1.
Raj Kapoor
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Ranbir Raj Kapoor, also known as the greatest showman of Indian cinema, was a noted Indian film actor, producer and director of Hindi cinema. Kapoor is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers and actors in the history of Indian cinema and he was the winner of several accolades including 3 National Film Awards and 11 Filmfare Awards in India. The Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award is named after Raj Kapoor and he was a two-time nominee for the Palme dOr grand prize at the Cannes Film Festival for his films Awaara and Boot Polish. His performance in Awaara was ranked as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time by Time magazine and his films attracted worldwide audiences, particularly in Asia and Europe. He was called the Clark Gable of the Indian film industry, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 for his contributions to the arts. Indias highest award in cinema the Dadasaheb Phalke Award was bestowed him in 1987 by the Government of India, Raj Kapoor was born at the Kapoor Haveli near Qissa Khawani Bazaar in Peshawar, modern-day Pakistan, into a Punjabi Hindu family to Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsarni Devi Kapoor. He was the eldest of six children in the family and he was the grandson of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor and great-grandson of Dewan Keshavmal Kapoor, part of the famous Kapoor family. His brothers are actors Shashi Kapoor and the late Shammi Kapoor and he also had a sister named Urmila Sial. Two other siblings died in infancy and they later on moved from Peshawar into present-day India for residence and for education. As Prithviraj moved from city to city early in his career during the 1930s, the constant move meant Raj Kapoor attended several different schools in cities like Dehradun, Calcutta and Mumbai. At the age of ten, he appeared in films for the first time, after acting in several films over the next 12 years, Raj Kapoors big break came with the lead role in Neel Kamal opposite Madhubala in her first role as a leading lady. In 1949 he co-starred alongside Dilip Kumar and Nargis in Mehboob Khans hit film Andaz which was his first major success as an actor and he had his first success as producer, director and star of Barsaat released later that year. He went on to produce and star in hit films made under his R. K. These films established his screen image modeled on Charlie Chaplins most famous screen persona of The Tramp, outside of his home productions, his other notable films as a leading actor included Anhonee, Aah, Anari, Chhalia and Dil Hi To Hai. He also produced the hit social films Boot Polish. and Ab Dilli Door Nahin, in 1964, he produced, directed and starred in the romantic musical Sangam alongside Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayantimala which was his first film in colour. This was his last major success as an actor as his later films like Around the World and Sapnon Ka Saudagar with younger starlets Rajshree. In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival, in 1970 he produced, directed and starred in his ambitious film Mera Naam Joker which took more than six years to complete. His son Rishi Kapoor made his debut in film playing the younger version of his character
Raj Kapoor
Raj Kapoor
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Raj Kapoor
Raj Kapoor
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Raj Kapoor's birthplace,
Dhaki Munawar Shah,
Peshawar, Pakistan
Raj Kapoor
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Raj and Krishna Kapoor (1946)
2.
Nargis
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Nargis Dutt, born Fatima Rashid but known by her screen name, Nargis, was an Indian film actress. Regarded as one of the greatest actresses in the history of Hindi cinema, she made her debut as a child in Talash-E-Haq in 1935. One of her roles was that of Radha in the Academy Award-nominated Mother India. In 1958, Nargis married her Mother India co-star, actor Sunil Dutt and she would appear infrequently in films during the 1960s. Some of her films of this include the drama Raat Aur Din. Along with her husband, Nargis formed the Ajanta Arts Cultural Troupe, Nargis died in 1981 of pancreatic cancer, a few days before her son Sanjay Dutt made his debut in Hindi films. In 1982, the Nargis Dutt Memorial Cancer Foundation was established in her memory, the award for Best Feature Film on National Integration in the annual National Film Awards ceremony is called the Nargis Dutt Award in her honour. In 1958, she was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India, Nargis was born as Fatima Rashid in Calcutta, Bengal. Her father Abdul Rashid alias Mohan Babu, was originally a wealthy Mohyal Tyagi, from Rawalpindi and her mother was Jaddanbai, a Hindustani classical music singer and one of the early pioneers of Indian cinema. She introduced Nargis into the movie culture unfolding in India at the time, Nargis maternal half-brother, Anwar Hussain, also became a film actor. Fatima made her first film appearance in the 1935 film Talashe Haq when she was six years old, Nargis is a Persian word meaning Narcissus, the daffodil flower. She was subsequently credited as Nargis in all of her films, Nargis appeared in numerous films after her debut, she won lasting fame for her later, adult, roles, starting with at the age of 14, in Mehboob Khans Taqdeer in 1943 opposite, Motilal. She starred in many popular Hindi films of the late 1940s and 1950s such as Barsaat, Andaz, Awaara, Deedar, Shree 420 and she appeared in Mehboob Khans Oscar-nominated rural drama Mother India in 1957 for which she won the Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance. After her marriage to Sunil Dutt in 1958, Nargis gave up her career to settle down with her family. She made her last film appearance in the 1967 film Raat Aur Din, the film was well received and Nargis performance as a woman who suffers from multiple-personality disorder, was critically acclaimed. For this role she won a National Film Award for Best Actress and she also received a Filmfare Best Actress Award nomination for this film. In 2011, Rediff. com listed her as the greatest actress of all time, stating, An actress with range, style, grace, dhawan from The Tribune said, In almost all her films Nargis created a woman who could be desired and deified. The charisma of Nargiss screen image lay in that it oscillated between the simple and the chic with equal ease and she was also nominated to the Rajya Sabha from 1980–81 but due to cancer she fell ill and died during her tenure
Nargis
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Nargis in
Awaara
3.
Prithviraj Kapoor
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He was also the patriarch of the Kapoor family of Hindi films, four generations of which family, beginning with him, have played active roles in the Hindi film industry. However, his father, Basheshwarnath Nath Kapoor, also played a role in his movie Awaara. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1969, Kapoor was born on 3 November 1906, in a Punjabi Hindu family, in Samundri, Punjab Province in British India, in what today is the Punjab province of Pakistan. Surinder Kapoor, the famous Bollywood producer and father of actor Anil Kapoor was a first cousin of Prithviraj Kapoor, Kapoor began his acting career in the theatres of Lyallpur and Peshawar. In 1928, he moved to Bombay with a loan from an aunt, there he joined the Imperial Films Company. He acted as an extra in his first film, though he went on to earn a lead role for his film, titled Cinema Girl. After featuring in nine silent films, including Do Dhari Talwar, Sher-e-Arab and Prince Vijaykumar, Kapoor did a role in Indias first film talkie. His performance in Vidyapati was much appreciated and his best-known performance is perhaps as Alexander the Great in Sohrab Modis Sikandar. He also joined the Grant Anderson Theater Company, an English theatrical company that remained in Bombay for a year, through all these years, Kapoor remained devoted to the theatre and performed on stage regularly. He developed a reputation as a fine and versatile actor on both stage and screen. By 1944, Kapoor had the wherewithal and standing to found his own group, Prithvi Theatres. His eldest son, Raj Kapoor, by 1946, had struck out on his own, the films he produced had been successful, Prithviraj invested in Prithvi Theatres, which staged memorable productions across India. The plays were highly influential and inspired people to participate in the Indian independence movement. In over 16 years of existence, the theatre staged some 2,662 performances, Prithviraj starred as the lead actor in every single show. One of his plays was called Pathan, which was performed on stage nearly 600 times in Mumbai. It opened on 13 April 1947, and is a story of a Muslim, the financial returns, through ticket sales and the rapidly diminishing largesse of patrons from the erstwhile princely class of India, was not enough to support such an effort. Many of the actors and technicians that Prithvi Theatres nurtured had found their way to the movies. Indeed, this was the case all of Prithvirajs own sons
Prithviraj Kapoor
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Prithviraj Kapoor in 1929
Prithviraj Kapoor
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Prithvi Theatre Festival commemorating the birth centenary of Prithviraj Kapoor, in 2006.
4.
Leela Chitnis
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Leela Chitnis was an actress in the Indian film industry, active from 1930s to 1980s. In her early years she starred as a lead, but she is best remembered for her later roles playing a virtuous. She was born in Dharwad, Karnataka to an English literature professor and she was one of the first educated film actresses. After graduation she joined Natyamanwantar, a theatre group that produced plays in her native Marathi language. The groups works were influenced by Ibsen, Shaw and Stanislavsky. With the theatre group, Leela played the role in a series of comedies and tragedies. Chitnis early stage work included comedy Usna Navra and with her own film group Udyacha Sansar and she started acting to support her four children. She started as an extra and went on to stunt films, in Gentleman Daku in 1937, Chitnis played a polished crook dressed in male apparel and was publicised in the Times of India as the first graduate society-lady from Maharashtra. By then she had made her first major mark as an actress on the silver screen. Chitnis worked at Prabhat Pictures, Pune and Ranjit Movietone before going on to be the lady in Bombay Talkies. Her love, however, stands up to his fathers prejudices, a theme for the time. With Kangans success, Leela replaced Bombay Talkies ravishing leading lady Devika Rani, Leela made a particularly good partner with Devika Ranis leading man Ashok Kumar for a series of box-office hits such as Azad, Bandhan and Jhoola that broadly deal with societal issues. Ashok Kumar was so impressed by her abilities that he admitted to having learnt how to speak with his eyes from her. By the mid-1940s her career went downhill as the new leading ladies came in, Leela accepted the reality and in 1948 entered the next, and perhaps most renowned, phase of her career in Shaheed. Cast as the suffering, ailing mother, she played this role to perfection. For 22 years, Chitnis played the mother of the leading men including Dilip Kumar, often playing an ailing mother or a mother going through hardships. In fact she created the archetype of the Hindi Film mother, leelas maternal histrionics were portrayed in a range of films such as Awaara, Ganga Jumna and, in 1965, the runaway success Guide, based on the award-winning novel of the same name by R. K. She was busy through the 1970s, but cut down her appearances thereafter before taking the final call in Dil Tujhko Diya in 1985
Leela Chitnis
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Leela Chitnis लीला चिटनिस
5.
Shashi Kapoor
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Shashi Kapoor is a retired Indian film actor and film producer. He has appeared in a number of Hindi language films as well as in a few English-language films. He has also been a director and assistant director in the Hindi film industry. Shashi Kapoor is a member of the Kapoor family, a dynasty in Indias Bollywood cinema. Kapoor was born in Calcutta during British Raj, in 2011, he was honoured with the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India for his contributions to Art-Cinema. In 2015, he was awarded the 2014 Dadasaheb Phalke Award, making him the member of his family to receive the highest award in Indian Cinema after Prithviraj Kapoor. From the age of four, Shashi Kapoor acted in plays directed and produced by his father Prithviraj Kapoor and he worked in four Hindi films as a child artist from 1948 to 1954. He was a popular actor in Bollywood during the 60s, 70s. Kapoors early films, Dharmputra, Prem Patra, and Char Diwari, were in Hindi, since 1961, he started acting in English language films, which include The Householder and Shakespeare-Wallah. He was one of Indias first actors to go international, actress Nanda, who was an established star at this time, signed 8 Hindi films with Kapoor, as she believed that he could deliver good performances. Their first two films as a pair were the critically acclaimed romantic film Char Diwari and Mehndi Lagi Mere Haath. In the 1960s Kapoor acted in romantic films opposite Nanda, including Mohabbat Isko Kahete Hain, Jab Jab Phool Khile, Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare, Raja Saab. In an interview in the 1990s, Kapoor declared that Nanda was his favourite heroine, in another interview, Nanda stated that Shashi Kapoor was her favourite hero. Shashi Kapoor formed on screen pairs with Raakhee, Sharmila Tagore and he also acted opposite actresses Hema Malini, Parveen Babi, and Moushumi Chatterjee in many films. He did 10 films opposite Hema Malini and he also worked in movie Titanic. Other films include multi-starrers like Dil Ne Pukara, Trishul, Neeyat, Aandhi Toofan, Naina, Phaansi, Salaakhen, Fakira and he also worked with Rajesh Khanna in Prem Kahani. From the 1970s to early 1980s, Kapoor starred alongside Pran in 9 films which include Biradari, Chori Mera Kaam, Phaansi, Shankar Dada, Chakkar Pe Chakkar, Rahu Ketu and Maan Gaye Ustaad. Shashi Kapoor was regularly cast with Sanjeev Kumar also in films like Mukti, Trishul, Muqaddar, Swayamvar, Sawaal and he also starred in other British and American films such as Pretty Polly opposite Hayley Mills, Siddhartha, Sammy and Rosie Get Laid, and Muhafiz
Shashi Kapoor
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Shashi Kapoor
Shashi Kapoor
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Signed photo of Shashi Kapoor
6.
Shankar-Jaikishan
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Shankar Jaikishan, were an Indian duo who composed music for the Hindi film industry, working together from 1949 to 1971. Later, Shankar continued to function as a Music Director alone, still giving music under the banner Shankar-Jaikishan, Shankar-Jaikishan, along with other artists, composed everlasting and immortal melodies in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. Their best work was noted for being raga-based and having both lilt and sonority, Shankar Singh s/o ram singh was from Hyderabad. During his formative years, Shankar played the tabla and learned the art formally from Baba Nasir Khansahib, for many years, Shankar studied as a disciple of the legendary composer Khawaja Khurshid Anwar, in whose orchestra he performed. In fact, Shankar had studied at Hyderabad and had passed 10th class, a 10th class pass of pre-independence era, cannot be considered to be illiterate by any means. Shankar started his career with a group run by Satyanarayan and Hemawati, before shifting to Prithvi Theatre where he played tabla. Shankar worked as assistant to the composer duo of Husnlal Bhagatram. Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal belonged to Bansda, Gujarat, Jaikishan was adept at playing the harmonium. Subsequently, he obtained his musical lessons from Sangeet Visharad Wadilalji, after moving to Mumbai, he became a disciple of Vinayak Tambe. It was outside the office of Bhatt that Shankar saw Jaikishan a number of times, one day, he started a conversation and discovered that Jaikishan was a harmonium player, and that he too was visiting the same producer in search of work. Shankar later recollected that they developed a liking for each other and it was he who then, papaji honoured Shankars selection and gladly accepted Jaikishan as a Harmonium player at Prithvi. Soon, the two of them developed very close friendship to the extent that the people started referring to them as Ram-Lakshman ki jodi, apart from following their musical pursuits, they also used to play significant roles in various plays including the famous play Pathan. Thus, the three had met at Prithvi Theater, Raj Kapoor made his debut as a director with the film Aag in 1948. Its music director Ram Ganguly was assisted by Shankar and Jaikishan, thus came into existence the new pair of music directors named Shankar-Jaikishan who composed the music for the film. Himself being a singer, Raj Kapoor thus took on board a new team of composers Shankar and Jaikishan and lyricists Shailendra. On the insistence of Shankar, he and SJ co-opted the upcoming singing talent Lata Mangeshkar, the film also had the distinction of featuring two firsts in Hindi cinema — a title song and a cabaret. The two became known by the acronym S-J, S-J formed a core team with lyricists Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri and with singers Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar. SJ also patronized the immensely talented singer Manna Dey, who sang his best songs with them, among the directors, they worked most closely with Raj Kapoor and were considered the kingpins of his legendary banner RK Films
Shankar-Jaikishan
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Shankar Jaikishan
Shankar-Jaikishan
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Statue of Jaikishan at Bansada near Valsad, Gujarat (Jaikishan's native town).
Shankar-Jaikishan
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SJ's 1968 Indo-jazz album, Raaga- Jazz Style.
Shankar-Jaikishan
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A prominent crossroad junction at Churchgate, Mumbai has been named after Shankar-Jaikishan.
7.
R. K. Films
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R. K. Films is a film production company, based in R. K. Studio, a film studio both established by and named after the Bollywood actor, Raj Kapoor, headquartered at Chembur, Mumbai. It was founded in 1948, one year after India gained independence and it had a rough start, as its first movie, Aag did not perform well at the box office. Films productions share a theme of criticising society and depicting love across social divide R. K. Films was formed in 1948, by Raj Kapoor in Chembur, after the commercial failure of the studios first venture, Aag, it found success with Barsaat. After this success, the logo was drawn to imitate the poster of Barsaat. Successful films such as Awaara, Boot Polish, Jagte Raho, Awaara was particularly successful, not just in India, but all over the world. Films movies featured Kapoor opposite actress Nargis, Kapoor appeared in 15 R. K. films with Nargis and travelled around the world with her to promote the studios films. The music team of Shankar Jaikishan also worked frequently on R. K, starting with Awaara, Radhu Karmakar shot all of Raj Kapoors subsequent films for four decades, till his last, Ram Teri Ganga Maili. Films produced many films in the few decades, including Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai, Mera Naam Joker, Bobby, Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Prem Rog and Ram Teri Ganga Maili. He went on to two more films with the company Dharam Karam and an incomplete film left Raj Kapoor which he completed after his fathers death in 1988 Henna. His brother Shashi Kapoor also appeared in several R. K. films, when Raj Kapoor died in 1988 Randhir took over the studio. His younger brother Rajiv Kapoor directed PremGranth in 1996, Rishi Kapoor directed Aa Ab Laut Chalen, herafter the Kapoors have produced no more films under the R. K. Unlike other Bollywood studios of the period, R. K. Films was able to all the costumes used in its films. Raj Kapoor, His Life and His Films, Kapoors, The First Family of Indian Cinema. R. K. Films at the Internet Movie Database R. K. Films at Bollywood Hungama
R. K. Films
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R.K. Film and R. K. Studio entrance, Chembur, Mumbai
8.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
India
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Flag
India
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The granite
tower of
Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by
Raja Raja Chola I.
India
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Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
9.
Hindi
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Hindi, or Modern Standard Hindi is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Along with the English language, Hindi written in the Devanagari script, is the language of the Government of India. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India, Hindi is the lingua franca of the so-called Hindi belt of India. Outside India, it is a language which is known as Fiji Hindi in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana. Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, apart from specialized vocabulary, Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani. Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with Official Language, under Article 343, official language of the Union has been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English. Gujarat High Court, in 2010, has observed that there was nothing on record to suggest that any provision has been made or order issued declaring Hindi as a language of India. Article 343 of the Indian constitution states The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script, the form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. It was envisioned that Hindi would become the working language of the Union Government by 1965. Each may also designate a co-official language, in Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the formation in power. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of language in the following Union Territories, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu. National-language status for Hindi is a long-debated theme, an Indian court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia, Hindi is a language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji. It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji, Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis of Nepal. Hindi is quite easy to understand for some Pakistanis, who speak Urdu, apart from this, Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the Hindi Belt of India. Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is considered to be a descendant of an early form of Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit. It has been influenced by Dravidian languages, Turkic languages, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, Hindi emerged as Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A. D. By the 10th century A. D. it became stable, Braj Bhasha, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Khari Boli etc. are the dialects of Hindi
Hindi
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The word "Hindi" in
Devanagari script
10.
Hindi language
–
Hindi, or Modern Standard Hindi is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Along with the English language, Hindi written in the Devanagari script, is the language of the Government of India. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India, Hindi is the lingua franca of the so-called Hindi belt of India. Outside India, it is a language which is known as Fiji Hindi in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana. Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, apart from specialized vocabulary, Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani. Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with Official Language, under Article 343, official language of the Union has been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English. Gujarat High Court, in 2010, has observed that there was nothing on record to suggest that any provision has been made or order issued declaring Hindi as a language of India. Article 343 of the Indian constitution states The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script, the form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. It was envisioned that Hindi would become the working language of the Union Government by 1965. Each may also designate a co-official language, in Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the formation in power. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of language in the following Union Territories, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu. National-language status for Hindi is a long-debated theme, an Indian court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia, Hindi is a language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji. It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji, Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis of Nepal. Hindi is quite easy to understand for some Pakistanis, who speak Urdu, apart from this, Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the Hindi Belt of India. Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is considered to be a descendant of an early form of Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit. It has been influenced by Dravidian languages, Turkic languages, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, Hindi emerged as Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A. D. By the 10th century A. D. it became stable, Braj Bhasha, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Khari Boli etc. are the dialects of Hindi
Hindi language
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The word "Hindi" in
Devanagari script
11.
Bollywood
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Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
Bollywood
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Film poster for first Indian sound film,
Ardeshir Irani 's
Alam Ara (1931)
Bollywood
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Melodrama and romance are common ingredients to Bollywood films. Pictured
Achhut Kanya (1936)
Bollywood
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Amitabh Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.
Bollywood
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Madhuri Dixit, often regarded as the best actress of the Indian cinema for her critical and commercial success during the 80s and 90s.
12.
Kapoor family
–
The Kapoor family is a prominent Indian show business family with a long history in Hindi cinema, many members of the family have had careers as actors, film directors, and producers. The Kapoor family is of Punjabi Hindu origin, Prithviraj Kapoor was the first from the family to pursue a career in films. He was born in 1906 in the town of Samundri in Punjab Province, prithvirajs first lead role was in Cinema Girl in 1929 CE. All three of Prithviraj Kapoors sons, Raj Kapoor, Shammi Kapoor, and Shashi Kapoor, made careers in the Hindi film industry, Raj Kapoor also known as the greatest showman of Indian cinema, became a noted Indian film actor, producer and director of Hindi cinema. Raj Kapoors sons, Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor, went on to become actors, his youngest son. Shashi Kapoors daughter Sanjana Kapoor also became an actress, although she had a short career. Randhir Kapoor is married to Babita and they have two daughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor, both of whom have found success in the film industry. Rishi Kapoor is married to actress Neetu Singh, their son, nikhil Nanda, son of Ritu Kapoor, Raj Kapoors daughter and Rajan Nanda, is married to Shweta Bachchan, daughter of the actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan. Prithviraj Kapoor – first member of family to enter the Hindi film industry, Kareena Kapoor — younger daughter of Randhir Kapoor and Babita, married to actor Saif Ali Khan. Riddhima Kapoor Sahani - daughter of Rishi Kapoor and Neetu Singh Kapoor, list of Hindi film clans Indian cinema@100,35 fun facts about the Kapoors of Bollywood
Kapoor family
–
Prithviraj Kapoor
Kapoor family
–
Shammi Kapoor
Kapoor family
–
Shashi Kapoor
Kapoor family
–
Randhir Kapoor
13.
Shankar Jaikishan
–
Shankar Jaikishan, were an Indian duo who composed music for the Hindi film industry, working together from 1949 to 1971. Later, Shankar continued to function as a Music Director alone, still giving music under the banner Shankar-Jaikishan, Shankar-Jaikishan, along with other artists, composed everlasting and immortal melodies in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. Their best work was noted for being raga-based and having both lilt and sonority, Shankar Singh s/o ram singh was from Hyderabad. During his formative years, Shankar played the tabla and learned the art formally from Baba Nasir Khansahib, for many years, Shankar studied as a disciple of the legendary composer Khawaja Khurshid Anwar, in whose orchestra he performed. In fact, Shankar had studied at Hyderabad and had passed 10th class, a 10th class pass of pre-independence era, cannot be considered to be illiterate by any means. Shankar started his career with a group run by Satyanarayan and Hemawati, before shifting to Prithvi Theatre where he played tabla. Shankar worked as assistant to the composer duo of Husnlal Bhagatram. Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal belonged to Bansda, Gujarat, Jaikishan was adept at playing the harmonium. Subsequently, he obtained his musical lessons from Sangeet Visharad Wadilalji, after moving to Mumbai, he became a disciple of Vinayak Tambe. It was outside the office of Bhatt that Shankar saw Jaikishan a number of times, one day, he started a conversation and discovered that Jaikishan was a harmonium player, and that he too was visiting the same producer in search of work. Shankar later recollected that they developed a liking for each other and it was he who then, papaji honoured Shankars selection and gladly accepted Jaikishan as a Harmonium player at Prithvi. Soon, the two of them developed very close friendship to the extent that the people started referring to them as Ram-Lakshman ki jodi, apart from following their musical pursuits, they also used to play significant roles in various plays including the famous play Pathan. Thus, the three had met at Prithvi Theater, Raj Kapoor made his debut as a director with the film Aag in 1948. Its music director Ram Ganguly was assisted by Shankar and Jaikishan, thus came into existence the new pair of music directors named Shankar-Jaikishan who composed the music for the film. Himself being a singer, Raj Kapoor thus took on board a new team of composers Shankar and Jaikishan and lyricists Shailendra. On the insistence of Shankar, he and SJ co-opted the upcoming singing talent Lata Mangeshkar, the film also had the distinction of featuring two firsts in Hindi cinema — a title song and a cabaret. The two became known by the acronym S-J, S-J formed a core team with lyricists Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri and with singers Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar. SJ also patronized the immensely talented singer Manna Dey, who sang his best songs with them, among the directors, they worked most closely with Raj Kapoor and were considered the kingpins of his legendary banner RK Films
Shankar Jaikishan
–
Shankar Jaikishan
Shankar Jaikishan
–
Statue of Jaikishan at Bansada near Valsad, Gujarat (Jaikishan's native town).
Shankar Jaikishan
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SJ's 1968 Indo-jazz album, Raaga- Jazz Style.
Shankar Jaikishan
–
A prominent crossroad junction at Churchgate, Mumbai has been named after Shankar-Jaikishan.
14.
Charlie Chaplin
–
Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19, he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the figures in the world. In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times
Charlie Chaplin
–
Publicity portrait,
circa 1920
Charlie Chaplin
–
Seven-year-old Chaplin (centre) at the
Central London District School for
paupers, 1897.
Charlie Chaplin
–
A teenage Chaplin in the play
Sherlock Holmes, which he appeared in between 1903 and 1906
Charlie Chaplin
–
Advertisement from Chaplin's American tour with the
Fred Karno comedy company, 1913
15.
Shree 420
–
Shree 420 is a 1955 Bollywood film directed, produced by and starring Raj Kapoor and Nargis. The number 420 refers to Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, the film centers on Raj, a poor but educated orphan who comes to Bombay with dreams of success. Kapoors character is influenced by Charlie Chaplins little tramp, much like Kapoors character in his 1951 Awaara. It was written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, and the music was composed by the team of Shankar Jaikishan, the lyrics were penned by Shailendra. Shree 420 was the highest-grossing Indian film of 1955, and the song Mera Joota Hai Japani, sung by Mukesh, became popular, a country boy, Raj, from Allahabad, travels to the big city, Bombay, by walking, to earn a living. He eventually becomes a trickster, or 420, who even cheats in card gambling. Vidya tries hard to make Raj a good man but fails, meanwhile, Sonachand comes up with another scheme to exploit poor people, whereby he promises permanent homes to them at just Rs.100. The scheme pays off, as people start hoarding money for a home, vidyas contempt for Raj increases even more. Raj becomes wealthy, but soon realizes that he paid a high price for it. When Raj discovers that Sonachand has no plans to fulfill his promises, Raj takes all the bond papers of the peoples homes and tries to flee Sonachands home, only to be caught by Sonachands and his cronies. In a scuffle that occurs, Sonachand shoots Raj and he falls unconscious, when people hear the shooting, they come and see Raj nearly dead. Sonachand tells police that Raj was trying to flee after stealing money from his safe, upon this, the dead Raj springs back to life and using pure logic, proves Sonachands guilt. Sonachand and his partners are arrested, while Vidya happily forgives Raj, the film ends with Raj saying Yeh 420 nahin, shree 420 hain. In Sanskrit, the name of the character, Vidya, means knowledge. The title of one of the songs in the movie is Ramaiya Vastavaiya is in Telugu, the title alone is derived from an old Telugu folk song. Apart from that, rest of the lyrics are in Hindi. The film grossed over Rs.20 million and this record was beaten 2 years later by Mother India in 1957. The song Mera Joota Hai Japani, in which the singer asserts his pride in being an Indian despite his clothes being from other countries, became, and remains, a patriotic favourite among many Indians
Shree 420
–
Original poster
16.
Soviet Union
–
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
Soviet Union
–
Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920
Soviet Union
–
Flag
Soviet Union
–
Stalin and
Nikolai Yezhov, head of the
NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was
edited out of the image.
Soviet Union
17.
East Asia
–
East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it includes China, Taiwan, Mongolia, Korea and Japan, it covers about 12,000,000 km2, or about 28% of the Asian continent, the East Asian people comprise more than 1.5 billion people. About 38% of the population of Asia and 22%, or over one fifth, the overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre, about three times the world average of 45/km2. Historically, societies in East Asia have been part of the Chinese cultural sphere, major religions include Buddhism, Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion in China and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, Korean shamanism in Korea. Shamanism is also prevalent among Mongolians and other populations of northern East Asia. The Chinese calendar is the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived, Chinese Dynasties dominated the region in matters of culture, trade, and exploration as well as militarily for a very long time. There are records of tributes sent overseas from the kingdoms of Korea. There were also considerable levels of cultural and religious exchange between the Chinese and other regional Dynasties and Kingdoms, as connections began to strengthen with the Western world, Chinas power began to diminish. Around the same time, Japan solidified itself as a nation state, throughout World War II, Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam all fell under Japanese control. Culturally, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam are commonly seen as being encompassed by cultural East Asia, there are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not. Vietnam Siberia in Russia Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea, however, in this context, the term Far East is often more appropriate which covers ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term Asia Pacific Region is often used in describing East Asia and this usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both East Asia and Northeast Asia. The Council on Foreign Relations defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea, the military and economic superpower of China became the largest economy in the world in 2014, surpassing the United States of America. Currently in East Asia, trading systems are open, and zero or low duties on imports of consumer and capital goods etc. have considerably helped stimulate cost-efficiency. Free and flexible labor and other markets are important factors making for high levels of business-economic performance. East Asian populations have demonstrated highly positive work ethics, there are relatively large and fast-growing markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds. The culture of East Asia has been influenced by the civilisation of China, East Asia, as well as Vietnam, share a Confucian ethical philosophy, Buddhism, political and legal structures, and historically a common writing system
East Asia
–
Tokyo is the largest city in the world, both in
metropolitan population and
economy.
East Asia
–
East Asia
East Asia
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Seoul is the capital and largest city of South Korea (ROK), and is a leading global technology hub.
East Asia
–
Kaohsiung is the second largest city in Taiwan.
Kaohsiung Harbor is one of the largest harbors in the world.
18.
Africa
–
Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earths total surface area and 20.4 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the human population. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos and it contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states, nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Africas population is the youngest amongst all the continents, the age in 2012 was 19.7. Algeria is Africas largest country by area, and Nigeria by population, afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. Africa hosts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa, Africa also varies greatly with regard to environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. However, most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century, afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean. This name seems to have referred to a native Libyan tribe. The name is connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar dust. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix -ica can sometimes be used to denote a land, the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while Asia was used to refer to Anatolia, as Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 25,4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya, isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. Suggests Africa comes from the Latin aprica, meaning sunny, massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning to turn toward the opening of the Ka. The Ka is the double of every person and the opening of the Ka refers to a womb or birthplace
Africa
–
Map of Africa
Africa
–
Africa
Africa
–
Lucy, an
Australopithecus afarensis skeleton discovered on November 24, 1974, in the
Awash Valley of
Ethiopia 's
Afar Depression
Africa
–
Colossal statues of
Ramesses II at
Abu Simbel, Egypt, date from around 1400 BC.
19.
Middle East
–
The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
Middle East
–
The
Temple Mount in
Jerusalem
Middle East
–
Map of the Middle East (green).
Middle East
–
The
Kaaba, located in
Mecca,
Saudi Arabia
Middle East
–
Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East. Here, Muslim men are
prostrating during prayer in a mosque.
20.
Mukesh (singer)
–
MUKESH CHAND MATHUR, better known mononymously as Mukesh, was an Indian playback singer of Hindi movies. Along with Mohammad Rafi, Manna Dey and Kishore Kumar, he was one of the most popular, amongst the numerous nominations and awards he won, his song Kai Baar Yuhi Dekha Hai from film Rajnigandha won him the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer. Mukesh was also popular as being the voice of the actor Raj Kapoor, Mukesh was born in Delhi in a Hindu family. His parents were Zorawar Chand Mathur, an engineer, and Chand Rani and he was the sixth in a family of ten children. The music teacher who came home to teach Mukeshs sister, Sundar Pyari, found a pupil in Mukesh, Mukesh left school after the 10th grade and worked briefly for the Department of Public Works. He experimented with voice recordings during his employment in Delhi and gradually developed his singing abilities, Mukeshs voice was first noticed by Motilal, a distant relative, when he sang at his sisters wedding. Motilal took him to Mumbai and arranged for singing lessons by Pandit Jagannath Prasad, during this period Mukesh was offered a role as an actor-singer in a Hindi film, Nirdosh. His first song was Dil Hi Bujha Hua Ho To as an actor-singer for Nirdosh and he got his break as a playback singer for actor Motilal in 1945 with the film Pehli Nazar with music composed by Anil Biswas and lyrics written by Aah Sitapuri. The first song that he sang for a Hindi film was Dil Jalta Hai To Jalne De, Mukesh was such a fan of singer K. L. Saigal that in his early years of playback singing he used to imitate his idol. In fact, it is said that when K. L. Saigal first heard the song Dil Jalta Hai. he remarked, Thats strange, I dont recall singing that song. Mukesh created his own singing style with the help of music director Naushad Ali, Naushad gave him songs for the film Andaz. Initially Mukesh was the ghost voice of Dilip Kumar in this movie and he delivered many Hits for Naushad in films like, Anokhi Ada, Mela, Andaz. However, later Dilip Kumar choose Rafi as his ghost voice, a total of around 1,300 songs were sung by him. This number is less than those sung by some of his contemporaries, the comparatively fewer songs sung by him in the 1970s can be attributed to both the Kishore wave and his failing health due to his worsening heart problem. Mukesh sang many songs for Kalyanji Anandji music director duo, Mukesh sang more songs with the K-A duo than any other composer. Bedard Zamana Kya Jane composed by Kalyanji alone as Kalyanji Virji Shah, madari as the first Kalyanji-Anandji-Mukesh combo, to Chahe aaj mujhe napasand karo. Darinda/1977, the K-A, Mukesh combination gave numerous popular songs like Chhalia mera naam, dum dum diga diga Chalia, Mujhko iss raat ki tanhai mein. Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere, Hum chhod chale hain mehfil ko, humne tumko pyar kiya hai jitna
Mukesh (singer)
–
Mukesh मुकेश
21.
Indian subcontinent
–
Geologically, the Indian subcontinent is related to the land mass that rifted from Gondwana and merged with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago. Geographically, it is the region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west. Politically, the Indian subcontinent usually includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, sometimes, the term South Asia is used interchangeably with Indian subcontinent. There is no consensus about which countries should be included in each and it is first attested in 1845 to refer to the North and South Americas, before they were regarded as separate continents. Its use to refer to the Indian subcontinent is seen from the twentieth century. It was especially convenient for referring to the region comprising both the British India and the states under British Paramountcy. The term Indian subcontinent also has a geological significance and it was, like the various continents, a part of the supercontinent of Gondwana. A series of tectonic splits caused formation of basins, each drifting in various directions. The geological region called the Greater India once included the Madagascar, Seychelles, Antartica, as a geological term, Indian subcontinent has meant that region formed from the collision of the Indian basin with Eurasia nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Paleocene. The Indian subcontinent has been a particularly common in the British Empire. The region, state Mittal and Thursby, has also labelled as India, Greater India. The BBC and some sources refer to the region as the Asian Subcontinent. Some academics refer to it as South Asian Subcontinent, the terms Indian subcontinent and South Asia are sometimes used interchangeably. There is no accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or Indian subcontinent. In dictionary entries, the term subcontinent signifies a large, distinguishable subdivision of a continent, the region experienced high volcanic activity and plate subdivisions, creating Madagascar, Seychelles, Antartica, Austrolasia and the Indian subcontinent basin. The Indian subcontinent drifted northeastwards, colliding with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago and this geological region largely includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The zone where the Eurasian and Indian subcontinent plates meet remains one of the active areas. The English term mainly continues to refer to the Indian subcontinent, physiographically, it is a peninsular region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east
Indian subcontinent
–
Indian subcontinent
22.
Turkey
–
Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age
Turkey
–
Some
henges at
Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as 12,000 BC, predating those of
Stonehenge,
England by almost ten millennia.
Turkey
–
Flag
Turkey
–
The Lion Gate in
Hattusa, capital of the
Hittite Empire. The city's history dates back to the 6th millennium BC.
Turkey
–
The
Library of Celsus in
Ephesus was built by the
Romans in 135 AD. The
Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, built by king
Croesus of
Lydia in the 6th century BC, was one of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
23.
Afghanistan
–
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north and its territory covers 652,000 km2, making it the 41st largest country in the world. The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khiljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, the political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, King Amanullah unsuccessfully attempted to modernize the country and it remained peaceful during Zahir Shahs forty years of monarchy. A series of coups in the 1970s was followed by a series of wars that devastated much of Afghanistan. The name Afghānistān is believed to be as old as the ethnonym Afghan, the root name Afghan was used historically in reference to a member of the ethnic Pashtuns, and the suffix -stan means place of in Persian. Therefore, Afghanistan translates to land of the Afghans or, more specifically in a historical sense, however, the modern Constitution of Afghanistan states that he word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan. An important site of historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites. The country sits at a unique nexus point where numerous civilizations have interacted and it has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo-Iranian languages in the region. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within large regional empires, among them the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Indian Maurya Empire, and the Islamic Empire. Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east, west. Artifacts typical of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of Mundigak may have been a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization. More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan, making the ancient civilisation today part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, in more detail, it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan. There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well, after 2000 BCE, successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan, among them were many Indo-European-speaking Indo-Iranians. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, the region at the time was referred to as Ariana
Afghanistan
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History of Afghanistan
Afghanistan
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Flag
Afghanistan
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Bilingual (
Greek and
Aramaic)
edict by Emperor
Ashoka from the 3rd century BCE discovered in the southern city of
Kandahar
Afghanistan
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One of the
Buddhas of Bamiyan.
Buddhism was widespread in the region before the
Islamic conquest of Afghanistan.
24.
Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
Romania
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Neacșu's letter from 1521, the oldest surviving document written in
Romanian.
Romania
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Flag
Romania
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Writ issued on 14 October 1465 by
Radu cel Frumos, from his residence in
Bucharest, indicating
Ottoman victory.
Romania
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A 1917 British map showing territories with majority Romanian populations.
25.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
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Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
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Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
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Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
26.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
Time (magazine)
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The first issue of Time (March 3, 1923), featuring
Speaker Joseph G. Cannon.
Time (magazine)
–
Bibi Aisha on the Cover of Time.
Time (magazine)
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Time Magazine red X covers: from left to right, Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and Osama bin Laden.
27.
Helen Jairag Richardson
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Helen Ann Richardson, popularly known as only Helen, is a Burma-born Indian film actress and dancer, working in Hindi films. She has appeared in over 700 films, and is cited as the most popular nautch dancer of her time. She was the inspiration for four films and a book and she is the second wife of veteran writer-producer Salim Khan. Helen Ann Richardson was born on 21 November 1938 in Rangoon, Burma to an Anglo-Indian father and her fathers name was George Desmier. She has a brother named Roger and a sister name Jennifer and their father died during World War II. The family then trekked to Mumbai in 1943 in order to escape from the Japanese occupation of Burma, occasionally, we met British soldiers who provided us with transport, found us refuge and treated our blistered feet and bruised bodies and fed us. By the time we reached Dibrugarh in Assam, our group had been reduced to half, some had fallen ill and been left behind, some had died of starvation and disease. My mother miscarried along the way, the survivors were admitted to the Dibrugarh hospital for treatment. Mother and I had been reduced to skeletons and my brothers condition was critical. We spent two months in hospital, when we recovered, we moved to Calcutta. She quit her schooling to support her family because her mothers salary as a nurse was not enough to feed a family of four. In a documentary called Queen of the Nautch girls, Helen said she was 19 years old in 1957 when she got her first big break in Howrah Bridge. Helen was introduced to Bollywood when a friend, an actress known as Cukoo, helped her find jobs as a chorus dancer in the films Shabistan. She was soon working regularly and was featured as a dancer in films such as Alif Laila. She got her break in 1958, aged 19, when she performed the song Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu in Shakti Samantas film, Howrah Bridge, after that, offers started pouring in throughout the 1960s and 1970s. During her initial career, Geeta Dutt sang many songs for her, the Bollywood playback singer Asha Bhosle also frequently sang for Helen, particularly during the 1960s and the early 1970s. She was nominated for the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award in 1965 for her role in Gumnaam and she played dramatic roles such as the rape victim in Shakti Samantas Pagla Kahin Ka. Writer Salim Khan helped her get roles in some of the films he was co-scripting with Javed Akhtar, Immaan Dharam, Don, Dostana and this was followed by a role in Mahesh Bhatts film Lahu Ke Do Rang, for which she won a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award
Helen Jairag Richardson
–
Helen Khan
28.
Prem Nath
–
Premnath Malhotra was an Indian actor. He was born in Karimpura locality near Ghanta Ghar in Peshawar and his family moved to Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh after partition and he moved to Mumbai where he was discovered as an actor. Their children are actor Prem Krishen and Kailash Nath and they are also the grandparents of actress Akanksha Malhotra and director Siddharth Malhotra who are Prem Krishens children. Adiraj Malhotra and Arjun Malhotra are the sons of Kailash Nath and his sister Krishna married Raj Kapoor while his other sister Uma was married to veteran Bollywood actor Prem Chopra. His brothers Rajendra Nath and Narendra Nath were also actors who appeared in comic. He was also a friend of the actress Asha Parekh. He died of an attack in 1992 at the age of 65. Premnath made his debut in Ajit, opposite Monica Desai. He got major roles in Raj Kapoors first directorial film Aag, Premnath went on to appear in many films for the next three decades, some of which were the biggest blockbusters in Indian film history. Some his most notable films were Aan, Teesri Manzil, Johny Mera Naam, Tere Mere Sapne, Roti Kapada Aur Makaan, Dharmatma, Kalicharan and he also starred in the religious Punjabi film Sat Sri Akal. He fell in love with actress Bina Rai during the filming of Aurat and they married and formed a production company together called P. N. films. They pinned high hopes for their films, which didnt become hits, such as Shagufa, Prisoner of Golconda, Samunder, thus, the Premnath - Bina Rai pair never clicked on the screen. He earned Filmfare nominations as Best Supporting Actor for, Shor, Bobby, Amir Garib and he starred in a number of Punjabi films such as Sat Sri Akal. He also directed a film Samundar for his production house P. N. films. His last film appearance was in Hum Dono after which he retired from acting and he died in 1992 of a heart attack at the age of sixty-five. Aab-e-hayat Directed films Samundar, only film for P. N. Films, maya TV series Prem Nath at the Internet Movie Database Monty Nath on father Premnath Poise and pearly smiles Article in The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum
Prem Nath
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Prem Nath
Prem Nath
–
Prem Nath on right. Actor
Prem Chopra on left.
29.
Shamshad Begum
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Shamshad Begum was an Indian singer who was one of the first playback singers in the Hindi film industry. She had a voice and was a versatile artist, singing over 6,000 songs in Hindi and Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Tamil and Punjabi languages. She worked with maestros including Naushad Ali, S. D. Burman and her songs from the 1940s to the early 1970s remain popular and continue to be remixed. Begum was born in Lahore of modernday Pakistan on 14 April 1919 and she was one of eight children, five sons and three daughters, born to a conservative Muslim family of limited means. In 1932, the teenage Shamshad came in contact with Ganpat Lal Batto, a Hindu law student who lived in the same neighbourhood and who was several years older than her. In those days, marriages were performed while the bride and groom were very young and their efforts were on the verge of bearing fruit in 1934 when Ganpat Lal Batto and Shamshad made the decision to marry each other. In 1934, despite opposition from both their families due to religious differences, 15-year-old Shamshad got married to Ganpat Lal Batto. The couple were blessed with only a child, a daughter named Usha, who in due course married a Hindu gentleman, Lieutenant Colonel Yogesh Ratra. In 1955, Ganpal Lal Batto died suddenly in a road accident and his death left Shamshad very distraught, because her husband had been the focus of her life and they had both been extremely devoted to each other. He had handled many aspects of her career and contracts and had been a positive energy behind her career progression. After his death, Shamshad became listless and lost the spirit to pursue her career. By nature, she preferred to keep away from the glare and from business dealings. After her husbands death, Shamshad Begum began living with her daughter and son-in-law in Mumbai, first in south Mumbai and she gradually became a recluse and devoted herself entirely to her grandchildren, to the point that the general public was unaware of whether she was alive or dead. In 2004, a controversy erupted in the media, when several publications reported that Shamshad Begum had died a few years previously. Shamshads family clarified in a release that this was not so. Begums talent was first spotted by her principal when she was in school in 1924. Impressed by the quality of her voice, she was head singer of classroom prayer. At 10, she started singing folk-based songs at religious functions and she received no formal musical training
Shamshad Begum
–
Shamshad Begum शमशाद बेगम
30.
Mukesh Mathur
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MUKESH CHAND MATHUR, better known mononymously as Mukesh, was an Indian playback singer of Hindi movies. Along with Mohammad Rafi, Manna Dey and Kishore Kumar, he was one of the most popular, amongst the numerous nominations and awards he won, his song Kai Baar Yuhi Dekha Hai from film Rajnigandha won him the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer. Mukesh was also popular as being the voice of the actor Raj Kapoor, Mukesh was born in Delhi in a Hindu family. His parents were Zorawar Chand Mathur, an engineer, and Chand Rani and he was the sixth in a family of ten children. The music teacher who came home to teach Mukeshs sister, Sundar Pyari, found a pupil in Mukesh, Mukesh left school after the 10th grade and worked briefly for the Department of Public Works. He experimented with voice recordings during his employment in Delhi and gradually developed his singing abilities, Mukeshs voice was first noticed by Motilal, a distant relative, when he sang at his sisters wedding. Motilal took him to Mumbai and arranged for singing lessons by Pandit Jagannath Prasad, during this period Mukesh was offered a role as an actor-singer in a Hindi film, Nirdosh. His first song was Dil Hi Bujha Hua Ho To as an actor-singer for Nirdosh and he got his break as a playback singer for actor Motilal in 1945 with the film Pehli Nazar with music composed by Anil Biswas and lyrics written by Aah Sitapuri. The first song that he sang for a Hindi film was Dil Jalta Hai To Jalne De, Mukesh was such a fan of singer K. L. Saigal that in his early years of playback singing he used to imitate his idol. In fact, it is said that when K. L. Saigal first heard the song Dil Jalta Hai. he remarked, Thats strange, I dont recall singing that song. Mukesh created his own singing style with the help of music director Naushad Ali, Naushad gave him songs for the film Andaz. Initially Mukesh was the ghost voice of Dilip Kumar in this movie and he delivered many Hits for Naushad in films like, Anokhi Ada, Mela, Andaz. However, later Dilip Kumar choose Rafi as his ghost voice, a total of around 1,300 songs were sung by him. This number is less than those sung by some of his contemporaries, the comparatively fewer songs sung by him in the 1970s can be attributed to both the Kishore wave and his failing health due to his worsening heart problem. Mukesh sang many songs for Kalyanji Anandji music director duo, Mukesh sang more songs with the K-A duo than any other composer. Bedard Zamana Kya Jane composed by Kalyanji alone as Kalyanji Virji Shah, madari as the first Kalyanji-Anandji-Mukesh combo, to Chahe aaj mujhe napasand karo. Darinda/1977, the K-A, Mukesh combination gave numerous popular songs like Chhalia mera naam, dum dum diga diga Chalia, Mujhko iss raat ki tanhai mein. Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere, Hum chhod chale hain mehfil ko, humne tumko pyar kiya hai jitna
Mukesh Mathur
–
Mukesh मुकेश
31.
Lata Mangeshkar
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Lata Mangeshkar is an Indian playback singer, and occasional music-composer. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India, Mangeshkars career started in 1942 and has spanned over seven decades. She has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages, though primarily in Marathi. She is the sister of singers Asha Bhosle, Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Usha Mangeshkar. Indias highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed on her in 1989 by the Government of India and she is the second vocalist, after M. S. Subbulakshmi, to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. Lata Mangeshkar was born in a Marathi-speaking Gomantak Maratha family, in the state of Indore. Her father, Pandit Deenanath Mangeshkar, was a singer and theater actor. Her mother Shevanti who was from Thalner, Maharashtra, was Deenanaths second wife, the familys last name used to be Hardikar, Deenanath changed it to Mangeshkar in order to identify his family with his native town, Mangeshi in Goa. Lata was named Hema at her birth and her parents later renamed her Lata after a female character, Latika, in one of her fathers plays, BhaawBandhan. Lata is the eldest child of her parents, Meena, Asha, Usha and Hridaynath are her siblings in sequence. Mangeshkar took her first lessons from her father, at the age of five, she started to work as an actress in her fathers musical plays. On the first day in the school, she started teaching songs to other children, when the teacher stopped her, she was so angry that she stopped going to the school. Other sources cite that she left school because they would not allow her to bring Asha with her, in 1942, when Mangeshkar was 13, her father died of heart disease. Master Vinayak, the owner of Navyug Chitrapat movie company and a friend of the Mangeshkar family. He helped Lata get started in a career as a singer, Vinayak gave her a small role in Navyug Chitrapats Marathi movie Pahili Mangalaa-gaur, in which she sang Natali Chaitraachi Navalaai which was composed by Dada Chandekar. Her first Hindi song was Mata Ek Sapoot Ki Duniya Badal De Tu for the Marathi film, Mangeshkar moved to Mumbai in 1945 when Master Vinayaks company moved its headquarters there. She started taking lessons in Hindustani classical music from Ustad Amanat Ali Khan and she sang “Paa Lagoon Kar Jori” for Vasant Joglekars Hindi-language movie Aap Ki Seva Mein, which was composed by Datta Davjekar. The dance in the film was performed by Rohini Bhate who later became a classical dancer
Lata Mangeshkar
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Mangeshkar in 2010
Lata Mangeshkar
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Mangeshkar as a young woman
Lata Mangeshkar
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Mangeshkar with politician
Bal Thackeray and actress
Madhuri Dixit.
32.
Manna Dey
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Prabodh Chandra Dey, known by his stage name Manna Dey, was an Indian playback singer. He debuted in the film Tamanna in 1942, by this song Upar Gagan Bishal composed by his paternal uncle K. C. Dey, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 1971, the Padma Bhushan in 2005 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2007. Dey sang in all the major regional Indian languages, though primarily in Hindi and his peak period in Hindi playback singing was from 1953 to 1976. Dey was born to Mahamaya and Purna Chandra Dey on 1 May 1919 in Kolkata, besides his parents, his youngest paternal uncle, Sangeetacharya Krishna Chandra Dey highly inspired and influenced him. He received his education in Indu Babur Pathshala, a small pre-primary school. He started doing shows in school since 1929. He attended Scottish Church Collegiate School and Scottish Church College and he participated in sports events like wrestling and boxing in his college days, taking training from Gobar Guha. Dey began taking lessons from Krishna Chandra Dey and Ustad Dabir Khan. During this period, he stood first for three years in three different categories of inter-collegiate singing competitions. In 1942, Dey accompanied Krishna Chandra Dey on a visit to Bombay, there he started working as an assistant music director first under Krishna Chandra Dey, and then under Sachin Dev Burman. Later, he assisted music composers and then started to work independently. Dey started his career in singing with the movie Tamanna. The musical score was by Krishna Chandra Dey and Manna sang a duet named Jago Aayee Usha Ponchi Boley Jago with Suraiya which was an instant hit, but it was only in 1943 that he got his first solo break with Ram Rajya. Incidentally, the producer of the film Vijay Bhatt and its composer Shankar Rao Vyas had approached K C Dey with an offer for playback in the film. When K C Dey refused the offer on the grounds that he would not lend his voice to other actors, they spotted Manna Dey sitting in the corner of the room and offered him the opportunity. Shankar Rao Vyas taught Manna Dey the songs and he chose to sing them in his uncle’s distinct style, and thus started the illustrious career with the first song “Gayi tu gayi Seeta sati“. He sang for first time songs composed by Sachin Dev Burman, Upar Gagan Vishal and Duniya Ke Logo in the 1950 movie Mashal and its lyrics were written by Kavi Pradeep. In 1952, Dey sang for a Bengali and a Marathi movie with the name and storyline
Manna Dey
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Manna Dey at the event of Dadasaheb Phalke Award, 2007
Manna Dey
–
At the celebration of 50 years singing life at
Netaji Indoor Stadium,
Kolkata.
33.
Mohammed Rafi
–
Mohammed Rafi was an Indian playback singer and one of the most popular singers of the Hindi film industry. Rafi was notable for his voice and versatility, his songs ranged from numbers to patriotic songs, sad lamentations to highly romantic numbers, qawwalis to ghazals. He was known for his ability to mould his voice to the persona of the actor, between 1950 and 1970, Rafi was the most sought after singer in the Hindi film industry. He received six Filmfare Awards and one National Film Award, in 1967, he was honoured with the Padma Shri award by the Government of India. Rafi is primarily noted for his songs in Hindi, over which he had a strong command and it is believed that he sang about 7,400 songs in many languages. He sang in other Indian languages including Konkani, Bhojpuri, Odia, Punjabi, Bengali, Marathi, Sindhi, Kannada, Gujarati, Telugu, Magahi, Maithili and Urdu. Apart from Indian languages, he sang songs in English, Farsi, Arabic, Sinhalese, Creole. Mohammed Rafi was the second eldest of six born to Hajji Ali Mohammad. The family originally belonged to Kotla Sultan Singh, a village near present-day Amritsar in Punjab, Rafi, whose nickname was Pheeko, began singing by imitating the chants of a fakir in the streets of his native village Kotla Sultan Singh where his family lived. Rafis father moved to Lahore in 1935, where he ran a salon in Noor Mohalla in Bhatti Gate. His elder brother, Mohammad Deen, had a friend, Abdul Hameed, Abdul Hameed later convinced the family elders to let Rafi move to Mumbai, he accompanied him in 1944. Rafi learnt classical music from Ustad Abdul Wahid Khan, Pandit Jiwan Lal Mattoo and his first public performance came at the age of 13, when he sang in Lahore featuring K. L. Saigal. In that same year, Rafi was invited by All India Radio Lahore station to sing for them and he made his Hindi film debut in Gaon Ki Gori in 1945. In 1944, Rafi moved to Mumbai and he and Hameed Sahab rented a ten-by-ten-feet room in the crowded downtown Bhendi Bazar area. Poet Tanvir Naqvi introduced him to film producers including Abdur Rashid Kardar, Mehboob Khan, Rafis first song with Naushad was Hindustan Ke Hum Hain with Shyam Kumar, Alauddin and others, from A. R. Kardars Pehle Aap. Around the same time, Rafi recorded another song for the 1945 film Gaon Ki Gori and he considered this song his first Hindi language song. In 1945, he appeared on the screen for the song Tera Jalwa Jis Ne Dekha in the film Laila Majnu. He sang a number of songs for Naushad as part of the chorus, including Mere Sapnon Ki Rani, Rafi sang Tera Khilona Toota Balak from Mehboob Khans Anmol Ghadi and a duet with Noor Jehan in the 1947 film Jugnu, Yahan Badla Wafa Ka
Mohammed Rafi
–
Mohammed Rafi
34.
Indian cinema
–
The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. Cinema as a medium has gained popularity in the country. Indian films have come to be followed throughout South Asia. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema. In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries, as of 2013, in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Nollywood, Hollywood and China. In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films, the Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion in 2011. This is projected to rise to $3 billion in 2016, in 2015, India had a total box office of US$1.6 billion, the fourth largest in the world outside North America. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established norms of delivering product. Visual effects based, super hero science fiction, and epic films like Enthiran, Baahubali, Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The Indian government extended film delegations to countries such as the United States of America. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, the South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity. They are the Tamil, the Telugu, the Malayalam and the Kannada industries, although developed independently over a long period, gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London, cinema became a sensation across Europe, in the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcuttas Star Theatre. With Stevensons encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, the Wrestlers by H. S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian. It was also the first Indian documentary film, the first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. The female roles in the film were played by male actors, the film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India
Indian cinema
–
Alam Ara poster (1931), the first Indian
sound film
Indian cinema
–
Advertisement in
The Times of India of 25 May 1912 announcing the screening of the first feature film of India,
Shree Pundalik by
Dadasaheb Torne
Indian cinema
–
A scene from
Raja Harishchandra (1913), first full-length Indian motion picture
Indian cinema
–
Producer-director-screenwriter
Dadasaheb Phalke, the Father of Indian Cinema.
35.
Indiatimes
–
Indiatimes is the flagship brand of Times Internet. Times Internet is in turn promoted by The Times Group, which has a 100% stake in it, Times Internet is the largest Indian online group in India, with over 6.5 billion monthly pageviews. It has a range of services from online news to e-commerce, music, radio, television, video, daily deals, sports, educational platforms. Indiatimes has also launched a few properties in the recent past. These include the Nokia India Shop and Satvik Shop, the former is the exclusive online store for Nokia in India, with Indiatimes being the official online distributor for Nokia in India. The latter is a website and community dedicated to selling organic, recently Indiatimes shopping tied up with Land Mark and have listed 3 million books of various categories. It is one of the largest Indian digital networks based on traffic, Business Insider India is another of the fastest growing news websites for business and technology persons nationwide. TimesMobile is the mobile Internet venture of Times Internet and it has applications and services to users in diverse categories. Alive app is an augmented reality software by Times Internet Ltd. On its launch day, December 13,2012, it was reported that the app was downloaded 250,000 times, follo is another celebrity Fan-connect application. GreetZAP is an application to send greetings and cards to friends, itimes. com is the social networking site. Gaana. com is a music streaming service providing free. Launched in June 2011 by Times Internet, Gaana. com provides both Indian and international music content, the entire Indian music catalog is available to users worldwide, but only users in India have access to international music. Gaana. com features music from 21 languages - Hindi, English, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali and it covers upcoming match schedules and live ball-by-ball commentary. Lifehacker is a computer and technology website that recommends websites, software downloads, tutorials, gizmodo India is a blog about electronic gadgets and technology. Techgig. com was launched by Times Business Solutions Limited, which is the interactive arm of The Times Group. Boxtv. com is an internet based streaming service that provides the latest on Bollywood blockbuster movies, TV shows, documentaries, short films. Times Internet became the first to launch a TV channel on mobile with Times Now, astrospeak provides astrology, horoscope, numerology, vastu, tarot, vedic and Chinese astrology daily, weekly and monthly horoscopes from top Indian astrologers
Indiatimes
–
Times Internet
36.
Indian rupee
–
The Indian rupee, is the official currency of the Republic of India. The rupee is subdivided into 100 paise, though as of 2011,25 paise is no more a legal tender, the issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act,1934. The rupee is named after the coin, rupiya, first issued by Sultan Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century. In 2010, a new symbol ₹, was officially adopted and it was derived from the combination of the Devanagari consonant र and the Latin capital letter R without its vertical bar. The parallel lines at the top are said to make an allusion to the tricolour Indian flag, the first series of coins with the new rupee symbol started in circulation on 8 July 2011. On 8 November 2016 the Government of India announced the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes with effect from midnight of the same day, a newly redesigned series of ₹500 banknote, in addition to a new denomination of ₹2000 banknote is in circulation since 10 November 2016. The new redesigned series is expected to be enlarged with banknotes in the denominations of ₹1000, ₹100. The word rupee was derived from the Sanskrit word रूप्यकम् or rupaya, the modern Indian rupee has a direct lineage from the rupiya, the silver coin, issued by Sher Shah Suri, continued by the Mughal rulers. Rūpa means to form or shape, example, Rūpyarūpa, rūpya — wrought silver, however, in the region of Bengal, the term taka has always been used to refer to currency. In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta noticed that people in the Bengal Sultanate referred to gold, today, the currency of Bangladesh is officially known as taka. The word taka in Bengali is also used generically to mean any money, currency. Thus, colloquially, a person speaking in Bengali may use taka to refer to money regardless of what currency it is denominated in, thus, in the states of West Bengal and Tripura the Indian rupee is officially known টাকা. Whereas, in the states of Assam and Odisha, the Indian rupee is known by names derived from the Sanskrit word ṭaṅka, টকা in Assamese. During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, Sultan Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, the silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include, the Bank of Hindustan, the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar, historically, the rupee was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the century when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of relative to gold
Indian rupee
–
Silver punch mark coin of the
Maurya empire, known as Rūpyarūpa, 3rd century BCE.
Indian rupee
–
Indian rupee
Indian rupee
–
Rupiya issued by
Sher Shah Suri, 1540–1545 CE
Indian rupee
–
One-rupee banknote
37.
Crore
–
A crore denotes ten million and is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system. It is widely used in South Asia, and is written in Indian numbering system as 1,00,00,000 with the style of digit group separators. Large amounts of money in India are often written in terms of crores, for example,150,000,000 Indian rupees is written as fifteen crore rupees, ₹15 crore or Rs 15 crore. Trillions of ₹ are often written or spoken of in terms of lakh crore, the crore is known by various regional names. Kapampangan, katâ / kata-katâ Persian, کرور Krur / Korur Tagalog, thai, โกฏิ kot or kot̩i Myriad Names of large numbers Names of numbers in English Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Crore
Crore
–
Bombay Stock Exchange Rs. 1.01 crore to
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
38.
US$
–
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
US$
–
Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
US$
–
Federal Reserve Notes
US$
–
Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
US$
–
Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
39.
Soviet ruble
–
The Soviet ruble was the currency of the Soviet Union. One ruble was divided into 100 kopeks, many of the ruble designs were created by Ivan Dubasov. In 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Soviet ruble continued to be used in the Post-Soviet states, forming a ruble zone, the word ruble is derived from the Slavic verb рубить, rubit, i. e. to chop. Historically, ruble was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a silver ingot, the word kopek, kopeck, copeck, or kopeyka is a diminutive form of the Russian kopyo — a spear. The Soviet currency had its own name in all Soviet languages, sometimes different from its Russian designation. All banknotes had the name and their nominal printed in the languages of every Soviet Republic. This naming is preserved in modern Russia, for example, Tatar for ruble and kopek are sum, the current names of several currencies of Central Asia are simply the local names of the ruble. Finnish last appeared on 1947 banknotes since the Karelo-Finnish SSR was dissolved in 1956, moldovan has switched to Latin and is once again referred to as Romanian. The first ruble issued for the Socialist government was an issue still based on the previous issue of the ruble prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. They are all in form and started their issue in 1919. At this time other issues were made by the white Russian government and other governing bodies. Denominations are as follows,1,2,3,5,10,15,25,50,60,100,250,500,1,000,5,000,10,000,25,000,50,000,100,000. Short term treasury certificate were also issued to supplement banknote issue in 1 million,5 million,10 million rubles. These issue was printed in various fashions, as inflation crept up the security features were few and some were printed on one side, as was the case for the German inflationary notes. In 1918, state notes were introduced by the R. S. F. S. R. for 1,3,5,10,25,50,100,250,500,1,000,5,000 and 10,000 rubles. These were followed in 1919 by currency notes for 1,2,3,15,20,60,100,250,500,1000,5000 and 10,000 rubles. In 1921, currency note denominations of 5,50,25,000,50,000,100,000,1,000,000,5,000,000 and 10,000,000 rubles were added. In 1922, the first of several redenominations took place, at a rate of 1 new ruble for 10,000 old rubles, the chervonets was also introduced in 1922
Soviet ruble
–
Obverse of 1 ruble (1961)
Soviet ruble
Soviet ruble
–
1924 poltinnik (½ ruble).
Soviet ruble
–
Silver ruble of 1922
40.
Aan
–
It stars Dilip Kumar, Premnath, Nimmi and marked the debut of Nadira who replaced the original choice which was actress Nargis. The cost of the film was Rs.3.5 million and this record was beaten 3 years later by Shree 420 in 1955. Dubbed and released in Tamil also as Aan, a royal Indian family consists of the Emperor Maharaj, his brother Shamsher Singh and sister Rajshree. A local village leader named Jai Tilak enters a contest to tame Princess Rajshrees horse, Jai is declared the winner of the fight after much dispute and Shamsher is enraged at losing to a poor villager. Jai then falls in love with Rajshree and tries numerous times to woo her, Shamsher becomes even more enraged when the Emperor Maharaj reveals that Shamsher is not the heir to his throne after his death and that he plans to free India from monarchy and turn to democracy. Shamsher then plans to control of the kingdom by killing the Maharajah on the night before he is due to travel to England for a medical procedure. However he is unsuccessful after the Maharajah escapes an attempt on his life by Shamshers henchmen, Shamsher then sets his eyes on Mangala who is a village girl and childhood friend of Jai but her love is not reciprocated as he is only in love with princess Rajshree. After Mangala is kidnapped by Shamsher Singh who plans to keep her prisoner in his palace and molest her, Mangala takes a bottle of poison, Jai kills Shamsher in revenge and provokes Princess Rajshree to launch an attack on his village to avenge her brothers death. Jai manages to kidnap Rajshree and sets out to gain her love by taking her into his village, just when Rajshree begins to realise her feelings for Jai, Shamsher Singh who was presumed dead returns to get his revenge against Jai. This prestigious production was to be Indias first full feature in Technicolor, the film was made with an extremely large budget. Dilip Kumar, Premnath & Nimmi, then at the height of their popularity and success, were signed on for starring roles. Initially, Nargis was cast but left the film to concentrate on her association with RK studios, for a time Madhubala was considered, with considerable lobbying from Dilip Kumar who was romantically involved with her at the time, but for reasons unknown she was never cast. Finally Mehboob decided to launch a newcomer and selected the unknown, Nadira. When a first edit of the film was shown to the financiers and distributors. This was due to Nimmis vast popularity as an actress, therefore, a lavish and extended dream sequence was filmed and edited in to give Nimmi more prominence and screen time in the film. Aan was one of the first Indian films to have a worldwide release, the film had an extremely lavish London premiere attended by Mehboob Khan, his wife Sadar Akhter and Nimmi. The English version was entitled Savage Princess, on the London trip, they met many western film personalities including Errol Flynn. When Flynn attempted to kiss Nimmis hand she pulled it away, exclaiming, I am an Indian girl, the incident made the headlines and the press raved about Nimmi as the. unkissed girl of India
Aan
–
Film poster
41.
Amphibian Man (film)
–
Amphibian Man is a 1962 Soviet science fiction romance film starring Vladimir Korenev and directed by Vladimir Chebotaryov and Gennadi Kazansky. It is an almost fable-like story based upon the novel by Alexander Beliaev. It focuses on a youth named Ichthyander who was altered to survive under the sea. Unlike traditional science fiction movies of the time the film much more on the concept of love won. It was given the name of Tarzan des Mers before the estate of Edgar Rice Burroughs took exception, the film was the leader of Soviet distribution in 1962. It is little-known in the West, but has become a cult classic, the story is set in a seaside port in Argentina, largely among a community of pearl fishers. The protagonist is the son of a doctor/scientist who was sometime in the past forced to save the boys life by implanting him with shark gills. Thus he is able to live under water, but must keep his secret from the world, the conflict arises from his falling in love with a pearl-fishers beautiful daughter. His secret is discovered and the stern father attempts to exploit Ichthyander for his ability. Due to being kept caged under water, his ability to breathe in the air is affected. Although set free, the lovers are separated from each other. Although ostensibly a lost-love-tragedy like Romeo and Juliet, the film has a significant focus on greed and commercial exploitation, science Fiction Film Source Book Amphibian Man at the Internet Movie Database Amphibian Man at AllMovie Amphibian Man
Amphibian Man (film)
–
Soviet poster for Amphibian Man
42.
Indian film
–
The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. Cinema as a medium has gained popularity in the country. Indian films have come to be followed throughout South Asia. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema. In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries, as of 2013, in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Nollywood, Hollywood and China. In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films, the Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion in 2011. This is projected to rise to $3 billion in 2016, in 2015, India had a total box office of US$1.6 billion, the fourth largest in the world outside North America. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established norms of delivering product. Visual effects based, super hero science fiction, and epic films like Enthiran, Baahubali, Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The Indian government extended film delegations to countries such as the United States of America. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, the South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity. They are the Tamil, the Telugu, the Malayalam and the Kannada industries, although developed independently over a long period, gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London, cinema became a sensation across Europe, in the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcuttas Star Theatre. With Stevensons encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, the Wrestlers by H. S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian. It was also the first Indian documentary film, the first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. The female roles in the film were played by male actors, the film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India
Indian film
–
Alam Ara poster (1931), the first Indian
sound film
Indian film
–
Advertisement in
The Times of India of 25 May 1912 announcing the screening of the first feature film of India,
Shree Pundalik by
Dadasaheb Torne
Indian film
–
A scene from
Raja Harishchandra (1913), first full-length Indian motion picture
Indian film
–
Producer-director-screenwriter
Dadasaheb Phalke, the Father of Indian Cinema.
43.
Gross revenue
–
In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales or turnover, some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in Last year. Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period, in accounting, revenue is often referred to as the top line due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the line which denotes net income. For non-profit organizations, annual revenue may be referred to as gross receipts, in general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time, tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers. In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards. In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement, Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as Repair service revenue, Rent revenue earned or Sales. Money income from activities that are ordinary for a corporation, company, partnership. For some businesses, such as manufacturing and/or grocery, most revenue is from the sale of goods, service businesses such as law firms and barber shops receive most of their revenue from rendering services. Lending businesses such as car rentals and banks receive most of their revenue from fees, Revenues from a businesss primary activities are reported as sales, sales revenue or net sales. This includes product returns and discounts for early payment of invoices, most businesses also have revenue that is incidental to the businesss primary activities, such as interest earned on deposits in a demand account. This is included in revenue but not included in net sales, Sales revenue does not include sales tax collected by the business. Other revenue is revenue from peripheral operations, for example, a company that manufactures and sells automobiles would record the revenue from the sale of an automobile as regular revenue. The combination of all the revenue generating systems of a business is called its revenue model, Revenue is a crucial part of financial statement analysis. The company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows compare with its asset outflows, net income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call
Gross revenue
–
Accounting
44.
Disco Dancer
–
The film tells the rags-to-riches story of a young street performer. It is especially known for its filmi disco songs composed by Bappi Lahiri, songs including I am a Disco Dancer and Yaad Aa Raha Hai and Goro Ki Na Kaalo Ki became very popular. The film was a success, with its popularity extending across Southern and Central Asia, Eastern and Western Africa. It was one of the most successful Indian films in the Soviet Union, Disco Dancer established Mithun as a household name in Southern Asia and the Soviet Union. In China, the soundtrack was a success and received an award and it was remade in Tamil as Paadum Vaanambaadi with Anand Babu and in Telugu as Disco King with Nandamuri Balakrishna. Anil, a performer and wedding singer, is scarred by the memory of the rich P. N. Oberoi beating his mother in an incident during his childhood, when David Brown, the manager is fed up of Indian disco current champions tantrums Sam and looks for some new talent, he happens to watch Anil dance-walking across a street. Rebranded as Jimmy, the disco star must take the throne from Sam and win the heart of Rita. All seems to be going well until Oberoi hires men to connect Jimmys electric guitar to 5,000 volts of electricity, Mithun Chakraborty as Anil / Jimmy Kim Yashpal as Rita Oberoi Rajesh Khanna as Master Raju Om Puri as David Brown Om Shivpuri as P. N. Thereafter, the shooting featuring crowds scenes at Filmistan Studio in Mumbai, the music for all the songs were composed by Bappi Lahiri and the lyrics were penned by Anjaan and Faruk Kaiser. The tracks on the 1982 soundtrack album are as follows, The song Auva Auva was influenced by the 1979 English synthpop hit Video Killed the Radio Star by The Buggles. The song Yaad Aa Raha Hai has been described as a synthesized, minimalist, high-tempo, geeta Dayal described it as a disco anthem for the ages, and one of the best songs Lahiri ever did. It has been cited as an influence on the 1982 prototypical acid house album Synthesizing. The song Cerrones Paradise by Cerrone was used in the scene when David Brown discovers Anil who is dance-walking down a street, the song Krishna Dharti Pe Aaja Tu was influenced from Jesus by Tielman Brothers. This version was used in the movie where Jimmy is practicing dance, the British Sri Lankan alternative musician M. I. A. Re-recorded Jimmy Jimmy Jimmy Aaja as Jimmy in 2007 for her album Kala, the music of this song was also used in the 2008 Adam Sandler movie You Dont Mess with the Zohan. Jimmy Jimmy Jimmy Aaja was in turn influenced by the 1980 song Youre Ok by Ottawan, in 2010, the songs I Am a Disco Dancer and Yaad Aa Raha Hai were used in the 2010 Bollywood comedy film, Golmaal 3, directed by Rohit Shetty. The songs were relevant to the performance of Mithun Chakrabortys character Pritam, the first song was the inspiration to Devos 1988 Disco Dancer
Disco Dancer
–
Poster
45.
China
–
China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
China
–
Yinxu, ruins of an ancient
palace dating from the
Shang Dynasty (14th century BCE)
China
–
Flag
China
–
Some of the thousands of life-size
Terracotta Warriors of the
Qin Dynasty, c. 210 BCE
China
–
The
Great Wall of China was built by several dynasties over two thousand years to protect the sedentary agricultural regions of the
Chinese interior from incursions by
nomadic pastoralists of the northern
steppes.
46.
Socialist
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Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective, or cooperative ownership, to citizen ownership of equity, or to any combination of these. Although there are varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them. Socialist economic systems can be divided into both non-market and market forms, non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend, the feasibility and exact methods of resource allocation and calculation for a socialist system are the subjects of the socialist calculation debate. Core dichotomies associated with these concerns include reformism versus revolutionary socialism, the term is frequently used to draw contrast to the political system of the Soviet Union, which critics argue operated in an authoritarian fashion. By the 1920s, social democracy and communism became the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement, by this time, Socialism emerged as the most influential secular movement of the twentieth century, worldwide. Socialist parties and ideas remain a force with varying degrees of power and influence in all continents. Today, some socialists have also adopted the causes of social movements. The origin of the term socialism may be traced back and attributed to a number of originators, in addition to significant historical shifts in the usage, for Andrew Vincent, The word ‘socialism’ finds its root in the Latin sociare, which means to combine or to share. The related, more technical term in Roman and then medieval law was societas and this latter word could mean companionship and fellowship as well as the more legalistic idea of a consensual contract between freemen. The term socialism was created by Henri de Saint-Simon, one of the founders of what would later be labelled utopian socialism. Simon coined socialism as a contrast to the doctrine of individualism. They presented socialism as an alternative to liberal individualism based on the ownership of resources. The term socialism is attributed to Pierre Leroux, and to Marie Roch Louis Reybaud in France, the term communism also fell out of use during this period, despite earlier distinctions between socialism and communism from the 1840s. An early distinction between socialism and communism was that the former aimed to only socialise production while the latter aimed to socialise both production and consumption. However, by 1888 Marxists employed the term socialism in place of communism, linguistically, the contemporary connotation of the words socialism and communism accorded with the adherents and opponents cultural attitude towards religion. In Christian Europe, of the two, communism was believed to be the atheist way of life, in Protestant England, the word communism was too culturally and aurally close to the Roman Catholic communion rite, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists. Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848, at the time when the Communist Manifesto was published, socialism was respectable on the continent and this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany
Socialist
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Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker
Socialist
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The celebration of the election of the Commune, 28 March 1871. The
Paris Commune was a major early implementation of socialist ideas
Socialist
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G. D. H. Cole, English socialist theorist who was a member of the
Fabian Society as well as the main theorist of
guild socialism
Socialist
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Leon Trotsky,
Vladimir Lenin, and
Lev Kamenev at the Second Communist Party Congress, 1919.
47.
Mao Zedong
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His Marxist–Leninist theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. Mao adopted Marxism–Leninism while working at Peking University and became a member of the Communist Party of China. On October 1,1949, Mao proclaimed the foundation of the Peoples Republic of China, in the following years Mao solidified his control through land reform campaigns against landlords, and perceived enemies of the state he termed as counter-revolutionaries. In 1957, he launched the Great Leap Forward campaign that aimed to rapidly transform Chinas economy from an economy to an industrial one. The campaign contributed to a famine, whose death toll is estimated at between 15 and 45 million. In 1972, Mao welcomed American President Richard Nixon in Beijing, signalling a policy of opening China, Mao suffered a series of heart attacks in 1976, and died in September, aged 82. He was succeeded as Paramount leader by Hua Guofeng, who was sidelined and replaced by Deng. A controversial figure, Mao is regarded as one of the most important individuals in modern world history, Mao Zedong was born on December 26,1893 in Shaoshan village, Hunan Province, China. His father, Mao Yichang, was an impoverished peasant who had become one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan. Growing up in rural Hunan, Mao Zedong described his father as a stern disciplinarian, Maos mother, Wen Qimei, was a devout Buddhist who tried to temper her husbands strict attitude. Zedong too became a Buddhist, but abandoned this faith in his mid-teenage years, at age 8, Mao was sent to Shaoshan Primary School. At age 13, Mao finished primary education, and his father united him in a marriage to the 17-year-old Luo Yigu. Mao refused to recognise her as his wife, becoming a critic of arranged marriage. Luo was locally disgraced and died in 1910, interested in history, Mao was inspired by the military prowess and nationalistic fervour of George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte. The famine spread to Shaoshan, where starving peasants seized his fathers grain and he disapproved of their actions as morally wrong, but claimed sympathy for their situation. At age 16, Mao moved to a primary school in nearby Dongshan. In 1911, Mao began middle school in Changsha, Revolutionary sentiment was strong in the city, where there was widespread animosity towards Emperor Puyis absolute monarchy and many were advocating republicanism. The republicans figurehead was Sun Yat-sen, an American-educated Christian who led the Tongmenghui society, in Changsha, Mao was influenced by Suns newspaper, The Peoples Independence, and called for Sun to become president in a school essay
Mao Zedong
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Official portrait of Mao Zedong which hangs at
Tiananmen
Mao Zedong
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Mao's childhood home in Shaoshan, in 2010, by which time it had become a tourist destination.
Mao Zedong
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Mao in 1913
Mao Zedong
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Following the success of the
October Revolution in the former Russian Empire, in which Marxists took power, Mao came under the theoretical influence of
Karl Marx (left) and
Vladimir Lenin (right).
48.
Cinema of China
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The cinema of China is one of three distinct historical threads of Chinese-language cinema together with the cinema of Hong Kong and the cinema of Taiwan. Cinema was introduced in China in 1896 and the first Chinese film, The Battle of Dingjunshan, was made in 1905, the first sound film, Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, using the sound-on-disc technology, was made in 1931. Princess Iron Fan, the first Chinese animated feature film, was released at the end of this period and it influenced wartime Japanese animation and later Osamu Tezuka. After being completely engulfed by the occupation in 1941, and until the end of the war in 1945, after the communist revolution in 1949, previous and some foreign films were banned in 1951, and movie attendance increased sharply. During the Cultural Revolution, the industry was severely restricted. The movement partially ended after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, China is the home of the largest film studio in the world, the Hengdian World Studios, and in 2010 it had the third largest film industry by number of feature films produced annually. In 2012 the country became the second-largest market in the world by box office receipts, in 2016, the gross box office in China was CN¥45.71 billion. The country has the largest number of screens in the world since 2016, China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios. Motion pictures were introduced to China in 1896, the first recorded screening of a motion picture in China occurred in Shanghai on August 11,1896, as an act on a variety bill. The first Chinese film, a recording of the Peking opera, for the next decade the production companies were mainly foreign-owned, and the domestic film industry was centered on Shanghai, a thriving entrepot and the largest city in the Far East. In 1913, the first independent Chinese screenplay, The Difficult Couple, was filmed in Shanghai by Zheng Zhengqiu, Zhang Shichuan then set up the first Chinese-owned film production company in 1916. The first truly successful home-grown feature film was Yan Ruisheng released in 1921, during the 1920s film technicians from the United States trained Chinese technicians in Shanghai, and American influence continued to be felt there for the next two decades. It was during this period some of the more important production companies first came into being, notably Mingxing. Mingxing, founded by Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhang Shichuan in 1922, initially focused on comic shorts, including the oldest surviving complete Chinese film and this soon shifted, however, to feature-length films and family dramas including Orphan Rescues Grandfather. In 1931, the first Chinese sound film Sing-Song Girl Red Peony was made, however, the sound was disc-recorded, and the first sound-on-film talkie made in China was either Spring on Stage by Tianyi, or Clear Sky After Storm by Great China Studio and Jinan Studio. In part due to the success of these kinds of films, the Leftist cinematic movement often revolved around the Western-influenced Shanghai, where filmmakers portrayed the struggling lower class of an overpopulated city. Three production companies dominated the market in the early to mid- 1930s, the newly formed Lianhua, both Mingxing and Lianhua leaned left, while Tianyi continued to make less socially conscious fare. The period also produced the first big Chinese movie stars, such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu, Li Lili, Chen Yen-yen, Zhou Xuan, Zhao Dan and Jin Yan
Cinema of China
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Actor Tan Xinpei in
The Battle of Dingjunshan, 1905
Cinema of China
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A movie theater in
Qufu,
Shandong
Cinema of China
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A painting from the
China National Film Museum
49.
Platform (2000 film)
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Platform is a 2000 Chinese film written and directed by Jia Zhangke. The film is set in and around the city of Fenyang, Shanxi province, China. It follows a group of twenty-something performers as they face personal and societal changes, the dialogue is a mixture of local speech, mainly Jin Chinese and Mandarin. The film has been called an epic of grassroots and it is named after a popular song about waiting at a railway platform. Platform has garnered acclaim from critics in the years since its release. The film starts in 1979 in the wake of the Cultural Revolution, a theatre troupe of young adults in Fenyang performs state-approved material. The troupe includes Cui Minliang and his friends, Yin Ruijuan, Zhang Jun, Cui asks Yin if she is his girlfriend, but she replies that she is not. The troupe leaves their hometown and travels throughout the country for years during the 1980s. Yin stays behind in Fenyang and becomes a tax collector, the authorities find out about the illegal sexual relationship between Zhang and Zhong, and Zhong then leaves the group, never to return. As China undergoes massive social changes, the troupe alters their performances, Cui, jaded by his years on the road, reunites with Yin. Another film by Jia Zhangke, Still Life, was voted the third best film, platform placed 32 on Slant Magazines list of the 100 best films of the 2000s and was named as one of Sight & Sounds films of the 2000s. The film has a 79% rating on Rotten Tomatoes
Platform (2000 film)
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Poster
