1.
BYD Auto
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BYD Auto Co. Ltd. is a Chinese automobile manufacturer based in Xian, Shaanxi Province, and a wholly owned subsidiary of BYD Company. It was founded in 2003, following BYD Companys acquisition of Tsinchuan Automobile Company in 2002 and its principal activity is the design, development, manufacture and distribution of passenger cars and buses sold under the BYD brand. It also has a 50,50 joint venture with Daimler AG, Shenzhen BYD Daimler New Technology Co. Ltd. which develops and manufactures luxury electric cars sold under the Denza brand. BYD Auto sold a total of 506,189 passenger cars in China in 2013, making it the tenth-largest selling brand, in 2015, BYD Auto was the best selling global electric vehicle brand, ahead of General Motors and Nissan. For a second running, BYD was the worlds top selling plug-in electric car manufacturer with over 100,000 units delivered in 2016. In October 2016, BYD Auto became the second largest global plug-in car manufacturer after the Renault-Nissan Alliance. In 2008, BYD Auto began selling its first mass-produced, plug-in hybrid vehicle, China subsidizes oil, and Chinese automakers see opportunities in less mature electric vehicles because Western companies have yet to develop much of a lead in the technology. In late December 2008, Warren Buffett spent $230 million on the acquisition of a 10% stake in BYD Autos parent, in 2009, the company sold 448,400 cars in China, and two-thirds of sales were its BYD F3 model. In the same year, BYD began the export of its cars to Africa, South America, some of its first all-electric vehicles were offered via fleet sales to government buyers in China. The BYD Qin plug-in hybrid, launched in the Chinese market in December 2013, the car also ranked seventh among the worlds top 10 best selling plug-in cars in 2014. In 2015, the Qin remained as the top selling new energy vehicle in China. The BYD Qin was the second best selling plug-in hybrid car in 2015. Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy cars in 2016. The BYD Tang plug-in hybrid SUV was the top selling car with 31,405 units delivered, followed by the BYD Qin. As of December 2016, the BYD Qin, with 68,655 units sold since its inception, as of 2015, BYD was in the process of opening its first passenger car factory in Brazil to focus on supplying electric vehicles for taxis and car-sharing schemes. BYD ended 2015 as the top selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, with 61,772 passenger vehicles sold. BYD Auto was followed by Tesla Motors with 50,580 units sold in 2015, accounting for heavy-duty vehicles, BYD total sales rises to 69,222 units. BYD continued as the top selling plug-in car manufacturer in 2016 with over 100,000 units sold, up 64% from 2015
2.
Car classification
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Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for innumerable purposes including regulation, description and categorization, among others. This article details commonly used classification schemes in use worldwide, vehicles can be categorized in numerous ways. Regulatory agencies may also establish a vehicle classification system for determining a tax amount, in the United Kingdom, a vehicle is taxed according to the vehicles construction, engine, weight, type of fuel and emissions, as well as the purpose for which it is used. Other jurisdictions may determine vehicle tax based upon environmental principles, such as the user pays principle, another standard for road vehicles of all types that is used internationally, is ISO 3833-1977. In the United States, since 2010 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety uses a scheme it has developed that takes into account a combination of both shadow and weight. The United States Federal Highway Administration has developed a scheme used for automatically calculating road use tolls. There are two categories depending on whether the vehicle carries passengers or commodities. Vehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed a classification scheme used to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles. Passenger vehicles are classified based on a total interior passenger. Trucks are classified based upon their gross vehicle weight rating, heavy duty vehicles are not included within the EPA scheme. A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA, in Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications. This is a table listing several different methods of vehicle classification. Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels, microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called Bubble cars. More recent microcars are often electric powered, the size of ultracompact cars will be less than minicars, but have engine greater than 50cc displacement and able to transport 1 or 2 persons. Ultracompact cars cannot use standard, because of strict safety standards for minicars. The regulation about running capacity and safety performance of cars will be published in early autumn. Today, there are smaller than ultracompact cars, called category-1 motorized vehicles which it has 50cc displacement or less
3.
Compact car
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The dimension standards are absolute, meaning special consideration is not made for SUVs, CUVs, minivans, station wagons or hatchbacks. Compact car is a largely North American term denoting an automobile smaller than a mid-size car, Compact cars usually have wheelbases between 100 inches and 109 inches. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines a car as measuring between 100 cubic feet and 109 cubic feet of combined passenger and cargo volume capacity. Vehicle class size is defined in the U. S. by environmental laws in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40—Protection of Environment, Section 600. 315-82 Classes of comparable automobiles. Passenger car classes are defined based on interior volume index or seating capacity, in the United States, the compact car segment currently holds a 16% share of the market. This segment is dominated by import models, one of the first truly small cars on the U. S. market, in the sense that it was considerably smaller than the standard- size cars of its day, was the Austin Bantam that appeared in 1930. Production of the British-based city car lasted only four years with a total of 20,000 units, although other little cars such as the Crosley focused on low price and economy, Americans did not take easily to small cars. The U. S. market after World-War II experienced growth in sales in standard-sized cars, by 1947, Chevrolet had prototypes of the Cadet, an economy car developed by Earle S. MacPherson. Ford also experimented with a car and, unlike Chevrolets Cadet, production ensued for the European market as a large car. In 1950, Nash introduced a convertible Rambler model and it was built on a 100-inch wheelbase to which a station wagon, hardtop, and sedan versions were added. Compared to European standards, they were large, conceived by George W. Mason, the term compact was coined by George W. Romney as a euphemism for small cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches or less. The Nash Rambler established a new segment, it became known as Americas first small car. Several competitors to the Nash Rambler arose from the ranks of Americas other independent automakers, other early compact cars included the Henry J from Kaiser-Frazer, as well as the Willys Aero and the Hudson Jet. In 1952, Ford Division assistant general manager Robert S. McNamara started the Market Research Unit, in 1954,64,500 of over 5 million cars sold in the United States were imports or small American cars. Ford alone sold over 1.4 million big cars, yet 5 percent of those surveyed said they would consider a small car. These models also gave rise to compact vans that were sized similarly to the Volkswagen Type 2 microbus and were based from the Falcon, Corvair, and Valiant automobile platforms. Ford Division marketing research manager George Brown said smaller cars appealed to people with a college education, the cars had to offer not only high gas mileage but also headroom, legroom, and plenty of trunk space. Within a few years after that, the compacts had given rise to a new class called the car, named after the Ford Mustang
4.
Sedan (automobile)
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A sedan /sᵻˈdæn/ or saloon is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with A, B & C-pillars and principal volumes articulated in separate compartments for engine, passenger and cargo. The passenger compartment features two rows of seats and adequate passenger space in the compartment for adult passengers. The cargo compartment is typically in the rear, with the exception of some rear-engined models, such as the Renault Dauphine, Tatra T613, Volkswagen Type 3 and it is one of the most common car body styles. A battery electric sedan such as the Tesla Model S has no engine compartment, but a front cargo compartment, the primary purpose of the sedan is to transport people and their baggage on ordinary roads. Sedan versions of the body style have a central pillar that supports the roof and come in two-. Sedans usually have a two-box or three-box body, popular in the U. S. from the 1950s through the 1970s, true hardtop body designs have become increasingly rare. For example,1962 Rambler Classic sedans feature identical windshield, A-pillar, roof, C-pillar, and rear window. A two- or four-door design built on a chassis, but with a shorter roof and interior space. Originating from the car on a Pullman passenger train that was well appointed. A notchback sedan is a sedan, where the passenger volume is clearly distinct from the trunk volume of the vehicle. The roof is on one plane, generally parallel to the ground, the window at a sharp angle to the roof. A fastback sedan is a sedan, with continuous slope from the roof to the base of the decklid. They are not fastbacks because their bodyline changes from the roof to the rear deck and their steeply raked rear windows end with a decklid that does not continue down to the bumper. Instead, their ends are tall — sometimes in a Kammback style — to increase trunk space. Typically this design is chosen for its aerodynamic advantages, automakers can no longer afford the penalty in fuel consumption produced by the traditional notchback three box form. In historic terminology, a sedan will have a frame around the door windows, a true hardtop design also has no center or B pillar for roof support behind the front doors). This pillarless body style offers greater visibility, however, it requires extra underbody strengthening for structural rigidity. The hardtop design can be considered separately, or it can be called a hardtop sedan, during the 1960s and 1970s, hardtop sedans were often sold as sport sedans by several American manufacturers and they were among the top selling body styles
5.
Hatchback
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A hatchback is a car body configuration with a rear door that swings upward to provide access to a cargo area. Hatchbacks may feature fold-down second row seating, where the interior can be reconfigured to prioritize passenger vs. cargo volume. Hatchbacks may feature two- or three-box design, while early examples of the body configuration can be traced to the 1930s, the Merriam-Webster dictionary dates the term itself to 1970. The hatchback body style has been marketed worldwide on cars ranging in size from superminis to small family cars, Hatchbacks may be described as three-door or five-door cars. A model range may include multiple configurations, as with the 2001–2007 Ford Focus which offered sedan, wagon, the models typically share a platform, drivetrain and bodywork forward of the A-pillar. Hatchbacks may have a rigid parcel shelf, liftable with the tailgate. Both station wagons and hatchbacks typically feature a two-box design configuration, with one shared, flexible, interior volume for passengers, further distinctions are highly variable, Pillars, Both configurations typically feature A, B & C pillars, station wagons more likely also feature a D pillar. Cargo volume, Station wagons prioritize passenger and cargo volume, with alongside the cargo volume. Cargo floor contour, Favoring cargo capacity, a station wagon may prioritize a fold-flat floor, seating, Station wagons have two or three rows of seats while hatchbacks have one or two rows of seats. Rear suspension, A station wagon may include reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity, Station wagons also have numerous tailgate configurations. Typically, a hatch or liftgate does not extend down to the bumper. You could have a 90-degree break in the back and have a station wagon, a liftback is a broad marketing term for a hatchback where the rear cargo door is more horizontal than vertical, with a sharply raked or fastback profile. In comparison with the hatchback the back opening area is sloped and longer and is lifted up to open. Liftback and fastback are often misused, a fastback is described as a hatchback where the rear cargo door flows down continuously from the roof of the car and most of the time is not as raked as the liftback. In 1946, DeSoto marketed the Suburban as a station wagon, in 1949, Kaiser-Frazer introduced the Vagabond and Traveler hatchbacks. Although these were styled much like the typical 1940s sedan, they incorporated an innovative split rear tailgate, folding rear seats, the design was neither fully a sedan nor a station wagon, but the folding rear seat provided for a large, 8-foot long interior cargo area. These Kaiser-Frazer models have described as America’s First Hatchback. In 1953, Aston Martin marketed the DB2 with a rear tailgate
6.
BYD F3DM
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The BYD F3DM was a plug-in hybrid compact sedan manufactured by BYD Auto with an all-electric range of 37 miles and a hybrid electric powertrain that can extend the range an additional 300 miles. The F3DM is the worlds first mass-produced plug-in hybrid automobile and went on sale to government agencies, during its first year in the market the F3DM plug-in sold only 48 vehicles. Sales to the public began in Shenzhen in March 2010. Cumulative sales in China reached 3,284 units through October 2013, when sales ended, a testing program was launched in the U. S. on December 2010 with the participation of the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles. The F3DM was expected to go on sale in the U. S. in 2012 at a price of US$28,800 before any government incentives, in October 2011 BYD announced that retail sales will be delayed due to the lack of charging infrastructure. In April 2012 BYD announced that due to its low sales, the F3DM was to be replaced by the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid, Qin deliveries in China began in mid December 2013. As of May 2013, the F3DM was no longer in production, the F3DM was introduced at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, preceded by the F6DM concept car which was first unveiled in the North American International Auto Show in January 2008. BYD Auto uses a 16 kWh lithium iron phosphate batteries for the F3DM, BYD has said their LiFePO4 batteries are inherently safe because they are more chemically stable, although they pack less energy in each cell, compared with more conventional lithium-ion batteries. The F3DM battery pack consist of 1003. 3-volt cells stored under the cabin, BYD says the car will have a 60 miles all-electric range as well as a gasoline engine that allows operation in hybrid mode that extend the range for an additional 300 miles. The electric range assumes the car is traveling at a constant speed of 50 km/h, the F3DM has a roof-mounted large solar panel capable of providing electric energy to run vehicle accessories such as the radio and climate control. At that point, the F3DM’s 1-liter 3-cylinder engine kicks in to bring the battery charge as close as possible to 30%, the F3DM has a direct connection between the gasoline engine and the wheels that is useful when accelerating onto a highway, just like the Prius. Under high-load circumstances, the 68 horsepower gasoline engine combines with the motors to deliver a total of 168 horsepower. BYD calls the F3DM is a vehicle because it allows the driver to manually switch from all-electric to plug-in hybrid operation. The hybrid powertrain uses a 1. 0-liter engine with battery-assisted acceleration at low speeds, the estimated fuel economy is 30 mpg‑US. On December 15,2008, the F3DM began selling for 149,800 yuan, in April 2009, the CEO Wang Chuanfu announced the price will be lowered to increase sales, but currently the price of a 2010 F3DM is up to 169,800 yuan. Wang also wants an independent verification of the cars on-road performance, during its first year in the market the F3DM plug-in sold only 48 vehicles to corporate and government customers. During 2009 BYD Auto sold 290,963 of the gasoline-powered F3s, among the reasons cited for the slow sales are the lack of infrastructure to charge, the high battery cost, and also the batteries have been reported to be unreliable. As the F3DM nearly doubles the price of cars that run on conventional fuel, similar subsidies are expected in other cities
7.
BYD Qin
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The BYD Qin concept car was unveiled at the 2012 Beijing International Automotive Exhibition, and the car is named after Chinas first empire, the Qin Dynasty. An all-electric variant with a range of 300 km, the BYD Qin EV300, was released in China in March 2016, the Qin starts at 189,800 rmb, before any applicable government subsidies and tax exemptions available for eco-friendly vehicles. The EV300 starts at 259,800 rmb before incentives, the Qin is the successor of the BYD F3DM, the worlds first mass-produced plug-in hybrid automobile, launched in China in 2008. In April 2012, BYD announced that due to its low sales, the BYD Qin is the plug-in hybrid version of the BYD Su Rui, launched in the Chinese market in August 2012. Deliveries in China began in mid December 2013, retail sales of the BYD Qin began in Costa Rica in November 2013, and BYD planned to start sales in other countries in Central and South America in 2014. Sales of the hybrid model in China passed the 50,000 unit milestone in April 2016. Since 2014 the Qin is the all-time top-selling highway legal plug-in passenger car in China with cumulative sales of 68,655 units through December 2016. The BYD Qin was for two years in a row,2014 and 2015, the top selling electric car in China. The Qin was the second best selling plug-in hybrid car in 2015 after the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV. As of June 2016, the Qin plug-in hybrid listed sixth among the worlds top 10 best-selling plug-in electric cars ever, the all-electric variant, the Qin EV300, totaled 10,656 units sold between March and December 2016. The Qin was designed with BYD Autos next-generation more efficient dual-mode electric powertrain, the BYD Qin uses a smaller 13 kWh lithium iron phosphate batteries instead of the 16 kWh battery used on the F3DM. The LiFePo4 battery has an energy density and can withstand up to 4,000 charges while still retaining 80% performance. Due to its design, the new battery is about 50% smaller and lighter than the one used on the F3DM. BYD says the Qin will have a 7% better efficiency, power and energy-saving and in pure EV mode. According to BYD Auto, the Qin has a top speed of 185 km/h, a pure battery electric version, the Qin EV300, was released in China in March 2016. The BYD Qin EV is powered by a 218hp electric motor, top speed is 150 kilometres per hour. There are four versions of the Qin EV300, with pricing ranging between 259,800 to 309,800 rmb, before any government subsidies and tax exemptions. Sales during its first month in the Chinese market totaled 229 units, the BYD Qin was the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2014, and ranked seventh in 2014 among the worlds top 10 best selling plug-in cars
8.
BYD G3
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Note, This article is based on a translation of the German Wikipedia article. The BYD G3 is a version of the BYD Autos compact BYD F3. The G3 aims for sales in Chinas Tier 1 cities, hoping to more sophisticated buyers than those who choose the F3. For instance, there is a China-only Audi A4L, and even the subcompact Tianjin Xiali has been available in a long-wheelbase version, the compact G3 continues this practice. At an overall length of 4.6 m, the G3 is about 7 cm longer than the F3 sedan, also unique to the G3 is the availability of a larger 1.8 litre inline-four engine. The engines, beginning with a 1.5 litre four, are all petrol-powered, equipment is also higher than for the corresponding F3, the G3 offers sat-nav, LED taillights, leather seats, and a remotely controlled central-locking system. The G3 sold about 12,000 units in the first six months of 2010, which was less than one tenth as many as the combined results of the smaller F3 and F3-R
9.
Engine
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An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines burn a fuel to heat, which is then used to create a force. Electric motors convert electrical energy into motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air. In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use energy to create forces. The word engine derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium–the root of the word ingenious. Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams, were called siege engines, the word gin, as in cotton gin, is short for engine. Most mechanical devices invented during the revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example. However, the steam engines, such as those by Thomas Savery, were not mechanical engines. In this manner, an engine in its original form was merely a water pump. Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines, examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets, the term motor derives from the Latin verb moto which means to set in motion, or maintain motion. Thus a motor is a device that imparts motion, motor and engine later came to be used largely interchangeably in casual discourse. However, technically, the two words have different meanings, however, rocketry uses the term rocket motor, even though they consume fuel. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover—a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by a combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, simple machines, such as the club and oar, are prehistoric. More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and these were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece, as well as in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, by the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times
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