Böblingen station is located on the Stuttgart–Horb railway and is at the start of the Rankbach Railway (Rankbachbahn) and the Schönbuch Railway (Schönbuchbahn). It is served by regional services and Stuttgart S-Bahn line S 1. Until 2002 it was served by Intercity-Express and Cisalpino services.

The Stuttgart–Horb railway is a 67.227 kilometer-long railway in the southern part of the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, running from Stuttgart to Horb. It forms part of a railway known as the Gäubahn or Gäu Railway. The Royal Württemberg State Railways and the Baden State Railways constructed the majority of this line between the years 1866 and 1879. Today the partially single-track, fully electrified line features the high-speed Intercity-Express (ICE) service, with its tilting train technology, traveling from Stuttgart to Zürich. In addition, a multitude of local train services of numerous railway companies are on offer. The Gäu Railway is also a significant line in the North-South freight service system.