1.
Ingmar Bergman
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Ernst Ingmar Bergman was a Swedish director, writer, and producer who worked in film, television, theatre and radio. He directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television and he also directed over 170 plays. From 1953 he forged a creative partnership with his full-time cinematographer Sven Nykvist. Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson, Liv Ullmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, most of his films were set in Sweden, and numerous films from Through a Glass Darkly onward were filmed on the island of Fårö. His work often dealt with death, illness, faith, betrayal, bleakness and insanity. Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin and he grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a parish minister with strict ideas of parenting. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions, such as wetting the bed, there was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans. Although raised in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962. His interest in theatre and film began early, At the age of nine, he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern, a possession that altered the course of his life. Within a year, he had created, by playing with this toy and he fashioned his own scenery, marionettes, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts. Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager and his school years were unhappy, and he remembered them unfavorably in later years. Bergman wrote in a response that he had disliked the emphasis on homework. In 1934, aged 16, he was sent to Germany to spend the vacation with family friends. He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler, Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic. The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful, Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service. In 1937 he entered Stockholm University College to study art and literature and he spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict. At the same time, a romantic involvement led to a break with his father lasted for years
2.
Ingrid Bergman
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Ingrid Bergman was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films. She won three Academy Awards, two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, and the Tony Award for Best Actress. She is best remembered for her roles as Ilsa Lund in Casablanca and as Alicia Huberman in Notorious, before becoming a star in American films, Bergman had been a leading actress in Swedish films. Her introduction to American audiences came with her role in the English-language remake of Intermezzo. Selznicks financial problems meant that Bergman was often loaned to other studios, apart from Casablanca, her performances from this period include Victor Flemings remake of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Gaslight, and The Bells of St. Marys. Her last films for Selznick were Alfred Hitchcocks Spellbound and Notorious and her final film for Hitchcock was Under Capricorn. After a decade in American films, she starred in Roberto Rossellinis Stromboli, many of her personal and film documents can be seen in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives. According to the St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, Bergman quickly became the ideal of American womanhood, in 2007, the American Film Institute ranked Bergman as the fourth-greatest female screen legend of classic American cinema. Bergman, named after Princess Ingrid of Sweden, was born on 29 August 1915 in Stockholm, to a Swedish father, Justus Bergman, when she was two years old, her mother died. Her father, who was an artist and photographer, died when she was 13, in the years before he died, he wanted her to become an opera star, and had her take voice lessons for three years. But she always knew from the beginning that she wanted to be an actress, sometimes wearing her mothers clothes and her father documented all her birthdays with a borrowed camera. After his death, she was sent to live with an aunt and she then moved in with her Aunt Hulda and Uncle Otto, who had five children. Another aunt she visited, Elsa Adler, first told Ingrid, when she was 11, that her mother may have had some Jewish blood, but her aunt also cautioned her about telling others about her possible ancestry as there might be some difficult times coming. Biographer Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm, however, notes that the claim of Jewish blood was likely an embellishment, after being forced to do an in-depth genealogical investigation, Bergmans maternal cousin found there to be no Jewish ancestry on Bergmans mothers side. Later, she received a scholarship to the state-sponsored Royal Dramatic Theatre School, after several months she was given a part in a new play, Ett Brott, written by Sigfrid Siwertz. Chandler notes that this was totally against procedure at the school, during her first summer break, she was also hired by a Swedish film studio, which led to her leaving the Royal Dramatic Theatre after just one year, to work in films full-time. Her first film role after leaving the Royal Dramatic Theatre was a part in 1935s Munkbrogreven. She went on to act in a films in Sweden, including En kvinnas ansikte, which was later remade as A Womans Face with Joan Crawford
3.
Liv Ullmann
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Liv Johanne Ullmann is a Norwegian actress and film director. She is known as one of the muses of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, Ullmann won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama in 1972 for the film The Emigrants, and has been nominated for another four. In 2000, she was nominated for the Palme dOr for her directorial feature film. She has also received two BAFTA Award nominations for her performances in Scenes from a Marriage and Face to Face, and two Academy Award nominations for The Emigrants and Face to Face. Ullmann was born in Tokyo, Japan, the daughter of Erik Viggo Ullmann, a Norwegian aircraft engineer who was working in Tokyo at the time, and Janna Erbe, also Norwegian. Her grandfather was sent to the Dachau concentration camp during the Second World War for helping Jewish people escape from the town where he lived in Norway, he died in the camp. When she was two old, the family relocated to Toronto, Ontario, where her father worked at the Norwegian air force base on Toronto Island during World War II. The family moved to New York, where four years later, her father died of a brain tumor and her mother worked as a bookseller while raising two daughters. They eventually returned to Norway, settling in Trondheim, Ullmann began her acting career as a stage actress in Norway during the mid-1950s. Ullmann acted with Laurence Olivier in A Bridge Too Far, directed by Richard Attenborough, during 1971, Ullmann was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for the movie The Emigrants, and again during 1976 for the movie Face to Face. Ullmann made her New York City stage debut in 1975 also in A Dolls House, appearances in Anna Christie and Ghosts followed, as well as the less than successful musical version of I Remember Mama. This show, composed by Richard Rodgers, experienced numerous revisions during a preview period. She also featured in the widely deprecated musical movie remake of Lost Horizon during 1973, the role subsequently went to Angie Dickinson. In 1982 Ingmar Bergman wanted Ullmann to play the main character Emelie Ekdahl in his last feature film, Fanny and Alexander, but Ullmann felt the role was too sad and declined. Liv Ullmann later stated in interviews that turning it down was one of the few things she really regrets, during 1984 she was chairperson of the jury at the 34th Berlin International Film Festival, and during 2002 chaired the jury of Cannes Film Festival. She introduced her daughter, Linn Ullmann, to the audience with the words and her daughter was there to receive the Prize of Honour on behalf of her father, she would return to serve the jury herself during 2011. In 2003 Ullmann reprised her role for Scenes from a Marriage in Saraband and this was her comeback as an actress since her last role on the screen, in the Swedish movie Zorn. In 2004 Ullmann revealed that she had received an offer in November 2003 to play in 3 episodes of the popular American series, Sex, Ullmann was amused by the offer and said that it was one of the few programs she regularly watched, but she turned it down
4.
Lena Nyman
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Anna Lena Elisabet Nyman was a Swedish film and stage actress. She later participated in many of the films and stage productions of Hans Alfredson and Tage Danielsson, such as Release the Prisoners to Spring, Nyman co-starred with Ingrid Bergman and Liv Ullmann in Ingmar Bergmans Autumn Sonata. In 2004, Nyman received the royal medal Litteris et Artibus, Nyman died on 4 February 2011, aged 66, after a long battle with several illnesses including cancer, COPD and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Lena Nyman at the Internet Movie Database Lena Nyman at the Swedish Film Database Obituary in The Guardian
5.
Sven Nykvist
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Sven Vilhem Nykvist was a Swedish cinematographer. He worked on over 120 films, but is especially for his work with director Ingmar Bergman. His work is noted for its naturalism and simplicity. He is considered by many to be one of the greatest cinematographers of all time, in 2003, Nykvist was judged one of historys ten most influential cinematographers in a survey conducted by the International Cinematographers Guild. Nykvist was born in Moheda, Kronobergs län, Sweden and his parents were Lutheran missionaries who spent most of their lives in the Belgian Congo, so Nykvist was raised by relatives in Sweden and saw his parents rarely. His father was an amateur photographer of African wildlife, whose activities may have sparked Nykvists interest in the visual arts. A talented athlete in his youth, Nykvists first cinematic effort was to film himself taking a high jump, after a year at the Municipal School for Photographers in Stockholm, he entered the Swedish film industry at the age of 19. In 1941, he became an assistant cameraman at Sandrews studio and he moved to Italy in 1943 to work at Cinecittà Studios, returning to Sweden two years later. In 1945, aged 23, he became a full-fledged cinematographer, back in Sweden, he began to work with the director Ingmar Bergman in 1953 on Sawdust and Tinsel. He was one of three cinematographers to work on film, the others being Gunnar Fischer and Hilding Bladh. Nykvist would eventually become Bergmans full-time cinematographer and push the work in a new direction. He worked as cameraman on Bergmans Oscar-winning films The Virgin Spring in 1959. He revolutionised the way faces are shot in close-up with Bergmans psychologically intense Persona in 1966, Nykvist won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for two of his films, Cries and Whispers, and Fanny and Alexander, both of which were Bergman films. At the 9th Guldbagge Awards in 1973 he won the Special Achievement award for his work on Cries and he won a special prize at the Cannes Film Festival for his work on The Sacrifice, the last film of the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky. He was the first European cinematographer to join the American Society of Cinematographers and he wrote three books, including Curtain Call in 1999. His ex-wife, Ulrika, died in 1982, Nykvists career was brought to a sudden end in 1998 when he was diagnosed with aphasia, and he died in 2006, aged 83. He is survived by his son, Carl-Gustaf Nykvist, who directed his first film, Woman on the Roof, in 1989 and directed a documentary about his father, Light Keeps Me Company,1999
6.
ITC Entertainment
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Incorporated Television Company was a British television company involved in production and distribution. Incorporated Television Programme Company was founded by television mogul Lew Grade with Prince Littler, ITP put most of the production budget into producing one show, The Adventures of Robin Hood. It also distributed ATV material outside of the UK, from 1966 to 1982 it was a subsidiary of Associated Communications Corporation after the acquisition of ATV. The initials ITC stood for two different things, Independent Television Corporation for sales to the Americas, and Incorporated Television Company for sales to the rest of the world, the American Independent Television Corporation was formed as a joint venture with Jack Wrather in 1958. In September 1958 it purchased Television Programs of America for $11,350,000, Wrather sold his shares to Lew Grade at the end of the decade. During 1988 The Bell Group, the owners of ITC were taken over by the Bond Corporation, subsequently the new owners started an asset-stripping programme. In November 1988 ITC Entertainment was bought by its management, in 1989, ITC Home Video was formed in the United Kingdom, to make use of the many hours of programmes in the archive, then unseen for years. This short-lived home entertainment division would end in 1991, in the following period, ITC continued to distribute its past library. In 1995, PolyGram purchased the company for $156 million, with Grade once again returning to ITC to act as a consultant until his death in December 1998. On 10 December 1998, Universal Studios parent, Seagram purchased PolyGram for $10.2 billion, Carlton chairman Michael Green said, The ITC library is a jewel in the crown. We can now unite it with the gems from Britains film. ITV plc continues to release ITCs original output through television repeats, books, in 2005, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the company, Network DVD released a DVD box set entitled ITC50 featuring episodes from eighteen different ITC productions. Jason King, The Adventurer, The Protectors, and Return of the Saint and it was also the production company for The Muppet Show and Julie on Sesame Street which were both made at ATVs Elstree Studios and distributed in the UK by ATV and in the US by ITC. ITC got its start as a company when former American producer Hannah Weinstein approached Lew Grade. Weinstein wanted to make a programme called The Adventures of Robin Hood, Weinstein proposed making the series for ITV and simultaneously marketing it in the United States through an American TV distribution company, Official Films. The series was a big success in countries, running from 1955 until 1959 on CBS and ATV London. Although most of the ITC series were produced in Britain, ITC often worked with Television Programs of America, ITC also funded Anderson-created programs aimed at the adult market, including UFO and Space,1999. It was at ITCs request that Fanderson, the Gerry Anderson Appreciation Society, was founded, another ITC childrens series was The Adventures of Rupert Bear, the first television outing for the Daily Express cartoon character
7.
West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
8.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
9.
Swedish language
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Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
10.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
11.
Erland Josephson
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Erland Josephson was a Swedish actor and author. He was best known by audiences for his work in films directed by Ingmar Bergman, Andrei Tarkovsky. Josephson was born on the island of Kungsholmen, in Stockholm, Sweden, as the son of Maud Ellen Gabrielle and Gunnar August Josephson and his uncle was diplomat Erik Boheman, and his maternal great-grandfather was entomologist Carl Henrik Boheman. Josephson was the leader of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm from 1966 to 1975 and he also published novels, short stories, poetry and drama, and was the director of several films. In 1980 he directed and starred in the film Marmalade Revolution, in 1986 he starred in The Sacrifice and won the award for Best Actor at the 22nd Guldbagge Awards. He was the Swedish voice to the Narrator in Beauty and the Beast
12.
Linn Ullmann
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Linn Ullmann, originally Karin Beate Ullmann, is a Norwegian author and journalist. A prominent literary critic, she writes a column for Norways leading morning newspaper and has published six novels. Ullmann was born in Oslo, Norway to Norwegian actress, author and director Liv Ullmann and Swedish director and she grew up in New York City and Oslo. Ullmann attended Professional Childrens School in Manhattan, when she was fifteen, she was kicked out of Norwegian National Opera and Ballet. She attended Juilliard School as a dancer and graduated from New York University. When her first and critically acclaimed novel Before You Sleep was published in 1998 and her second novel, Stella Descending was published in 2001 and her third novel Grace was published in 2002. For Grace, Ullmann received the literary award The Readers Prize in Norway, ullmanns fourth novel A Blessed Child was published in Norway the fall of 2005, and it was shortlisted for the prestigious Norwegian literature prize – the Brage Prize. In 2007, she was awarded the Amalie Skram Award for her literary work, ullmanns novels are published throughout Europe and the United States and are translated into 30 languages. Ullmann is co-founder and former Artistic Director of the international artist residency foundation The Bergman Estate on Fårö and she served on the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. Ullmanns fifth novel, The Cold Song, was published in Norway on 24 November 2011, in 2015, Ullmann appeared as a featured author, leading a writing seminar, at the annual Iceland Writers Retreat in Reykjavik, Iceland. Ullmann is married to Niels Fredrik Dahl, a novelist, playwright and they live in Oslo with their four children. Before You Sleep 1998 Stella Descending 2001 Grace 2002 A Blessed Child 2005 The Cold Song 2011 De urolige
13.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
14.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
15.
Swan song
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The swan song is a metaphorical phrase for a final gesture, effort, or performance given just before death or retirement. The phrase refers to an ancient belief that swans sing a song in the moment just before death. This belief, whose basis in actuality is long-debated, had become proverbial in ancient Greece by the 3rd century BC, and was reiterated many times in later Western poetry and art. Aesops fable of The Swan and the Goose incorporates the swan song legend as saving its life when it was caught by mistake instead of the goose but was recognized by its song, there is a subsequent reference in Aeschylus Agamemnon from 458 BC. In that play, Clytemnestra compares the dead Cassandra to a swan who has sung her last final lament, platos Phaedo records Socrates saying that, although swans sing in early life, they do not do so as beautifully as before they die. Furthermore, Aristotle noted in his History of Animals that swans are musical, by the third century BC the belief had become a proverb. The swan was described as a singer in the works of the poets Virgil. The most familiar European swan, the swan, although not actually mute, is known neither for musicality nor to vocalize as it dies. Peterson et al. note that Cygnus olor is not mute but lacks bugling call, merely honking, grunting and this was proposed by naturalist Peter Pallas as the basis for the legend. Both mute and whooper swans appear to be represented in ancient Greek, the whooper swans nearest relatives, the trumpeter and tundra swans, share its musical tracheal loop. Chaucer wrote of The Ialous swan, ayens his deth that singeth, leonardo da Vinci noted The swan is white without spot, and it sings sweetly as it dies, that song ending its life. In Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, Portia exclaims Let music sound while he doth make his choice, Then, if he lose, he makes a swan-like end, Fading in music. The concerto of Telemann begins with a sad part later a part, the singing of the swan itself, another sad part. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English phrase swan song or swan-song borrows from the German schwanensang or schwanenlied, the Scottish cleric John Willison, in one of his Scripture Sermons,1747, proposes a verse from Psalm 48 as a swan-song for the faithful. Danish painter Nicolai Abildgaard painted Ossian synger sin Svanesang, or Ossian sings his swan song, the band Led Zeppelins record label is Swan Song Records. By extension, swan song has become an idiom referring to a theatrical or dramatic appearance. For example, an athlete that wins a championship or breaks records in their final season are sometimes said to have had a swan song season, examples Peyton Manning winning the Super Bowl in his last season. Kobe Bryant dropping 60 points in his final game, ned Jarrett winning the 1965 NASCAR title and then surprisingly retiring
16.
Preludes (Chopin)
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Frédéric Chopin wrote a number of preludes for piano solo. His cycle of 24 preludes, Op.28, covers all major and minor keys, in addition, Chopin wrote three other preludes, a prelude in C♯ minor, Op.45, a piece in A♭ major from 1834, and an unfinished piece in E♭ minor. These are sometimes referred to as Nos.25,26, Chopins 24 preludes, Op.28, are a set of short pieces for the piano, one in each of the twenty-four keys, originally published in 1839. Chopin wrote them between 1835 and 1839, partly at Valldemossa, Majorca, where he spent the winter of 1838–39, the manuscript, which Chopin carefully prepared for publication, carries a dedication to the German pianist and composer Joseph Christoph Kessler. The French edition was dedicated to the piano-maker and publisher Camille Pleyel, the German edition was dedicated to Kessler, who ten years earlier had dedicated his own set of 24 Preludes, Op.31, to Chopin. Whereas the term prelude had hitherto used to describe an introductory piece, Chopins pieces stand as self-contained units. He thus imparted new meaning to a title that at the time was often associated with improvisatory preluding. Since this sequence of related keys is much closer to common harmonic practice, an opposing view is that the set was never intended for continuous performance, and that the individual preludes were indeed conceived as possible introductions for other works. Chopin himself never played more than four of the preludes at any public performance. Nowadays, the set of Op.28 preludes has become repertory fare. As with his works, Chopin did not himself attach names or descriptions to any of the Op.28 preludes, in contrast to many of Robert Schumanns. The brevity and apparent lack of structure in the Op.28 set caused some consternation among critics at the time of their publication. No prelude is longer than 90 bars, and the shortest, schumann said, They are sketches, beginnings of études, or, so to speak, ruins, individual eagle pinions, all disorder and wild confusions. Liszts opinion, however, was positive, Chopins Preludes are compositions of an order entirely apart. They are poetic preludes, analogous to those of a contemporary poet. Among more recent assessments, musicologist Henry Finck said that if all music in the world were to be destroyed, excepting one collection. Biographer Jeremy Nicholas writes that Even on their own, the 24 Preludes would have ensured Chopins claim to immortality, despite the lack of formal thematic structure, motives do appear in more than one prelude. Scholar Jeffrey Kresky has argued that Chopins Op.28 is more than the sum of its parts, but each works best along with the others, and in the intended order
17.
Chicago Reader
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It was founded by a group of friends from Carleton College. The Reader is recognized as a pioneer among alternative weeklies for both its creative nonfiction and its commercial scheme, the Reader also developed a new kind of journalism, ignoring the news and focusing on everyday life and ordinary people. The Reader, as it is known, is dated every Thursday and distributed free on Wednesday and Thursday via street boxes. As of March 2009, the paper claimed more than 1,900 locations in the Chicago metropolitan area, Creative Loafing filed for bankruptcy in September 2008. In 2012, the Chicago Reader was acquired by Wrapports LLC, the Chicago Reader was founded by Robert A. Roth, who grew up in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights. His ambition was to start a publication for young Chicagoans like Bostons The Phoenix. Those papers were sold on newsstands but were given away, mostly on campuses. They scraped together about $16,000 in capital and published the first issue,16 pages, one year later, in its first anniversary issue, the Reader published an article titled What Kind of Paper is This, Anyway. In which it answered Questions weve heard over and over in the past year and this article reported that the paper had lost nearly $20,000 in its first ten months of operation but that the owners were confident it will work out in the end. It explained the rationale behind free circulation and the paper’s unconventional editorial philosophy, Why doesnt the Reader print news, Tom Wolfe wrote us, The Future of the newspaper lies in your direction, i. e. the sheet willing to deal with the way we live now. That sums up our thoughts quite well, we find street sellers more interesting than politicians, in its early years the Reader was published out of apartments shared by the owner-founders, Roth, McCamant, Rehwaldt and Yoder. The first apartment was in Hyde Park—the University of Chicago neighborhood on the side of Chicago—and the second was in Rogers Park on the far north side. Working for ownership in lieu of pay, the owner-founders ultimately owned more than 90% of the company, in 1975 the paper began to earn a profit, incorporated, and rented office space in the downtown area that later came to be known as River North. In 1979, a reporter for the Daily Herald of Arlington Heights, Illinois, in 1986, an article in the Chicago Tribune estimated the Reader’s annual revenues at $6.7 million. In 1996, Crains Chicago Business projected revenue of $14.6 million, the National Journal’s Convention Daily reported that the Reader was “an enormous financial success. It’s now as thick as many Sunday papers and is published in four sections that total around 180 pages. ”This report put the circulation at 138,000. Later in 1995 the papers Matches personal ads were made available on the Web, also in 1996 the Reader partnered with Yahoo to bring its entertainment listings online and introduced a Web site and an AOL user area built around its popular syndicated column The Straight Dope. The Reader became so profitable in the late 1990s that it added a suburban edition, The Reader’s Guide to Arts & Entertainment and it faced severe competitive pressure starting near the turn of the century, as some of its key elements became widely available online
18.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
19.
The A.V. Club
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Club was initially created in 1993 as a supplemental part of The Onion and had a minimal presence on The Onion’s website in its early years. However, a 2005 website redesign placed The A. V, Club in a more prominent position, allowing its online identity to grow. Unlike its parent publication, The A. V, the publication’s name is a reference to school audiovisual clubs, composed of a bunch of geeks who actually knew how to run the film strip and film projectors. In 1993, five years after the founding of The Onion at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, UWM student Stephen Thompson launched an entertainment section, Club, as part of the newspapers 1995 redesign. Both The Onion and The A. V, Club made their Internet debut in 1996. Club acquired its own Internet domain name in December 1999, in December 2004, Stephen Thompson left his position as founding editor of The A. V. Club website was redesigned in 2005 to incorporate blogs and reader comments, in 2006, concurrent with another redesign, the website shifted its model to begin adding content on a daily, rather than weekly, basis. According to Sean Mills, then-president of The Onion, the A. V, Club website received more than 1 million unique visitors for the first time in October 2007. In late 2009, the website was reported as receiving over 1.4 million unique visitors and 75,000 comments per month, the offending review was removed from The A. V. Club, and then-editor Keith Phipps posted an apology on the website, leonard Pierce, the author of the review, was terminated from his freelance role with the website. At its peak, the print version of The A. V, Club was available in 17 different cities. Localized sections of the website were also maintained, with reviews and news relevant to specific cities, the print version and localized websites were gradually discontinued alongside the print version of The Onion, and in December 2013, publication ceased in the final three markets. On 13 December,2012, long-time writer and editor Keith Phipps and he stated, Onion, Inc. and I have come to a mutual parting of the ways. On 2 April,2013, longtime editor and critic Scott Tobias stepped down from his role as film editor of The A. V. Club stating via Twitter, After 15 great years @theavclub, I step down as Film Editor next Friday. In the comments section of the announcing the departures, writer Noel Murray announced he would also be joining their project. On 30 May,2013, it was announced that the six writers would be a part of the staff of The Dissolve. In April and June 2014, senior staff writers Kyle Ryan, Sonia Saraiya and Todd VanDerWerff left the website for positions at Entertainment Weekly, Salon and Vox Media, in 2015, Ryan returned to Onion, Inc. for a position in development
20.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
21.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
22.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
23.
Tehzeeb (2003 film)
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Tehzeeb is a 2003 Indian Bollywood film directed by Khalid Mohammed. It premiered on 21 November 2003, the film stars Shabana Azmi, Urmila Matondkar, Diya Mirza, Arjun Rampal and Rishi Kapoor in a special appearance. Urmila and Shabana were praised for their roles and it was inspired by Ingmar Bergmans Swedish drama-Autumn Sonata, and was dedicated to the director of the film. Anwar and Rukhsana had been married for years, after the birth of their daughters Tehzeeb and Nazeen, Anwar goes into depression and commits suicide. Rukhsana is an ambitious and popular singer, after her husbands mysterious death, her elder daughter Tehzeeb suspects her to be the cause of his departure. Despite the court declaring Rukhsana innocent, Tehzeeb still bears a grudge against her and accuses her of deserting her, years later, Tehzeeb has married Salim against her mothers wishes. Nazeen is mentally challenged, and Tehzeeb takes her under her custody, Tehzeeb lives happily with her husband and Nazeen, until Rukhsana decides to visit them and renew ties after five years. Both mother and daughter are happy about the visit. Many challenges and arguments arise because of Tehzeeb and Rukhsanas differences, but Tehzeeb and her mother have many good moments and Rukhsana grows close with both her daughters. Disaster then strikes when Nazeen shoots herself, here the truth comes out that Anwar killed himself and Rukhsana wasnt responsible. Rukhsana wants to take Nazeen with her, but Tehzeeb doesnt agree, Salim convinces her and she finally gives her consent. On the day that Rukhsana is to leave, she is sitting on the swing with her eyes closed, Tehzeeb goes up to her and apologizes, tells her she still loves her, but Rukhsana doesnt reply. Tehzeeb shakes her and Rukhsana falls over and it is revealed that Rukhsana neglected her health and had a heart attack which she died of. At the end of the movie, Tehzeeb is singing one of her mothers songs in her memory to a crowd while Salim, the music is by the award-winning composer A. R. The lyrics were written by Javed Akhtar but the Ghazal songs had lyrics adapted from poems of famous poets. Rahman introduced a singer Sujata Bhattacharya, who renamed herself as Madhushree. An additional song Habibi was featured in the movie but was not released in cassettes or CDs, Tehzeeb at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Royal Dramatic Theatre
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The Royal Dramatic Theatre is Swedens national stage for spoken drama, founded in 1788. Around one thousand shows are put on annually on the theatres eight running stages, the theatre has been at its present location in the Art Nouveau building at Nybroplan, Stockholm, since 1908. The theatre was built by the architect Fredrik Lilljekvist, famous artists like Carl Milles and Carl Larsson were involved in making the decorations, and some of the interior decorations were made by Prince Eugen. The school was split off as an institution in 1967. The first Swedish theatre opened in Bollhuset and Lejonkulan in 1667, while the plays were sometimes open to the public, it remained more or less a court theatre. The first Swedish play, Den Svenska Sprätthöken, was performed in 1737 by the first Swedish theatre company, the Swedish theatre was turned out of their playhouse by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia after the 1753-54 season, and the playhouse was given to a French company. In 1773, king Gustav III fired the French company and encouraged Swedish talents, and thus, a theatre of spoken drama was founded in the same building in 1787, but was not to last long. In 1788 the director fled the country to escape his creditors, so the actors formed a company and asked for the kings protection, Swedens national stage for dramatic art was established by King Gustav III in 1788. It was then that the Royal Theatre in Sweden was officially split in two, and the Royal Theatre became thereafter solely an opera stage, for spoken drama a new theatre was built specifically, called Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern—the Royal Dramatic Theatre, to distinguish it from the Royal Theatre. In 1798, the theatres and operas of Stockholm were united by a monopoly. In 1825, the old Palace building of the theatre caught fire, the theatre was now located in the same building as the Opera, an arrangement that was to continue for almost forty years. The middle of the 19th century was to mean changes both within and without the theatre and this time, however, the strike was broken by the government, which gave some of them raised salaries and fired the others with pensions. There was much criticism about the sharing of localities between the opera and the theatre, as the localities of the Opera were built for singing and considered unsuitable for spoken drama. In 1863, the Royal Dramatic Theatre purchased the playhouse of an old theatre, Mindre teatern. But at the beginning of the 20th century, the playhouse was rundown and in desperate need of renovation, there was lively debate in the press on the subject of refurbishing the national stage at Kungsträdgården. Many different kinds of restoration were proposed, but King Oscar II was not satisfied any of the suggestions. Instead, the decision was made to completely tear down the old theatre building and to build a new, bigger, fresher. From the 1850s onwards, Stockholm as a city and as Swedens definitive capital had changed considerably as had its centre, Fredrik Lilljekvist was appointed head architect, and on February 18,1908 the national stages new theatre building at Nybroplan opened with Strindbergs new play Mäster Olof
25.
Maria Bonnevie
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Anna Maria Cecilia Bonnevie is a Norwegian-Swedish actress. She was born in Västerås, Sweden, but grew up in Oslo and her parents, both actors, are the Norwegian actress Jannik Bonnevie and Swedish actor Per Waldvik. Bonnevie was educated at Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting and had her first theater role in Hrafn Gunnlaugssons Hvíti víkingurinn, in 1997, she had her debut at the Swedish theatre Dramaten, in the play Yvonne by Ingmar Bergman. Her screen debut was in 1991 in the movie Kvitebjørn Kong Valemon and her big breakthrough came with the movie Jerusalem, and among her later movies are Insomnia, Dragonfly and Syndere i sommersol. For the movie Jeg er Dina she received a prize for best foreign actress at the Montreal International Film Festival, in 2002 she was named one of European films Shooting Stars by European Film Promotion. In 1999, she played Olga in The 13th Warrior, in 2004, she appeared in the Swedish film Dag och natt directed by Simon Staho. In 2007, she played lead in the Russian film The Banishment directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev. The Karlovy Vary International Film Festival invited Bonnevie to join the Grand Jury of the Festivals 44th edition in 2009, in 2012, she played Countess Isolde in Belle du Seigneur alongside Jonathan Rhys-Meyers, Natalia Vodianova and Ed Stoppard. Maria Bonnevie at the Internet Movie Database
26.
Yale Repertory Theatre
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In the process it has become one of the first distinguished regional theatres. Located at the edge of Yales main downtown campus, it occupies the former Calvary Baptist Church, some successful works were transferred to commercial theaters. Benjamin Mordecai served as managing director from 1982 to 1993, Victoria Nolan has served in capacity since 1993. Calvary Baptist Church was erected in 1846 in the Gothic revival architectural style on a plot of land that was the home of Richard Platt. Upon redundancy, the church was controlled by Yale University, which was served by a nondenominational chapel. Yale Dramatic Association Official website Yale Repertory Theatre at the Internet Broadway Database
27.
Finnish National Opera
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The Finnish National Opera is a Finnish opera company based in Helsinki. Its home base is the Opera House on Töölönlahti bay in Töölö, which opened in 1993, the Opera House features two auditoriums, the main auditorium with 1,350, seats and a smaller studio auditorium with 300-500 seats. Regular opera performances began in Finland in 1873 with the founding of the Finnish Opera by Kaarlo Bergbom. Prior to that, opera had been performed in Finland sporadically by touring companies, and on occasion by Finnish amateurs, however, the Finnish Opera company soon plunged into a financial crisis and folded in 1879. During its six years of operation, Bergbom’s opera company had given 450 performances of a total of 26 operas, the reincarnation of the Finnish opera institution took place about 30 years later. A group of social and cultural figures, led by the international star soprano Aino Ackté. From the very beginning, the decided to engage both foreign and Finnish artists. A few years later the Domestic Opera was renamed the Finnish Opera in 1914, in 1956, the Finnish Opera was, in turn, taken over by the Foundation of the Finnish National Opera, and acquired its present name. Between 1918 and 1993 the home of the opera was the Alexander Theater, the home was inaugurated with an opening performance of Verdi’s Aida. The Finnish National Opera has some 30 permanently engaged solo singers, the Ballet has 90 dancers from 17 countries. All together, the opera has a staff of 735, past music directors and chief conductors have included Armas Järnefelt, Okko Kamu, Muhai Tang, and Mikko Franck. With the 2013-2014 season, the Finnish mezzo-soprano Lilli Paasikivi became artistic director of the company, the initial contracts for both Paasikivi and Güttler are for 3 years. Since 2008, Kenneth Greve has served as director of Finnish National Ballet. His current contract is through 2018, the Finnish National Opera stages four to six premieres a year, including a world premiere of at least one Finnish opera, such as Rasputin by Einojuhani Rautavaara. Some 20 different operas in 140 performances are found in the operas schedule yearly, the Ballet arranges some 110 performances annually. The Finnish National Opera has some 250,000 visitors a year
28.
Sebastian Fagerlund
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Otto Eric Sebastian Fagerlund is a Finnish composer. He is described as “a post-modern impressionist whose sound landscapes can be heard as ecstatic nature images which, echoes of Western culture, Oriental music and heavy metal may, for example, all be detected under the same Sky in the music of Fagerlund. His output covers a variety of genres, ranging from chamber opera to chamber music. The most prominent are his concertos and his works for orchestra, together with clarinettist Christoffer Sundqvist, Fagerlund is Artistic Director of the RUSK Chamber Music Festival they founded in Pietarsaari/Jakobstad, Finland in 2013. Fagerlund is the Composer in Residence of The Royal Concertgebouw in Amsterdam season 2016/17, Fagerlund began his musical studies with violin lessons at the Turku Conservatory, where his teacher was Simo Vuoristo. After a year spent studying in the Netherlands, he applied for the Sibelius Academy to study composition and he has also attended master classes with Michael Jarrell, Magnus Lindberg, Ivan Fedele and others. The Clarinet Concerto steeped in colour marked a point in Fagerlund’s career as a composer. Like a trek through areas that all different, a series of sensations. The alternation of darkness and light, of movement and motionlessness, of violence and sensitivity, permeates the tone poem Isola, both works were premiered at the Korsholm Music Festival. His surrealistic chamber opera Döbeln constructed around hallucinations won the Record of the Year award of the Finnish Broadcasting Company and was a commission from the West Coast Opera Kokkola, the orchestral Ignite, constructed like a spiral, has fired audiences the world over. The Violin Concerto Darkness in Light inhabiting the zone between dream and reality was tailored for Pekka Kuusisto and was successful when premiered in Tampere in September 2012. The concerto was partly inspired by the literature of Haruki Murakami, the dreamy guitar concerto Transit commissioned by Yle and premiered by Ismo Eskelinen has continued Fagerlund’s series of concertos. Fagerlund has said, “A sort of primitivism is present in many of my works, as a result, rhythm, in particular, has become very important. I am fascinated by relentless drive and energy. ”, salient features of Fagerlund’s music are his interest in large-scale forms and details of them, and a profound view of music as the expresser of fundamental questions and existential experiences. Works by Fagerlund have been performed around the world by for ex, okko Kamu, BIS-22062015 – Darkness in Light - Violin Concerto, Ignite, Pekka Kuusisto, violin, Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, cond. 2011 – Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra, Partita, Isola, Christoffer Sundqvist, clarinet, Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra,2010 – Döbeln, West Coast Kokkola Opera, cond. 2010 – Short Stories, The Academic Saxophone Quartet, OPTCD-10007-8,2010 – Licht im Licht, Risto-Matti Marin, ABCD305. 2009 – Imaginary Landscapes, Turku Ensemble, JJVCD-69,2007 – Northern Lights, Anu Komsi, soprano, Pia Värri, piano, ABCD231
29.
The Serpent's Egg (film)
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The Serpents Egg is a 1977 American-West German drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring David Carradine and Liv Ullmann. The story is set in 1920s Berlin and features English and German dialogue and it was Bergmans only Hollywood film. The Serpents Egg is considered one of Bergmans weaker efforts and he returns home one night to discover that his brother Max has committed suicide. Abel meets up with his old boss who gives him money in an attempt to persuade him back to his now successful circus. Abel realizes he will not be as good as he was with his brother and so declines and he goes to see his brothers wife to break the news of his death to her. She asks what triggered Maxs suicide but Abel is unable to provide a solid answer, the only sentence in Maxs suicide note Abel can make out reads, There is a poisoning going on. In an attempt to drown his sorrow Abel goes on a drinking binge which lingers into the early hours, the next morning the two discuss possible new career paths Abel could look into. After Manuela leaves for work Abel steals from her in order to buy alcohol. He is later taken by police to the mortuary in order to identify a series of bodies and he is also shown the body of another man who was murdered via lethal injection, he does not know the man but comments that he looks remarkably like his deceased father. Next he is shown the body of an old lady whom Abel identifies as a woman who used to deliver papers to his village who he is told committed suicide. Finally he is shown the body of a boy who was killed after being hit by a truck. Abel asks why he is being all of these horrific bodies and is told that all of the mysterious deaths happened within the vicinity of his home. He is told that he will have to remain in custody until they are convinced of his innocence. Convinced that he is being set up due to his Jewish heritage he tries to escape the station but is quickly recaptured. Manuela visits Abel in hospital where she informs him that all her money is gone, Abel is released due to lack of evidence and returns home with Manuela. However, on returning home Manuela is told by her landlady that Abel must leave because he and Manuela arent married which the authorities do not approve of, Manuela decides to leave with Abel. As they prepare to leave Manuela confesses to Abel that she works as a prostitute. November arrives and Germany has become more fearful that a bloody confrontation between extremist parties could soon plummet the country into another war
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From the Life of the Marionettes
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From the Life of the Marionettes is a 1980 film directed by Ingmar Bergman. The film was produced in West Germany with a German language screenplay and it is filmed in black and white apart from two colour sequences at the beginning and end of the movie. The title is a quotation excerpted from a passage in The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi, unlike Collodis story, however, Bergmans is unremittingly bleak in tone. The film charts the disintegration of the relationship of Katarina and Peter Egermann, in the closing sequence he is incarcerated in a mental asylum. An odd counterpoint to the tone of the film is the sprightly disco soundtrack over the end credits. The film was shot in the Bavaria Film Studios in Munich from October to December 1979, with the exception of the bar scene, the film begins in color, but all the flashbacks are in black and white. The film was made for television and had its TV premiere on German ZDF on 3 November 1980. The very first showing, however, was at a film festival in Oxford 13 July 1980, followed by festival showings in Paris. After the German TV premiere the film went on general cinema release, many felt Bergmans film was too heavy to be considered real drama, but they did like the performances of the German cast, including Robert Atzorn. The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film of the year by the U. S. National Board of Review and it currently holds a 56%, however, on Rotten Tomatoes
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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
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Swedish Film Database
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The Swedish Film Database is an internet database about Swedish films, published by the Swedish Film Institute. It contains information about all Swedish films from 1897 onwards and foreign films that had cinema premiere in Sweden and it also provides a lot of biographies of actors, directors, producers etc. who participated in Swedish films over the years. It is created with the support of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, the database comprises about 62,000 films and 265,000 people
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AllMovie
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AllMovie is an online guide service website with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. As of 2013, AllMovie. com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by All Media Network, AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame. The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites, the AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more. AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie. com website and it was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs. In late 2007, Macrovision acquired AMG for a reported $72 million, the AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. All Media Network offices are located in San Francisco, California, AllMusic AllGame SideReel All Media Network Official website
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Turner Classic Movies
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Turner Classic Movies is an American movie-oriented basic cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner. TCM is headquartered at the Techwood Campus in Atlanta, Georgias Midtown business district, historically, the channels programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. and occasionally shows more recent films. The channel is available in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, France, Spain, Nordic countries, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific. In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, concerns over Turner Entertainments corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGMs library of films released up to May 9,1986, Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies, Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co. The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the form of programming for TCM upon the networks launch. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release. Turner Classic Movies debuted on April 14,1994, at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Time, the date and time were chosen for their historical significance as the exact centennial anniversary of the first public movie showing in New York City. The first movie broadcast on TCM was the 1939 film Gone with the Wind, at the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. AMC had broadened its content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002. In the early 90s AMC abandoned its format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies, in March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video. In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting, in April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Graumans Chinese Theater and the Graumans Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. In 2007, some of the films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCMs website. The networks programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any video release
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The Criterion Collection
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The Criterion Collection, Inc. is an American home video distribution company which focuses on licensing important classic and contemporary films and selling them to film aficionados. Criterion is noted for helping to standardize the format for widescreen films, bonus features, commentary tracks. The Criterion Collection company was founded in 1984 by Robert Stein, Aleen Stein, and Joe Medjuck, in 1985, the Steins, William Becker, and Jonathan B. Turell founded the Voyager Company, to publish educational multimedia CD-ROMs, in March 1994, Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH bought 20 percent of Voyager for US$6.7 million, the 4 founders each retained a 20 percent owner’s share. Robert Stein sold 42 Voyager titles to LTI from his Voyager–Criterion company share, on November 4,2013, it was announced that Sony Pictures Home Entertainment will now handle distribution. In 1986, Charles Benton founded Home Vision Entertainment, the division of Public Media Inc. which he had previously founded in 1968. In 2005, Image Entertainment bought HVE, thus it became the distributor of Criterion Collection products. The Criterion Collection began to provide video-on-demand in partnership with MUBI in 2008, in February 2011, Criterion began switching its VOD offerings exclusively to Hulu Plus. In November 2016, FilmStruck, a streaming service from Turner Classic Movies. Criterion also maintains a YouTube channel with which it markets its films, in response, other users in YouTube have used the Three Reasons format to promote their own nominations. As of July 2016, no new Three Reasons video has released by Criterion since June 30,2015. On March 4,2016, British film magazine Sight & Sound revealed in their April 2016 issue that Criterion would be expanding its releases to the United Kingdom, the first six titles were released on April 18,2016. These ideas and the features introduced by the Criterion Collection have been highly influential. Thereafter, Criterion made letterboxing the standard presentation for all its releases of films shot in widescreen aspect ratios, the Criterion Collections second catalog title, King Kong, was the debut of the scene-specific audio commentary contained in a separate analog channel of the laserdisc. It featured US film historian Ronald Haver reporting about the production, cast, screenplay, production design and he also is the commentator for the Casablanca, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, Singin in the Rain, and The Wizard of Oz laserdiscs. The Criterion Collection began in 1984 with the releases of Citizen Kane and King Kong on laserdisc, originally, the Criterion company released art, genre, and mainstream movies on laserdisc. For example, Halloween, Ghostbusters, Bram Stokers Dracula, Armageddon, increasingly, the Criterion Collection has focused on releasing World cinema, mainstream cinema classics, and critically successful obscure movies. Using the best available materials, the company produced technologically improved
