First Fleet
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The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships that left England on 13 May 1787 to found the penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia. The First Fleet was commanded by Commodore Arthur Phillip, who was given instructions authorising him to make regulations, the cost to Britain of outfitting and despatching the Fleet was £84,000. Ropes, crockery, agricultural equipment and a miscellany of other stores were needed, the party had to rely on its own provisions to survive until it could make use of local materials, assuming suitable supplies existed, and grow its own food and raise livestock. Scale models of all the ships are on display at the Museum of Sydney, the models were built by ship makers Lynne and Laurie Hadley, after researching the original plans, drawings and British archives. The replicas of the Supply, Charlotte, Scarborough, Friendship, Prince of Wales, Lady Penrhyn, Borrowdale, Alexander, Sirius, Fishburn, nine Sydney harbour ferries built in t
1.
The First Fleet entering Port Jackson on 26 January 1788 by E. Le Bihan
2.
Lady Penrhyn
3.
An engraving of the First Fleet in Botany Bay at voyage's end in 1788, from The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay. Sirius is in the foreground; convict transports such as Prince of Wales are depicted to the left.
Sydney Harbour
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Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the Tasman Sea and it is the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney. Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself particularly the Sydney New Years Eve celebrations, the waterways of Port Jackson are managed by the Roads & Maritime Services. Sydney Harbour National Park protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks, the land around Port Jackson was occupied at the time of the European arrival and colonisation by the Eora clans, including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, and Wangal. The Gadigal occupied the land stretching along the side of Port
2.
Sydney Cove, Port Jackson in the County of Cumberland - from a drawing made by Francis Fowkes in 1788.
3.
Clipper ships in Darling Harbour in 1900
4.
A Japanese Ko-hyoteki class midget submarine M-21 being raised from Taylor's Bay, Sydney Harbour on 1 June 1942.
Australia Day
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Australia Day is the official National Day of Australia. The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved over time, unofficially, or historically, the date has also been variously named Anniversary Day, Foundation Day, and ANA Day. 26 January 1788 marked the proclamation of British sovereignty over the seaboard of Australia. On New Years Day 1901, the British colonies of Australia formed a Federation, a national day of unity and celebration was looked for. It is a public holiday in every state and territory of Australia. With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large, Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia. Some Indigenous Australian events are now included and these groups sometimes refer to 26 January as Invasion Day or Survival Day and advocate that the date should be changed. On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the British Admiralty from Engl
1.
Australia Day on Sydney Harbour, 2004
2.
Sydney Harbour, 26 January 1988
4.
Australian Prime Minister, Julia Gillard and Department of Immigration and Citizenship Secretary, Mr Andrew Metcalfe hand out Citizenship Certificates to new Australian Citizens (2011).
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than
2.
A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove, by convict artist
Thomas Watling in 1794
Arthur Phillip
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Admiral Arthur Phillip RN was a Royal Navy officer and the first Governor of New South Wales who founded the British penal colony that later became the city of Sydney, Australia. After much experience at sea, Phillip sailed with the First Fleet as Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales, in January 1788, he selected its location to be Port Jackson. Phillip was a governor who soon saw that New South Wales would need a civil administration. But his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the voyage had been rejected and his friendly attitude towards the aborigines was also sorely tested when they killed his gamekeeper, and he was not able to assert a clear policy about them. Phillip retired in 1805, but continued to correspond with his friends in New South Wales, Arthur Phillip was born on 11 October 1738, the younger of two children to Jacob Phillip and Elizabeth Breach. His father Jacob was born in Frankfurt, Germany and he was a languages teacher who may
2.
HMS Buckingham, Phillip's first posting after joining the Navy in 1755. Vessel pictured on the stocks at Deptford Dockyard, c.1751.
3.
Arthur Phillip
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River
1.
286 kg (630 lb) gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from
Hill End during the Gold Rush
3.
Japanese POW camp in Cowra, 1944, several weeks before the
Cowra breakout
4.
A short-lived
South Maitland Railway (SMR) Railcar travelling between
Weston and
Abermain, 1962. The SMR is notable for being the second last system in Australia to use steam haulage.
The Skyneedle, Brisbane
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The Skyneedle is a prominent feature of the Brisbane skyline which was constructed especially for World Expo 88. The 88 m landmark was earmarked for relocation to Tokyo Disneyland, however, hairdresser Stefan Ackerie stepped in and purchased the Skyneedle, which was then relocated to the Stefan HQ at South Brisbane. After purchase, Stefan added his firms signature rainbow rings logo to the top of the tower, on 4 November 2006, the Skyneedle caught fire due to an electrical fault, this incident being the second of its kind after a similar fire had broken out in 1988. Subsequent investigations have found that the fault was most likely caused by bird droppings, Ackerie has stated that it will be restored to its former glory. On 5 November 2006, Ackerie revealed that the Skyneedle will be overhauled with the additional feature of a sound system. On 14 March 2009, the top 22-metre section of the Skyneedle was removed, Stefan announced that the section was being rebuilt with new laser techno
1.
The Skyneedle during March 2006 and the Merivale St Bridge
World Expo 88
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The theme of the Expo was Leisure in the Age of Technology, and the mascot for the Expo was an Australian platypus named Expo Oz. The A$625 million fair was the largest event of the 1988 Bicentennial celebrations of the European settlement of Australia, Expo 88 attracted more than 15,760,000 visitors who bought tickets worth A$175 million. The core feature of the site were the international pavilions, many of the expositions sculptures and buildings were retained by various entities around the state and are still in use or on display today. With the Australian Bicentenary looming in 1988, other Australian capitals sought means by which to celebrate the event, immediately, the Brisbane Exposition and South Bank Redevelopment Authority was formed with Sir Llewellyn Edwards, State Deputy Premier, at the helm. Maccormick later was appointed as Joint Chief Architect of the Expo, World Expo 88 occupied a mixed usage 40-hectare resumed parcel of land on the South Bank of the Brisbane River, o
1.
Expo site in South Brisbane
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Canadian pavilion with the monorail visible in the background
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World Expo 88 – showing sunsails and monorail
4.
Expo 88 at night – showing the 88-metre high
Skyneedle
First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage
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The First Fleet Reenactment Voyage was a project to assemble a fleet of tall ships to sail from England to Australia in a historical reenactment of the First Fleet that colonised Australia in 1788. The reenactment was first conceived in 1977 and organised to commemorate Australias bicentenary of colonisation, several corporations offered to sponsor the fleet as a whole or individual ships, and additional money was raised by selling training crew berths for the various legs of the voyage. Seven ships—Søren Larsen, R. Tucker Thompson, Anna Kristina, Amorina, Tradewind, Our Svanen, attempting to follow the route of the original First Fleet, the ships sailed for Australia via Tenerife, Rio de Janeiro, Cape Town, and Mauritius. The seven ships were joined by One and All off Rio de Janeiro, while crossing the Atlantic to Cape Town, Anna Kristinas first mate was lost overboard. The fleet arrived at Fremantle in early December, where Eye of the Wind was added to the fleet before they crossed s
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Watercraft on Sydney Harbour welcome the First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage to Sydney on Australia Day 1988
2.
Søren Larsen, flagship of the voyage
3.
One and All
Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its
V/Line A class
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The A class are a class of diesel locomotives rebuilt from B class locomotives by Clyde Engineering, Rosewater for V/Line in 1984/85. The class were rebuilt from B class locomotives originally constructed in the 1950s and it was decided to instead built more of the N class locomotives, mechanically similar to the A class. Four locomotives were named after Australian rules football players in September 1984, in preparation for the privatisation of V/Line, four were allocated to passenger services and seven to freight services. V/Line withdrew their fleet with A60 operating the service, the 16,15 Southern Cross to Bacchus Marsh on 24 April 2013. V/Line subsequently returned A66 and A70 to service, with the latter since withdrawn, Pacific National withdrew its last examples in May 2014. The class were delivered in the V/Line orange and tangerine scheme, today the class appears in either the 1995 red and blue or 2008 red and yellow V/Line Passenger liveries, or the green and yellow Freight
V/Line
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V/Line is a government-owned corporation that operates the regional passenger train and coach services in Victoria, Australia. It was created after the split-up of VicRail in 1983, V/Line is owned by the V/Line Corporation, a Victorian State Government statutory authority. V/Line carried 16.8 million passengers in the 2015/16 financial year and it is the track manager of the Victorian intrastate rail network outside of the Australian Rail Track Corporation and Metro Trains Melbourne leases. As at June 2016, it operated 90 stations,41 locomotives,134 locomotive hauled carriages and 177 diesel multiple unit carriages, on 1 July 1983, the State Transport Authority and a range of other transport bodies were created, when the Transport Act 1983 came into effect. The new authority replaced VicRail, and established the V/Line operating brand for both passenger and freight. The VicRail orange and silver teacup livery used on rolling stock was replaced in August 1983 by an orange. The white and
2.
V/Line
3.
V/Line thermally printed ticket
Perth
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Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth. The first areas settled were on the Swan River, with the central business district. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the centre of the Swan River Colony. It gained city status in 1856, and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city is named after Perth, Scotland, due to the influence of Sir George Murray, Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The citys population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century, largely as a result of emigration from the eastern colonies of Australia. During Australias involvement in World War II, Fremantle served as a base for operating in the Pacific Theatre. An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Brita
1.
Perth's skyline, viewed from South Perth.
Royal Melbourne Golf Club
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Royal Melbourne Golf Club is a 36-hole golf club in Australia, located in Black Rock, Victoria, a suburb southeast of Melbourne. Its West and East courses are ranked number 1 and 6 in Australia. The West course is ranked in the top ten courses in the world, founded 126 years ago in 1891, it is Australias oldest extant and continually existing golf club. The Royal Melbourne Golf Club has a capacity for 15,000 spectators, Royal Melbourne has hosted numerous national and international events. Its 16 Australian Opens are surpassed by only the 17 hosted by The Australian Golf Club and it hosted the 1959 Canada Cup, and the 1972 World Cup. Royal Melbourne hosted the 1988 Australian Bicentennial tournament and it was selected by the PGA Tour to hold the Presidents Cup, for the first time outside the United States, in December 1998. The match was won by the International team, captained by Peter Thomson. The course hosted the Presidents Cup again in November 2011, won by the United States and
1.
Royal Melbourne Golf Club
16th World Scout Jamboree
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The Jamboree was hosted by Australia at Cataract Scout Park a specially constructed Scout tent city situated on a 160-hectare site at Appin, New South Wales, near Sydney, New South Wales. 14,434 Scouts from 84 countries attended the Jamboree, with around 13,000 more in attendance on Visiting Day, the theme was Bringing the World Together. The course of New Years Day passed during the Jamboree, highlights included the Challenge Valley obstacle course, and the Great Aussie Surf Carnival, for which all Scouts were shuttled in over 50 buses to Thirroul Beach. In addition 18 Ranger Guides attended, the first time members of the Guide Association were allowed to take part in a World Jamboree
1.
16th World Scout Jamboree
Hawke Government
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The Hawke Government refers to the federal Executive Government of Australia led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke of the Australian Labor Party from 1983 to 1991. Bob Hawke served as president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions from 1969 to 1980, on 14 October 1980, he was preselected as the Australian Labor Party candidate for the Seat of Wills and resigned from the ACTU. Hawke won the seat at the 1980 Election and was appointed as Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations, Employment, in 1982, amongst the early 1980s recession, he initiated a leadership challenge against Hayden, and narrowly lost. At the February 1983 Funeral of former Labor Prime Minister Frank Forde, Hayden was persuaded by colleagues to step down, in announcing his resignation, Hayden famously remarked that, given the electoral climate, a drovers dog could lead the Labor Party to victory. Long serving Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser announced an election that same day, Hawke served just one month as Opposit
4.
Tall ship
First Fleet Re-enactment on Sydney Harbour, Australia Day, 1988. The
Australian Bicentenary was marked with much ceremony, but the Hawke Government refused to fund the tall ship re-enactment believing it may have offended indigenous Australians.
Indigenous Australians
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Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, deri
3.
Men and boys playing a game of gorri, 1922
Radio 2GB
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2GB is a commercial radio station in Sydney, Australia broadcasting on 873 kHz, AM. In 2010, 2GB held 14. 7% of the radio ratings share. The station commenced broadcasting in August 1926, in 1933, 2GB became the first Australian station to play transcription records, and had the worlds largest transcribed record library at the time. In 1936, the controlling interest in the station was purchased by Denison Estates Ltd, a new board of directors was appointed under chairman Sir Hugh Denison and included Frederick Daniell and A. E. Bennett, who continued as station manager. In what radio historian Richard Lane termed The Golden Age of Australian Radio Drama, Denison and his media adviser Daniell inaugurated the BSA Players, apart from locally-written and produced serials such as Dolly and Dan and Doctor Mac, they presented a full-length drama on Sunday afternoons. Appleton, Lynn Foster, E. Mason Wood, William L. Power, E. V. Timms, actors included James Raglan, Lou Vernon, Peter Finch, Bet
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the f
1.
The Queen in March 2015
2.
Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Parliament House, Canberra
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Parliament House is the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. The building was designed by Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Architects and opened on 9 May 1988 by Elizabeth II and it cost more than A$1.1 billion to build. Federal Parliament meetings were first held in Melbourne until 1927, between 1927 and 1988, the Parliament of Australia met in the Provisional Parliament House, which is now known as Old Parliament House. Construction of Australias permanent Parliament House was delayed while its location was debated, Construction of the new building began in 1981. The principal design of the structure is based on the shape of two boomerangs and is topped by an 81-metre flagpole, Parliament House contains 4,700 rooms, and many areas are open to the public. The main foyer contains a staircase and leads to the Great Hall. The House of Representatives chamber is decorated green, while the Senate chamber has a red colour scheme, between the
1.
The main entrance and the flag mast
4.
Turning the first sod, Parliament House, Canberra
Urban planning
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Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in various areas worldwide. It takes many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban design, urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas. Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management. Urban planners work with the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields, today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline is the category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning. There is evidence of planning and designed communities dating back to the Mesopot
1.
Urban planning designs settlements, from the smallest towns to the largest cities. Shown here is
Hong Kong from Western District overlooking
Kowloon, across
Victoria Harbour.
Bicentennial National Trail
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This trail runs the length of the rugged Great Dividing Range through national parks, private property and alongside of wilderness areas. The BNT trail follows old coach roads, stock routes, brumby tracks, rivers and it was originally intended for horses, but is these days promoted also for cycling and walking. However it is not yet suited to these two activities. The trail was initiated and planned by the Australian Trail Horse Riders Association, the development of this image was left to a committee led by R. M. Williams. Dan Seymour was sponsored by R. M, Williams to find a route along the Great Dividing Range, and to promote enthusiasm for the proposal. Dan volunteered to ride the Trail and set off from Ferntree Gully, the Australian Trail Horse Riders Association provided Dan with encouragement during this lengthy journey. His amazing twenty-one month ride finished in Cooktown, Queensland in September 1973, dan’s journey, which was regularly reported, created increased interest in
1.
Georges Creek
2.
Trail Marker
3.
Medallion presented to those who carried the first mail on the BNT
4.
In the rainforest with packhorses The Creb track
Canberra
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Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush cap
2.
Blundells Cottage, built around 1860, is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first settlers of Canberra.
Darling Harbour
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Darling Harbour is a harbour adjacent to the city centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is also a recreational and pedestrian precinct that is situated on western outskirts of the Sydney central business district. Originally named Long Cove, the locality extends northwards from Chinatown, Cockle Bay is just one of the waterways that makes up Darling Harbour, which opens north into the much larger Port Jackson. The precinct and its surroundings are administered independently of the local government area of the City of Sydney. Darling Harbour is named after Lieutenant-General Ralph Darling, who was Governor of New South Wales from 1825 to 1831, the area was originally known as Long Cove, but was generally referred to as Cockle Bay until 1826 when Governor Darling renamed it after himself. The name Cockle Bay has recently restored in reference to the headwaters of the harbour. It was originally part of the port of Sydney, including the Darling Harbour Railway Goods Yard. During
1.
Darling Harbour looking North East
2.
Darling Harbour 1900
3.
Western side of Darling Harbour
Sydney Football Stadium
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The Sydney Football Stadium, commercially known as the Allianz Stadium since February 2012, is a football stadium located in Moore Park, Sydney, Australia. Built in 1988, the stadium is Sydneys premier rectangular field venue for rugby league, rugby union, the Kangaroos, the Wallabies and the Socceroos occasionally play at the stadium, while the Sydney Roosters, NSW Waratahs and Sydney FC are the grounds major tenants. It hosted all New South Wales Rugby League/Australian Rugby League rugby league finals, as well as the first grand final under the NRL banner. The stadium is located next to the Sydney Cricket Ground, prior to its construction, major events were usually held at the Sydney Cricket Ground, as it was the largest stadium in Sydney. But the SCG, being a field, was not considered ideal for sports requiring a rectangular field such as soccer, rugby league and rugby union. Sydney Football Stadium was built upon the former Sydney Sports Ground in Moore Park, both were owned by th
1.
Sydney Football Stadium
3.
Panorama of Sydney Football Stadium
Aboriginal Memorial
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The Aboriginal Memorial is a work of contemporary Indigenous Australian art from the late 1980s, and comprises 200 decorated hollow log coffins. It was conceived by Djon Mundine in 1987–88 and realised by 43 artists from Ramingining and neighbouring communities of Central Arnhem Land, artists who participated in its creation included David Malangi and George Milpurrurru. The work was created to coincide with the Australian Bicentenary and commemorates those Indigenous Australians who died as a result of European settlement and it was acquired by the National Gallery of Australia, where it is on permanent display. Its first exhibition was at the Sydney Biennale in 1988, as of 2014 it stands at the entry to the National Gallerys new wing that opened in September 2010. In 1988, Australia marked 200 years since its first official white settlement, the project was initiated by Djon Mundine, an Indigenous art advisor and curator, who was working at Ramingining prior to the Bicentenary. The w
1.
The Aboriginal Memorial
Multi-culturism
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This can happen when a jurisdiction is created or expanded by amalgamating areas with two or more different cultures or through immigration from different jurisdictions around the world. Multiculturalism has been described as a bowl and cultural mosaic. Two different and seemingly inconsistent strategies have developed through different government policies and strategies, the first focuses on interaction and communication between different cultures, this approach is also often known as interculturalism. The second centers on diversity and cultural uniqueness which can result in intercultural competition over jobs among other things. Cultural isolation can protect the uniqueness of the culture of a nation or area. A common aspect of many policies following the approach is that they avoid presenting any specific ethnic, religious. Multiculturalism centers on the thought in political philosophy about the way to respond to cultural and it is closely associated with identity politics, the p
Malcolm Fraser
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John Malcolm Fraser AC, CH, GCL was an Australian politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1975 to 1983. Elected to the Australian Parliament seat of Wannon in 1955 at the age of 25, Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet in 1966. After rising to become Minister for Defence in 1969, he was regarded as a contender for the leadership of the Liberal Party following their defeat in 1972, Fraser challenged Snedden in 1975 and was elected Leader of the Liberal Party, becoming the Leader of the Opposition. He went on to win the largest parliamentary majority as a proportion of seats in Australian political history at the subsequent election, after two further election victories in 1977 and 1980, he was defeated by the Bob Hawke-led Australian Labor Party in 1983 and left parliament shortly after. Fraser was the last Liberal Party Prime Minister to practise Keynesian economics, in retirement, Fraser became involved in international relief an
1.
Fraser in the United States in 1982
2.
Malcolm Fraser in 1956
3.
Fraser in June 1977.
Bob Hawke
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Robert James Lee Bob Hawke AC, GCL is an Australian politician who was the Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1983 to 1991. After graduating from the University of Oxford in 1956, Hawke was allowed to join the Australian Council of Trade Unions as a research officer. Having risen to responsible for wage arbitration, he was elected President of the ACTU in 1969. After a decade as ACTU President, Hawke announced his intention to enter politics, three years later, he led Labor to a landslide election victory at the 1983 election and was sworn in as Prime Minister. He led Labor to victory at three more elections in 1984,1987 and 1990, thus making him the most electorally successful Labor Party Leader in history, to date, he is the only Australian Prime Minister to be born in South Australia. Hawke was born in Bordertown, South Australia, the child of Arthur Hawke, a Congregationalist minister, and his wife Edith. His uncle, Albert, was the Labor Premier of W
1.
Bob Hawke, elected President of the ACTU.
3.
Hawke addresses the Labour Day crowd in October 1980
4.
Hawke in 1983
Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
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The Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam was a massive demonstration and teach-in across the United States against the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. It took place on October 15,1969, followed a month later by a large Moratorium March on Washington, the Moratorium developed from Jerome Grossmans April 20,1969, call for a general strike if the war had not concluded by October. Boston was the site of the largest turnout, about 100,000 attended a speech by anti-war Senator George McGovern. Future U. S. President Bill Clinton, then a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, organized and participated in the demonstration in England, also, Mets Game 4 Starter Tom Seaver had his face on some anti-Moratorium Day literature distributed before the game. Seaver claimed that his picture was used without his knowledge or approval, the Mets won that days game in 10 innings and would go on to win the Series the next day. This massive Saturday march and rally was preceded by the March against Death,
1.
Students from Toronto join the March against Death in Washington D.C. on 14 November 1969
Hyde Park, Sydney
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Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia, is a 16. 2-hectare park in the central business district of Sydney, New South Wales. Hyde Park is on the side of the Sydney city centre. It is the southernmost of a chain of parkland that extends north to the shore of Sydney Harbour via The Domain, Hyde Park is approximately rectangular in shape, being squared at the southern end and rounded at the northern end. It is bordered on the west by Elizabeth Street, on the east by College Street, on the north by St. James Road and Prince Albert Road, around the parks boundaries lie the Supreme Court of New South Wales, St. It is divided in two by the east-west running Park Street, Hyde Park contains well-kept gardens and approximately 580 trees, a mixture of Hills Figs, palms, and other varieties. It is famed for its magnificent fig tree lined avenues, Sandringham Gardens sit on the eastern side of the park, close to the intersection of Park Street and College Street. Hyde Park was named aft
1.
A fig-lined avenue in Hyde Park
2.
Avenue in Hyde Park, circa 1900.
3.
Hyde Park, looking towards the corner of College and William Streets, circa 1900.
Gary Foley
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Gary Edward Foley is an Australian Aboriginal Gumbainggir activist, academic, writer and actor. He is best known for his role in establishing the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra in 1972 and he also co-wrote and acted in the first indigenous Australian stage production, Basically Black. Gary Edward Foley was born in 1950 in Grafton, New South Wales and he was expelled from school on the basis of race at the age of 15 and arrived in Redfern in 1967. He worked as a draftsman and became involved in the black power movement active in that suburb. Foley played a role in organising protests against the Springboks in 1971 as a result of the Apartheid policies in South Africa. In 1972, Foley was appointed a public officer in the Department of Aboriginal Affairs. He was fired from the Department after just six weeks, after three warnings, and then secretary Barrie Dexter urged ASIO to spy on Foley, Foley co-founded the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in 1972 outside Parliament House to highlight Abo
Bicentenary of James Cook in Australia
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The Bicentenary of James Cook in Australia was commemorated in Australia in 1970. The British explorer Lieutenant James Cook sailed and charted the East Coast of Australia in 1770 and this is not considered the official bicentenary of Australia, but rather the mapping of the Eastern coastline. Commemorations were held in Australia in 1970, a commemorative 50 cent piece was issued. The name of the place on which he is believed to have made first landfall was renamed from Cape Everard back to the name Cook had given it, australian Bicentenary Bicentenary Medal, Museum of Victoria
1.
A monument to
Cook's landing at Botany Bay.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
Museum Victoria
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Museums Victoria is an organisation which operates three major state-owned museums in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, the Melbourne Museum, the Immigration Museum and Scienceworks. It also manages the Royal Exhibition Building and a facility in Melbournes City of Moreland. Museums Victoria is the caretaker of the body of Phar Lap, Phar Laps skeleton is housed at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and his heart is kept at the National Museum of Australia. The museum traces its history back to the establishment of the National Museum of Victoria in 1854 under the directorship of Frederick McCoy and it was founded in its current form under the Australian Museums Act. The collections of around 16 million objects cover Indigenous items, science, history, L. Ms Marshall is the first woman to lead the organisation in its 162 year history. Former Museum directors include,1858 – Frederick McCoy 1899 – Walter Baldwin Spencer 1928 – James A. Kershaw 1931 – Daniel James Mahony 1957 – Char
