but despite pressure from Cornwaleys and the Jesuits accepted the laws once they were passed. In 1647, Greene was appointed to the governorship by the colonys first governor, Leonard Calvert and he was by this point one of the few early settlers still active in colonial leadership. Some, such as Leonard Calvert, had died and some, among his actions was the payment of arrears to soldiers at St. Inigoes Fort as well as appointment of John Price as the new commander of colonial militia. These were necessary given that the colonial militia had been severely taxed during armed conflict with Virginian William Claiborne. By 1648, Cecilius Calvert replaced him with William Stone, following his removal from office, Greene served as Deputy Governor under Stone. In November 1649, while Stone was in neighboring Virginia, Greene used this position to publicly declare Maryland in support of Prince Charles, the heir to the English throne. Earlier that year, the Princes father, King Charles I, had executed by the mainly Puritan Parliamentarians in the culminating event of the English Civil War. Bennett and Claiborne appointed a Protestant council to oversee the colony, creating confusion as to whether this council of the proprietary governor. The council, among other decisions, rescinded the Maryland Toleration Act which had guaranteed religious freedom in the colony, Stone attempted to regain control of the colony by force, but was defeated in the Battle of the Severn. Governor Thomas Greene was the son of Sir Thomas Greene Of Bobbing Kent and Margaret Webb of Frittenden, Kent, Governor Greenes father, Sir Thomas, was created a Knight Bachelor of the Realm by King James I on 5 September 1622. At Windsor Castle in Berkshire, England, Sir Thomas Greenes father was Sir Robert Green of Bobbing Kent who married Frances Darrel, daughter of Thomas Darrel of Scotney. Sir Robert was the son of Sir Thomas Norton alias Greene and his wife Alice Heveningham, George, by his mother Alice Bruyn, was a first cousin of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Sir Thomas was the child of Sir John Norton of Northwood through whom the family descended. Between 1536 and 1541, Sir Thomas Norton Greene was granted royal favours by Henry VIII, Sir John Norton of Northwoods wife was Joan Northwood, co-heiress with her brother to the estates of John Northwood, Esq. Sir John Nortons father was Sir Reginald Norton of Lees Court in Sheldwich, Kent who married Katherine Dryland of Cooksditch in Faversham, Kent, Sir Reginalds grandfather Sir John Norton married Lucy At-Lese
32.
William Stone (Maryland governor)
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William Maximillian Stone, 3rd Proprietary Governor of Province of Maryland was an early, English settler in Maryland. He was governor of the colony of Maryland from 1649 to 1655, William Maximillian Stone was born in Northamptonshire, England. Stone was supposed to serve the Society of Berkeley Hundreds investors for six years in exchange for 30 acres of land, sometime, prior to 9 February 1629, he received a tobacco bill from Richard Wheeler. By 4 June 1635, William had patented 1,800 acres in Accomack, local court records revealed, that he was the brother of Andrew Stone and Captain John Stone, who had been trading, on the Eastern Shore, since 1626. By 1634, William Stone had become a commissioner of the county court, sometime, prior to February 1636, he married Verlinda Graves, the daughter of Captain Thomas Graves. William went on to become sheriff and vestryman, in 1645 he was residing on the Eastern Shore, in what had become Northampton County. By 1648, he had become the proprietary governor of Maryland. Stone came to America, in 1619, with a group of Puritans, the first Puritan settlement, in Virginia, thrived, but eventually came into conflict with the established Episcopal Church. In 1648, William Stone reached an agreement, with Cecilius Calvert, on August 8,1648, Lord Baltimore named Stone the Governor of his colony. He was the first Protestant Governor, the Assembly sought a confirmation of their religious liberty and in 1649 Governor Stone signed the Religious Toleration Act, which permitted liberty to all Christian denominations. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, the victorious, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. But, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, William Stone was later replaced as Governor by Josias Fendall, and took no further part in public affairs. William Stone wrote his will on 3 Dec 1659, and it was proved in Charles County, Maryland, Verlinda Graves Stone wrote her will, on 3 March 1674-5 and the will was proved, on 13 July 1675, in Charles County. In 1660, the monarchy in England and the government in Maryland were restored. Lord Baltimore granted William Stone as much land as he could ride, by horseback, in a day, Stone concentrated on developing his plantation at Poynton Manor in what is now Charles County, Maryland, where he died in about 1660. Stones great-grandson, David, greatly expanded the value of the estate at Poynton, a great-great-great grandson, Barton W. Stone, was a prominent early leader of the Restoration Movement. List of colonial governors of Maryland Proprietary Governor Province of Maryland English Interregnum English Civil War The Protectorate Battle of the Severn
33.
Josias Fendall
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Lieutenant-General Josias Fendall, Esq. was the 4th Proprietary Governor of Maryland. He was born in England, and came to the Province of Maryland and he was the progenitor of the Fendall family in America. Fendall first attracted attention in 1655, in that year, William Stone, the third proprietary governor of Maryland, was resisting the commissioners of Parliament for the government of that province. Stone commissioned Fendall, to be one of his officers, along with William Eltonhead, Esq. and twenty men, to seize some arms and ammunition at Patuxent, for the governors force. They ransacked an area of about 40 square miles which included the houses of Mr. Richard Preston “The Great Quaker” and John Sutton, the arms and ammunition were gathered for the governor’s force which was planning to attack the Puritan settlers at Providence. The Battle of the Severn, fought on Sunday, March 25,1655, was the first battle fought between American soldiers on American soil. It was the first battle in which bullets were used, bullets that have a hollow point. The battle was the battle in America in which the flag of the Commonwealth of England was flown. The battle was also the first in which the Provincial flag of Maryland was flown, among the Proprietary Forces numbering about 225, there were 17 killed and 32 wounded. Josias was sentenced to death along with Gov. Stone and 10 others, however, only 4 sentences were actually carried out, including that of William Eltonhead, Esq. Capt. William Lewis, John Legatt, and John Pedro, before the remaining men could be executed, the people of Providence came before the War Council and petitioned the execution. They were awarded a hearing in which 3 petitioners in support of over 200 townspeople and they claimed that the men should be spared, and that they should not judge treason. If they did, they would be guilty of the same transgression the government of Virginia had done to them, in addition the prisoners were only following orders handed out by Lord Baltimore. The War Council as a result reversed the sentences and the prisoners were released, the remaining men that were released were Col. John Price, Maj. Job Chandler, Hon. Robert Clarke, Capt. Nicholas Gwither, also on board this ship was William Eltonhead, Esq. who accompanied Fendall on his mission to Patuxent and later was executed following the Battle of the Severn. In addition the letters confirmed “that the Lord Baltimore kept his patent and that his highness and this probably instigated Gov. Stone to put into plan what became the Battle of Severn. Fendalls services were rewarded by a grant of two acres of land and by appointment, July 10,1656, as governor from Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. He was remanded to prison until the affairs of the Province could be settled by Oliver Cromwell, however, Josias became weary of his confinement and was released, September 24, upon taking an oath that he would not interfere with the government
34.
Phillip Calvert (governor)
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Phillip Calvert, also known as Philip Calvert, was the fifth Governor of Maryland during a brief period in 1660 or 1661. He was appointed by the royally chartered proprietor of Maryland, Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, as a caretaker to replace Lt. Gen Josias Fendall, the fifth/sixth. Calvert came to Maryland on the first expedition under first colonial governor Leonard Calvert, younger brother of the second Lord Baltimore Cecilius Calvert, in 1656, he was made secretary of the Province and one of its Councillors. After the treason and overthrow of Governor Fendall, Calvert became governor in 1660, in 1661, Capt. Charles Calvert, illegitimate son of the Proprietor, was made Governor, and Philip was appointed Deputy-Lieutenant and Councillor of the Province. After this, he negotiated a treaty with the Dutch in which they agreed to abandon the territory on the Delaware River. He was son of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, and his second wife, Calvert was married to Anne Wolsely Calvert. Examination of these remains provided scientists and historians with significant insight regarding life in 17th century Maryland, DNA analysis in 2016 showed the male adult and the infant have a father-son relationship, revealing the infant as a child of Phillip Calvert. The baby is assessed to have died three months after his father, in the spring of 1683, judging by the pine. List of colonial governors of Maryland Lord Baltimore penny This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles
35.
Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore
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Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, inherited the colony in 1675 upon the death of his father, Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. He had been his fathers Deputy Governor since 1661 when he arrived in the colony at the age of 24, however, Charles left Maryland for England in 1684 and would never return. Calverts political problems were caused by his Roman Catholic faith which was at odds with the established Church of England. Calvert married four times, outliving three wives, and had at least two children and he died in England in 1715 at the age of 78, his family fortunes much diminished. With his death he passed his title, and his claim to Maryland, to his second son Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore, Charles was born in England on August 27,1637, and witnessed the religious conflicts of the English Civil War. His father Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore was the first Proprietor Governor of Maryland and his mother was Anne Arundell, daughter of the 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour. Anne and Cecil were married in 1627 or 1628, and had nine children, however, only two of Charles siblings survived to adulthood, and Anne herself died in 1649 when the young Charles was just 12 years old. He governed Maryland for forty-two years, though he never visited his colony in person, passed on September 21,1649 by the Assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the first law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies. The Calvert family sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic, religious toleration lasted for approximately 40 years until it was revoked during the Protestant Revolution of 1689. From 1689 until 1776, Maryland was officially Anglican, Charles Calvert sailed to Maryland in 1661 as a young man of 24, becoming the first member of the Calvert family to take personal charge of the colony. He was appointed deputy governor by his father and, when Cecil Calvert died in 1675, Charles inherited Maryland, some time before 1666 He was married to Mary Darnall, daughter of Ralph Darnall, and the first of Calverts four wives. The Darnall family were wealthy Maryland planters, and also Roman Catholics, tragically, Mary did not live long, she died in childbirth sometime before 1667. Charles was not slow to find a new bride, in 1667 he was married a second time, to Jane Lowe, the widow of Colonel Henry Sewall of St. Marys County, Maryland. In late 1667 or early 1668 they had a son, Cecil Calvert, Calverts life as governor was aggravated by growing economic problems. From the 1660s onwards, the price of tobacco, the crop of Maryland and its chief source of export income, began a long slide. In 1666 neighbouring Virginia proposed a stint on tobacco growing, a moratorium that would lower supply. Calvert initially agreed to plan but came to realize that the burden of the stint would fall chiefly upon his poorest subjects. Eventually he vetoed the bill, much to the disgust of the Virginians, by the time Charles Calvert became governor, the population of the province had gradually become overwhelmingly Protestant due to immigration
36.
Jesse Wharton (Maryland)
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Jesse Wharton was the 7th Proprietary Governor of Maryland during a brief period in 1676. He was appointed by the royally chartered proprietor of Maryland, Charles Calvert, following his death, Wharton was briefly succeeded by Cecil Calvert, infant son of Charles Calvert, before the next Governor, Thomas Notley, was appointed. Wharton emigrated to Maryland from the English colony in Barbados in 1670, once in the colony, Wharton married Elizabeth Sewall, the daughter of a politically prominent local settler named Henry Sewall. Wharton became a member of the Governors Council in 1672 and became the Deputy Governor in 1676, with de facto gubernatorial authority, at the time, the nominal Governor of the colony was Cecil Calvert, the infant son of the colonys proprietor. In reality, the Governors Council led by Wharton ruled the colony, whartons appointment passed over four more senior members of the Council, including Philip Calvert. The appointment came at a time for the colony, when threats from both within and outside its settlers loomed. Settlers on the western shore feared an attack from hostile Native Americans, next door in Virginia, Bacons Rebellion threatened the colonial order itself. In the midst of crisis, and only a little more than a month after assuming office. He had only governed the colony from Charles Calverts departure on June 16,1676 until he named Thomas Notley as his successor just prior to his death in July of the same year. Upon his death, he left one son, Henry Wharton. She later remarried a man named William Digges
37.
Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore
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Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore was an English nobleman and politician. He was the son of Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore by Jane Lowe. Benedict Calvert would make attempts to have his familys title to Maryland restored by renouncing Roman Catholicism. In February 1715 Benedict became the 4th Baron Baltimore upon the death of his father, however, before the King could rule on the petition, Baltimore died aged 36, outliving his father by just two months. Shortly afterwards the King restored the title to Maryland to Calverts young son Charles Calvert, Benedict Leonard Calvert served as Governor of Maryland on behalf of his father from 1684 to 1688. Since he was just 5 years old at the time, this appointment was an honorary one, with the real work of governorship being carried out by his deputy. Like his father, Benedict Leonard Calverts Catholicism would cause him political difficulties, unfortunately, Salisburys timing could not have been worse. The King was soon overthrown by the Glorious Revolution of October to December 1688, Benedict Calverts name was entered at Grays Inn in 1690, but again his religion proved an impediment to his career. And he went into exile in St Germain, France, where he would remain for 10 years, Charlotte Fitzroy was the illegitimate daughter of King Charles II. The couple had seven children, all of whom were raised in the Catholic faith, but the union was not a one. In 1711 Calvert petitioned for a divorce from his wife on the grounds of her adultery, but the petition was unsuccessful. Benedict Calvert correctly calculated that the impediment to the restoration of his familys title to Maryland was the question of religion. Accordingly, he converted to Anglicanism in 1713, gambling that this move would win back his familys lost fortune in the New World, such a bold move would however come at a cost. For Calvert, the benefits associated with his new religion came quickly. He was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Harwich from 1714 to 1715, though he was not listed in any division lists, and was not an active member. On 1 August 1714 Queen Anne died, leaving the Calverts with a new king, on 2 February 1715 Calvert reaffirmed his devotion to the Anglican faith and proclaimed his loyalty to the new Protestant king George I. However, before the King could rule on the petition, Baltimore himself died, shortly afterwards, on 15 May 1715, the King restored the title to Maryland to Benedict Leonards son, the fifteen-year-old 5th Baron Baltimore. Calvert married Charlotte Lee, daughter of the 1st Earl of Lichfield and his wife and he and his wife had seven children
38.
William Joseph (governor)
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William Joseph was the 11th Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1688 to 1689. He was appointed by the colonys proprietor Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, the Catholic Calvert family established Maryland as a place where English Catholics, who were a religious minority, could find religious tolerance. However, many of the colonists who arrived in Maryland were Protestant, in 1681, Protestant colonists, especially members of the Anglican Church, began a series of local rebellions against proprietary control by Calvert. Calvert appointed Joseph in the hope that he would be able to stop these rebellions and it is not clear whether Joseph was actually appointed Governor or the head of the colonys Council of Deputy Governors. Legally, the Governor of the colony from 1684 was Calverts young son, however, executive power in the colony was for all practical purposes led by the Council, which included a number of prominent colonists. Despite this, the State of Maryland includes Joseph on their list of proprietary Governors and it would take time for this news to arrive in the colony. Joseph, an Irishman and like Calvert a Catholic, was a supporter of the King. Soon after his arrival, he asked the Assembly to create a holiday on the date of the birth of James IIs heir and he also implemented a number of unpopular reforms at the request of the proprietor. Export of tobacco was limited to high-quality cask tobacco more easily produced by large landholders, in addition, Calvert had ordered that all future tax payments were to be made in specie rather than in tobacco. Protestant settlers began gathering in armed groups, partially fueled by rumors that the Catholics would ally with Native Americans to drive Protestants out of the colony. Joseph attempted one final time to convince the assembly to support the deposed King. Led by Colonel John Coode, an army of 700 Puritans defeated an army led by Colonel Darnall. Darnall later wrote, Wee being in this condition and no hope left of quieting the people thus enraged, to prevent effusion of blood, the victorious Coode and his Puritans set up a new government that outlawed Catholicism, and Darnall was deprived of all his official positions. Joseph and other prominent Catholics fled the colony, possibly taking some of the colonys arms, Joseph was replaced with John Coode, a leader of a group known as the Protestant Associators, who had been a primary instigator of the rebellion. In 1704 an Act was passed to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province, full religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until the American Revolution. List of colonial governors of Maryland
39.
John Coode (Governor of Maryland)
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John Coode best known for leading a rebellion, that overthrew Marylands colonial government in 1689. He participated in four separate uprisings and briefly served as Marylands governor as the 1st Leader of the Protestant Associators, Coode was born in Penryn, Cornwall, Kingdom of England about 1648, to a wealthy Cornish family. He attended Oxford University when he was only 16 years old, Coode and his father had a falling out the year before, as young Coode was said to be behaving sinfully. Coodes father claimed that his son was wearing clothing intended for the weaker sex, in 1668 Coode became an Anglican priest. In 1672, he journeyed to Maryland, Coode served as a minister briefly in the colony, but soon renounced his priesthood in order to marry a wealthy widow, Susannah Slye. Susannah’s father, Thomas Gerrard, was an important figure in the colony and this relationship helped influence Coodes growing disfavor towards the Maryland government. After his marriage to Susannah, Coode became involved in the affairs of the Colony, over the next few years, he was appointed a captain of the militia, a justice in Saint Marys County, and elected to the Maryland Assembly. In 1681, Coode took part in a rebellion against the government and it is not known exactly what role he played in this plot, but after its ensuing failure, he was arrested along with former Maryland governor, Josias Fendall. Coode was later freed on bail, but he was removed from office, charles Calvert described both Fendall and Coode as rank Baconists, comparing both men with the 1676 rebellion which had caused great disruption in neighbouring Virginia. Fendall was banished from Maryland, but Coode escaped punishment, in 1689, Coode planned another rebellion. An increasing number of Protestants had been moving to Maryland and they began to resent the fact that most political offices were held by Catholics or other friends of the Calverts. Coode raised an army against Marylands Catholic leaders, which was helped by a rumor he spread warning that the Catholics had invited the native tribes to come and kill the Protestants. Coodes army of 700 men attacked the house, a symbol of the proprietary governments authority. His army then marched into Saint Marys City and forced the council to power to them. Darnall later wrote, Wee being in this condition and no hope left of quieting the people thus enraged, to prevent effusion of blood, capitulated and surrendered. The victorious Coode and his Puritans set up a new government that outlawed both Catholicism and Anglicanism, and Darnall was deprived of all his official positions. Coode was now in control of the colony, and on August 1,1689 and he remained in power until the new royal governor, Nehemiah Blakiston was appointed on July 27,1691. For a while, Coode participated in the new government, but he became dissatisfied
40.
Lionel Copley
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Sir Lionel Copley was the 1st Royal Governor of Maryland from 1692 through his death in 1693. He was the first official royal governor appointed by the British crown after the colony was removed from the control of the Calvert family during the Glorious Revolution. Copley engaged in a series of struggles with the colonial assembly. Copley arrived in the Maryland colony following a Protestant rebellion that had overthrown the proprietorship of the Catholic Calvert family. The Protestants, who were the majority in the colony, had ejected their leaders after a brief conflict, echoing the Glorious Revolution that had occurred in England in 1688. From the overthrow of the government in 1689 until the arrival of Copley in 1692, Maryland had been governed by leaders of the rebellion. Their rule was somewhat catholic, the courts that met at the time were the county courts. Having felt that their rights were abused by an executive power prior to the rebellion. They appointed their own clerk, a man named John Lewellin, among these were a committee on elections, which would establish that the legislature itself would have control of how its members were elected. Dealing with the assembly was not the only challenge Copley faced, Lawrence and Copley had argued even before their arrival in the colony, and Lawrence sailed on a later ship because of this argument. Before he arrived in September 1692, two men had been doing the work of the Secretary and taking the proceeds that accrued with the work. As Lawrence was attempting to recoup money, Copley made a deal with the assembly to further weaken his opponent. The assemblymen were interested in determining exactly which government officials received how much money, Copley agreed to sign legislation to that effect. Authorized by that legislation, the assembly took some of the fees that had accrued to the Secretary, Lawrence became a rallying point for Marylanders who opposed Copleys rule and that of the Governors council. They supporting him as he continued the struggle in a fight over the appointments of county clerks. Meanwhile, the legislature and Governor continued the work of rebuilding colonial government following the rebellion and they also established the Church of England as the state religion of the colony, and passed laws restricting the practice of other religions. In the midst of these efforts, Copley, like many recent arrivals to the colony, suddenly took sick and died. His enemy Thomas Lawrence took over, one of a series of people who would serve at the helm of the colony before the arrival of the new royally-appointed governor
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Thomas Lawrence (Governor of Maryland)
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Sir Thomas Lawrence was the 2nd Royal Governor of Maryland in 1693, elected by the Governors Council following the death of Sir Lionel Copley. He governed the colony for only a few weeks before the new royally appointed governor, Edmund Andros, arrived from his trans-Atlantic trip to take over control of the colony. He was briefly the 6th Royal Governor of Maryland a second time when Andros then left the colony in 1694 (later also served as governor in the Dominion of New England, Thomas Lawrence was born in 1645 in Chelsea, Middlesex, England. Son of John Lawrence and Mary, he had several sibling, being he the elder of them and he emigrated in 1692 in Province of Maryland, settling in Marys City and Annapolis, while his family probably stayed in England. In 1693 he was President of the Council and acting Royal Governor of Province of Maryland, Lawrence returned to England in 1705/6
42.
Edmund Andros
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Sir Edmund Andros was an English colonial administrator in North America. He was the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence, at other times, Andros served as governor of the provinces of New York, East and West Jersey, Virginia, and Maryland. Before his service in North America, he served as Bailiff of Guernsey and his tenure in New England was authoritarian and turbulent, as his views were decidedly pro-Anglican, a negative quality in a region home to many Puritans. His actions in New England resulted in his overthrow during the 1689 Boston revolt and his actions and governance generally followed the instructions he was given upon appointment to office, and he received approbation from the monarchs and governments that appointed him. Andros was recalled to England from Virginia in 1698, and resumed the title of Bailiff of Guernsey, although he no longer resided entirely on Guernsey, he was appointed lieutenant governor of the island, and served in this position for four years. Andros was born in London on 6 December 1637, amice Andros, his father, was Bailiff of Guernsey and a staunch supporter of Charles I. His mother was Elizabeth Stone, whose sister was a courtier to the kings sister and it is possible that he fled Guernsey with his mother in 1645. In 1656, he was apprenticed to his uncle, Sir Robert Stone, Andros then served in two winter campaigns in Denmark, including the relief of Copenhagen in 1659. As a result of experiences he gained fluency in French, Swedish. He remained a supporter of the Stuarts while they were in exile. Charles II, after his restoration to the throne, specifically commended the Andros family for its support, Andros served as a courtier to Elizabeth of Bohemia from 1660 until her death in 1662. During the 1660s he served in the English army against the Dutch and he was next commissioned a major in the regiment of Sir Tobias Bridge, which was sent to Barbados in 1666. He returned to England two years later, carrying despatches and letters, after his father died in 1674, Andros acquired Sausmarez Manor and was named to succeed him as Bailiff of Guernsey. He was also appointed by the Duke of York to be the first proprietary governor of the Province of New York, Andros agreed to confirm the existing property holdings and to allow the Dutch inhabitants of the territory to maintain their Protestant religion. Andros was also involved in disputes with the neighboring Connecticut Colony. Yorks territorial claim did not acknowledge these, and Andros announced to Connecticut authorities his intentions to reclaim that territory in early 1675, Connecticut leaders pointed out the later revisions to Connecticuts boundaries, but Andros pressed his claim, arguing that those revisions had been superseded by Yorks grant. Andros used the outbreak of King Philips War in July 1675 as an excuse to go by ship to Connecticut with a military force to establish the dukes claim. When he arrived at Saybrook at the mouth of the river on 8 July he found the fort occupied by Connecticut militia
43.
Nicholas Greenberry
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Colonel Nicholas Greenberry was the 4th Royal Governor of Maryland, and Commander of the Military Forces of Anne Arundel and Baltimore Counties. Nicholas Greenberry was born in England in about 1627 and he married Anne in England about 1670. Little is known of Greenberrys life in England, except that he was an educated person with military experience. He may have been the Nicholas Greenberry baptized 15 December 1640 at Irnham, Lincolnshire, Greenberry, left to Lord Chief Justice Kelynge. Desires to serve under Lord Belasye at Tangiers, or elsewhere beyond seas, Greenberry arrived at Patuxent, in the Maryland Colony, aboard the sailing ship Constant Friendship in 1674. He was accompanied by his wife, two children, and three servants, on 9 July 1674, Capt. William Wheatly, master, claimed rights due for transportation of 43 passengers on board, including Mr Greenberry his wife & two Children. Nicholas Greenberry died on December 17,1697 and is buried in St Annes Churchyard in Annapolis, later, in 1680, Nicholas bought another tract of land near Providence called Fuller from Colonel William Fuller. This land was resurveyed and renamed Greenberry Forest, Greenberry called the home Whitehall, a name it retains to this day. In later years, this became the residence of Horatio Sharpe. Sharpe had a Georgian mansion built on the site, in 1685, Colonel Nicholas Greenberry bought 250 acres of land called Towne Neck. This is located at the mouth of the Severn River and became known as Greenberry Point, the colonys Deputy Governor, Governor Notley, was forced from office for hanging two Protestants for rebellion against authority. He was replaced by a Committee of twenty citizens, Greenberry was one of the gentlemen justices chosen as a member of that committee. On July 27,1689, the Protestant Association, under John Coode, seized St. Marys and this same year, Nicholas was captain of foot in the Anne Arundel County Militia. He was promoted to Major in 1690 and he then quickly received a commission of Colonel, and was appointed Commander of the Military Forces of Anne Arundel and Baltimore Counties. The proprietaryship was disallowed on 27 June 1691, sir Lionel Copley took the office as governor, and quickly appointed Greenberry as a member of the council. Greenberry served in capacity until he was replaced on 26 July 1694 by Francis Nicholson by a commission from the King dated in February 1694. On 2 March 1695, Nicholas Greenberry was on the high Court of Chancery of Maryland, here is the way it reads verbatim, William ye third by ye grace of God of England, Holland, France, and Ireland, King Defender of ye faith &c to Coll. Nicholas Greenberry, Kneln Chesteldyne and Mar Edw, whereas by a late commission granted by us and our Royal Consort Mary lately deed dated ye 14th day of last Coll
44.
Francis Nicholson
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Francis Nicholson was a British military officer and colonial administrator. His military service included time in Africa and Europe, after which he was sent as leader of the troops supporting Sir Edmund Andros in the Dominion of New England, there he distinguished himself, and was appointed lieutenant governor of the dominion in 1688. After news of the Glorious Revolution reached the colonies in 1689, Nicholson himself was soon caught up in unrest in New York, and fled to England. He next served as lieutenant governor or governor of Virginia and Maryland and he supported the founding of the College of William and Mary, and quarreled with Andros after Andros was selected over him as governor of Virginia. In 1709 he became involved in military actions during Queen Annes War. He then led the expedition that successfully captured Port Royal, Acadia on 2 October 1710, afterward he served as governor of Nova Scotia and Placentia, and was the first royal governor of South Carolina following a rebellion against its proprietors. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant-General, and died a bachelor in London in 1728 and he supported public education in the colonies, and was a member of both the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts and the Royal Society. He also influenced American architecture, being responsible for the layout and design of Annapolis, Maryland and Williamsburg and he was one of the earliest advocates of colonial union, principally for reasons of defense against common enemies. Nicholson was born in the village of Downholme, Yorkshire, England, little is known of his ancestry or early life, although he apparently received some education. He served as a page in the household of Charles Paulet and he waited on Paulets daughter Jane, who married John Egerton, Earl of Bridgewater, another patron who promoted his career. His military career began in January 1678 when Paulet purchased for him a commission in the Holland Regiment. The regiment saw no combat, and was disbanded at the end of the year, in July 1680 he purchased a staff lieutenants commission in the newly formed 2nd Tangier Regiment, which was sent to English Tangier to reinforce the garrison holding the city. Tangiers council was headed by the Duke of York. Nicholson distinguished himself in the service, carrying dispatches between the enemy Moroccan camp, Tangier, and London, in addition to favorable notice from Kirke, this brought Nicholson to the attention of the powerful colonial secretary, William Blathwayt. Tangier was abandoned in 1683, and his regiment returned to England, during the service in Tangier he met a number of people who would figure prominently North American colonial history, including Thomas Dongan and Alexander Spotswood. Nicholson was probably with the regiment when it put down Monmouths Rebellion in 1685, the dominions governorship instead went to Sir Edmund Andros, and Nicholson, now a captain, accompanied Andros as commander of a company of infantry to Boston in October 1686. Andros sent Nicholson on what was essentially a reconnaissance mission to French Acadia, under the cover of delivering a letter protesting a variety of issues to the Acadian governor, Nicholson made careful observations of Port Royals defenses. Nicholson impressed Andros in this service, and was appointed to the dominions council
45.
Nathaniel Blakiston
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Colonel Nathaniel Blakiston was the 8th Royal Governor of Maryland from 1698-1702. He succeeded Francis Nicholson and was succeeded by Thomas Tench and he was related to Nehemiah Blakiston. Nathaniel Blakiston was grandson of John Blakiston, regicide of King Charles I of England, Blakiston joined to the British army in his young, serving in the West Indies. As a soldier, Blakiston attained the rank of Montserrat island. In 1698, Nathaniel Blakiston was appointed governor, of the British colony, however, his government only lasted three years, because he had to retire for health problems, in 1701. The court of delegates chose him to serve, as their agent, in London in appreciation for his services, later, from 1706 onwards, Blakiston was agent, for the Virginia Colony, in London. Then, in 1775, he returned for Mitchell as a Whig and participated in the division, voting with the administration. Nathaniel Blakiston died, at the end of February,1722
