Australian Broadcasting Corporation

Australian Broadcasting Corporation

Type	Statutory corporation
Availability	Worldwide
Founded	23 November 1923 (as the Australian Broadcasting Company) 1 July 1932 (as the Australian Broadcasting Commission) 1 July 1983 (as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
Headquarters	Sydney
Broadcast area	Australia
Owner	Government of Australia
Key people	Vacant (Chairman) David Anderson (Acting managing director)
Established	23 June 1929
Launch date	23 November 1923 (radio) 5 November 1956 (television)
Former names	Australian Broadcasting Company (1929–1932) Australian Broadcasting Commission (1932–1983)
Digital channel	Channel 2, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
Television	ABC, ABC HD, ABC Comedy, ABC ME, ABC Kids, ABC News
Callsigns	ABC
Callsign meaning	Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Official website	abc.net.au

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is Australia's national broadcaster founded in 1929. It is currently principally funded by direct grants from the Australian government, but is expressly independent of Government and politics. The ABC plays a leading role in journalistic independence and is fundamental in the history of broadcasting in Australia.

Modelled on the BBC in the United Kingdom, it was originally financed by consumer licence fees on broadcasting receivers. Licence fees were abolished in 1973 and replaced principally by direct government grants, as well as revenue from commercial activities related to its core broadcasting mission.

The ABC now provides television, radio, online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional Australia and overseas through ABC Australia and Radio Australia. The ABC headquarters is in Ultimo, an inner-city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales.

Origin[edit]

Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, the ABC was a Government licensed consortium of private entertainment and content providers, authorised under supervision to broadcast on the airwaves using a two-tiered system. The "A" system derived its funds primarily from the licence fees levied on the purchasers of the radio receivers, with an emphasis on building the radio wave infrastructure into regional and remote areas, whilst the "B" system relied on privateers and their capacity to establish viable enterprises using the new technology. Following the general downward economic trends of the era, as entrepreneurial ventures in National infrastructure struggled with viability, the "Company" was subsequently acquired to become a fully state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932 and renamed as Australian Broadcasting Commission, re-aligning more closely to the British, BBC model.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983^[1] changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, effective 1 July 1983.^[1] Although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983.^[1]

The ABC is sometimes informally referred to as "Aunty",^[2][3][4] originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporation's nickname.^[5]

History[edit]

1920s–40s[edit]

ABC mobile studio caravan, used for concerts presented by the ABC at army camps and other locations, 1940

The first public radio station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Hobart following.^[6] A licensing scheme, administered by the Postmaster-General's Department, was soon established allowing certain stations government funding, albeit with restrictions placed on their advertising content.^[7]

Following a 1927 royal commission inquiry into radio licensing issues, the government established the National Broadcasting Service which subsequently took over a number of the larger funded stations. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had been created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations.^[7] On 1 July 1932, the Australian Broadcasting Commission was established, taking over the operations of the National Broadcasting Service and eventually establishing offices in each of Australia's capital cities.^[7][8]

The ABC's Perth headquarters in 1937

Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a cohesive broadcasting organisation through regular program relays, coordinated by a centralised bureaucracy.^[9] The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector.^[9]

News broadcasts were initially restricted, due to pressure from Sir Keith Murdoch, who controlled many Australian newspapers. However, journalists such as Frank Dixon and John Hinde began to subvert the agreements in the late 1930s. in 1939, Warren Denning was appointed to Canberra as the first ABC political correspondent, after Murdoch had refused to allow his newspapers to cover a speech by Joseph Lyons.^[10]

In 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast.^[11] Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing, and any exercise of the power had to be mentioned in the Commission's Annual Report.^[11] It was used only once, in 1963.^[11] In the same year, "Kindergarten of the Air" began on ABC Radio in Perth, and was later broadcast nationally.

In his book, The Lucky Culture and the Rise of an Australian Ruling Class, Nick Cater argued that reform was urgently needed in 1945:

By the end of World War II, the ABC was a decadent, hollow institution. Its authority had been compromised by a poorly drafted charter and further undermined by timid management, poor governance and creeping wartime censorship. In April 1945, Boyer refused to accept the post of chairman until Prime Minister Curtin issued a mandate of independence which Boyer drafted itself. The ABC under Boyer and general manager Charles Moses invested as best it could in the cultural capital of the nation, establishing viable symphony orchestras and seizing on the potential of television.... [Boyer's] neutrality was never seriously questioned.^[12]

1950s–70s[edit]

Play media

The first broadcast of ABC TV – presented by Michael Charlton, 5 November 1956

James Dibble, reading the first ABC News television bulletin in NSW, 1956

The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier radio practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. ABN-2 (New South Wales) Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, and James Dibble reading the first television news bulletin.^[13] ABV-2 (Melbourne, Victoria) followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other capital cities followed: ABQ-2 (Brisbane, Queensland) (1959), ABS-2 (Adelaide, South Australia) (1960), ABW-2 (Perth, Western Australia) (1960), and ABT-2 (Hobart, Tasmania) (1960). ABC-3 Canberra opened in 1961, and ABD-6 (Darwin, Northern Territory) started broadcasting in 1971, both named after the base city.

Although radio programs could be distributed nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s.^[14] This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each capital city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually and sent to each state.^[14] Other television programs at the time included the popular Six O'Clock Rock hosted by Johnny O'Keefe, Mr. Squiggle, as well as operas and plays.^[14]

In 1973 New South Wales Rugby League boss Kevin Humphreys negotiated rugby league's first television deal with the ABC.^[15] In 1975, colour television was introduced into Australia, and within a decade the ABC had moved into satellite broadcasting, greatly enhancing its ability to distribute content nationally. In the same year, the ABC introduced a 24-hour-a-day AM rock station in Sydney, 2JJ (Double Jay), which was eventually expanded into the national Triple J FM network.^[16] A year later, a national classical music network was established on the FM band, broadcasting from Adelaide. It was initially known as ABC-FM (now called ABC Classic FM) – referring both to its 'fine music' programming and radio frequency.^[16]

ABC budget cuts began in 1976 and continued until 1985. In 1978 the ABC NSW Staff Association organised a strike against budget cuts and political interference. Sydney ABC was off air for four days.^[17] A packed free concert in support was held at the Regent Theatre and compered by Bob Hudson. It featured Fred Dagg and Robyn Archer.^[18] In 1991, Tom Molomby wrote:

"The effects of the budget reductions had been so badly handled that the organisation was to remain seriously crippled for years."^[19]

1980s–90s[edit]

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983^[1] changed the name of the organisation from the "Australian Broadcasting Commission" to the "Australian Broadcasting Corporation", effective 1 July 1983.^[1] At the same time, the newly formed Corporation underwent significant restructuring. The ABC was split into separate television and radio divisions, with an overhaul of management, finance, property and engineering.^[20] Geoffrey Whitehead^[21] was the initial managing director; however, following his resignation in 1986, David Hill (at the time chair of the ABC Board) took over his position.

Program production in indigenous affairs, comedy, social history and current affairs was significantly expanded, while the Corporation's output of drama was boosted.^[20] Local production trebled from 1986–91 with the assistance of co-production, co-financing, and pre-sales arrangements.^[20]

A new Concert Music Department was formed in 1985 to co-ordinate the corporation's six symphony orchestras, which in turn received a greater level of autonomy to better respond to local needs.^[20] Open-air free concerts and tours, educational activities, and joint ventures with other music groups were undertaken at the time to expand the orchestras' audience reach.^[20]

ABC Radio was restructured significantly again in 1985 – Radio One became the Metropolitan network, while Radio 2 became known as Radio National (callsigns, however, were not standardised until 1990). New programs such as The World Today, Australia All Over, and The Coodabeen Champions were introduced, while ABC-FM established an Australian Music Unit in 1989.^[20] Radio Australia began to focus on the Asia-Pacific region, with coverage targeted at the south west and central Pacific, south-east Asia, and north Asia. Radio Australia also carried more news coverage, with special broadcasts during the 1987 Fijian coup, Tiananmen Square massacre, and the First Gulf War.^[20]

The ABC's Sydney headquarters in Ultimo

In 1991, the Corporation's Sydney radio and orchestral operations moved to a new building in the inner-city suburb of Ultimo.^[22] In Melbourne, the ABC Southbank Centre was completed in 1994, and now houses the radio division in Victoria as well as the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.^[22]

The ABC Multimedia Unit was established in July 1995, to manage the new ABC website (launched in August). Funding was allocated later that year specifically for online content, as opposed to reliance on funding for television and radio content. The first online election coverage was put together in 1996, and included news, electorate maps, candidate information and live results.^[22]

By the early 1990s, all major ABC broadcasting outlets moved to 24-hour-a-day operation, while regional radio coverage in Australia was extended with 80 new transmitters.^[22] Live television broadcasts of selected parliamentary sessions started in 1990.^[22] ABC NewsRadio, a continuous news network broadcast on the Parliamentary and News Network when parliament is not sitting, was launched on 5 October 1994.^[22]

International television service Australia Television International was established in 1993, while at the same time Radio Australia increased its international reach.^[22] Reduced funding in 1997 for Radio Australia resulted in staff and programming cuts.^[22]

Australia Television was sold to the Seven Network in 1998, however the service continued to show ABC news and current affairs programming up until its closure in 2001.^[23] The ABC's television operation joined its radio and online divisions at the corporation's Ultimo headquarters in 2000.^[24]

2000s[edit]

In 2001, digital television commenced after four years of preparation.^[24] In readiness, the ABC had fully digitised its production, post-production and transmission facilities – heralded at the time as "the greatest advance in television technology since the introduction of colour".^[24] The first programmes to be produced in widescreen were drama series Something in the Air, Grass Roots and In the Mind of the Architect.

At the same time, the ABC's Multimedia division was renamed "ABC New Media", becoming an output division of the ABC alongside Television and Radio.^[24] Legislation allowed the ABC to provide 'multichannels' – additional, digital-only, television services managed by the New Media Division. Soon after the introduction of digital television in 2001, Fly TV and the ABC Kids channel launched, showing a mix of programming aimed at teenagers and children.

In 2002, the ABC launched ABC Asia Pacific – the replacement for the defunct Australia Television International operated previously by the Seven Network. Much like its predecessor, and companion radio network Radio Australia, the service provided a mix of programming targeted at audiences throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Funding cuts in 2003 led to the closure of Fly TV and the ABC Kids channel.

The ABC launched a digital radio service, ABC DiG, in November 2002, available though the internet and digital television, but not available through any other terrestrial broadcast until DAB+ became available in 2009.

ABC2, a second attempt at a digital-only television channel, launched on 7 March 2005. Unlike its predecessors the new service was not dependent on government funding, instead running on a budget of A$3 million per year.^[25] Minister for Communications Helen Coonan inaugurated the channel at Parliament House three days later.^[26] Genre restrictions limiting the types of programming the channel could carry were lifted in October 2006 – ABC2 was henceforth able to carry programming classified as comedy, drama, national news, sport and entertainment.^[27]

A high incidence of breast cancer in female staff working at the ABC's offices in Brisbane led to the closure of the site, based in Toowong, on 21 December 2006. Sixteen women were diagnosed with the disease in a period spanning 1994 to 2007.^[28] A progress report released in March 2007 by an independent panel formed to investigate the occurrences found that the rate of occurrence for breast cancer rate at the offices was eleven times higher than elsewhere^[29] – after the closure of the site, the ABC's Brisbane-based television and radio operations were moved to alternate locations around the city, including Ten Brisbane's studios at Mt Coot-tha. The ABC's managing director, Mark Scott, announced in August 2007 that new studios would be built on the site, following the final release of the Review and Scientific Investigation Panel's report.^[30] In January 2012 the ABC in Brisbane moved into purpose-built accommodation in South Bank.^[31]

On 8 February 2008, ABC TV was rebranded as ABC1, complementing the existing ABC2 digital-only channel which was launched on 7 March 2005. Branding was also added for a new kids' channel that had been announced throughout the Howard Government based on their winning the 2007 election but left to the 2009 Rudd Government Budget where ABC3 was funded and announced in June.^[32][33] A new online video-on-demand service launched in July of the same year, titled ABC iview,^[34] and the ABC launched digital radio broadcasts in the same month.

2010s[edit]

ABC News launched on 22 July 2010,^[35] and brought with it both new programming content as well as a collaboration of existing news and current affair productions and resources. The ABC launched the 24-hour news channel to both complement its existing 24-hour ABC News Radio service and compete with commercial offerings on cable TV. It became the ABC's fifth domestic TV channel and the fourth launched within the past 10 years.

On 20 July 2014, ABC1 reverted to its original name of ABC.^[36]

In 2014 the ABC ran its first "Mental As" week focusing on improving awareness of mental health issues, as part of Mental Health Week.^[37]

In December 2015 it was announced that former BSkyB, Star TV and Google executive Michelle Guthrie would take over from managing director Mark Scott, who was to retire in April 2016.^[38]

In June 2018, the Liberal Party's annual federal council voted to privatise the ABC. The decision is not binding on the federal government, so is seen as unlikely to impact government policy.^[39][40]

In September 2018 it was announced that Michelle Guthrie had left the position of Managing Director, after "directors resolved that it was not in the best interests of the ABC for Ms Guthrie to continue to lead the organisation".^[41]

Corporation[edit]

Structure[edit]

Below is a diagram of the ABC's divisional structure.^[42]

ABC Secretariat	Director of Editorial Policies	Chief of Staff	Director of Corporate Development		Director, Legal & Business Affairs Rob Simpson	Chief Operating Officer David Pendleton
${\displaystyle \uparrow }$	${\displaystyle \uparrow }$	${\displaystyle \uparrow }$	${\displaystyle \uparrow }$		${\displaystyle \uparrow }$	${\displaystyle \uparrow }$
ABC Board managing director Vacant
${\displaystyle \downarrow }$	${\displaystyle \downarrow }$	${\displaystyle \downarrow }$	${\displaystyle \downarrow }$	${\displaystyle \downarrow }$	${\displaystyle \downarrow }$	${\displaystyle \downarrow }$
Innovation Director Angela Clark	Radio and Regional Content Director Michael Mason	Television director Richard Finlayson	News and Current Affairs Director Gaven Morris	International, Corporate Strategy & Governance Director Lynley Marshall	Commercial A/Director Robert Patterson	Communications Director Michael Millett

Management[edit]

The operations of the ABC are governed by a board of directors,^[43] consisting of a managing director,^[44] five to seven directors,^[44] and until 2006, a staff-elected director.^[44][45] The managing director is appointed by the board for a period of up to five years, but is eligible for renewal.^[46] The authority and guidelines for the appointment of directors is provided for in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983.^[1][47][48]

Appointments to the ABC Board made by successive governments have often resulted in criticism of the appointees' political affiliation, background, and relative merit.^[49][50] Past appointments have associated directly with political parties – five of fourteen appointed chairmen have been accused of political affiliation or friendship, include Richard Downing and Ken Myer (both of whom publicly endorsed the Australian Labor Party at the 1972 election),^[25] as well as Sir Henry Bland. David Hill was close to Neville Wran, while Donald McDonald was considered to be a close friend of John Howard.

From 2003 the Howard Government made several controversial appointments to the ABC Board, including prominent ABC critic Janet Albrechtsen,^[51] Ron Brunton,^[52] and Keith Windschuttle.^[50][53]

During their 2007 federal election campaign, Labor announced plans to introduce a new system, similar to that of the BBC, for appointing members to the board.^[54][55] Under the new system, candidates for the ABC Board would be considered by an independent panel established "at arm's length" from the Communications Minister.^[56] If the Minister chose someone not on the panel's shortlist, they would be required to justify this to parliament. The ABC chairman would be nominated by the Prime Minister and endorsed by the Leader of the Opposition.^[54][57][58]

The new merit-based appointment system was announced on 16 October, in advance of the new triennial funding period starting in 2009.^[59][60]

Current Board members are:^[61]

Funding[edit]

The ABC is funded mainly by the Australian government, in addition to some revenue received from its retail outlets. Government funding to the ABC was $1,036.1 million in 2016-17;^[62] $1,043.7 million in 2017-18; and is estimated at $1,045.9 million in 2018-19.^[63]

Until 1948, the ABC was funded directly by radio licence fees; amendments were also made to the Australian Broadcasting Act that meant the ABC would receive its funding directly from the federal government. Licence fees remained until 1973 when they were abolished by the Whitlam Labor government, on the basis that the near-universality of television and radio services meant that public funding was a fairer method of providing revenue for government-owned radio and television broadcasters.

The term "where your 8 cents a day goes", coined in the late 1980s during funding negotiations,^[64] is often used in reference to the services provided by the ABC.^[65] It is estimated that the cost of the ABC per head of population per day was 7.1 cents a day, based on the Corporation's 2007–08 'base funding' of $543 million.^[66] Based on funding of $1043.7m^[63] in 2017/18 and an Australian population of 24.8m^[67] a more current calculation gives a cost of about 12 cents a day.

Politics and criticism[edit]

Independence and impartiality[edit]

Under the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983,^[68] the ABC Board is bound to "maintain the independence and integrity of the Corporation" and to ensure that "the gathering and presentation by the Corporation of news and information is accurate and impartial according to the recognized standards of objective journalism."

In relation to impartiality and diversity of perspectives, the current ABC editorial policy requires of the broadcaster that:^[69]

... the ABC gather and present news and information with impartiality and presents a diversity of perspectives so that, over time, no significant strand of thought or belief within the community is knowingly excluded or disproportionately represented. The broadcaster is expected to take no editorial stance other than a commitment to fundamental democratic principles.

— ABC Editorial Policy

Criticisms[edit]

As a publicly funded broadcaster, the ABC is expected not to take editorial stances on political issues, and is required to present a range of views with impartiality. Over the decades, accusations of "bias" at the ABC have arisen at different times, and various inquiries undertaken.

Reviews of the ABC are regularly commissioned and sometimes not released.^[70][71]

During the Howard Government years, ABC TV's masthead political programs were anchored by Labor affiliated journalists. Lateline host Maxine McKew (pictured) ran for Labor against Liberal Prime Minister John Howard in the 2007 Election.

The ABC's requirement of impartiality has led to persistent debates. External critics have complained in particular of left-wing political bias at the broadcaster, citing a prominence of Labor Party-connected journalists hosting masthead political programs or a tendency to favour "progressive" over "conservative" political views on issues such as immigration, refugees, the republic, multiculturalism, reconciliation, feminism, environmentalism, anti-Americanism, gay marriage, budgeting and the like.^{[72][73][2][74]}

Internal and external reports have drawn different conclusions on the question of bias at the ABC. A 2013 University of the Sunshine Coast study of the voting intentions of journalists found that 73.6 per cent of ABC journalists supported Labor or The Greens - with 41% supporting the Greens (whereas only around 10% of people in the general population voted Green).^[75][76] A 2004 Roy Morgan media credibility survey found that journalists regarded ABC Radio as the most accurate news source in the country and the ABC as the second "most politically biased media organisation in Australia”. ^[77] A 2009 study by academics Joshua Gans and Andrew Leigh found the ABC overall "close to the center position" but with its television news "significantly slanted" towards the Coalition.^[78] Malcolm Turnbull, the Prime Minister of Australia commented on 3AW radio in 2018 that “some” journalists and programs "contain a left-wing bias." ^[79]

Conservative commentators such as Andrew Bolt,^[80] Tim Blair and Gerard Henderson^[80] accuse the ABC of a left-wing bias. In rejecting criticisms of bias, ABC journalist Annabel Crabb said in 2015 that the organisation gives "voices to Australians who otherwise wouldn't be heard, on topics that are too uncommercial or too remote or too hard to be covered by anyone else, broadcasting into areas from which others have long withdrawn resources".^[81] ABC journalist turned NSW Liberal MLA Pru Goward said of the organisation: " I have no doubt there was left-wing bias, I certainly thought it when I was there", while ABC journalist turned Federal Labor politician Maxine McKew said there was no left wing bias, though "what I detected years ago in the ABC, much more of a collectivist philosophy".^[82]

At the most recent federal election in 2016, a study commissioned by the ABC and conducted by iSentia compiled share-of-voice data and found that the ABC devoted 42.6% of election coverage to the Coalition government (this compares to the 42.04% vote received by the Coalition in the House of Representatives (HOR)), 35.9% to the Labor opposition (34.73% HOR), 8% to the Greens (10.23% HOR), 3.1% to independents (1.85% HOR), 2.2% to Nick Xenophon's Team (1.85% HOR) and 8.1% to the rest. However, the ABC itself notes the "significant limitations around the value of share of voice data" as "duration says nothing about tone or context".^[83]

From Hawke to Rudd[edit]

Labor Prime Minister Bob Hawke considered the ABC's coverage of the 1991 Gulf War to be biased.^[84] In 1996, conservative Opposition Leader John Howard refused to have Kerry O'Brien of the ABC moderate the television debates with Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating because Howard saw O'Brien as biased against the Coalition.^[85]

During the subsequent Howard Government years, ABC TV's masthead political programs were anchored by journalists with Labor affiliations: the 7.30 Report was hosted by former Whitlam staffer Kerry O'Brien; the Insiders program by former Hawke staffer Barrie Cassidy and the Lateline program by Maxine McKew who went on to defeat Liberal Prime Minister John Howard as the Labor candidate for the seat of Bennelong in 2007, at the same time as ABC Sydney News weatherman Mike Bailey ran for Labor against Liberal minister Joe Hockey.^[86][87]

In the subsequent Rudd-Gillard period, Cassidy retained his position at Insiders, while O'Brien shifted to host Four Corners in 2011.^[88][89] Chris Uhlmann, husband of Labor MP Gai Brodtmann, was appointed as co-host of the 7.30 current affairs program,^[90] and Sydney ABC News anchor Juanita Phillips began a relationship with Labor's Minister for Climate Change, Greg Combet.^{[91][92][93][94]}

Abbott-Turnbull-Morrison Government (2013–present)[edit]

Liberal Prime Minister Tony Abbott perceived the ABC to be left wing and hostile to his government, while his successor Malcolm Turnbull enjoyed better relations with the National Broadcaster. When the ABC co-published stolen documents purportedly revealing Australian spy agency activities overseas, Abbott told 2GB radio: "people feel at the moment that the ABC instinctively takes everyone's side but Australia's".^[95][96][97] He reportedly called the Q&A program a "Lefty Lynch Mob".^[98] Abbott denounced the program for inviting a man convicted of threatening Commonwealth officials to participate in questioning one of his ministers, asking: "whose side are you on?".^{[99][100][101]} Abbott initiated a brief ministerial boycott of the Q&A program following the affair.^[102]

The broadcaster was critical of Abbott when he broke an election-eve promise not to make cuts to the ABC as part of his "Budget repair" program.^[103][104] In early 2015, an internal ABC review of its coverage of Joe Hockey's first Budget criticised the post-budget interviews by 7:30 and Lateline, finding that the interviewers had given the impression of bias.^[105]

Support for leadership coup against Abbott

When Abbott lost the leadership to the less conservative Turnbull in the September 2015 Liberal leadership spill, the hosts of the ABC's political programs spoke in favour of Abbott's demise. Kerry O'Brien and Barrie Cassidy, hosts respectively of the ABC's flagship weekly current affairs programs Four Corners and Insiders, welcomed the replacement of Abbott by Turnbull,^[106][107] as did ABC radio commentators Fran Kelly^[108] Paul Bongiorno^[109] and Amanda Vanstone.^[110] Fairfax and News Limited reported that Leigh Sales, the host of 7.30 gave Turnbull an unusually warm first interview following his toppling of Abbott.^[111][112]

Opposition to leadership coup against Turnbull

When Turnbull lost the leadership after a conservative challenge in August 2018, the hosts of the ABC's political programs denounced the change. The 7pm News political correspondent Andrew Probyn, who had been censured by ACMA earlier in the year for biased reporting against Abbott, said the removal of Turnbull was about "vengeance pure and simple".^[113][114] Earlier in the year. Insiders' Barrie Cassidy called it "insanity and madness".^[115] 7:30 Chief Political Correspondent Laura Tingle was selected by Turnbull first among a handful of journalists to ask questions at his final press conference. She said "one of frustrations that voters have had with your prime ministership is the sense that you have conceded too regularly to the conservatives"^[116] Vanstone called the challenge "disgraceful".^[117]

Management responses to bias

In a March 2016 interview with ABC Managing Director Mark Scott, Media Watch host Paul Barry examined the question of perceptions of left wing bias at the ABC. Scott noted that while perhaps the ABC was more concerned about gay marriage than about electricity prices, he did not accept the criticism of bias because "a lot of that criticism comes from right wing commentators and they wonder where are the strong right wing commentators on the ABC. We don't do that kind of journalism. We don't ask questions about our journalists' voting pattern and where their ideology are. We look at the journalism that they put to air and we have strong editorial standards..."^[118] Following the interview, conservative ABC critic Andrew Bolt wrote "How can the man heading our biggest media organisation be so blind to the ABC's unlawful and dangerous Leftist bias?" while former Media Watch host Jonathan Holmes wrote for The Age that this interview indicated that ABC management had failed to recognise a clear problem of left wing bias among some capital city radio presenters.^[119]

Over the period, ABC TV and radio hosts advocated strongly in support of same-sex marriage, upon which the wider Australian community and political parties were divided. When the Turnbull Government announced plans for a postal plebiscite on the issue, advocacy for change continued, prompting a call for restraint from the ABC's editorial policy manager Mark Maley.^[120]

An interview by ABC presenter Joe O'Brien with Lyle Shelton was the subject of a complaint by the Australian Christian Lobby. Bringing up Ian Thorpe's swimming achievements, O'Brien asked Shelton "what right do you have to participate in that joy, and take national pride in those achievements, if you now deny him the right to feel like an equal and experience the joy of marriage?"^[121] In rejecting any perceived bias, the ABC said "It was a 'devil's advocate' question and not inconsistent with standards".^[122]

Australia Day[edit]

The ABC is criticised for allegedly giving undue support to opposition to Australia Day being held on 26 January.^[123] In 2017, the ABC's youth radio network announced that, after extensive consultation and opinion polling, it would no longer play its Hottest 100 Australian music list on Australia Day, choosing instead to broadcast the playlist on the fourth weekend in January.^[124] The Federal Communications Minister Mitch Fifield said in response "I am bewildered by the ABC's decision to move the Hottest 100 from Australia Day. The ABC shouldn't be buying into this debate. Australia Day is our national day. The ABC should honour it and not mess with the Hottest 100."^[125][126] In 2018, an opinion piece appeared on ABC's website suggesting the date should be moved to 1 January, citing symbolism.^[127] Justin Milne, the chair of the ABC Board, held a meeting trying to convince the board to overrule Triple J's decision.^[128]

ABC journalists in politics[edit]

A number of former journalists and presenters have moved from positions at the ABC to politics.

State Labor premiers and chief ministers Bob Carr,^[129] Alan Carpenter,^[130] and Clare Martin^[131] are all former ABC journalists. Other ABC journalists who stood as Labor candidates include Mary Delahunty,^[132] Maxine McKew,^[133] Mike Bailey, Ian Baker, Leon Bignell, John Bowler, Bob Debus, Malarndirri McCarthy, Frank McGuire, Neville Oliver and Diana Warnock. Senior ABC political reporter Kerry O'Brien was press secretary to Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam and Labor deputy leader Lionel Bowen^[74] and Barrie Cassidy was press secretary to Labor prime minister Bob Hawke. Susan Templeman's husband, Ron Fuller, is the former Chief of Staff for ABC TV News. Radio National's Phillip Adams is a former member of the Communist Party of Australia and the Labor Party, and Melbourne ABC radio's Jon Faine is a former member of the Labor Party.^[134]

On the Coalition side of politics, Pru Goward has served as a Minister in the NSW state Liberal Government,^[135] Rob Messenger,^[136] Peter Collins,^[137] Eoin Cameron,^[138] Scott Emerson and Sarah Henderson all held, or hold, positions at the ABC. Radio National's Counterpoint program is hosted by former Liberal minister Amanda Vanstone, who describes herself as "liberal" rather than "conservative".^[139]

Research undertaken by the broadcaster in 2007 indicated that out of a total of 19 former employees moving into party political positions, 10 have joined the Labor Party and nine the Liberal Party.^[140]

Planet Slayer website[edit]

"Planet Slayer" was a controversial environmentalist website for children owned by ABC.^[141] The site featured a "Greenhouse Calculator" which says the age a person needs to die if they are not to "overuse their share of the earth".^[142] The site has also been criticized for attacking those who eat meat, blue collared workers such as loggers, and nuclear energy.^[143] ABC managing director Mark Scott said the site was not designed to offend anyone, but instead have children think about environmental issues.^[144]

Services[edit]

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Radio[edit]

ABC Brisbane headquarters in South Bank

The ABC operates 54 local radio stations, in addition to four national networks and international service Radio Australia. In addition, DiG Radio launched on digital platforms in 2002, currently offering three separate stations.

ABC Local Radio is the Corporation's flagship radio station in each broadcast area. There are 54 individual stations, each with a similar format consisting of locally presented light entertainment, news, talk back, music, sport and interviews, in addition to some national programming such as AM, PM, The World Today, sporting events and Nightlife.

ABC Grandstand is a live radio sports focused commentary and talk-back program which runs on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation local radio network across Australia and on one digital-only station. The program runs on Saturdays and Sundays, typically from noon or an hour before, until 6 pm.

Double J is aimed at over-30s alternative music listeners. It is owned and operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

ABC Jazz was launched as a digital only station designed to broadcast a variety of different jazz styles including bebop, acid jazz, cool jazz and contemporary styles of Jazz.

Triple J Unearthed is where artists upload their music and they play and judge it on the channel.

ABC Extra is for special events national Digital Radio channel brings you extra coverage of events and ideas that matter.

ABC Radio Australia is the international radio station.

ABC Country features country style music.

Radio National broadcasts more than 60 special interest programmes per week covering a range of topics including music, comedy, book readings, radio dramas, poetry, science, health, the arts, religion, social history and current affairs.

ABC NewsRadio is a rolling news service, previously known as the Parliamentary and News Network. The service was established to broadcast federal parliamentary sittings, to relieve the local ABC radio network from this intermittent task, and to provide a news service at other times. The network broadcasts news on a 24/7 format with updates on the quarter-hour. Much of its news content is produced by the ABC itself, however many programmes are relayed from the BBC World Service, NPR, Deutsche Welle, Radio Netherlands and CNN Radio.

ABC Classic FM was the ABC's first FM radio service. It was originally known simply as "ABC FM", and for a short time^[quantify] "ABC Fine Music". Its format borrowed heavily from community stations that eventually founded the Fine Music Network, as well as BBC Radio 3.

Triple J is the national youth radio network, and broadcasts contemporary alternative and independent music; it is targeted at people aged 18–35. While the network plays music from around the world, it has a strong focus on local artists. Triple J was formerly known as "Double Jay" when it launched in Sydney on 19 January 1975.

ABC Radio broadcasts regular news bulletins across most of its radio stations. Many of these bulletins are heralded by the "Majestic Fanfare", written by British composer Charles Williams in 1935.

Television[edit]

The ABC operates 6 national television channels.

ABC is a TV channel that consists of programs of:

• Art and Culture: Stories I Want To Tell You In Person, The A-Z Of Contemporary Art,
• Current Affairs: 7.30, ABC News, Australian Story, Back Roads, Four Corners, Insiders, Landline, Media Watch, Q&A, The Drum.
• Comedy: Birds of a feather, Growing Up Gracefully, It's A Date, Luke Warm Sex, Shaun Micallef's MAD AS HELL, Utopia
• Documentaries and Factual: Antiques Roadshow, Ask The Doctor, Back Roads, Brian Cox: Life Of A Universe, Catalyst, City In The Sky, Compass, David Attenborough's Natural History Museum Alive, Dream Build, Enigma Man: A Stone Age Mystery, Grand Designs, Grand Designs New Zealand, The Checkout, Q&A, Joanna Lumley's India, Mary Berry's Absolute Favourites, Media Watch.
• Drama: Agatha Raisin, Cleverman, Death In Paradise, Doc Martin, Father Brown, Happy Valley, Humans, Line Of Duty, Midsomer Murders, Prime Suspect 1973, Pulse
• Entertainment: Adam Hills: The Last Leg, Eggheads, Gardening Australia, Grand Designs, Growing Up Grafefully, Hard Quiz, Pointless, QI, Antiques Roadshow, Short Cuts To Glory, The Checkout, The House, You Can't Ask That
• Indigenous: Cleverman
• Environment: Wild Life At The Zoo, Landline, Gardening Australia
• News: 7.30, ABC News, Australian Story, Back Roads, Four Corners, Insiders, Landline, Media Watch, Offsiders, Q&A, The Drum.
• Sport: Golf: PGA TOUR Highlights, Offsiders
• Special Events
• Science: Ask The Doctor, Becoming Superhuman, Brian Cox: Life Of A Universe, Catalyst, Gardening Australia, Humans, Stargazing Live, Todd Sampson's Life On The Line

ABC HD has the same programs as ABC but is in high definition.

ABC Comedy has comedy and was renamed on 4 December 2017 from ABC 2.

ABC Me is another TV channel, but with a focus for primary school children, 6–15 years old. It broadcasts a range of genres, including comedy, drama, music, animation, extreme sports, wildlife and news-based programmes.

ABC Kids is a TV channel for children under 6, with educational programs.

ABC NEWS is a 24-hour news channel with news related programs, such as News Breakfast, Weekend Breakfast, ABC News Mornings, ABC News at Noon, ABC News Afternoons, ABC News — Early Edition, 7.30, Insiders, Four Corners, Behind the News, Q&A, Catalyst, Landline, Offsiders, One Plus One, The Business, The Drum, The Quarters, The World, State to State, Capital Hill

Studios[edit]

The ABC operates ABC Studios.^[145] ABC, the Corporation's original television service, receives the bulk of funding for television and shows first-run news, and ABC Kids.

Online[edit]

An experimental Multimedia Unit was established in 1995, charged with developing policy for the ABC's work in web publishing.^[22] This unit continued until 2000, when the New Media division was formed, bringing together the ABC's online output as a division similar to Television or Radio.^[24] The division had over a million pages of material published by late 2003.^[24]

In 2001 the New Media division became New Media and Digital Services, reflecting the broader remit to develop content for digital platforms such as digital television. In addition to ABC Online, the division also had responsibility over the ABC's two digital television services, Fly TV and the ABC Kids channel, until their closure in 2003.^[146] In March 2005 the division oversaw the launch of ABC2, a free-to-air digital television channel, in effect a replacement for ABC Kids and Fly.

In conjunction with the ABC's radio division, New Media and Digital Services implemented the ABC's first podcasts in December 2004. By mid-2006 the ABC had become an international leader in podcasting with over fifty podcast programmes delivering hundreds of thousands of downloads per week,^[147] including trial video podcasts of The Chaser's War on Everything and jtv.^[148]

In February 2007, the New Media & Digital Services division was dissolved and divided up amongst other areas of the ABC. It was replaced by a new Innovation division, to manage ABC Online and investigate new technologies for the ABC.^[149] In 2015 the Innovation division was replaced with the Digital Network division.^[150]

International[edit]

Australia Network, formerly ABC Asia Pacific, is an international satellite television service operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, funded by advertising and grants from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Aimed at the Asia-Pacific region, the service broadcasts a mixture of English language programming, including general entertainment, sport, and current affairs.

ABC Radio Australia is an international satellite and internet radio service with transmissions aimed at East Asia and the Pacific Islands, although its signals are also audible in many other parts of the world. It features programmes in various languages spoken in these regions, including Mandarin, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Khmer and Tok Pisin. Before 31 January 2017 Radio Australia broadcast shortwave radio signals which were terminated in favour of online and satellite radio.

Radio Australia bulletins are also carried on WRN Broadcast, available via satellite in Europe and North America.

Commercial[edit]

ABC Commercial is the division of the ABC responsible for pursuing new sources of revenue for the Corporation.^[149] It is composed of ABC Retail, ABC Consumer Publishing and Content Sales, as well as ABC Resource Hire. ABC retail outlets were established in 1974. All profits from the sale of consumer product and production services return to the Corporation to reinvest in programme-making.^[151]

Orchestras[edit]

	"Majestic Fanfare" The original ABC News and Current Affairs theme music. In the mid-1980s ABC Television changed to its own news theme, while the "Majestic Fanfare" is still used for radio news bulletins.
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Up until the installation of disc recording equipment in 1935, all content broadcast on the ABC was produced live, including music.^[152] For this purpose, the ABC established broadcasting orchestras in each state, and in some centres also employed choruses and dance bands. This became known as the ABC Concert Music Division, which was controlled by the Federal Director of Music – the first of whom was W. G. James.^[153]

There are currently six state symphony orchestras:

• Adelaide Symphony Orchestra
• Melbourne Symphony Orchestra
• Queensland Symphony Orchestra
• Sydney Symphony Orchestra
• Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra
• West Australian Symphony Orchestra

The orchestras were corporatised in the 1990s,^[22] and were divested into independent companies on 1 January 2007.^[154]

Lissajous curve logo[edit]

The Lissajous curve logo, as it appears on some properties since October 1974.

Lissajous figure on an oscilloscope, on which Bill Kennard designed the current logo

The ABC logo is one of the most recognisable logos in Australia. In the early years of television, the ABC had been using Lissajous curves as fillers between programmes. In July 1963, the ABC conducted a staff competition to create a new logo for use on television, stationery, publications, microphone badges and ABC vehicles.^[155][156] In 1965, ABC graphics designer Bill Kennard, who had been experimenting with telerecording of the cathode ray oscilloscope displays, submitted a design which was part of the waveform from an oscilloscope. The letters "ABC" were added to the design and it was adopted as the ABC's official logo. Kennard was presented with £25 for his design.^[155]

On 19 October 1974, the Lissajous curve design experienced its first facelift with the line thickened to allow for colour to be used. It would also be treated to the ‘over and under’ effect, showing the crossover of the line in the design. This logo would be served as the longest-running design with a lifespan of 44 years and 28 on its first on-air run. To celebrate its 70th anniversary on 1 July 2002, the ABC adopted a new logo, which was created by (Annette) Harcus Design in 2001. This logo utilized a silver 3D texture but the crossover design was left intact. This logo would then be used across the ABC's media outlets. However, some brands may continue to use this logo. The 2002 silver logo is no longer in use by the corporation, with the exception of some of the ABC's radio station logos. After the on-air revival of the 1974 logo since 2014, the ABC gradually reinstated the classic symbol while using a new logotype in 2018. The change comes with a press release that the ABC released on 12 February announcing a new brand positioning under its tagline, Yours.

See also[edit]

• History of broadcasting in Australia
• Pool, a website hosted by the ABC
• Timeline of Australian radio
• Gold Walkley

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Cater, Nick The Lucky Culture and the Rise of an Australian Ruling Class (2013) pp 199–228
• Curgenven, Geoffrey. Dick Boyer, an Australian humanist (Bolton, 1967)
• Inglis, K. S. This is the ABC – the Australian Broadcasting Commission 1932 – 1983 (2006)
• Inglis, K. S. Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983–2006 (2006)
• Moran, Albert, and Chris Keating. The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television (Scarecrow Press, 2009)
• Semmler, Clement. The ABC: Aunt Sally and Sacred Cow (1981)

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

• Official website
• Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983
• Friends of the ABC
• Australian National Museum The museum holds a substantial collection of materials related to the ABC including the first ABC Outside Broadcast van.
• ABC celebrates 80 years of broadcasting – Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1 July 2012).