Azawad
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Azawad, officially known as the Independent State of Azawad, was a short-lived unrecognised state lasting from 2012–2013. The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declared indep
Tuaregs at the January 2012 Festival au Désert in Timbuktu, just before the MNLA launched the Tuareg rebellion later in the same month
Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali, January 2012
Azawad separatists, December 2012
A guelta in Adrar des Ifoghas
Mali
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Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa and the 23rd largest country in the world, with an area of 1,240,192 square ki
Azawad
…the African Union, who declared it "null and no value whatsoever". The French Foreign Ministry said it would not recognise the unilateral partition of Mali, but it called for negotiations between the two entities to address "the demands of the northern Tuareg population [which] are old and for too long had…
The pages above are from Timbuktu Manuscripts written in Sudani script (a form of Arabic) from the Mali Empire showing established knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. Today there are close to a million of these manuscripts found in Timbuktu alone.
Griots of Sambala, king of Médina (Fula people, Mali), 1890. Photo by Joannès Barbier.
Cotton being processed in Niono into 180 kg (400 lb) bales for export to other parts of Africa and to France, c. 1950
WWI Commemorative Monument to the "Armée Noire"