1.
BAE Systems
–
BAE Systems plc is a British multinational defence, security, and aerospace company. Its headquarters are in London in the United Kingdom and it has operations worldwide and it is among the worlds largest defence companies, it was ranked as the third-largest based on applicable 2015 revenues. Its largest operations are in the United Kingdom and United States, other major markets include Australia, India and Saudi Arabia. The company was formed on 30 November 1999 by the £7. V, since its formation it has made a number of acquisitions, most notably of United Defense and Armor Holdings of the United States, and sold its shares in Airbus, Astrium, AMS and Atlas Elektronik. BAE Systems is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, BAE Systems was formed on 30 November 1999 by the £7.7 billion merger of British Aerospace and Marconi Electronic Systems. As a result, BAE Systems is the successor to many of the most famous British aircraft, defence electronics, British Aerospace was a civil and military aircraft manufacturer, as well as a provider of military land systems. The company had emerged from the consolidation of UK aircraft manufacturers since World War II. British Aerospace was formed on 29 April 1977 by the nationalisation and merger of The British Aircraft Corporation, both BAC and Hawker Siddeley were themselves the result of various mergers and acquisitions. Marconi Electronic Systems was the subsidiary of British engineering firm The General Electric Company, dealing largely in military systems integration, as well as naval. Marconis heritage dates back to Guglielmo Marconis Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company, GEC purchased English Electric in 1968 and thereafter used the Marconi brand for its defence businesses. GECs own defence heritage dates back to World War I, when its contribution to the war effort included radios, World War II consolidated this position, as the company was involved in important technological advances, notably the cavity magnetron for radar. Between 1945 and 1999, GEC-Marconi/Marconi Electronic Systems became one of the worlds most important defence contractors, in June 1998, MES acquired Tracor, a major American defence contractor, for £830 million. In June 1997 British Aerospace Defence managing director John Weston commented Europe, is supporting three times the number of contractors on less than half the budget of the U. S. European governments wished to see the merger of their defence manufacturers into a single entity, as early as 1995 British Aerospace and the German aerospace and defence company DaimlerChrysler Aerospace were said to be keen to create a transnational aerospace and defence company. The two companies envisaged including Aérospatiale, the other major European aerospace company, but only after its privatisation, as well as Airbus, British Aerospace and DASA were partners in the Panavia Tornado and Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft projects. A merger was agreed between British Aerospace chairman Richard Evans and DASA CEO Jürgen Schrempp in December 1998, meanwhile, GEC was also under pressure to participate in defence industry consolidation. GEC favours forging a national champion defence group with BAe to compete with the giant US organisations, when GEC put MES up for sale on 22 December 1998, British Aerospace abandoned the DASA merger in favour of purchasing its British rival. The merger of British Aerospace and MES was announced on 19 January 1999, Evans stated that in 2004 that his fear was that an American defence contractor would acquire MES and challenge both British Aerospace and DASA
2.
Wellington, Florida
–
Wellington is a village just west of West Palm Beach in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. As of 2014, the city had a population of 61,485 according to the U. S. Census Bureau and it is the fifth largest municipality in Palm Beach County by population. Wellington is part of the South Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, Wellington was named Money Magazines Top 100 Best Places to Live in 2010. Although Wellington is not a village under any definition of the term village in the US. In the 1950s, Mr. Wellington bought 18,000 acres of central Palm Beach County swampland and it has now become known as an international center for equestrian sports. Wellington is located at 26°39′18″N 80°15′15″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 31.4 square miles, of which 31.0 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles is water. B/E Aerospace has its headquarters in Wellington. As of 2010, there were 22,685 households, with 13. 3% being vacant,13. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the family size was 3.25. In 2000, the village the population was out with 31. 0% under the age of 18,5. 8% from 18 to 24,29. 7% from 25 to 44,24. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males, as of 2015, the median income for a household in the village was $77,233. The per capita income for the village was $40,726, about 2. 9% of families and 4. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 2% of those under age 18 and 3. 8% of those age 65 or over. As of 2000, Wellington had the eighty-fifth highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, the Village of Wellington has the following parks, Wellington provides a number of ball fields. Beach activities are around an hours drive time, due east. For variety, from Wellington one can access Fort Lauderdale less than one hour away or travel to South Beach approximately a one, Wellington is known for its equestrian community and hosting equestrian events, notably show jumping, hunting, dressage and polo. Wellington is host to the Winter Equestrian Festival, the largest and longest running show in the world from January to April. It holds more than forty weeks of equestrian competitions per year, a new expansion includes the Global Dressage Festival
3.
Amin Khoury
–
Amin Khoury is an American businessman who has founded and developed companies in the scientific instrument, medical services, medical devices and semi-conductor process equipment businesses. Khoury founded Taghleef Industries Inc and served as the Chairman from October 1986 to March 2005 and he also served as President from August 1988 to November 1992 and as Chief Executive Officer from October 2002 to March 2005. Amin Khoury co-founded B/E Aerospace Inc in July 1987, an investment group led by Khoury purchased Bach Engineering, a company that manufactured passenger control units for airline seats, in 1987. In 1989, the group purchased EECO Avionics, their primary competitor and this formed B/E Avionics and the company went public in 1990. The company changed its name to B/E Aerospace in 1992, Khoury has been a Director at B/E since founding it in 1987. He served as the Chief Executive Officer from July 1987 to April 1996 and he is the Executive Chairman of the Board, serving in that capacity since December 2014. Between 1986 to April 2012, Amin Khoury served non-executive Director at Synthes Inc. a medical device manufacturer and he was also a director at Johnson & Johnson. Between July 1994 to May 2006, Khoury was the Lead Independent Director at Brooks Automation, Amin Khoury co-founded co-founded Advanced Thermal Sciences in July 2000 and served as the chief executive officer. He now serves as chairman and a director, Khoury is the CEO and Chairman of KLX Inc, a provider of aerospace fasteners, consumables, and logistics services. Khoury is an advisor at D2K Equity Partners, Khoury is involved with numerous charitable organizations. He was a Trustee of the Scripps Research Institute from May 2008 until July 2014 and he also serves on the board of directors of the Raymond F. Kravis Center for the Performing Arts and is the chair of the centers Investment Committee. Khoury and his wife established the Amin and Julie Khoury Endowed Scholarship at Northeastern University, Amin Khoury holds bachelors and masters degrees in chemistry from Northeastern University. He graduated summa cum laude from Northeastern with a degree in business administration. He was also awarded the universitys prestigious Medallion Achievement Award
4.
United States dollar
–
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
5.
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
6.
Net income
–
In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
7.
Asset
–
In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
8.
Equity (finance)
–
In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
9.
Rockwell Collins
–
Arthur Collins founded Collins Radio Company in 1933 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It designed and produced both shortwave radio equipment and equipment for the burgeoning AM Broadcast industry, Collins was solicited by the military, the scientific community and by the larger AM radio stations for special equipment. Collins supplied the equipment to establish a link with the South Pole expedition of Rear Admiral Richard Byrd in 1933. In 1936, Collins had begun production of the 12H audio console, 12X portable field announcers box, throughout World War II, the 212A1 and 212B1 replaced the 12H design. Collins became the supplier of radio and navigation equipment used in the military. In the post war years, the Collins Radio Company expanded its work in all phases of the field while broadening its technology. This moved Arthur Collins into an active role as CEO guiding department leaders holding significant responsibilities. New developments such as flight instruments, radio communication devices. Collins communications equipment was used for Projects Mercury, Gemini and Apollo, in 1973, the U. S. Skylab Program used Collins equipment to provide communication from the astronauts to earth. After facing financial difficulties, the Collins Radio Company was purchased by Rockwell International in 1973, in 2001 the avionics division of Rockwell International was spun off to form the current Rockwell Collins, Inc. retaining its name. Rockwell Collins is highly concentrated in the defense and commercial avionics markets, the Collins mechanical filter is still in production and does, however, find consumer and commercial use. On December 20,2000, Rockwell Collins expanded its services to commercial, on April 28,2000, Rockwell International Corp and its Rockwell Collins unit agreed to acquire Sony Corps Sony Trans Com for undisclosed terms. The company has acquired companies, including Hughes-Avicoms in-flight entertainment business, Sonys in-flight entertainment business. NLX in 2003, portions of Evans & Sutherland, TELDIX GmbH, IP Unwired, Air Routing International in 2010, Computing Technologies for Aviation in 2011, and ARINC in 2014. The company is among the suppliers of in-flight entertainment on board aircraft. Rockwell Collins key competitors in this industry include Panasonic Avionics Corporation, Thales Group, as of 2010, the company employs over 20,000 people and has an annual turnover of 4.665 billion US dollars. Its non-executive chairman is Anthony Carbone following the retirement of Clayton M. Jones, in September 2012, Kelly Ortberg was appointed as president of the company. In August 2013, Kelly Ortberg was appointed CEO of Rockwell Collins, in 2016, Rockwell Collins entered the cabin interiors market through acquisition of B/E Aerospace for $8.3 billion
10.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
–
Cedar Rapids /ˈsiːdər ˈræpᵻdz/ is the second largest city in Iowa and is the county seat of Linn County. The city lies on both banks of the Cedar River,20 miles north of Iowa City and 100 miles northeast of Des Moines and it is a part of the Cedar Rapids/Iowa City Corridor of Linn, Benton, Cedar, Jones, Johnson, and Washington counties. Cedar Rapids is a hub of the state, located in the core of the Interstate 380. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city population was 126,326, the estimated population of the three-county Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes the nearby cities of Marion and Hiawatha, was 255,452 in 2008. In the 1990s and 2000s, Hollywood would feature several Cedar Rapidians including actors Bobby Driscoll, Ashton Kutcher, Elijah Wood, the city is also the setting for the musical The Pajama Game and the comedy film Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids is nicknamed the City of Five Seasons, for the fifth season, the symbol of the five seasons is the Tree of Five Seasons sculpture in downtown along the north river bank. The name Five Seasons and representations of the sculpture throughout the city in many forms. The location of present-day Cedar Rapids was in the territory of the Fox, the first permanent settler, Osgood Shepherd, arrived in 1838. When Cedar Rapids was first established in 1838, William Stone named the town Columbus, in 1841 it was resurveyed and renamed by N. B. They named the town Cedar Rapids for the rapids in the Cedar River at the site, Cedar Rapids was incorporated on January 15,1849. Cedar Rapids annexed the community of Kingston in 1870, the economic growth of Cedar Rapids increased in 1871 upon the founding of the Sinclair meatpacking company. In 2010, the Census Bureau reported Cedar Rapids population as 87. 98% white, and 5. 58% black. During the Iowa flood of 2008, the Cedar River reached a high of 31.12 feet on June 13,2008. 1,126 city blocks were flooded, or more than 10 square miles,561 city blocks were severely damaged and this is 14% of the citys total area. It is estimated 1300 or more properties are to be demolished in the Cedar Rapids area because of the flood, more than 4000 members of the Iowa National Guard were called up to assist the city. The temporary levies became saturated not only with the flood waters, the inundation of southern Minnesota, central and western Wisconsin, and northeastern Iowa by Hurricane Paines remnants began on September 21 and 22 and continued until the end of September 2016. This cresting in Cedar Rapids was below the estimate of 25 feet and the revised estimate of 23 feet. This flood was above levels considered to have about a 1 percent chance of occurring in a given year
11.
Honeywell
–
The company operates three business units, known as Strategic Business Units – Honeywell Aerospace, Honeywell Automation and Control Solutions, and Honeywell Performance Materials and Technologies. Honeywell is a Fortune 100 company, in 2016, Honeywell ranked 75th in the Fortune 500. Honeywell has a workforce of approximately 130,000, of whom approximately 58,000 are employed in the United States. The company is headquartered in Morris Plains, New Jersey and its current chief executive officer is Darius Adamczyk. The company and its predecessors were part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index from December 7,1925 until February 9,2008. The companys current name, Honeywell International Inc. is the product of a merger in which Honeywell Inc. was acquired by the much larger AlliedSignal in 1999. The company headquarters were consolidated with AlliedSignals headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey, in 2015, the headquarters were moved to Morris Plains. Honeywell has many brands that commercial and retail consumers may recognize, including its line of home thermostats, the following year he founded the Butz Thermo-Electric Regulator Company. As the years passed, CTCC struggled with growing debts, in 1906, Mark Honeywell founded the Honeywell Heating Specialty Company in Wabash, Indiana to manufacture and market his invention, the mercury seal generator. As Honeywell’s company grew it began to clash with the renamed Minneapolis Heat Regulator Company and this led to the merging of the two companies into the publicly held Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company in 1927. Honeywell named its first president, W. R. Sweatt as its first chairman, W. R. Sweatt and his son Harold provided 75 years of uninterrupted leadership for the company. W. R. Sweatt survived rough spots and turned an innovative idea – thermostatic heating control – into a thriving business. Harold, who took over in 1934, led Honeywell through a period of growth, the merger into the Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company proved to be a saving grace for the corporation. This expansion into international markets continued in 1936, with their first distributorship in London, by 1937, ten years after the merger, Minneapolis-Honeywell had over 3,000 employees, with $16 million in annual revenue. Having survived the Depression, Minneapolis-Honeywell was approached by the US military for engineering and manufacturing projects, in 1941, Minneapolis-Honeywell developed a superior tank periscope and camera stabilizers, as well as the C-1 autopilot. The C-1 revolutionized precision bombing in the war effort, and was used on the two B-29 bombers that dropped atomic bombs on Japan in 1945, Honeywell also helped develop and manufacture the RUR-5 ASROC for the US Navy. Technologically, this effort had parallels to contemporary efforts in missile guidance, Honeywell also developed the Wagtail missile with the USAF. From the 1950s until the mid-1970s, Honeywell was the United States importer of Pentax cameras, through most of the 1960s, Honeywell was one of the Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs of computing
12.
Garmin
–
Garmin Ltd. is an American multinational technology company founded by Gary Burrell and Min Kao in 1989 in Lenexa, Kansas and is based in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. The company is known for its specialization in GPS technology development for its use in automotive, aviation, marine, outdoor, due to their development in wearable technology, they have also been competing with activity tracker and smartwatch consumer developers such as Fitbit and Apple. In 1983, Gary Burrell recruited Min H. Kao from the defense contractor Magnavox while working for the former King Radio and they founded Garmin in 1989 in Lenexa, Kansas, as ProNav. ProNavs first product was a GPS unit which sold for US$2,500, the company was later renamed Garmin, an acronym of the first names of its two founders, Gary Burrell and Min H. Kao. In 1991, the U. S. Army became their first customer, by 1995, Garmins sales had reached $105 million, and it had achieved a profit of $23 million. By 1999, sales had reached $233 million and a profit of $64 million, Garmin reported a 2006 total revenue of $1.77 billion, up 73% from $1.03 billion in 2005. By 2000 Garmin had sold three million GPS devices, and was producing 50 different models and its products were sold in 100 countries and carried by 2,500 independent distributors. As of 22 August 2000, the company held 35 patents on GPS technology, by the end of June 2000, the company employed 1,205 people,541 in the United States,635 in Taiwan, and 29 in the United Kingdom. The company began trading on NASDAQ on 8 December 2000. At that time Burrell owned 19,911,155 shares, together their holdings accounted for 45 percent of the companys stock. Kaos brother, Ruey-Jeng Kao, an attorney in Taipei, owned another 7,984,109 shares, the acquired company changed its name to Garmin AT, Inc. and continued operations as a wholly owned subsidiary of Garmin International, Inc. Garmin has acquired Dynastream Innovations, EME Tec Sat SAS, EME Tec Sat SAS is the distributor of Garmins consumer products in France, following the acquisition, EME will change its name to Garmin France SAS. Digital Cyclone Inc, located in Chanhassen, Minnesota, provides mobile weather solutions for consumers, pilots, Garmin also bought Nautamatic Marine Systems, an Oregon-based company that makes autopilot systems for boats. In July 2011, Garmin finished its acquisition of the German satellite navigation company Navigon, in 2006, Garmin introduced a new corporate logo, and opened its first retail store, located on Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. In 2011 Garmin overtook the German Navigation Company Navigon, in order to achieve a level in progressive Navigation devices for car use. In 2015, Garmin acquired South Africas iKubu Ltd. for its Backtracker on-bicycle low power radar system, Burrell retired in 2003 as Garmins chief executive officer and in 2004 retired as chairman of its board of directors. Kao became CEO in 2003, and chairman in 2004, in 2005, Forbes estimated Kao’s net worth at $1.5 billion. He has donated $17.5 million to the University of Tennessee, the same year Forbes estimated Burrell’s net worth as $940 million
13.
Airline seat
–
An airline seat is a seat on an airliner in which passengers are accommodated for the duration of the journey. Such seats are arranged in rows running across the airplanes fuselage. A diagram of such seats in an aircraft is called a seat map. On the oldest of planes, seats were armchairs which stood loosely in the cabin, but movable furniture in the aircraft is a safety hazard, and seats are now fastened to the floor. However, airlines usually want the flexibility to move seats around or remove them, if the airline wants to reconfigure the seating, this is a minor operation. This is during taxiing, take-off and landing, although turbulence may also prompt the captain to turn on this sign, Seats are frequently equipped with further amenities. Airline seats may be equipped with a mechanism for increased passenger comfort. Most airline seats also feature a pocket which may contain an in-flight magazine, on small and short-haul aircraft, or on low-cost carriers, some of these amenities may not be installed. For instance, on aircraft, Ryanair has installed non-reclining seats without seat pockets with the safety manuals stitched to the seat back instead. Even on airliners with reclining seats, some seats may have a restricted recline or no recline, independent seat review sites such as SeatGuru often warn passengers against these seats. During take-off and landing the crew ask passengers to put their seats in a position and to lift. Seats may be equipped with ports for small electrical appliances. Some airlines also place TV-screens in the back of each seat as part of the In-flight Entertainment system on long-haul aircraft, most long-haul aircraft feature seats with adjustable headrests in all classes, allowing the passenger to adjust the headrest for comfort. Electrically adjustable lumbar support is found on most long-haul first class and business class seats, rarely, economy class may also include a mechanically adjustable lumbar support on some long-haul aircraft. However, with the trend towards slimline seats in economy class, some business class seats, such as the Recaro CL4420, have a built-in massaging feature. Some business class cabins feature seats that recline to a sloped flat position and these lie flat at an angle seats allow for greater comfort than traditional recliner seats, but are less comfortable than fully horizontal flat bed seating. Most international first-class and a number of international business-class cabins feature seats which recline to a full-horizontal flat position. Some airlines are now introducing new slimline seats in economy class and these seats, in addition to weighing less, theoretically allow airlines to increase capacity without significantly affecting passenger comfort
14.
United Airlines
–
United Continental Holdings, Inc. commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It is the worlds third-largest airline when measured by revenue, operates a domestic and international route network. In the late 1920s, just prior to the use of the United Airlines name, The Boeing Company, currently one of the worlds largest aircraft manufacturers, United was previously known as United Air Lines. United is a member of Star Alliance, the worlds largest global airline alliance. Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express and its main competitors are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines. United operates out of nine airline hubs located in Chicago, Denver, Guam, Houston, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo and Washington, D. C. Chicago-OHare is Uniteds largest hub, both in terms of passengers carried annually and in terms of departures 181,488 in 2016) and this passed George Bush Intercontinental in Houston, which carried 15.5 million with 178,019 departures. The company employs over 86,000 people while maintaining its headquarters in Chicagos Willis Tower, through the airlines parent company, United Continental Holdings, it is publicly traded under NYSE, UAL with a market capitalization of over $18 billion as of September 2014. United operates maintenance bases in Cleveland and Orlando in addition to the maintenance locations located at Uniteds hubs, United Airlines traces its roots to the Varney Air Lines air mail service of Walter Varney, who also founded Varney Speed Lines from which Continental Airlines had originated. In 1927, aviation pioneer William Boeing founded his airline Boeing Air Transport to operate the San Francisco to Chicago air mail route, in 1933, United began operating the Boeing 247 airliner. It was able to fly a transcontinental flight in 20 hours, after passage of the Air Mail Act in 1934, UATC separated into United Aircraft, the Boeing Airplane Company and United Air Lines. In 1954 United Airlines became the first airline to purchase modern flight simulators which had visual, sound, purchased for US$3 million from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first of todays modern flight simulators for training of commercial passenger aircraft pilots. United merged with Capital Airlines in 1961 and regained its position as the United States largest airline, in 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation, with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1970, the UAL Corporation acquired Western International Hotels, the 1970s also saw economic turmoil, resulting in stagflation and labor unrest. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, resulting in industry shakeups, further added to the difficulties in a loss-making period. In 1982, United became the first carrier to operate the Boeing 767, in May 1985, the airline underwent a 29-day pilot strike over managements proposed B-scale pilot pay rates. Making it one of two US carriers permitted exclusive access to Heathrow under Bermuda II until open skies took effect in 2008, the aftermath of the Gulf War and increased competition from low-cost carriers led to losses in 1991 and 1992. In 1995, United became the first airline to introduce the Boeing 777 in commercial service, in 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance airline partnership
15.
Delta Air Lines
–
Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a major American airline, with its headquarters and largest hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia. Regional service is operated under the brand name Delta Connection, One of the five remaining legacy carriers, Delta is the sixth-oldest operating airline by foundation date, and the oldest airline still operating in the United States. The companys history can be traced back to Huff Daland Dusters, founded in 1924 in Macon, Georgia as a crop dusting operation. The company moved to Monroe, Louisiana, and was later renamed Delta Air Services, in reference to the nearby Mississippi Delta region, among predecessors of todays Delta Air Lines, Western Airlines and Northwest Airlines began flying passengers in 1926 and 1927, respectively. In 2013, Delta Air Lines was the worlds largest airline in terms of scheduled passengers carried, Delta Air Lines began as a crop dusting operation called Huff Daland Dusters, Incorporated. The company was founded on May 30,1924 in Macon, Georgia and they flew a Huff-Daland Duster, the first true crop duster, designed to combat the boll weevil infestation of cotton crops. Collett E. Woolman, one of the directors, purchased the company on September 13,1928. Service began on June 17,1929 with the flight between Dallas, Texas and Jackson, Mississippi. Delta moved its headquarters to its current location in Atlanta in 1941, and continued to grow through the addition of routes and they replaced propeller planes with jets in the 1960s and entered international competition to Europe in the 1970s and across the Pacific in the 1980s. Deltas more recent history is marked by its emergence from bankruptcy on April 25,2007, the merger was announced April 14,2008, and was set to create the worlds largest airline. After approval of the merger on October 29,2008, Northwest continued to operate as an owned subsidiary of Delta until December 31,2009 when both carriers operating certificates were merged. Delta completed the integration with Northwest on January 31,2010 when their reservation systems and websites were combined, Delta Air Lines as it exists today is the result of numerous mergers over its history. Predecessor carriers forming the current Delta Air Lines include, Chicago, Delta flew under the carrier name of Delta-C&S for the following two years. After successfully introducing 50-seat planes into the United States, it was acquired by Delta in October 1999, Comair became the main carrier of Delta Connection and operated over 400 daily flights from Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport throughout the U. S. Mexico, and Caribbean. Comair ceased operations on September 29,2012, and was folded into Delta Connection operations, Delta Express began service in October 1996 in an attempt by Delta to compete with low cost airlines on leisure-oriented routes. Its main base of operations was Orlando International Airport and it used Boeing 737–200 aircraft and it ceased operations in November 2003 after Song was established. Song began service on April 15,2003 as an airline operated by Delta to compete directly with JetBlue Airways from both airlines hub at New York–JFK. While the brand was considered an addition to the Northeast-to-Florida market
16.
Emirates (airline)
–
Emirates is an airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The airline is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group, which is owned by the government of Dubais Investment Corporation of Dubai. It is the largest airline in the Middle East, operating over 3,600 flights per week from its hub at Dubai International Airport, Cargo activities are undertaken by Emirates SkyCargo. Emirates had the longest non-stop commercial flight from Dubai to Auckland until it was surpassed by Qatar Airways, during the mid-1980s, Gulf Air began to cut back its services to Dubai. As a result, Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubais royal family, with $10 million in start-up capital it was required to operate independently of government subsidy. Pakistan International Airlines provided training facilities to Emirates cabin crew in its academy, the airline was headed by Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the airlines present chairman. In the years following its founding, the airline expanded both its fleet and its destinations, in October 2008, Emirates moved all operations at Dubai International Airport to Terminal 3. Emirates operates a fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and is one of the few airlines to operate an all-wide-body aircraft fleet. As of September 2016, Emirates is the largest Airbus A380 operator with 83 planes in service, since their induction, Airbus A380 planes have become an integral part of Emirates fleet, especially on long-haul heavily trafficked routes. As a result, Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubais royal family, the Royal Familys Dubai Royal Air Wing also provided the airline with two used Boeing 727–200 Adv. The airlines first flight, flight EK600, was Dubai–Karachi on 25 October 1985, maurice Flanagan, who previously worked at British Airways, Gulf Air, and BOAC and at the time was overseeing Dnata, was appointed chief executive officer of the new airline. To acknowledge his services for aviation, in 2000, Flanagan was made CBE in the Queens Birthday Honour List and he would be joined at the airline by Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum and now-Emirates president Tim Clark. Current chairman Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum has since inherited the role of CEO, during its first year, it carried about 260,000 passengers and 10,000 tons of freight. To highlight the early success, Gulf Air, during Emirates first year of operations, suffered a 56% drop in profits. By 1986, the airline had added such as Colombo, Dhaka, Amman. In 1987, a second Boeing 727 was purchased from the Dubai Government, on 3 July, Emirates received its first bought aircraft, an Airbus A310, and with two examples, launched daily non-stop services to London Gatwick on 6 July 1987. The airline in 1987 added Frankfurt via Istanbul, and Malé, by the end of 1987, Emirates was serving 11 destinations. This was followed by an expansion into the Far East market in 1989, with flights to Bangkok, Manila and Singapore, during the first decade of operations, Emirates recorded strong growth averaging 30%
17.
Qatar Airways
–
Operating as Qatar Airways, is the state-owned flag carrier of Qatar. Qatar Airways Group employs more than 40,000 people, of whom 24,000 work directly for Qatar Airways, the carrier has been a member of the Oneworld alliance since October 2013, the first Gulf carrier to sign with one of the three airline alliances. Qatar Airways was established on November 22,1993, operations started on January 20,1994, amman was first served in May 1994. In April 1995, the airlines CEO was the Sheikh Hamad Bin Ali Bin Jabor Al Thani who employed a staff of 75, during 1995, two ex-All Nippon Airways Boeing 747s were bought from Boeing. The airline acquired a second-hand Boeing 747SP from Air Mauritius in 1996, Services to Athens, Istanbul, Madras and Tunis were suspended in late 1996, whereas Calcutta and Muscat were removed from the route network in January and September 1997, respectively. Flights to London were launched during 1997, the airline also took delivery of two second-hand 231-seater Airbus A300-600R aircraft on lease from Ansett Worldwide Aviation Services during the year, they replaced two Boeing 747s. The entering of these two A300s into the fleet also marked the introduction of a new logo, a third A300-600R joined the fleet shortly afterwards, also on lease from AWAS. In July 1998 the carrier placed an order with Airbus for six Airbus A320s. The airline took delivery of the first A320 powered by Aero Engines V2500 on lease from SALE in February 1999, a fourth A300-600R on lease from AWAS joined the fleet in April 2000. In October 2000, Qatar Airways ordered an International Aero Engines V2500-powered Airbus A319CJ, the airline became the Airbus A380s ninth customer in 2001 when two aircraft of the type were ordered, plus two options. Also that year, the airline resumed services to Jakarta, in 2002, the government of Qatar withdrew from Gulf Air. In June 2003, a Qatar Airways Airbus A320 was the first aircraft that resumed the services to Iraq when it flew the Doha–Basra route. Also that month, Qatar Airways incorporated its first dedicated aircraft to the fleet. It was an Airbus A300-600R that was converted to freighter in Germany for US$10 million. Also in June 2003, at the Paris Air Show, the placed a order with Airbus valued at US$5.1 billion for two Airbus A321s,14 Airbus A330s and two Airbus A340-600s. The deal included eight A330-200s and six -300s, it also included options for further six A330-300s, the first aircraft were scheduled to enter the fleet in 2004, with the A340-600 slated for delivery in 2006. During the year the airline started serving the Chinese market with the introduction of flights to Shanghai, also in 2003, the carrier expanded its portfolio of destinations with the commencement of services to Manchester in April, Tripoli in November, and Cebu and Singapore in December. During the 2003 Dubai Air Show the airline firmed up a commitment for two Airbus A380s and took options for another two of these aircraft
18.
Air France
–
Air France, stylized as AIRFRANCE, is the French flag carrier headquartered in Tremblay-en-France. It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM Group and a member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance. The airlines global hub is at Charles de Gaulle Airport with Orly Airport, Air Frances corporate headquarters, previously in Montparnasse, Paris, are located on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris. During the Cold War, from 1950 until 1990, it was one of the three main Allied scheduled airlines operating in Germany at West Berlins Tempelhof and Tegel airports. In 1990, it acquired the operations of French domestic carrier Air Inter and it served as Frances primary national flag carrier for seven decades prior to its 2003 merger with KLM. Between April 2001 and March 2002, the airline carried 43.3 million passengers and had a revenue of €12. 53bn. In November 2004, Air France ranked as the largest European airline with 25. 5% total market share, Air France operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing widebody jets on long-haul routes, and uses Airbus A320 family aircraft on short-haul routes. Air France introduced the A380 on 20 November 2009 with service to New York Citys JFK Airport from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, the carriers regional airline subsidiary, HOP. operates the majority of its regional domestic and European scheduled services with a fleet of regional jet aircraft. Of these airlines, SGTA was the first commercial company in France. The constituent members of Air France had already built extensive networks across Europe, to French colonies in North Africa, during World War II, Air France moved its operations to Casablanca. In 1936, Air France added French-built twin engine Potez 62 aircraft to its featuring a two compartment cabin that could accommodate 14 to 16 passengers. A high wing monoplane, it had a fuselage with composite coating while the wings were fabric covered with a metal leading edge. Equipped with Hispano-Suiza V-engines, they were used on routes in Europe, South America, on 26 June 1945 all of Frances air transport companies were nationalised. On 29 December 1945, a decree of the French Government granted Air France the management of the entire French air transport network, Air France appointed its first flight attendants in 1946. The same year the airline opened its first air terminal at Les Invalides in central Paris and it was linked to Paris Le Bourget Airport, Air Frances first operations and engineering base, by coach. At that time the network covered 160,000 km, claimed to be the longest in the world, Société Nationale Air France was set up on 1 January 1946. European schedules were initially operated by a fleet of Douglas DC-3 aircraft, on 1 July 1946, Air France started direct flights between Paris and New York via refuelling stops at Shannon and Gander. Douglas DC-4 piston-engine airliners covered the route in just under 20 hours, in September 1947 Air Frances network stretched east from New York, Fort de France and Buenos Aires to Shanghai
19.
KLM
–
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N. V. is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and it is part of the Air France–KLM group, and is a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. KLM was founded in 1919, it is the oldest airline in the still operating under its original name and had 32,505 employees as of 2013. KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to approximately 130 destinations, in 1919, a young aviator lieutenant named Albert Plesman sponsored the ELTA aviation exhibition in Amsterdam. The exhibition was a success, after it closed several Dutch commercial interests intended to establish a Dutch airline. In September 1919, Queen Wilhelmina awarded the yet-to-be-founded KLM its Royal predicate, Plesman became its first administrator and director. The first KLM flight took place on 17 May 1920, KLMs first pilot, Jerry Shaw, flew from Croydon Airport, London, to Amsterdam. The flight was using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel De Haviland DH-16, registration G-EALU. In 1920, KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight, in April 1921, after a winter hiatus, KLM resumed its services using its own pilots, and Fokker F. II and Fokker F. III aircraft. In 1921, KLM started scheduled services, KLMs first intercontinental flight took off on 1 October 1924. The final destination was Jakarta, Java, in the Dutch East Indies, in September 1929, regular scheduled services between Amsterdam and Batavia commenced. Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, this was the worlds longest-distance scheduled service by airplane. By 1926, it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen, in 1930, KLM carried 15,143 passengers. The Douglas DC-2 was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934, the first experimental transatlantic KLM flight was between Amsterdam and Curaçao in December 1934 using the Fokker F. XVIII Snip. The first of the airlines Douglas DC-3 aircraft were delivered in 1936, KLM was the first airline to serve Manchesters new Ringway airport, starting June 1938. When Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, a number of KLM aircraft—mostly DC-3s, five DC-3s and one DC-2 were taken to England. During the war, these aircraft and crew members flew scheduled flights between Bristol and Lisbon under BOAC registration. Some KLM aircraft and their crews ended up in the Australia-Dutch East Indies region, after the end of the Second World War in August 1945, KLM immediately started to rebuild its network
20.
Lufthansa
–
It operates services to 18 domestic destinations and 197 international destinations in 78 countries across Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe, using a fleet of more than 270 aircraft. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the name of the company is derived from Luft, and Hansa. Combined with its subsidiaries, the group has 656 aircraft, as of February 2016, in 2014, the group carried over 106 million passengers. Lufthansas registered office and corporate headquarters are in Cologne, the main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center, is at Lufthansas primary hub at Frankfurt Airport. The majority of Lufthansas pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based there, Lufthansas secondary hub is Munich Airport. Lufthansa was a state-owned enterprise until 1994, in 2014, 60% of Lufthansas shares were held by institutional investors. The remaining 40% were held by individual stock owners, since 1970, Lufthansa has involved its employees in profit sharing, giving them the opportunity to choose between cash and preference shares. When Lufthansa was privatised, employees received more than 3% of its shares, Lufthansa traces its history to 1926 when Deutsche Luft Hansa A. G. was formed in Berlin. DLH, as it was known, was Germanys flag carrier until 1945 when all services were suspended following the defeat of Nazi Germany, West Germany had not yet been granted sovereignty over its airspace, so it was not known when the new airline could become operational. Nevertheless, in 1953 Luftag placed orders for four Convair CV-340s and four Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations and set up a maintenance base at Hamburg Airport. On 6 August 1954, Luftag acquired the name and logo of the liquidated Deutsche Lufthansa for DM30,000, on 1 April 1955 Lufthansa won approval to start scheduled domestic flights, linking Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Cologne, and Munich. In August 1958 fifteen Lufthansa 1049Gs and 1649s left Germany each week to Canada, the special status of Berlin meant that Lufthansa was not allowed to fly to either part of Berlin until 1989. Originally thought to be only a matter, the Division of Germany turned out to be long. East Germany tried to establish its own airline in 1955 using the Lufthansa name, but this resulted in a dispute with West Germany. East Germany instead established Interflug as its national airline in 1963, in 1958 Lufthansa ordered four Boeing 707s and started jet flights from Frankfurt to New York City in March 1960. Boeing 720Bs were later bought to back up the 707 fleet, in February 1961 Far East routes were extended beyond Bangkok, Thailand, to Hong Kong and Tokyo. Lagos, Nigeria and Johannesburg, South Africa were added in 1962, Lufthansa introduced the Boeing 727 in 1964 and that May began the Polar route from Frankfurt to Tokyo via Anchorage. In February 1965 the company ordered twenty-one Boeing 737s that went into service in 1968, Lufthansa was the first customer for the Boeing 737 and was one of four buyers of the 737-100s
21.
Qantas
–
Qantas Airways is the flag carrier airline of Australia and its largest airline by fleet size, international flights and international destinations. It is the third oldest airline in the world, after KLM and Avianca having been founded in November 1920, the Qantas name comes from QANTAS, an acronym for its original name, Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services, and it is nicknamed The Flying Kangaroo. Qantas is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance. The airline is based in the Sydney suburb of Mascot with its hub at Sydney Airport. As of March 2014, Qantas had a 65% share of the Australian domestic market and carried 14. 9% of all passengers travelling in, various subsidiary airlines operate to regional centres and on some trunk routes within Australia under the QantasLink banner. Its subsidiary Jetconnect provides services between Australia and New Zealand, flying under the Qantas brand, Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. The airlines first aircraft was an Avro 504K, in 1920 Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd had its headquarters in Winton before moving to Longreach, Queensland in 1921 and Brisbane in 1930. In 1934, QANTAS and Britains Imperial Airways formed a new company, the new airline commenced operations in December 1934, flying between Brisbane and Darwin. QEA flew internationally from May 1935, when the service from Darwin was extended to Singapore, after World War II began, enemy action and accidents destroyed half of the fleet of ten, when most of the fleet was taken over by the Australian government for war service. Flying boat services were resumed in 1943, with flights between Swan River, Perth and Koggala lake in Ceylon and this linked up with the British Overseas Airways Corporation service to London. Qantas kangaroo logo was first used on the Kangaroo Route, begun in 1944, from Sydney to Karachi, in 1947, QEA was nationalised by the Australian government led by Labor Prime Minister Ben Chifley. QANTAS Limited was then wound up, after nationalisation, Qantas remaining domestic network, in Queensland, was transferred to the also nationally owned Trans Australian Airlines, leaving Qantas with a purely international network. Shortly after nationalisation, QEA began its first services outside the British Empire – to Tokyo, Services to Hong Kong began around the same time. In 1957 a head office, Qantas House, opened in Sydney, in June 1959 Qantas entered the jet age when the first Boeing 707-138 was delivered. On 14 September 1992, Qantas merged with nationally owned domestic airline, the airline started to be rebranded to Qantas in the following year. Qantas was gradually privatised between 1993 and 1997, under the legislation passed to allow the privatisation, Qantas must be at least 51% owned by Australian shareholders. In 1998, Qantas co-founded the oneworld alliance with American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines, the main domestic competitor to Qantas, Ansett Australia, collapsed on 14 September 2001. Market share for Qantas immediately neared 90%, but with the entry of new budget airline Virgin Blue into the domestic market, in 2004, the Qantas group expanded into the Asian budget airline market with Jetstar Asia Airways, in which Qantas owns a minority stake
22.
Japan Airlines
–
Japan Airlines Co. Ltd. is the flag carrier airline of Japan and the second largest in the country behind All Nippon Airways. JAL group operations include scheduled and non-scheduled international and domestic passenger and cargo services to 220 destinations in 35 countries worldwide, the group has a fleet of 279 aircraft. In the fiscal year ended 31 March 2009, the group carried over 52 million passengers and over 1.1 million tons of cargo. Japan Airlines, J-Air, JAL Express, and Japan Transocean Air are members of the Oneworld airline alliance, JAL was established in 1951 and became the national airline of Japan in 1953. After over three decades of service and expansion, the airline was privatised in 1987. In 2002, the merged with Japan Air System, Japans third-largest airline. Japan Airlines is currently a sponsor of Japan Football Association, Japan national football team, Shimizu S-Pulse. All Nippon Airways, the largest airline in Japan, is JALs main competitor, the airline was founded with an initial capital of ¥100 million, and its headquarters located in Ginza, Chūō, Tokyo. Between 27 and 29 August, the airline operated flights on a Douglas DC-3 Kinsei. On 25 October, Japans first post-war domestic airline service was inaugurated, using a Martin 2-0-2 aircraft, named Mokusei, by 1953 the JAL network extended northward from Tokyo to Sapporo and Misawa, and westward to Nagoya, Osaka, Iwakuni and Fukuoka. On 2 February 1954 the airline began flights, carrying 18 passengers from Tokyo to San Francisco on a Douglas DC-6B City of Tokyo via Wake Island. The flights between Tokyo and San Francisco are still Flights 1 and 2, to commemorate its first international service, the early flights were advertised as being operated by American crews and serviced by United Air Lines in San Francisco. The airline, in addition to the Douglas DC-3, Douglas DC-6B and Martin 2-0-2s, operated Douglas DC-4, JAL flew to Hong Kong via Okinawa by 1955, having pared down its domestic network to Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka and Sapporo. By 1958 the Hong Kong route had extended to Bangkok. With DC-7Cs JAL was able to fly nonstop between Seattle and Tokyo in 1959, in 1960 the airline took delivery of its first jet, a Douglas DC-8 named Fuji, introducing jet service on the Tokyo-Honolulu-San Francisco route. JAL went on to operate a fleet of 51 DC-8s, retiring the last of the type in 1987, JAL also began flying to Seattle and Hong Kong in 1960. At the end of 1961 JAL had transpolar flights from Tokyo to Seattle, Copenhagen, London and Paris via Anchorage, Alaska and to Los Angeles and San Francisco via Honolulu, during the 1960s JAL flew to many new cities including Moscow, New York and Pusan. DC-8 flights to Europe via Anchorage started in 1961, flights to Europe via India started in 1962, by 1965 Japan Air Lines was headquartered in the Tokyo Building in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo
23.
Southwest Airlines
–
Southwest Airlines Co. is a major U. S. airline, the worlds largest low-cost carrier, headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The airline was established in 1967 by Herb Kelleher and adopted its current name in 1971, the airline has more than 53,000 employees as of October 2016 and operates more than 3,900 departures a day during peak travel season. As of 2014, it carried the most domestic passengers of any U. S. airline, as of December 2016, Southwest Airlines had scheduled services to 101 destinations in the United States and eight additional countries. Service to both Grand Cayman and Cincinnati begins June 4,2017, Southwest Airlines has used only Boeing 737s, except for the period from 1979 to 1987 when it leased some Boeing 727-200s from Braniff International Airways. As of January 2016, Southwest is the largest operator of the Boeing 737 worldwide, with over 700 in service, in 1966 Southwest Airlines was founded by Rollin King and Herbert Kelleher, in 1967 it was incorporated as Air Southwest Company. It was not until 1971 that the airline began scheduled flights, the same year the organization adopted the name Southwest Airlines. The expansion of flights started in 1975, to cities throughout Texas, Service to the East and the Southeast started in the 1990s. The company has employed humor in its advertising, the airlines current slogan is Low fares. Instead of a lawsuit, the CEOs for both companies staged an arm wrestling match, a promotional video was created showing the CEOs training for the bout and distributed among the employees and as a video press release along with the video of the match itself. Herb Kelleher lost the match for Southwest, with Stevens Aviation winning the rights to the phrase, kurt Herwald, CEO of Stevens Aviation, immediately granted the use of Just Plane Smart to Southwest Airlines. The net result was both companies having use of the trademark, $15,000 going to charity and good publicity for both companies, Southwest Airlines is the official commercial airline of the Honor Flight Network. Honor Flights are dedicated to bringing aging and ailing veterans to visit the monuments in Washington. The Southwest Airlines headquarters is located on the grounds of Dallas Love Field in the Love Field neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, on September 17,2012, Southwest broke ground on a new Training and Operational Support building. The TOPS Building is across the street from its current headquarters building, the property includes a two-story,100, 000-square-foot operations building that can withstand an EF3 tornado. It also includes a four-story,392, 000-square-foot office and training facility with two levels devoted to each function, the new facilities house 24-hour coordination and maintenance operations, customer support and services, and training. The project was completed in late 2013, with occupancy beginning in 2014, as of December 31,2016, Southwest Airlines has more than 53,000 employees. Gary C. Kelly is Chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines, Kelly replaced former CEO Jim Parker on July 15,2004 and assumed the title of President on July 15,2008, replacing former President Colleen Barrett. In July 2008, Herb Kelleher resigned his position as Chairman, Colleen Barrett left her post on the Board of Directors and as Corporate Secretary in May 2008 and as President in July 2008
24.
Aeroflot
–
OJSC Aeroflot – Russian Airlines, commonly known as Aeroflot, is the flag carrier and largest airline of the Russian Federation. The carrier operates domestic and international passenger and services, mainly from its hub at Sheremetyevo International Airport, Aeroflot is one of the oldest airlines in the world, tracing its history back to 1923. During the Soviet era, Aeroflot was the Soviet national airline, following the dissolution of the USSR, the carrier has been transformed from a state-run enterprise into a semi-privatised company which ranked 19th most profitable airline in the world in 2007. Aeroflot is still considered the de facto national airline of Russia and it is 51%-owned by the Russian Government. As of September 2013, the Aeroflot Group had 30,328 employees, the company has embarked on a fleet modernisation programme, extensive route restructuring, and an image overhaul. The airline joined SkyTeam in April 2006, becoming the 10th member of the alliance, on 17 January 1921, the Sovnarkom of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic published About Air Transportation. The document signed by Lenin set out the regulations on air transport over the territory of the RSFSR. The document was significant as it was the first time that a Russian state had declared sovereignty over its airspace, in addition, the document defined rules for the operation of foreign aircraft over the Soviet Unions airspace and territory. After Lenin issued an order, a State Commission was formed on 31 January 1921 for the purpose of civil aviation planning in the Soviet Union. This was followed by the formation of Deruluft-Deutsch Russische Luftverkehrs A. G. in Berlin on 11 November 1921, as a joint venture between the Soviet Union and Germany. The company, whose aircraft were registered in both Germany and the Soviet Union, began operations on 1 May 1922 with a Fokker F. III flying between Königsberg and Moscow, the service was initially operated twice a week and restricted to the carriage of mail. On 3 February 1923 Sovnarkom approved plans for the expansion of the Red Air Fleet, the artist Alexander Rodchenko became involved in the ODVF at this time. He designed posters encouraging citizens to buy stock in Dobrolet and the famous Winged Hammer, regular flights by Dobrolet from Moscow to Nizhniy Novgorod commenced on 15 July 1923. During the same period, an additional two airlines were established, Zakavia being based in Tiflis, and Ukrvozdukhput based in Kharkov, during 1923 an agreement was signed establishing a subdivision of Dobrolet to be based in Tashkent, which would operate to points in Soviet Central Asia. Services between Tashkent and Alma Ata began on 27 April 1924, and by the end of 1924 the subdivision had carried 480 passengers and 500 kilograms of mail and freight, in March 1924, Dobrolet began operating flights from Sevastopol to Yalta and Yevpatoriya in the Crimea. Dobrolets route network was extended during the 1925–1927 period to include Kazan, plans were made for Dobrolet flights to Kharkov to connect with Ukrvozdukhput services to Kiev, Odessa and Rostov-on-Don. Expansion of air routes which had taken shape in the late 1920s, the agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany relating to Deruluft expired on 1 January 1937 and wasnt renewed, which saw the joint venture carrier ceasing operations on 1 April 1937. On that date Aeroflot began operations on the Moscow to Stockholm route, under the third Five-Year Plan, which began in 1938, civil aviation development continued, with improvements to airport installations being made and construction of airports being commenced
25.
Air Canada
–
Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and it is the worlds eighth-largest passenger airline by fleet size, and is a founding member of the Star Alliance. Air Canadas corporate headquarters are located in Montréal, Quebec, while its largest hub is at Toronto Pearson International Airport, Air Canada had passenger revenues of CA$13.8 billion in 2015. The airlines regional service is Air Canada Express, Canadas national airline originated from the Canadian federal governments 1936 creation of Trans-Canada Airlines, which began operating their first transcontinental flight routes in 1938. In 1965, TCA was renamed Air Canada following government approval, after the deregulation of the Canadian airline market in the 1980s, the airline was privatized in 1988. On 4 January 2000, Air Canada acquired their largest rival, in 2003, the airline filed for bankruptcy protection and in the following year emerged and reorganized under the holding company ACE Aviation Holdings Inc. In 2007,34 million people flew with Air Canada as the celebrated their 70th anniversary. The carriers operating divisions include Air Canada Cargo, Air Canada Express and their subsidiary, Air Canada Vacations, provides vacation packages to over 90 destinations. Together with their partners, the airline operates on average more than 1,530 scheduled flights daily. Air Canadas predecessor, Trans-Canada Airlines, was created by legislation as a subsidiary of Canadian National Railway on 11 April 1937. The newly created Department of Transport under Minister C. D, howe desired an airline under government control to link cities on the Atlantic coast to those on the Pacific coast. Transcontinental routes from Montreal to Vancouver began on 1 April 1939, using 12 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electras, by January 1940, the airline had grown to about 500 employees. Canadian Pacific Airlines suggested in 1942 a merger with TCA, prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King rejected the proposal and introduced legislation regulating TCA as the only airline in Canada allowed to provide transcontinental flights. With the increase in air travel after World War II, CP Air was granted one coast-to-coast flight, with the development of the ReserVec in 1953, TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer reservation system with remote terminals. This bill failed but it was resubmitted and passed, with the name change taking effect on 1 January 1965. During the 1970s government regulations ensured Air Canadas dominance over domestic regional carriers, short-haul carriers were each restricted to one of five regions, and could not compete directly with Air Canada and CP Air. CP Air was subject to capacity limits on flights. Air Canadas fares were also subject to regulation by the government, in the late 1970s, with reorganization at CNR, Air Canada became an independent Crown corporation
26.
Air China
–
Air China Limited is the flag carrier and one of the major airlines of the Peoples Republic of China, with its headquarters in Shunyi District, Beijing. Air Chinas flight operations are based at Beijing Capital International Airport, in 2015, the airline carried 90 million domestic and international passengers with an average load factor of 80%. Air China was given responsibility for intercontinental flights and took over the CAACs long haul aircraft. In January 2001, the former CAACs ten airlines agreed on a merger plan, before the acquisition, Air China was the countrys fourth largest domestic airline. The merger created a group with assets of 56 billion Yuan, in October 2002, Air China consolidated with the China National Aviation Holding and China Southwest Airlines. On 15 December 2004, Air China was successfully listed on the Hong Kong, the airline also listed its shares on the Shanghai Stock Exchange on 18 August 2006. In 2006, Air China signed an agreement to join the Star Alliance and it became a member of the alliance on 12 December 2007 alongside Shanghai Airlines. In July 2009, Air China acquired $19.3 million of shares from its troubled subsidiary Air Macau, one month later, Air China spent HK$6.3 billion to raise its stake in Cathay Pacific from 17. 5% to 30%, expanding its presence in Hong Kong. On 2 December 2010, Air China received Spains highest tourism industry award, Air China was the first foreign airline to receive the award, which is given to organisations and individuals contributing to the Spanish tourism industry. On 23 December 2010, Air China became the first Chinese airline to offer combined tickets that include domestic flights, the first combined flight-shuttle bus ticket connected Tianjin via shuttle bus with domestic flights passing through Beijing. Air China began offering Wi-Fi internet service on board its aircraft on 15 November 2011, in 2012, after pressure from PETA, Air China stated that it would no longer transport monkeys to laboratories. On July 3,2013 in time for the companys 25th anniversary and it was the first global satellite Internet flight in Mainland China. In early 2015 it was announced that the airline had selected the Boeing 737 Next Generation and 737 MAX for its fleet renewal programme of 60 aircraft, the deal, with a value of over $6B at current list prices, has yet to be finalised. The entity Air China Limited was registered in 2003, and its shares began trading in Hong Kong, as of June 2015, it ranks no.1 of Chinese companies for long term accounts payable. The Air China HQ Building, the headquarters, is located in Zone A of the Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone in Shunyi District. The company registered office is on the floor of the Blue Sky Mansion. The enterprise logo of Air China consists of an artistic pattern, the name of the airline written in calligraphy by former national leader Deng Xiaoping. The phoenix logo is also the artistic transfiguration of the word VIP, Air China is a member of Star Alliance
27.
American Airlines
–
American Airlines, Inc. commonly referred to as American, is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is the worlds largest airline measured by fleet size, revenue, scheduled passenger-kilometres flown. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the name of American Eagle. American operates out of ten located in Dallas/Fort Worth, Charlotte, Chicago-OHare, Philadelphia, Miami, Phoenix, Washington, DC-National, Los Angeles, New York-JFK. American operates its primary base at Tulsa International Airport in addition to the maintenance locations located at its hubs. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is Americans largest passenger carrying hub handling 51.1 million passengers annually with an average of 140,000 passengers daily, the company as of 2015 employs over 113,300 people. Through the airlines parent company, American Airlines Group, it is traded under NASDAQ. American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines, the two organizations from which American Airlines was originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first formed in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation and this in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system, between 1970 and 2000, the company grew into being an international carrier, purchasing Trans World Airlines in 2001. In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, in 2013, US Airways and American Airlines merged. Eventually operations were merged under one operating certificate to create the largest United States airline which kept the American Airlines brand name, American Airlines is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, adjacent to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The headquarters is located in two buildings in the CentrePort office complex and these buildings together have about 1,400,000 square feet of space. As of 2014 over 4,300 employees work at this complex, before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City. In 1979 American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a betrayal of New York City. American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas, the airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility. As of 2015 American Airlines is the corporation with the largest presence in Fort Worth, in 2015 the airline announced it will build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016 and occupancy is scheduled for summer 2019, the airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building
28.
China Airlines
–
China Airlines is the flag carrier and largest airline of the Republic of China. It is headquartered in Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport and has 12,607 regular employees, China Airlines operates over 1,400 flights weekly to 118 airports in 115 cities across Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. The cargo division operates 91 pure freighter flights weekly, the carrier was, in 2013, the 29th and 10th largest airline in the world in terms of passenger revenue per kilometer and freight RPK, respectively. With a fleet of two PBY Amphibians, China Airlines was established on December 16,1959, with its shares held by the Republic of China government. It was founded by an air force officer and initially concentrated on charter flights. During the 1960s, China Airlines was able to establish its first scheduled routes, in October 1962, a flight from Taipei to Hualien became the airlines first domestic service. Later, with the introduction of Caravelle and Boeing 727-100s, the airlines introduced international flights to South Vietnam, Hong Kong, with the airlines first two Boeing 707 aircraft, trans-Pacific flights to San Francisco via Tokyo were initiated on February 2,1970. The expansion of the companys 707 fleet also permitted more services in Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia, shortly thereafter, four brand new Boeing 747SP were introduced in 1977. Due to political pressure, Japan ended its ties with Taiwan in 1972. The 747SP aircraft made it possible for China Airlines to fly daily nonstop services from Taipei to its North American destinations without stopping over in Japan and it also allowed the airlines to introduce flights to Saudi Arabia and South Africa. In 1979, the airlines switched all operations from the small downtown Songshan International Airport to the newly built Chiang Kai-shek International Airport, following the introduction of 747-200s, the airlines introduced its first European destination, Amsterdam. The premise being that air carriers from the PRC and Taiwan were prevented crossing paths at any Japanese airports, thus CALs Osaka service, due to the citys only airport at Itami, would not be reinstated until years later. The crossing of flag-carriers occurred almost hourly at then British-controlled Hong Kongs Kaitak International Airport, adversely, other regional airports such as Bangkok, Singapore and Manila were entirely spared of this indignity imposed on Japan by China. The next 20 years saw sporadic but far-reaching growth for the company, later, the airline inaugurated its own round-the-world flight. 1993 saw China Airlines listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange, later CAL would place one of the largest orders for the newest Boeing 747. The new 747s and an earlier an order with Airbus for over a dozen A300B4 wide body regional jets allowed for addition destination growth, as a result, in the mid-1990s, China Airlines subsidiary Mandarin Airlines took over some of its Sydney and Vancouver international routes. The plum blossom is Taiwans National Flower, throughout the 1990s, the airline employed many ex-ROC Air Force pilots. In addition, the company began recruiting university graduates as trainees in its own training program
29.
China Southern Airlines
–
China Southern Airlines Company Limited is an airline headquartered in Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. It is the worlds fourth-largest airline measured by passengers carried and Asias largest airline in fleet size, revenue and it is the fourth-largest airline in the world in domestic passenger traffic and the sixth-largest in scheduled domestic passenger-kilometres flown. From its main hubs at Beijing Capital International Airport and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, China Southern Airlines was established on 1 July 1988 following the restructuring of the Civil Aviation Administration of China. Since then, it acquired and merged with a number of domestic airlines, China Southern Airlines is a member of SkyTeam. The airliness logo is a red flower on a blue vertical tail fin. In 2014, China Southern Airlines carried more than 100 million domestic, in 1984, the Chinese government disclosed the decision to decentralise the Civil Aviation Administration of China. In 1988, CAAC granted its seven regional divisions, among which was the Guangzhou Regional Administration, China Southern Airlines began flying under its own name and livery in February 1991. At this time, the aircraft operated some 160 flights a day on 100 routes using the Antonov An-24, Boeing 737 and Boeing 757, along with helicopters, in December 1992, the airline placed an US$800-million order for six Boeing 777s and the associated spare parts and training. The airline completed its decentralisation from CAAC when it gained independence on 10 October 1993, as such, the airline could from then on restructure itself into shareholding enterprises, independently arrange external financing and establish subsidiaries to complement its core enterprise. During the airlines early years, the carrier was the dominant domestic carrier, together with the two major airlines of China – Air China and China Eastern – the airline handled half of passenger traffic carried by all Chinese carriers. Like other Chinese carriers, China Southern was subjected to CAACs exclusive right to grant operating rights for every prospective route as well as to regulate domestic prices, starting in the mid-1990s, China Southern sought to expand its international reach beyond Asia. In December 1995, the Chinese and US governments signed an agreement that would allow the commencement of non-stop air services between the two countries. After having been granted the right to services to Amsterdam in early 1996. The following year, the carrier commenced non-stop trans-Pacific services Los Angeles, due to engine-certification and labour-relations issues, the delivery of the first Boeing 777 was more than a month behind schedule. Nevertheless, the airline planned to double its fleet of 67 aircraft, in order to keep pace with fast developments, China Southern raised capital from the capital market. The airline was listed on the Hong Kong and New York Stock Exchanges in July 1997. The airline groups revenue totalled some US$1.4 billion with a net income of $90 million, the end of the 1990s was a period of consolidation for the Chinese airline industry. At one stage, it was reported that CAAC was contemplating a merger of Air China and China Southern
30.
Thai Airways
–
Thai Airways International Public Company Limited, trading as THAI is the flag carrier airline of Thailand. Formed in 1988, the airline has its headquarters in Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Chatuchak District, Bangkok. THAI is a member of the Star Alliance. From its hub at Suvarnabhumi Airport, THAI flies to 80 destinations in 37 countries, as of 2013, services between Bangkok and Los Angeles were served via Incheon International Airport near Seoul, however, it ended its service to the US on 25 October 2015. THAIs route network is dominated by flights to Europe, East Asia, THAI was the first Asia-Pacific airline to serve London Heathrow Airport. Among Asia-Pacific carriers, THAI has one of the largest passenger operations in Europe, THAI is an official sponsor of Bangkok United, Reading F. C. and Red Bull Racing. The purpose of the joint venture was to create a wing for the domestic carrier Thai Airways Company. SAS also provided operational, managerial, and marketing expertise, with training assistance aimed at building an independent national airline within the shortest possible time. The carriers first revenue flight was on 1 May 1960, flights were operated to nine overseas Asian destinations from Bangkok. The airlines first intercontinental services using Douglas DC-8s started in 1971 to Australia, a number of the larger Douglas DC-10 wide-body tri-jet was acquired in the later 1970s. Services to North America commenced in 1980, on 1 April 1977, after 17 years of capital participation by SAS, the Thai government bought out the remaining 15 percent of SAS-owned shares and THAI became an airline owned by the Thai government. In 2016, the company is 51 percent owned by the Thai Ministry of Finance, forty-seven percent of its shares trade on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. On 25 June 1991, the new THAI listed its shares on the Stock Exchange of Thailand, the THAI public offering of shares is the largest ever undertaken in the country. In 1997 Thai Airways planned a program, the first in Thai history. On 14 May 1997, THAI, along with Lufthansa, Air Canada, SAS, throughout the 2000s, THAI aggressively continued its route network expansion with new services to Chengdu, Busan, Chennai, Xiamen, Milan, Moscow, Islamabad, Hyderabad, Johannesburg and Oslo. Using the Airbus A340-500s it acquired in 2005, THAI commenced non-stop flights from Bangkok to New York, the airline later converted existing one-stop services to Los Angeles into non-stop services using the same aircraft type. Citing very high costs, THAI discontinued the New York service in July 2008. The service to Los Angeles was again reverted to one-stop service via Seoul on 1 May 2012, the A340s used have been phased out using the Boeing 777-200ER for the Bangkok–Seoul–Los-Angeles route
31.
Virgin Australia
–
Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd, formerly Virgin Blue Airlines, is Australias second-largest airline after Qantas and it is the largest airline by fleet size to use the Virgin brand. Now based in Bowen Hills, Brisbane, the airline was co-founded by British businessman Richard Branson, the founder of parent Virgin Group and former Virgin Blue CEO Brett Godfrey. The airline has grown to directly serve 29 cities in Australia from hubs in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney, using a fleet of narrow-body Boeing and Embraer jets, and Airbus and Boeing widebody jets. Virgin Australia was launched as Virgin Blue in August 2000, with two Boeing 737-400 aircraft, one of which was leased from then-sister airline Virgin Express. Initially offering seven return flights a day between Brisbane and Sydney, this has since expanded to cover all major Australian cities. The Virgin Blue name was the result of a competition, it was a play on the predominantly red livery. The timing of Virgin Blues entry into the Australian market was fortunate as it was able to fill the vacuum created by the failure of Ansett Australia in September 2001. Ansetts failure allowed Virgin to grow rapidly to become Australias second domestic carrier, rather than staying just an alternative to the established players. It also gave Virgin access to terminal space without which growth would have significantly limited. Virgin Groups holding in Virgin Australia has since been reduced, initially via a sale of a half interest to Australian logistics conglomerate Patrick Corporation, in early 2005 Patrick launched a hostile takeover for Virgin Blue. Patrick had been unhappy for some time with the companys direction, by the closure of the offer, Patrick held 62% of the company, giving it control. Virgin Group retains a 25% share, in May 2006 Toll Holdings acquired Patrick and became the majority owner of Virgin Blue. In July 2008 Toll sold its majority holding via a special dividend, as at June 2013 Air New Zealand owned 23% of the company. It also cut costs in the past by limiting the number of airports serviced and by operating one type of aircraft and this strategy changed with the introduction of a second type into the fleet. The airline ordered 20 Embraer E-jets, in a mix of six E170s and 14 E190s and these were ordered specifically so that the airline could re-enter the Sydney–Canberra market that it abandoned in 2004, and to fly to less populous areas. The first E-170 arrived in Australia in September 2007 and by the end of the year the three on order had been delivered. At its inception in 2000, Virgin Blue did not have interline or marketing alliances with other airlines, however, after the collapse of its domestic competitor Ansett Australia, it began a codeshare agreement with United Airlines. This allowed United customers to fly from the United States to any of Virgin Blues Australian destinations that United did not already serve
32.
XiamenAir
–
XiamenAir is the first airline operated in the course of modern enterprise in China. The airline is owned by China Southern Airlines, Xiamen Construction and Development Group, Xiamen Airlines holds a 99. 23% stake in Hebei Airlines, 60% stake in Jiangxi Airlines. By early 2014, the Airlines has set up branches in Fuzhou, Nanchang, Hangzhou, Tianjin, Changsha, xiamenAir was honored with the title of The Best Airline In Mainland China for 6 consecutive quarters in the Airlines Service Survey made by CARNOC. com. The survey consists of comprehensive questionnaires answered by the passengers and analyzed by experts, Xiamen Airlines concluded the year of 2015 with a passenger number of 22.77 million, and a profit of 1800 million CNY. It was the 28th consecutive year of profit for the airline, by early 2016, the airline operated 230 domestic routes along with 60 international routes. On 17 November 2011, Xiamen Airlines signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the airline alliance SkyTeam, on 21 November 2012, the airline was officially welcomed as the 19th member of SkyTeam. On April 30,2008, a Boeing 737-700, operating as Xiamen Airlines Flight 8052 from Dalian to Hangzhou, the crew of the China Southern Airbus A319 aborted the takeoff and manoeuvred their aircraft to avoid a collision
33.
Zodiac Seats U.S.
–
Zodiac Seats U. S. is an American manufacturer of airline seats headquartered in Gainesville, Texas. Some significant U. S. customers, in addition to being one of the primary seat suppliers for Boeing and Airbus, include Delta Air Lines, American Airlines, and United Airlines. Overseas customers, among others, include Cathay Pacific, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Asiana Airlines. Established as Weber Aircraft, LLC in 1968, the company was previously a division of Kidde Inc. until being bought in 1992 by Air Cruisers Co. of Belmar, NJ, itself a part of Groupe Zodiac. With a main facility exceeding 700,000 square feet and over 3,000 employees, additionally, ZSUS contains satellite facilities in Rancho Cucamonga, California, Chihuahua, Mexico, and Tianjin, China, and service locations in Everett, Washington and Atlanta, Georgia. One product from Zodiac is the 5751 slimline economy class seat and this particular model of seat uses a unique recline mechanism where the seat bucket moves forward while reclining. United Airlines also uses the 5751 on its pre-merger United Boeing 777-200ERs equipped with the International Premium Travel Experience cabin, a new version of the 5751 seat integrates an ultra-lightweight personal in-flight entertainment on-demand video screen into the seat. Delta Air Lines has on installed these seats on their Boeing 747-400 fleet, Cathay Pacific also uses these seats as their new Economy Class seats, replacing the old, fixed shell seats from rival BE Aerospace. For business class, one of Zodiacs newest products include the Cirrus reverse herringbone sleeper suite and this model is also produced by Zodiac Seats France. Cathay Pacific also uses a customized version of this seat as their new business class product and can currently be found in select Boeing 777. Delta Air Lines has installed the version of this model produced by Zodiac Seats U. S. in BusinessElite on their Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A330 fleets
34.
Recaro
–
KG, commonly known as Recaro, is a German company based in Kirchheim unter Teck in the vicinity of Stuttgart, known for their automobile bucket seats. The company can produce OEM racing-style seats for mainstream manufacturers, KG is part of the Recaro Group. RECARO Child Safety GmbH & Co, RECARO Automotive Seating GmbH & Co. Founded in 1906 by Wilhelm Reutter as Reutter Carosserie-Werke, the became known for building limousine bodies during the 1920s. In 1930 they started producing bodies for the Volkswagen Beetle, due to new manufacturing methods, the market for car bodies went downhill in the 1950s, and Reutter found itself on hard times. In 1963, Porsche acquired the car body factory, what remained was renamed to Recaro GmbH & Co, changing its focus to high-end seats. The company began producing both OEM seats for Porsche, and a line of aftermarket seats. In 1969, the Reutter family sold their ownership to three companies, Keiper, Huber & Wagner and Metzeler, due to economic problems, in 1983, Keiper purchased all shares in Recaro and established Keiper Recaro GmbH & Co in Kirchheim near Esslingen am Neckar. Recaro changed their name in 1990, in their home country of Germany, the name was to change to RECARO GmbH & Co. Meanwhile, Recaro seats could be seen in a variety of cars, ranging from the Aston Martin V03, the Audi S and RS models, a side-airbag seat was added to the Recaro line. The company also manufactures wheelchairs, as well as seats for aircraft and airlines, automotive children seats and its seats are used in the VIP lounges and substitute box at European football stadiums. Recaro seats are used in the Leopard 2 MBT. The Dutch company Sun Marine Seats manufacture Recaro Maritime boat seats, in June 2011 Recaro sold the automotive seating division to the US automotive supplier Johnson Controls. The acquisition gives Johnson Controls, as licensee of the RECARO brand in the automotive industry, all other brand companies now belong to RECARO Group, Stuttgart, which is the brand owner and licensor of RECARO Automotive Seating. Recaro also manufactures seats for airliners, demand has grown, with output reaching 70,000 seats in 2010, in 2010, Recaro developed a slimline seat for airlines in conjunction with Lufthansa, Lufthansa have ordered 32000, and other airlines have ordered a further 6000. Other significant customers include Alitalia, Air France, KLM, United Airlines, American Airlines, Croatia Airlines, JetBlue Airways, AirTran Airways, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas and Air New Zealand. Recaros primary competitors in the seating business include Acro Aircraft Seating, Zodiac Seats U. S. Zodiac Seats France, Aviointeriors, BE Aerospace, Expliseat
35.
United Technologies
–
United Technologies Corporation is an American multinational conglomerate headquartered in Farmington, Connecticut. UTC is also a military contractor, getting about 10% of its revenue from the U. S. government. Gregory Hayes is the current CEO, in 1974, Harry Gray left Litton Industries to become the CEO of United Aircraft. The diversification was partially to balance civilian business against any overreliance on military business, UTC became a mergers and acquisitions –focused organization, with various forced takeovers of unwilling smaller corporations. The next year, UTC forcibly acquired Otis Elevator, in 1979, Carrier Refrigeration and Mostek were acquired, the Carrier deal was forcible, while the Mostek deal was a white knight move against hostile takeover designs by Gould. Although M&A activity was not new to United Aircraft, the M&A activity of the 1970s and 1980s was higher-stakes, rather than aviation being the central theme of UTC businesses, high tech was the new theme. Some Wall Street watchers questioned the value of M&A at almost any price. Mostek was sold in 1985 to the French electronics company Thomson, UTC acquired Sundstrand Corporation in 1999, and merged it into UTCs Hamilton Standard unit to form Hamilton Sundstrand. In 2003, UTC entered the fire and security business by purchasing Chubb Security, in 2004, UTC acquired the Schweizer Aircraft Corporation which planned to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary under their Sikorsky Aircraft division. In 2005, UTC further pursued its stake in the fire, also in 2005, UTC acquired Boeings Rocketdyne division, which was merged into the Pratt & Whitney business unit. In 2007, UTC opened the Hawk Works, a Rapid Prototyping and Military Derivatives Completion Center located west of the Elmira-Corning Regional Airport in Big Flats, NY. In March 2008, UTC made a $2.63 billion bid to acquire Diebold, Diebold rejected the buyout bid as inadequate. In November 2008, UTCs Carrier Corporation acquired NORESCO, which is one of the nations largest energy service companies, in December 2009, it was announced that UTC would acquire a 49. 5% stake in Clipper Windpower for $206 million. In October 2010, UTC agreed with Clipper to acquire the rest of the company, in September 2011, UTC acquired a $18.4 billion deal for aircraft components maker Goodrich Corporation. In June 2012, it was discovered that UTC sold military technology to the Chinese, for pleading guilty to violating the Arms Export Control Act and making false statements, United Technologies and its subsidiaries were fined $75 million. In July 2012, United Technologies acquired Goodrich and merged it with Hamilton Sundstrand, in February 2013, UTC Power was sold to ClearEdge Power. In October 2014, Toshiba and United Technologies made a deal to expand their joint venture outside Japan, in January 2015, UTC Building & Industrial Systems completed the acquisition of CIAT Group, a leading HVAC manufacturing company in France. In November 2015, Lockheed Martin completed its $9.0 billion acquisition of Sikorsky Aircraft. ”In December, Carrier agreed to keep the Indianapolis plant open, keeping 1,100 jobs in Indianapolis
36.
Federal Aviation Administration
–
The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. The FAAs roles include, Regulating U. S, each LOB has a specific role within the FAA. Airports — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction, Air Traffic Organization — primary duty is to safely and efficiently move air traffic within the National Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic facilities including Airport Traffic Control Towers, Aviation Safety — Responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and mechanics. Commercial Space Transportation — ensures protection of U. S. assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles, the FAA is headquartered in Washington, D. C. as well as the William J. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight, in fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the system of lighted airways. The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control along the airways, in 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency. The legislation also expanded the role by giving them the authority. President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Civil Aeronautics Board, CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines, the CAA was part of the Department of Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency, on the eve of Americas entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war, the application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions and this legislation gave the CAAs functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, the FAAs first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower
37.
Airworthiness
–
Airworthiness is the measure of an aircrafts suitability for safe flight. Certification of airworthiness is initially conferred by a certificate of airworthiness from a national aviation authority, an example of an aircraft that was not legally airworthy is Larry Walters Lawn chair flight in 1982. Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, Subchapter F, Part 91.7 states, b) The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight. The pilot in command shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, the USA Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 21, §21. The true definition of the word Airworthy was never included in the Code of Federal Regulations until the 14 CFR Part 3, the definition was included in the guidance, such as Advisory Circulars and Orders, but never in the Rule. Part 3 defines the definition of Airworthy as, the aircraft conforms to its design and is in a condition for safe flight. A more generic and non-process oriented definition is required, however, military aviation despite being governed by regulations, this is performed in a less standardized and more fragmented way as compared to civil aviation. An example of a used to delineate significant hazard is a risk reduction technique used by the military
38.
Arthur A. Collins
–
Arthur Andrews Collins first gained national recognition as a teenager for significant advances in radio communication, and later founded his own radio engineering and manufacturing company in 1933. Rapidly expanding during World War II, Collins Radio Co, widely considered a genius in electronics innovation, he shunned personal publicity and is relatively little known today, even within the electronics community. Arthur A. Collins was born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma to Merle H. Collins, the family moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa when Arthur was 7. This novel approach was successful but faltered as the Great Depression hit. His son Arthur was intensely interested in radio, became an amateur radio operator at age 14. Arthur Collins became expert in design and wave propagation, publishing several articles in specialty journals. Collins became friends with fellow amateur radio hams, including John Reinartz, within the radio spectrum only longer waves were thought to be refracted by the atmosphere, allowing long distance communication at night, but not so the shorter wavelength relegated to amateurs. Reinartz and Collins discovered that such skip did occur in the 20 meter range and during daytime, a young Arthur Collins attic ham station, his radio communication was a critical link to the outside world for the 1925 MacMillan Expedition to the subarctic. Arthur Collins graduated from school in Cedar Rapids and attended college at Amherst in Massachusetts. He never obtained a degree, but rather took courses at the University of Iowa and his own studies, and research done during the early years of his own company, typically outpaced advances in electronics coursework in academia. Yet he valued education, promoting programs for his employees to further their education. In 1930 Arthur Collins married Margaret Van Dyke in Cedar Rapids, a noted artist within her community and they had two children, Susan, born in 1939, and Michael, born in 1943. Margaret died suddenly of a hemorrhage in 1955. Arthur remarried in 1957, to Mary Margaret Meis, assistant director of dietetics at Mercy Hospital and they had two sons, Alan, born 1963, and David, born 1966. Arthur Collins maintained two residences, one in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and another in Dallas, Texas, Collins also kept his boat, a 70-foot custom-built fiberglass yacht, The Peregrine, in Newport Beach, California. This was his office and home during visits to the Newport Beach facility, Collins founded Collins Radio Co. in 1933, building high quality amateur and commercial transmitters. With recognition from success with the MacMillan expedition, Collins equipment was selected for the Byrd Expedition to the Antarctic, beginning manufacturing in his basement, Arthur Collins soon rented building space and eventually constructed the first Collins Radio factory in Cedar Rapids in 1940. At this time the company had sales of about $500,000 and 150 employees, Collins Radio was recognized for excellence in design and manufacture of amateur and commercial transmitters and receivers, and began building aircraft radios in 1935
39.
Draper Corporation
–
The Draper Corporation was once the largest maker of power looms for the textile industry in the United States. It operated in Hopedale, Massachusetts for more than 130 years and his great-great grandfather, James Draper had landed in Boston from England in 1650, and was one of the first men in the American colonies to engage in the business of weaving and selling cloth. The improvement allowed a weaver to run two power looms instead of one and its labor-saving feature appealed to Ira, and he decided to push its sale to weavers in the area. In 1829 he took out a patent for an improvement on his original invention, in 1830 he sold his patents and the business to his eldest son, James of Wayland, Massachusetts. Ebenezer, a brother, bought the business in 1837, and later moved it from Wayland to Uxbridge, Massachusetts. In 1841, Ebenezer moved the company to nearby Hopedale, Massachusetts, known as “Fraternal Community No. 1” it was a communal association determined to create an ideal society. Hopedale was one of the most successful experiments of the era. Another brother George came to Hopedale in 1853 to join his brother in the firm of E. D, a year later he bought an interest in the new Dutcher temple, then made in North Bennington, Vermont. The Dutcher temple was an improvement on previous models, two years later, the two companies would combine forces at Hopedale and become known as W. W. Dutcher & Company. This would be the first of several industries to be located in Hopedale within the next dozen years, & George Draper became managers and agents. Among the others were the Hopedale Machine Company and Hopedale Furnace Company, Ebenezer D. Draper retired in 1868. Over the 42 years that he was with the company, he patented many inventions that had improved the art of textile weaving, between 1868 and 1887 George Draper became the leader and driving force behind the company started by his father years before. After Ebenezers retirement in 1868, the company ventured into and made improvements the developing sector of Ring Spinning, by 1887 George Draper owned the patent rights or controlled the sale of 12 named varieties of ring spindles. Draper also made improvements to warpers and spoolers in this period, in 1886, the three Draper Brothers of the third generation, still doing business at George Draper & Son were ready to increase their part in the loom field. They decided to undertake the design and manufacture of an automatic loom, there had been many patents of automatic devices but not one of them had ever proved practical, nor was any of them in successful operation anywhere. The company developed two shuttle-changing looms, the Rhoades in 1888 and the Northrop in 1889, the prototypes were given field tests at the Seaconnett Mills in Fall River, Massachusetts with encouraging results. The Northrop was named after its inventor, James H. Northrop who had emigrated from Keighley, Yorkshire, Northrop conceived the idea of forcing the spent bobbin through and out of the shuttle and replacing it with fresh bobbin. Further developments were made, and in 1894, eight years after beginning their venture, in August 1894, the first Northrop Looms to be sold to a mill were shipped from Hopedale to Queen City Cotton Mills at Burlington, Vermont
40.
Northrop Loom
–
The Northrop Loom was a fully automatic power loom marketed by George Draper and Sons, Hopedale, Massachusetts beginning in 1895. It was named after James Henry Northrop who invented the shuttle-charging mechanism, James Henry Northrop, was born in Keighley, West Yorkshire in the United Kingdom, where he worked in the textile industry. He emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts in 1881, Northrop worked as a mechanic and foreman, for George Draper and Sons. There he invented a spooler guide and he left and tried to be a chicken farmer, but was unsuccessful. It was at time that he invented a shuttle-charger. Otis Draper saw a model of the device on March 5,1889, Draper was also developing the Rhoades shuttle-charger. Northrop was given a loom to test his idea, by May 20 he concluded that his first idea was not practical, and thought of another idea, On July 5, the completed loom was running, and as it seemed to have more advantages than the Rhoades loom. The Northrop device was given a trial in October 1889 at the Seaconnett Mills in Fall River. More looms were constructed and tested at Seaconnett later in 1889, meanwhile, Northrop invented a self-threading shuttle and shuttle spring jaws to hold a bobbin by means of rings on the butt. This paved the way to his battery of 1891, the basic feature of the Northrop loom. Northrop was responsible for several hundred weaving related patents, other members of the Draper organization had developed a workable warp stop motion which was also included. The first Northrop looms were marketed in 1894, Northrop retired to California two years later when he was 42. The principal advantage of the Northrop loom was that it was automatic, when a warp thread broke. When the shuttle ran out of thread, Northrops mechanism ejected the depleted pirn, a loom operative could work 16 or more looms whereas previously they could only operate eight. Thus, the labour cost was halved, Mill owners had to decide whether the labour saving was worth the capital investment in a new loom. By 1900, Draper had sold over 60,000 Northrop looms and were shipping 1,500 a month, were employing 2,500 men, in all 700,000 looms were sold. By 1914, Northrop looms made up 40% of American looms, however, in the United Kingdom labour costs were not as significant and Northrop had only 2% of the British market. Greg bought 94 looms and output increased from 2.31 lbs/man-hr in 1900, labour costs decreased from 0. 9d per pound to 0. 3d per lb
US$2.933 billion (2016)[2]
