1.
BBC Studios
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BBC Studios is a division of the BBC, certified in February 2015 and launched as an independent operating company in April 2017. It brings together the majority of the former BBC Television divisions in-house production departments, Comedy, Drama, Entertainment, Music & Events, BBC News, Childrens and Sport and Radio remain separate internal production divisions in the BBC. The rest of the former BBC Television division are now known as BBC Content, BBC Studios is headed by Mark Linsey, who succeeded Peter Salmon in March 2016. BBC Studios was formally split from BBC Television in April 2016, in October 2016, it was announced that 300 staff would be made redundant - equivalent to 15% of the workforce. The BBC Trust approved the creation of BBC Studios as a subsidiary in December 2016
2.
Television Centre, London
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Television Centre in White City, West London was the headquarters of BBC Television between 1960 and 2013. Officially opened on 29 June 1960, it is one of the most readily recognisable facilities of its type, parts of the building are Grade II listed, including the central ring and Studio 1. Live television events from studios and routing of national and international sporting events took place within the Television Centre before being passed to the Broadcast Centre for transmission and it was announced on 21 September 2010 that the BBC would cease broadcasting from Television Centre in 2013. BBC Worldwide moved into space in the Stage 6 building following extensive refurbishment in 2015. The radio and television news departments moved to Broadcasting House in central London, the building is 4 miles west of central London, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The nearest Underground stations are White City and Wood Lane, London broadcasts at the time came from Alexandra Palace and Lime Grove Studios. It was to be the largest television centre in the world, riverside Studios in Hammersmith were used from 1954. It was planned to be 6 acres, but turned out to be twice as big, on 24 August 1956 the main contract was awarded to Higgs and Hill, which also built The London Studios for ITV in 1972. The building was planned to cost £9M, when it opened, the Director of BBC television was Gerald Beadle, and the first programme broadcast was First Night with David Nixon in Studio Three. In 1997 the BBC News Centre was opened, in a new complex at the front of the building, the building featured a central circular block around which were studios, offices, engineering areas and the News Centre. In the centre of the block was a statue designed by T. B. Huxley-Jones of Helios. At the foot of the statue were two reclining figures, symbolising sound and vision, the components of television, even though there was a foundation stone marked BBC1956 in the basement of the main building, construction began in 1951. With the migration of staff and functions to complexes in Salford and London W1, the overall design from the air appeared to resemble a question mark in shape. The architect, Graham Dawbarn CBE, drew a question mark on an envelope while thinking about the design of the building, an article in The BBC Quarterly, July 1946, proposed a circular design, several years before Dawbarn drew up his plans. The building was commissioned in 1949 with work starting in 1950, work resumed in 1953 on the TVC scenery block and work began in 1954 on the canteen block, which doubled as a rehearsal space. Work on Stage 3, the central office block and studios. The shells of TC1, TC6 and TC7 were constructed around the same time, BBC Television Centre officially opened with TC3 operational on 29 June 1960. Arthur Hayes worked on the building from 1956 to 1970 and was responsible for the creation of the iconic BBC Television Centre lettering on the façade of Studio 1, the lettering was later used all over the building, even in tile work outside lift entrances
3.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
4.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
5.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
6.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
7.
Television licensing in the United Kingdom
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In the United Kingdom and the Crown dependencies, any household watching or recording live television transmissions as they are being broadcast is required to hold a television licence. Businesses, hospitals, schools and a range of organisations are also required to hold television licences to watch. A television licence is required to receive on-demand programme services provided by the BBC. Income from the licence is used to fund the television, radio. The total income from licence fees was £3.7428 billion in 2015–16 of which £621.7 million or 16. 6% was provided by the Government through concessions for those over the age of 75. Thus, the fee made up the bulk of the BBCs total income of £4.827 billion in 2015–2016. The Government’s White Paper of May 2016 announced that the fee will rise with inflation for the first five years of the Charter period. The TV licence fee is a tax collected by the BBC and primarily used to fund the radio, television and this type of tax is known as a hypothecated tax. Licence fee collection is the responsibility of the BBCs Finance and Business division, although the money is raised for its own use, the BBC does not directly use the collected fees. The money received is first paid into the Governments Consolidated Fund and it is subsequently included in the vote for the Department of Culture, Media and Sport in that years Appropriation Act, and passed back to the BBC for the running of the BBCs own services. The money also finances programming for S4C and the BBC World Service as well as to run BBC Monitoring at Caversham, in 1991, the BBC assumed the role of TV Licensing Authority with responsibility for the collection and enforcement of the licence fee. The BBC is authorised by the Communications Act 2003 to collect, Section 363 of the Act makes it against the law to install or use a television receiver to watch or record any television programmes as they’re being broadcast without a TV Licence. Section 365 of the same Act requires the payment of the TV Licence fee to the BBC, the licence fee is formally set by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport by the use of Statutory Instruments. The relevant Statutory Instruments are the Communications Regulations 2004 and amendments since that such as the Communications Regulations 2010. As well as prescribing the fees, the regulations also define television receiver for the purposes of the law, for people living in the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, TV licensing law is extended to their areas by Orders made by their own Governments. The BBC is permitted by the order to use surveillance equipment to detect unlicensed use of television receivers. As the public body responsible for issuing TV licences, licensing information held by the BBC, the TV Licence Management Team, which is part of the Finance and Business division of the BBC, oversees the TV Licensing system. The TV Licence Management Team is based at the BBC White City buildings in London, the majority of TV licensing administration and enforcement activities are carried out under contract by private companies
8.
Radio Times
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Radio Times is a British weekly television and radio programme listings magazine. It was the worlds first broadcast listings magazine when it was founded in 1923 by John Reith and it was published entirely in-house by BBC Magazines from 1937 until 2011 when the BBC Magazines division was merged into Immediate Media Company. Radio Times was first issued on 28 September 1923, carrying details of BBC radio programmes, initially, Radio Times was a combined enterprise between the BBC and the publisher George Newnes, who type-set, printed and distributed the magazine. But in 1925 the BBC assumed full control, and by 1937 the publication was fully in-house. The Radio Times established a reputation for using leading writers and illustrators, in 1928, Radio Times announced a regular series of ‘experimental television transmissions by the Baird process for half an hour every morning. The launch of the first regular 405-line television service by the BBC was reflected with television listings in the Radio Times edition of 23 October 1936, thus Radio Times became the first television listings magazine in the world. Initially only two pages in each edition were devoted to television, however, in January 1937 the magazine published a lavish photogravure supplement and by September 1939, there were three pages of television listings. Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 and television broadcasting ceased, Radio listings continued throughout the war for a reduced service, but by 1944, paper rationing meant editions were only 20 pages of tiny print on thin paper. After the war resumed and the Radio Times expanded too. In 1953 the television listings, which so far had been in the back of the magazine, were alongside the radio schedules. By the 1950s Radio Times had grown to be the magazine with the largest circulation in Europe, today both publications carry listings for all major terrestrial, cable and satellite television channels in the United Kingdom. A number of magazines, from independent publishers, also exist. Radio Times is published on Tuesdays and carries listings for the following Saturday through to Friday, since Christmas 1969, a double-sized issue has been published each December containing listings for two weeks of programmes. Originally, this covered Christmas and New Year listings, but in some years these appear in separate editions, by the early 2000s, advertisements for the publication had become sparse on the BBC. The Radio Times has not been promoted on BBC television and radio channels since 2005, the latest circulation figure for the Radio Times is 831,591 making it third in the TV listings magazine market behind TV Choice and Whats on TV. There are several editions, which each contain different listings for regional programming. All editions carry variations for adjoining regions and local radio listings, the number of English regional editions has been reduced since the 1990s due to there being fewer variations in the schedules. The most recent of these was in August 2007 when the Midlands, the exception to this process of merging is Wales, which used to be part of a larger Wales/West version, mirroring the HTV region
9.
Shilling
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The shilling is a unit of currency formerly used in the United Kingdom, Australia, United States, and other British Commonwealth countries. The word shilling comes from scilling, a term that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and from there back to Old Norse. Slang terms for the old shilling coins include bob and hog, while the derivation of bob is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was bobstick and wonders if it is connected with Sir Robert Walpole. One abbreviation for shilling is s, often it was represented by a solidus symbol, which may have originally stood for a long s or ſ, thus 1/9 would be one shilling and ninepence. A price with no pence was sometimes written with a slash, the solidus symbol is still used for the shilling currency unit in former British East Africa, rather than sh. During the Great Recoinage of 1816, the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound of silver into 66 shillings. This set the weight of the shilling, and its subsequent decimal replacement 5 new pence coin, at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, in the past, the English world has had various myths about the shilling. One myth was that it was deemed to be the value of a cow in Kent or a sheep elsewhere, a shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII. The term shilling was in use in Scotland from early medieval times, the common currency created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland the shilling was issued as scilling in Irish and it was worth 1/20th of an Irish pound, and was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland. The coin featured a bull on the reverse side, the first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The original Irish shilling coin ) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963, in 1966, Australias currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin, where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar. The slang term for a coin in Australia was deener. The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was bob, after 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight. New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933, in 1967, New Zealands currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight
10.
Penny (British pre-decimal coin)
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The pre-decimal penny was a coin worth 1/240th of a pound sterling. Its symbol was d, from the Roman denarius and it was a continuation of the earlier English penny, and in Scotland it had the same monetary value as one pre-1707 Scottish shilling. The penny was minted in silver, but from the late 18th century it was minted in copper. The plural of penny is pence when referring to a quantity of money, thus 8d is eight pence, but eight pennies means specifically eight individual penny coins. Before Decimal Day in 1971 twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound, values less than a pound were usually written in terms of shillings and pence, e. g.42 pence would be three shillings and sixpence, pronounced three and six. Values of less than a shilling were simply written in terms of pence and this version of the penny was made obsolete in 1971 by decimalisation, and was replaced by the decimal penny which had a value 140% more. The kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged by the 1707 Act of Union to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, the penny replaced the shilling of the pound scots. The design and specifications of the English penny were unchanged by the Union, Queen Annes reign saw pennies minted in 1708,1709,1710, and 1713. These issues, however, were not for circulation, instead being minted as Maundy money. The prohibitive cost of minting silver coins had meant the size of pennies had been reduced over the years, the practice of minting pennies only for Maundy money continued through the reigns of George I and George II, and into that of George III. In 1797, the government authorised Matthew Boulton to strike copper pennies and twopences at his Soho Mint in Birmingham. At the time it was believed that the value of a coin should correspond to the value of the material it was made from. This requirement meant that the coins would be larger than the silver pennies minted previously. The large size of the coins, combined with the rim where the inscription was incuse i. e. punched into the metal rather than standing proud of it. These pennies were minted over the course of years. By 1802, the production of privately issued provincial tokens had ceased, however, in the next ten years the intrinsic value of copper rose. The return of privately minted token coinage was evident by 1811 and endemic by 1812, the Royal Mint undertook a massive recoinage programme in 1816, with large quantities of gold and silver coin being minted. To thwart the further issuance of private token coinage, in 1817 an Act of Parliament was passed which forbade the manufacture of private token coinage under very severe penalties
11.
BBC Transcription Services
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The programmes sold to overseas broadcasters in this way covered every part of the BBCs output, including all types of music, drama, religious and childrens programmes and comedy. It is now called BBC Radio International, the library was originally housed in an old convent at the back of the Maida Vale Studios. Later, it relocated to Kensington House on the side of Shepherds Bush Green in the early 1960s and is now housed in the South West wing of Bush House. The original releases were in the form of 12-inch 78rpm discs, each of these discs contained no more than 3 or 4 minutes per side and so a radio operator would have needed to cue the start of many discs as the previous one finished for a half hour programme. Consecutive parts of a programme were on different discs to enable the operator to cue the start of the next part of the programme from a different disc from the one being played. By around 1947, the 78rpm discs were replaced with 16-inch transcription discs running at 33⅓rpm and these coarse groove discs each contained approximately 10 minutes per side, so the requirement to cross fade throughout an episode was still required. Typically BBC Transcription Services pressed 100 copies of each disc only with instructions to the radio network to destroy the disc at the end of the licence period
12.
Home video
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Home video is pre-recorded media that is either sold, rented or streamed for home entertainment. The home video business distributes films, telemovies and television series in the form of videos in various formats to the public and these are either bought or rented and then watched privately from the comfort of consumers homes. Most theatrically released films are now released on media, both optical and download-based, replacing the largely obsolete VHS medium. The VCD format remains popular in Asia, though DVDs are gradually gaining popularity, prior to the arrival of home video as a popular medium, most feature films were essentially inaccessible to the public after their original theatrical runs were over. During this era, it was also the norm that television programs could only be viewed at the time of broadcast, viewers were accustomed to the fact that there was no normal way to record TV shows at home and watch them whenever desired. It was possible to purchase a 16 mm or 8 mm film projector and rent or buy home-use prints of some cartoons, short comedies and brief highlights reels edited from feature films. In the case of the 16 mm format, most of these were available with an optical soundtrack,8 mm films almost never ran longer than ten minutes and only a few were available with a magnetic soundtrack late in the life of the format. The Super 8 film format, introduced in 1965, was marketed for making home movies, eventually, longer, edited-down versions of feature films were issued, increasingly with a magnetic soundtrack and in color. But, these were expensive and served only a small niche market of very dedicated or affluent film lovers. The Betamax and VHS home videocassette formats were introduced in 1975 and 1976 respectively, taking several years, film studios and video distributors assumed that consumers would not want to buy prerecorded videocassettes, just rent them. They also felt that all of the sales would be to video rental stores. The first company to duplicate and distribute home video was Magnetic Video in 1977, at that time, not many consumers owned a VCR, and those who did tended to rent rather than buy videos. Home video is a new area of opportunity for adventuresome publishers willing to produce new programs. Todays limitations within the marketplace may be gone tomorrow. More people are finding ways to create visually stimulating entertainment. It is a new form of publishing, a specialty line of products for vertical readership, six years ago, dog handling videos, back pain videos and cooking videos were suppositions on a drawing board. Three years ago these took life, now, along with golf and skiing tapes these S. I. videos are beginning to claim a marketshare. The wild part of new video publishing adventure is the wide diversity of support with which each product comes to the market
13.
2 Entertain
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2 Entertain is a British video and music publisher formed by the merger of BBC Video and Video Collection International in 2004. Under CEO Richard Green, the company operated as a joint venture between BBC Worldwide and the Woolworths Group until BBC bought out Woolworths share following the administration in 2008. As of November 2013, the 2 Entertain branding is used on non-BBC releases. BBC Video was established in 1980 as a division of BBC Enterprises with John Ross Barnard as the head. At launch, the BBC had no agreement with British talent unions such as Equity or the Musicians Union, for the first few years, the BBC produced videotapes in both VHS and Beta-max formats. The company also worked with Philips on early Laserdisc releases, including a notable ornithology disc called British Garden Birds and this disc was published in 1982 and included digital data in the form of Teletext, which could be read by any suitably-equipped television. This pioneering use of a channel on a consumer video format led directly to the development of the BBC Domesday Project in 1984–86. Since videos could have stereo soundtracks, BBC Video produced stereophonic versions of programmes that had been broadcast in mono. These included The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy and the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, by 1982, an agreement had been reached with the Musicians Union and this led to some popular music releases. The label established itself in 1984, the label grew significantly from £13 million turnover in 1989 to nearly £39 million in 1994. BBC Video was well known for its releases of Fawlty Towers, Scotch & Wry, Doctor Who, and Monty Pythons Flying Circus, as well as the childrens programmes Postman Pat, Fireman Sam, Video Collection International was a video company based in the UK. Originally part of the Prestwich Group, based in New Southgate, London, the vision of sell through video was born with the strong Woolworths association driving the retail sales. With these individuals at the helm, the company expanded rapidly, securing the lead in retail video sales throughout the mid to late 1980s. The company mainly served as a home video label for ITV television programmes, but launched the Central Video, Granada Media, Thames Video, Channel 4 Video and the Cinema Club labels in the process. The Cinema Club label mainly consisted of re-releases of films from the late 1960s and early 1970s, after suffering financial losses in 1995, the company changed its name to VCI and discontinued the Central Video label. It discontinued the Cinema Club label in 1999 and re-established it under the FilmFour name, at its peak VCI plc consisted of Video Collection Ltd, Music Collection Ltd, André Deutsch and Disc Distribution. In 1999 the business was sold to the Kingfisher group, in 1999, FilmFour began releasing DVDs. Soon after, the company discontinued Thames Video and introduced the Granada Media label, in 2005 Channel 4 Video became a separate company
14.
BBC World Service Television
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BBC World Service Television, often abbreviated to WSTV, was the name of two BBC international satellite television channels between 1991 and 1995. It was the BBCs first foray into television broadcasting. In Europe, it was the successor to BBC TV Europe, the service was also launched in Asia as a 24-hour news and information service with minor differences, a precursor to BBC World News, launched on 14 October 1991. Unlike BBC World Service at the time, it was not funded by the British government with a grant-in-aid, instead, it was funded by commercial advertising, with commercials were inserted locally by the cable or satellite providers. In the years followed, the BBC would insert news headlines and other updates to fill the gaps. In Europe, BBC WSTV replaced BBC TV Europe on 11 March 1991 as the BBCs subscription-funded entertainment service, like BBC TV Europe, it was a mix of BBC1 and BBC2, but showed specially commissioned World Service News bulletins from Television Centre. The BBC World Service News studio looked like the BBCs domestic news, though with different graphics, the station also broadcast its own Childrens BBC junctions from Presentation Studio A. Competing against CNN International, it showed current affairs and documentary programming from BBC One and BBC Two, BBC World Service Television programming was also carried in Africa on M-Net launched on 15 April 1992 for 11 hours a day. In Canada, its bulletins were carried on CBC Newsworld several times a day, the channel from 1991 until c.1994 used the presentation device of a rotating world, the Computer Originated World, which had previously been used on BBC One between 1985 and 1991. The world symbol remained the same, but the legend at the bottom was altered to a BBC logo with an italic World Service beneath. Promotional style and static programme captions mirrored that of BBC1 and 2 at the time and featured the symbol above a small BBC logo in the top left corner of promotions. The sidebar of captions featured a vague wispy line style, similar to that used by WSTV bulletins, the channel also used a break bumper featuring the globe, and a promo bumper featuring the COW globe split into lines to the side and bottom. Around the time of the relaunch, BBC WSTV adopted a variation of the look later to be used by BBC World. The channel had a permanent DOG of the BBC logo in the top corner of the screen
15.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office, is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide and it was created in 1968 by merging the Foreign Office and the Commonwealth Office. The head of the FCO is the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and this position is regarded as one of the four most prestigious appointments in the Cabinet, alongside those of Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary. Together with the Prime Minister, these are the Great Offices of State, the FCO is managed from day-to-day by a civil servant, the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, who also acts as the Head of the Her Majestys Diplomatic Service. This position is held by Sir Simon McDonald, who took office on 1 September 2015, safeguarding the UK’s national security by countering terrorism and weapons proliferation, and working to reduce conflict. Building the UK’s prosperity by increasing exports and investment, opening markets, ensuring access to resources, supporting British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular services. The two departments foreign affairs responsibilities became the Foreign Office, whilst their domestic affairs responsibilities were assigned to the Home Office, the Home Office is technically the senior. One of the most influential Times journalists was Valentine Chirol, British Ambassadors across Europe communicated with him on a number of political and local issues. Twentieth century During World War I, the Arab Bureau was set up within the British Foreign Office as a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department, the FCO was formed in 1968, from the merger of the short-lived Commonwealth Office and the Foreign Office. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office held responsibility for development issues between 1970 and 1974, and again between 1979 and 1997. From 1997, this became the responsibility of the separate Department for International Development, the National Archives website contains a Government timeline to show the departments responsible for Foreign Affairs from 1945. When David Miliband took over as Foreign Secretary in June 2007, one of the key messages of these discussions was the conclusion that the existing framework of ten international strategic priorities, dating from 2003, was no longer appropriate. Although the framework had been useful in helping the FCO plan its work and allocate its resources, the new strategic framework consists of three core elements, A flexible global network of staff and offices, serving the whole of the UK Government. Three essential services that support the British economy, British nationals abroad and these services are delivered through UK Trade & Investment, consular teams in Britain and overseas, and UK Visas and Immigration. In August 2005 a report by management consultant group Collinson Grant was made public by Andrew Mackinlay, the report severely criticised the FCOs management structure, noting, The Foreign Office could be slow to act. Delegation is lacking within the management structure, the FCO could feasibly cut 1200 jobs. At least £48 million could be saved annually, the Foreign Office commissioned the report to highlight areas which would help it achieve its pledge to reduce spending by £87 million over three years. In response to the report being made public, the Foreign Office stated it had implemented the reports recommendations
16.
BBC Books
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BBC Books is an imprint majority owned and managed by Penguin Random House through its Ebury Publishing division. The minority shareholder is BBC Worldwide, the subsidiary of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The imprint has been active since the 1980s, BBC Books publishes a range of books connected to BBC radio and television programming, including cookery, natural history, lifestyle, and behind the scenes making-of books. There are also some non-programme related biographies and autobiographies of various personalities in its list. Amongst BBC Books best known titles are cookery books by former TV cook Delia Smith, wildlife titles by Sir David Attenborough and gardening titles by Alan Titchmarsh. In the BBC Publishing days, it turned down The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, since 1996, BBC Books has also produced a range of tie-in novels connected to the television science-fiction series Doctor Who, the only full-length fiction to be printed by the company. Their first release related to the series was a novelisation of the 1996 Doctor Who telemovie published in the spring of 1996. Then, in 1997, BBC Books launched two concurrent series of books, the Eighth Doctor Adventures, and the Past Doctor Adventures, between 1997 and 2005 approximately 150 original novels were published for both lines, combined. In 2005, BBC Books began to phase out the EDA and PDA lines as it launched a new series of books based upon the revived television series. Featuring the Ninth Doctor, the new books were published in hardback, the Eighth Doctor line was discontinued during the summer of 2005, followed by the final Past Doctor Adventure in November. Beginning in 2006, BBC Books continued the New Series Adventures, now featuring the Tenth Doctor, the 4th novella still featured the tenth doctor David Tennant, even though the eleventh has made his TV appearance. In January 2007, BBC Books launched a new line of novels based upon the Doctor Who spin-off series. These books are also being published exclusively in hardcover and, like the TV series itself, are aimed at an older audience. In May 2008, BBC Books issued its first original made-for-audio Doctor Who adventure, Pest Control, the Audiobook of the Year 2010 was a Tenth Doctor adventure called Dead Air by James Goss and read by David Tennant. In 2010, a series of three Being Human novels were published by BBC Books, all novels were also released as audiobooks. The Road was read by Lenora Crichlow, Chasers by Russell Tovey, in 2006, the Ebury Publishing division of Random House acquired a majority shareholding in BBC Books. In 2011, BBC Books launched a publishing programme around BAFTA-winning TV series, Sherlock, the titles will each feature the shows branding and introductions by key members of the Sherlock team, including co-founders Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss. The first title, Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock, A Study in Scarlet, Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, with an introduction by Mark Gatiss, followed on 27 October 2011
17.
Lonely Planet
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Lonely Planet is the largest travel guide book publisher in the world. The company is owned by American billionaire Brad Kelleys NC2 Media, originally called Lonely Planet Publications, the company changed its name to Lonely Planet in July 2009 to reflect its broad travel industry coverage and an emphasis on digital products. As of 2011, the company had sold 120 million books since inception and by early 2014, it had sold around 11 million units of its travel apps. As of 2014, Lonely Planets largest office is located in Footscray, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, other Lonely Planet offices are spread throughout the world, in locations such as London, United Kingdom, Beijing, China, and Delhi, India. Lonely Planet was founded by married couple Maureen and Tony Wheeler, Tony Wheeler graduated from the University of Warwick and London Business School, and was a former engineer at the Chrysler corporation. The pair met in London in 1970 and, in July 1972, they embarked on a trip through Europe and Asia. The route that followed was first undertaken by vehicle on the 1955 Oxford-Cambridge Overland Expedition. Lonely Planets first book, Across Asia on the Cheap, consisting of 94 pages, was written by the couple in their home, the original print run consisted of stapled booklets and sold out. In October 2007 Observer writer Carol Cadwalladr—who also coauthored Travellers Survival Kit Lebanon—described the book as canonical, across Asia on the Cheap offered the advice of amateur travelers who had completed the overland trip from London to Sydney, Australia in just under six months. During the 1970s, traveling was considered an aspect of the counterculture and Tony Wheeler said in 2013, what became known as the hippie trail was a popular route for such travelers, as the price of travel dropped and numerous Asian travel companies were launched. Cadwalladr further states that Wheelers peers throughout the world made the decision to travel. Other travel guide brand names also emerged in the early 1970s, such as Rough Guides, the popularity of the hippy trail, combined with the success of the original Lonely Planet publications, led the Wheelers to further develop the brand they had founded. The couple discovered writers in bars and also people that if they could return to Australia with a completed book. Tony Wheeler explained, You couldn’t just look for travel book writers because they weren’t out there and we just told people that if you turn up in a year and a half with a book, we’ll publish it, and we did. It was very rough and ready, the popularity of the overland route taken by the Wheelers in 1972 declined when Irans borders closed in 1979. For a long time we had a problem that every writer wanted to rewrite the history, we’d say, “Why are we rewriting the history of India for the 10th time. Surely, it’s not changing every two years, in a 2007 interview, Tony Wheeler discussed one of the original Lonely Planet writers, Geoff Crowther, who wrote guides for India, South America, Africa and Korea. His writing was instrumental to the rise of Lonely Planet, however, Crowther at the time was not living in Goa, nor was he a broken man, instead he was living in the rainforests of East Coast Australia
18.
Ofcom
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Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has a duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition. Some of the main areas Ofcom presides over are licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition, the regulator was initially established by the Office of Communications Act 2002 and received its full authority from the Communications Act 2003. The creation of Ofcom was announced in the Queens Speech to the UK Parliament, the new body, which would replace several existing authorities, was conceived as a super-regulator to oversee media channels that were rapidly converging through digital transmission. It will no longer play a role in making policy, and the policy-making functions it has today will be transferred back fully to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. On 1 October 2011, Ofcom took over responsibility for regulating the postal services industry from the Postal Services Commission. In April 2015, Ofcom announced that as of 1 July, the streamlining of these charges must be printed in each customers contract and monthly bills. The change will affect over 175 million phone numbers making it the biggest overhaul of telephoning in over a decade, on 1 January 2016, the regulation of video on demand was transferred to Ofcom from ATVOD, the Authority for Television On Demand. On 13 July former Prime Minister Gordon Brown urged Ofcom to launch an investigation, on 22 July it was reported that Ofcom had begun an investigation into whether the phone-hacking scandal may have changed BSkyBs status as the fit and proper holder of a UK broadcasting licence. In the letter Richards confirmed that Ofcom considers that News Corporations current shareholding of 39, in April 2012, Ofcoms probe moved from a monitoring phase to a evidence gathering phase. Ofcom licenses all UK commercial television and radio services in the UK, broadcasters must comply by the terms of their licence, or risk having it revoked. Ofcom also publishes the Broadcasting Code, a series of rules which all broadcast content on television, the broadcasting of pornography with a BBFC R18 certificate is not permitted. In 2010 Ofcom revoked the licences of four television channels for promoting adult chat services during daytime hours. The companies involved were fined £157,250, Ofcoms jurisdiction does not cover television and radio channels which are broadcast in the UK but licensed abroad. In 2012 Ofcom lodged a complaint with the Dutch media regulator regarding the content of adult television channels which are broadcast in the UK. As the regulatory body for media broadcasts, part of Ofcoms duties are to examine specific complaints by viewers or listeners about programmes broadcast on channels that it has licensed and it does not oversee unlicensed channels broadcast to UK viewers. When Ofcom receives a complaint, it asks the broadcaster for a copy of the programme, Ofcom requests response from the broadcaster to the complaint. On the basis of response, Ofcom will mark the complaint as either upheld or not upheld
19.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
20.
Channel 5 (UK)
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Channel 5 is a British commercial television network. It was launched in 1997, and was the national terrestrial analogue network in the United Kingdom after BBC One, BBC Two, ITV. It is generally the network in the country in audience share. The station was branded as Five between 2002 and 2011, when it was owned by the RTL Group, on 1 May 2014 the channel was acquired by Viacom for £450 million. Well Take It Away. and Gibraltar, Britain in the Sun, the station has been very successful with imports from the United States in particular, including the CSI franchise, the NCIS franchise, the first 3 series in the Law & Order franchise. Power Rangers, The Mentalist, Body of Proof, Once Upon a Time, Dallas, in July 2014, Channel 5 announced plans to open up its production arm and allow it to create shows for other channels, aping the BBC and ITV Studios. Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited was licensed by the UK Government in 1995 after a process that started in 1993. The difficulty with the lay in use of television broadcast frequencies that had been allocated to RF outputs from domestic videocassette recorders. To achieve national coverage, large numbers of domestic video recorders had to be retuned or fitted with a filter, the project was revived in mid-1994 when the ITC re-advertised the franchise. Lord Hollick, then chief executive of Meridian Broadcasting took up the project as lead investor as UK law prohibited Time Warner from owning more than 25%, pearson Television, who by now owned original licence bidders Thames Television, also came on board. When McGrath left to become President of Paramount, Time Warner dropped out of the project and was replaced by CLT, the channel would be both modern and mainstream. After re-tuning around 65% of the populations televisions could view the channel on launch night, the channels launch on Easter Sunday 1997 at 6pm featured the Spice Girls singing a re-written version of Manfred Manns hit 5-4-3-2-1 as 1-2-3-4-5. Presenters Tim Vine and Julia Bradbury introduced the nation to the UKs fifth terrestrial channel with half an hour of previews, on 16 September 2002, Channel 5 re-branded to Five, in a multimillion-pound project directed by Trevor Beattie. The channels director of marketing at the time, David Pullen, said, On 27 February 2004, it was reported that Five, Channel 4 and Five announced in November of that year that merger plans were being called off. Early in 2009, rumours started re-surfacing about Five, Channel 4, pearson Television and CLT later merged, becoming RTL Group who became part of Bertelsmann and, control the network, after buying UBMs 35. 4% stake for £247.6 million on 20 July 2005. The acquisition was approved on 26 August 2005, after Holleck became involved, he and McGrath brought on board Greg Dyke as interim CEO during the application and launch phase of the project. On 18 November 2005, it was announced that Five had bought a stake in DTTs pay-TV operator and it was said that the investment may lead to the development of new free and pay services on DTT, and other platforms. The channel previously aired pre-school shows under the Milkshake and it was renamed Fiver in 2008, 5* in 2011 and eventually its current name in 2016
21.
Jana Bennett
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Jana Bennett OBE is President and General Manager of History and H2 at A+E Networks in New York. She joined A+E Networks in June 2013 as President of The Biography Channel, bio was rebranded as fyi, in July 2014. Prior to joining A+E Networks she was President of BBC Worldwide Networks, in that role she was responsible for BBC Worldwides television channels, which operate in more than 100 countries, and the development and roll out of the commercial global iPlayer. She was also Worldwides Managing Director for Latin America with oversight of the businesses in the region. She sat on Worldwide’s Executive Board and on the Board of UKTV and she took up this role in February 2011 moving from the BBCs UK public service where she had been Director of Vision at the BBC from 2006. Previously she was Director of Television. In her two most recent roles at the BBC, Jana Bennett “steered the BBC TV portfolio through its transition into the digital age. ”She was previously Executive Vice President. She is also a Governor of the Royal Shakespeare Company and was made a Fellow of the Royal Television Society in 1999 and she undertook post-graduate studies at the London School of Economics where she was awarded an MSc for her work on strategic analysis and international and defence studies. She worked on Nationwide, The Money Programme and Newsnight, in 1990 she became editor of the BBC’s flagship science programme Horizon. In 1994 she was appointed the BBCs Head of Science, the first woman to take that role and she introduced a new animal genre to UK television with the highly successful and long-running Animal Hospital, alongside live events such as Hospitalwatch. The science department also pioneered content rich web sites and was one of the first areas to use email inside the BBC, in 2000 she was appointed an OBE in 2000 for her work in science broadcasting. At TLC Bennett transformed the channels ratings and revenue performance and she introduced a new editorial direction under the slogan “Life Unscripted” which included reality-drama and interior design shows, some of them based on popular British formats. The audience success of shows like Trading Spaces, and Junkyard Wars exemplified a shift in programming towards more mass-appeal shows. By 2001 TLC had the youngest adult audience profile amongst US cable channels with an age of 40. It was also the strongest performing network for women in daytime, in 2002 Bennett returned to the UK to take the job of Director of Television. Her division was heavily involved in the planning and launch of the corporation’s on-demand service, BBC iPlayer. In a speech to the Royal Television Society in 2007, she articulated a fresh approach to the BBCs mission to inform and she also championed new multi-media approaches to major fundraising entertainment events. In partnership with Comic Relief, the BBC produced the first truly digital Red Nose Day in 2009, Jana Bennett also implemented the BBCs out of London strategy for commissioning and production
22.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
23.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
24.
BBC Charter
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The BBC Charter established the BBC. An accompanying Agreement recognises its editorial independence and sets out its obligations in detail. Each Charter has run for ten years, the most recent Charter took effect on 1 January 2017 and will run until 2 April 2017. At this point, a new charter will be enforced with a new focus on the process of making complaints and appeals. A number of important changes were made in the latest Charter to the Corporations management and purpose, Abolition of the Board of Governors, and their replacement by the BBC Trust. The BBC must display at least one of the characteristics in all content, high quality, originality, innovation, to be challenging. The BBC must demonstrate that it provides public value in all of its major activities
25.
BBC Trust
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The BBC Trust was the governing body of the British Broadcasting Corporation between 2007 and 2017. It was operationally independent of BBC management and external bodies, on 12 May 2016, it was announced in the House of Commons that the regulatory functions of the BBC Trust are to be transferred to Ofcom. The Trust was established by the Royal Charter for the BBC which came into effect on 1 January 2007, the Trust, and a formalised Executive Board, replaced the former Board of Governors. In summary, the roles of the Trust are in setting the overall strategic direction of the BBC, including its priorities. The Trust will perform these roles in the public interest, particularly the interest of licence fee payers, — BBC Royal Charter Finally, the BBC Trust closed on 2 April 2017 just after 10 years. The Royal Charter established that the Trust should have twelve trustees, including a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, appointments to the BBC Trust are made by Queen in Council, on the recommendation of UK government ministers. Richard Ayre – former Deputy Chief Executive of BBC News, mark Damazer CBE - Master of St Peters College, Oxford and former controller of BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 7. Mark Florman - the Trustee for England, co-founder and former CEO of the merchant banking group Maizels, bill Matthews – the Trustee for Scotland. Aideen McGinley OBE – the Trustee for Northern Ireland, a former NI civil servant, nicholas Prettejohn - a senior City executive. Elan Closs Stephens CBE – the Trustee for Wales, a chairman of Welsh-language broadcaster S4C. Suzanna Taverne – a former managing director of the British Museum, Lord Williams of Baglan – a former diplomat, appointed as International Trustee. Trustees served for terms of up to five years, after which they may be re-appointed. Since 2006 the following people were members of the BBC Trust, Michael Grade CBE, now Lord Grade of Yarmouth – former Chairman, dermot Gleeson – finished two terms, as a BBC Governor and a BBC Trustee. Richard Tait CBE – finished two terms, as a BBC Governor and a BBC Trustee, chitra Bharucha MBE – former Vice Chairman, and acting Chairman, retired after one term. Alison Hastings – former National Trustee for England, finished two terms, a regional newspaper editor. Janet Lewis-Jones – former National Trustee for Wales, retired after one term, David Liddiment – finished two terms, a former Director of Programmes at ITV. Jeremy Peat OBE – former National Trustee for Scotland, finished two terms, as a BBC Governor and a BBC Trustee, Sir Michael Lyons – former Chairman, retired after one term. Patricia Hodgson DBE – who resigned to take up a position on the board of media regulator Ofcom, rotha Johnston CBE – finished two terms as BBC Trustee for Northern Ireland
26.
BBC America
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BBC America is a digital cable and satellite television network in the United States which is jointly owned by BBC Worldwide and AMC Networks. Consequently, BBC America operates as a channel and accepts traditional advertising. It is also funded by cable and satellite TV subscription fees, as of February 2015, BBC America is available to approximately 78,375,000 television households in the United States. BBC America was launched on March 29,1998, presenting a mixture of comedy, drama and lifestyle programs from BBC Television and other British television broadcasters including ITV and Channel 4. In the channels early days, it focused on repeats of popular shows such as Changing Rooms. BBC Americas head of television programming later stated that it was important for the channel to establish a niche since non-UK viewers found the shows appealing. Most of the newer programs appeared as part of BBC Americas evening schedule, after CEO Paul Lee was appointed president of ABC Family in 2009, the network appointed Bill Hilary from Comedy Central to serve as its chief executive officer. Hilary appointed Kathryn Mitchell to the new position of general manager, under Hilarys tenure, BBC America was restructured, it moved its main offices to New York City and had its programming budget increase substantially. The channel was led by Garth Ancier, who served as the president of BBC Worldwide Americas from February 2007 until 2010, meanwhile, Perry Simon serves as general manager. In 2014, AMC Networks acquired a 49. 9% equity stake in BBC America for $200 million, as part of the deal, AMC Networks also took on the responsibility of negotiating U. S. broadcast and advertising sales for the BBC World News channel. Some of the programs on the channel are edited either for adult content or to allow for commercials, additional series which have been previously broadcast may periodically return to the schedule as part of the networks rotation of daytime programming. In the mid-2000s, BBC America produced a few of its own shows along with some joint productions, the first original series produced solely by the channel was Copper, which premiered in the summer of 2012. BBC America has also branched into co-producing British series, including Robin Hood, The Musketeers, and, from its fourth series and they also co-produce the Canadian series Orphan Black. BBC America used to broadcast BBC World News each Monday through Friday morning from 6,00 to 8,00 a. m, all news programs now air exclusively on the BBC World News channel, also distributed by AMC Networks in the United States. The weekday morning simulcast used to include BBC World News bulletins, World Business Report, Sport Today, Asia Today, most of these were removed from the schedule without any announcement on April 6,2009. The weekend morning simulcast was also dropped on April 4,2009. According to BBC America, the simulcast was dropped because of disappointing ratings, from 2007 to 2011, BBC America broadcast BBC World News America, a live Washington, D. C. –based program anchored by Matt Frei. Katty Kay served as a Washington-based correspondent, an international edition of Newsnight debuted on February 29,2008, in the 10 p. m. time slot
27.
AMC Networks
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The company was originally launched in 1980 and formerly known as Rainbow Media Holdings, LLC, a subsidiary of Cablevision, but was spun off as a publicly traded company in July 2011. The company is majority-owned and controlled by the Dolan family, when Rainbow was formed in 1980, it originally included Bravo and SportsChannel New York. As SportsChannel expanded by adding other regional networks, these became part of Rainbow. When SportsChannel was merged into Fox Sports Net, all of these networks except SportsChannel NY were gradually sold off, Fox Sports New York was then transferred to the MSG Media and rebranded MSG+. Rainbow originally started the Playboy Channel in 1982 as a joint-venture with Playboy, in 1988, Cablevision merged their cable networks with NBC, giving NBC 50% ownership in Rainbow. Through a series of transactions, NBCs stake was eventually reduced, in 2002, Cablevision sold its share of Bravo to NBC and as part of the deal, NBC gave up its then 20% share in Rainbow. Rainbow ran the local-minded MSG Metro Channels which launched in 1998, chris-Craft later sold its stations, including WRBW, to Fox Television Stations, who currently operates WRBW as a MyNetworkTV station. In 2005, Cablevision considered spinning off its content subsidiary Rainbow Media as a publicly traded company, and making their core cable business private, in 2006, a new plan emerged to privatize all of Cablevision, including Rainbow Media. In January 2007, with no word on if the privatization would go through, Rainbow Media also formerly owned the music channel Fuse, the channel became a part of MSG Media in 2010, as Madison Square Garden was also spun off as a public company. Rainbow Media also owned Wedding Central which was shut down the same day AMC Networks went public, Rainbow Medias former president Josh Sapan serves as the president and chief executive of AMC Networks which went public on July 1,2011. Dish Network stated that the lawsuit is unrelated to the decision to remove the AMC Networks channels, on May 20,2012, Dish Network removed Sundance Channel from its channel lineup. On July 1,2012, Dish Network dropped AMC, WEtv, on July 12,2012, AMC said in an e-mailed statement that it would stream over the Internet the season premiere of Breaking Bad to Dish customers. Dish subscribers can register online starting July 13 for the show and we want to give Dish customers an extra week to switch providers so they can enjoy the rest of the season. On October 28,2013, AMC Networks announced it would acquire most of Chellomedia, the acquisition did not include Chello Benelux, owners of Film1 and Sport1. On February 2,2014, the transaction was completed, what was formerly Chellomedia will now be known as AMC International and will allow AMC Networks to distribute its programming worldwide. On October 23,2014, AMC confirmed it had purchased a 49. 9% stake in BBC America, the joint venture will also give AMC operational control in BBC America, which will be managed as a stand-alone from AMCs other channels. In 2015, AMC Networks, along with Upfront Ventures, Daher Capital, Northgate Ventures, AMC IFC SundanceTV WeTV AMC Networks International BBC America List of companies in the United States List of S&P400 companies Official website
28.
BBC Canada
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BBC Canada is a Canadian Category B specialty channel that mostly broadcasts television series originally produced by or for the BBC, the public-service broadcaster of the United Kingdom. The channel is owned by Corus Entertainment, with a minority stake held by BBC Worldwide, Alliance Atlantis was granted a broadcast licence for a Category 2 speciality service covering entertainment, drama and documentary programming. BBC Canada, by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in November 2000, the channel was launched on September 7,2001 as a joint venture between AAC and BBC Worldwide. To promote the launch of BBC Canadas 2007 fall season, a 16-page British-style tabloid insert called the BBC Telly was published in the Toronto Star, toronto-based Pilot PMR created the campaign. On January 18,2008, a joint venture between Canwest and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners known as CW Media bought Alliance Atlantis and gained AACs interest in BBC Canada. On October 27,2010, the ownership changed once again as Shaw Communications gained control of BBC Canada as a result of its acquisition of Canwest. On May 13,2011, BBC Canada was separated from BBC Kids due to its ownership changing hands to Knowledge Network, while BBC Canada is part-owned by the BBC, not all of the BBCs programs air on BBC Canada. This means that much of the BBCs output airs on other Canadian channels which have either co-produced the programs or simply bid more for the Canadian broadcast rights. Despite its British focus, BBC Canada is licensed as a Canadian channel and is not exempt from the CRTCs broadcasting regulations that require it to carry a quota of Canadian content, Canadian programs currently airing on the channel include repeats of Disaster DIY and Holmes Inspection. Many of the programs, whether British, American or Canadian, are shared with other Corus Entertainment channels such as the Global Television Network, Showcase, HGTV. In October 2016, Corus launched BBC Canada HD, a 1080i high definition simulcast of the standard definition feed, the HD feed is currently available on Optik TV
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Corus Entertainment
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Corus Entertainment is a Canadian media and broadcasting company. Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications, it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto, Ontario, and has prominent holdings in the radio, publishing, and television industries. Corus Entertainments voting majority is held by the companys founder JR Shaw and his family, Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting, as owner of the national Global Television Network,39 radio stations, and a portfolio of 45 specialty television services. The spin-out would leave Shaw as a pure play telecommunications company, Corus would be a separate, publicly-traded company, first listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange in September 1999, but would still be primarily controlled by the Shaw family. In September 1999, Corus acquired the assets of the Power Corporation of Canada. One of these stations, CHAU-TV, was later re-sold to Télé Inter-Rives, Corus also stated that it planned to use the purchase to help launch a preschool-oriented cable network in the United States. In March 2001, in response to complaints by the CRTC over its near-monopoly on ownership of childrens specialty channels in Canada, Corus sold Family Channel to Astral Media for $126.9 million. Corus also sold its stake in Western Canada pay-per-view service Viewers Choice to Shaw for $22.6 million, in August 2002, Corus sold CKDO and CKGE-FM to Durham Radio. Corus also sold its Red Deer, Alberta stations CKGY-FM and CIZZ-FM to Newcap Radio, in July 2007, Corus acquired CKBT-FM and CJZZ from Canwest. In June 2008, CHRC was sold to the group of the Quebec Ramparts hockey team. Also in August 2007, Corus announced a partnership with Hearst Corporation to launch Cosmopolitan TV, in March 2008, CTVglobemedia sold Canadian Learning Television to Corus for $73 million Corus launched a Canadian version of Nickelodeon on November 2,2009, replacing Discovery Kids. In 2010, Coruss sister company Shaw Communications re-entered the broadcasting industry through its acquisition of the assets of the bankrupt Canwest. On April 30,2010, Corus announced that it would sell its Québec radio stations, with the exception of CKRS, to Cogeco for $80 million, Corus cited their low profitability in comparison to their stations elsewhere as reasoning for the sale. On June 25, it was reported that Corus had agreed to sell CKRS to Radio Saguenay, on November 9,2010, Hasbro Studios signed an agreement with Corus to broadcast their productions on its networks. On March 26,2012, Corus and Shaw launched ABC Spark and this aspect of the deal, intended to quell concerns from the CRTC regarding Bells total market share after the merger, was approved by the Competition Bureau on March 18,2013. In an unrelated deal, Corus also announced that it would acquire Shaw Medias stakes in ABC Spark, Historia, Corus indicated that these purchases were meant to help the company expand its television holdings in the competitive Quebec market. Corus also planned to open a new office in Montreal following the sale, on September 1,2013, Coruss television business was reorganized into five divisions, Corus Kids, Corus Women and Family, Corus Content Distribution and Pay TV, Corus Airtime Sales and Corus Média. The Corus Kids division was subdivided into operations for YTV and its networks, the Teletoon Canada group
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BBC Entertainment
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BBC Entertainment is an international television channel broadcasting comedy, drama, light entertainment, reality and childrens programming from the BBC, Channel 4 and other UK production houses. The channel broadcasts regional versions to suit local demands and replaces BBC Prime and it is wholly owned by BBC Worldwide. The channel was launched in October 2006, replacing BBC Prime in Asian markets such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, on 28 December 2006, it was launched on the Astro platform in Malaysia. The channel was launched in Poland, on Cyfrowy Polsat, in December 2007 and it was launched together with its sister channels in the Nordic countries in November 2008, when it replaced BBC Prime on Canal Digital, Com Hem, Telia Digital-TV and FastTV. The Nordic countries get a feed of the channel which differs from that in the rest of Europe. It was also launched in Mexico on the SKY México digital satellite platform in August 2008 in a deal with Televisa, the channel replaced BBC Prime in Europe and the Middle East & North Africa in November 2009. In Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland, BBC Entertainment is carried alongside BBC One and BBC Two, on the Telenet, Ziggo, on 1 December 2009, Astro dropped the channel and replaced it with ITV Granada. On 1 March 2010 in Italy Sky Italia also dropped the channel, in 2010 Kabel Deutschland made it a pay-TV channel. RCS&RDS launched the channel in Romania in November 2012, in August 2012, UniFi picked up the channel, thus making the channel available in Malaysia once more after a 3-year hiatus. However UniFi dropped the channel in December 2015
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BBC First
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BBC First is an entertainment subscription television channel featuring comedy and drama programming. The channel is owned and operated by BBC Worldwide. The channel began rolling out internationally in 2014, launching first in Australia, in October 2013, BBC announced that in 2014 they would rollout 3 new brands - BBC Earth, BBC First, and BBC Brit, with BBC First to be dedicated to comedy and drama programming. It was later announced the new channel would be named BBC First, BBC First launched in the Netherlands on 16 May 2015, initially exclusively on the KPN IPTV service on channel 23. The programme mix will be specifically for the Netherlands with more emphasis placed on drama, all programming is subtitled in Dutch. KPN simultaneously withdrew BBC Three and BBC Four, the channel launched in Belgium on 4 June 2015. The channel launched in South Africa on 18 October 2015, on the 7th of January 2016, BBC Worldwide and OSN have announced that they had forged a new and exclusive deal which would see the launch of BBC First HD on the first of February 2016. The new channel would broadcast to Middle East & North Africa and would feature comedy and drama content, BBC First launched a Subscription Video-On-Demand service on StarHub TV Channel 522 on 4 April 2016. BBC First was launched as a Subscription Video-On-Demand service on HyppTV Channel 812 on October 1,2016,10 months after BBC Entertainment was dropped from the provider, the channels content is also available in the VOD tab in the HyppTV Everywhere app for iOS and Android. On 1 November 2016, BBC First launched as a Subscription Video-On-Demand service in Hong Kong, the channel replaced BBC On Demand and BBC Entertainment on Now TV. On 14 November 2016, the service was launched on myTV Super OTT platform, there are BBC First programming blocks on the following channels, AXN Mystery. Banished Not all content are available in all territories
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BBC Brit
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BBC Brit is an entertainment subscription television channel featuring factual entertainment programming. The channel is owned and operated by BBC Worldwide. Originally set to rollout internationally in 2014, it was announced it would launch in 2015. In October 2013, BBC announced that in 2014 they would roll out 3 new brands - BBC Earth, BBC First, and BBC Brit, with BBC Brit to be dedicated to entertainment programming. It was later announced that the content would largely be factual entertainment, other series are to include Room 101 and Mock the Week. It was also announced that roughly 50 hours, or roughly 5 series, BBC Brit premiered in Poland on 1 February 2015, replacing BBC Entertainment. BBC Brit replaced BBC Entertainment in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the channel launched on DStv in Africa replacing BBC Entertainment on 1 September 2015. The channels content is offered exclusively on BBC Player Singapore
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BBC Earth (TV channel)
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BBC Earth is a documentary subscription television channel featuring premium factual programming. The channel is owned and operated by BBC Worldwide. Originally set to rollout internationally in 2014, it was announced it would launch in 2015. In October 2013, the BBC announced that in 2014 it would rollout 3 new brands - BBC Earth, BBC First and it was later announced that the channel would air series such as Frozen Planet and Wonders of the Universe. In addition, roughly 30 hours of new content would be ordered for the channel in its first year, the channel is set to replace BBC Knowledge, however, if the existing channel is successful in certain markets it may remain. BBC Earth premiered in Poland on 1 February 2015, replacing BBC Knowledge, BBC Earth replaced BBC Knowledge in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland on 13 April 2015. BBC Earth replaced BBC Knowledge on 14 April 2015, on 14 April 2015, BBC Earth launched in Romania, replacing BBC Knowledge. BBC Earth premiered in Eastern European countries on 1 January 2016, BBC Earth launched in Turkey, replacing BBC Knowledge, on 14 April 2015. The channel launched in Africa replacing BBC Knowledge on 1 September 2015, in Asia, BBC Earth launched in Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam on 3 October 2015, replacing BBC Knowledge. BBC have entered into a joint venture with Multi Screen Media to launch the channel in India and it was launched on 6 March 2017, following regulatory approval of the joint venture. Kareena Kapoor is the ambassador for this channel, on December 6,2016, BBC Worldwide and Canadian media company Blue Ant Media announced plans to launch a Canadian version of BBC Earth. The channel launched on January 24,2017 and on February 18,2017 will host the Canadian premiere of Planet Earth II, on the date as the United States. BBC Earth replaced Blue Ant Medias radX, there are BBC Earth programming blocks on the following channels, ProSieben Maxx. WOWOW BBC Earth Official Website BBC Earth at Blue Ant Media
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BBC HD (international)
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BBC HD is an international high-definition television channel provided by BBC Worldwide and launched in September 2006. In Australia, an Australian version of BBC HD was broadcast on the Foxtel HD+ service which was available to subscribers on 2 June 2008 and was officially launched at the end of June 2008. On 15 November 2009 it was replaced on Foxtel HD+ by UKTV HD, during the first broadcast of BBC World News America, it was announced that BBC America HD would be launched in 2008. However, the HD version did not begin broadcasting until 20 July 2009, BBC HD started broadcasting to the Scandinavian countries in 2008. A localised Latin American feed started in 2011, in 2012 a Brazilian feed was created, though later that year, the Brazilian feed merged with that for the rest of the region, with separate audio and subtitle channels. BBC HD BBC HD Nordics BBC HD International
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BBC Kids
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It operates as a commercial-free channel that airs programming aimed at youth ranging from preschoolers to teenagers. It will feature programming primarily from the UK and around the world, 65% of the programming will target children ages 2 to 11, the majority of which will target 6 to 11 years old and 35% will target youth ages 12 to 17. The channel was launched on November 5,2001 as a joint venture between AAC and BBC Worldwide, Bean, The Animated Series and The Sleepover Club. In addition to British programs, the channel also broadcast Canadian programs, on October 27,2010, the channels ownership changed once again as Shaw Communications gained control of BBC Kids as a result of its acquisition of Canwest and Goldman Sachs interest in CW Media. It was revealed through regulatory documents on December 22,2010 that Shaw Media was in the process of selling the channel to a third party. The transaction required CRTC approval, which was granted on April 29,2011, on May 1,2016, BBC Kids updated its logo to reflect its 15th anniversary and to coincide with its new rebranding. BBC Kids broadcasts educational and entertainment programs from the BBC and Canadian series aimed at children ranging in age from 2 to 17 years in the form of live-action and animated programs. Emma Hank Zipzer Horrible Histories Horrible Science The Jungle Bunch Lark Rise to Candleford Lilly Lockie Leonard Marco Polo Minuscule Molang Mona the Vampire Moone Boy Monk Mr. Bean Mr. I. A, S Club 7 in Hollywood The Secret Show Silverwing The Sorcerers Apprentice Surprise. The Teletubbies Theodore Tugboat Thomas and Friends Trapped, tree Fu Tom Tweenies Walk on the Wild Side Weakest Link What About Mimi. Who Let the Dogs Out. m. to 3,30 p. m. Cartoon Afternoons - Cartoon Afternoons is a programming block dedicated to animated television series that airs weekdays from 3,30 -7,00 p. m. Eastern Time. Drama at 8 - Drama at 8 is a primetime block featuring various British dramas, such as Emma and it airs every weeknight at 8,00 p. m. Eastern Time. m. to 6,00 a. m. The Spot - Until May 12,2011, BBC Kids aired a block called The Spot, the Spot focused on programming aimed at grade school and pre-teen audiences. Jamaica - distributed on Flow Cable systems, the Bahamas - distributed on Cable Bahamas systems
