1.
German language
–
German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
2.
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
–
The Frankfurt Stock Exchange is the worlds 10th largest stock exchange by market capitalization. Located in Frankfurt, Germany, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is owned and operated by Deutsche Börse AG and it is located in the district of Innenstadt and within the central business district known as Bankenviertel. The trading indices are DAX, DAXplus, CDAX, DivDAX, LDAX, MDAX, SDAX, TecDAX, VDAX, through its Deutsche Börse Cash Market business section, Deutsche Börse AG now operates two trading venues at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Xetra is the market for exchange trading in German equities. In 2015,90 per cent of all trading in shares at all German exchanges was transacted through the Xetra, with regard to DAX listings, Xetra has 60 per cent market share throughout Europe. Trading times on trading days are from 9.00 a. m. to 5.30 p. m, the prices on Xetra serve as the basis for calculating the DAX, the best-known German share index. Over 200 trading participants from 16 European countries, plus Hong Kong, Börse Frankfurt is the trading venue for mainly private investors with more than one million securities of German and international issuers. So named Specialists on the trading floor attend to the trading of the securities, trading at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is governed by clear rules, which apply equally for all trading participants. With a view to improving the continuity of prices and to avoid mistrades, several mechanisms are in place for the trading venues Xetra. These include volatility interruption, market order interruption, and liquidity interruption measures, the origins of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange go back to medieval trade fairs in the 11th century. By the 16th century Frankfurt developed into a wealthy and busy city with a based on trade. In 1585 a bourse was established to set up fixed currency exchange rates, during the following centuries Frankfurt developed into one of the worlds first stock exchanges - next to London and Paris. Bankers like Mayer Amschel Rothschild and Max Warburg had substantial influence on Frankfurts financial trade, in 1879 Frankfurt Stock Exchange moved into its new building at Börsenplatz. During the 1990s the Frankfurt Stock Exchange was also bourse for the Neuer Markt as part of the worldwide dot-com boom, in 1993 the Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse became Deutsche Börse AG, operating businesses for the exchange. Since then the profits from the presence of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. In 2002 and 2004 Deutsche Börse was in advanced negotiations to take over London Stock Exchange, financial Market Integration in a Wider European Union International financial centres, rivals or partner
3.
Babelsberg
–
Babelsberg is the largest district of Potsdam, the capital city of the German state of Brandenburg. A settlement on the small Nuthe creek was first mentioned in the 1375 Landbuch by Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg, then called Neuendorf after its former West Slavic name Nova Ves, it was shelled several times and was severely damaged during the Thirty Years War. During the Industrial Revolution it developed into a centre of manufacturing and, at the premises of Orenstein & Koppel. For decades German Neuendorf and Bohemian Nowawes bordered on each other, Nowawes received town privileges in 1924. From about 1900 the mansion colony of Neubabelsberg arose east of Babelsberg Park on the shore of the Griebnitzsee lake. In 1938 Nowawes and Neubabelsberg merged and were incorporated into Potsdam one year later, during the 1945 Potsdam Conference the representatives of the victorious Allies Joseph Stalin, President Harry S. Truman and Prime Minister Winston Churchill resided in mansions of Neubabelsberg. At the Truman-Villa the President issued the Potsdam Declaration and gave orders for the bombings of Hiroshima. Today the building serves as the seat of the liberal Friedrich Naumann Foundation, the palace was largely extended according to plans by Friedrich Ludwig Persius and finished in 1849. Babelsberg remained a residence of Wilhelm after his accession to the Prussian and German throne and it was here, where after a private conversation on 23 September 1862 he appointed Otto von Bismarck Minister President of Prussia and refrained from abdicating. The neighbourhood shares a border with the Wannsee district of Berlin. Studio Babelsberg is widely known as a European media centre and the oldest large-scale film studio in the world and it is also one of the two seats of the public Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg broadcaster and home of the German Broadcasting Archive. Since 1990 Babelsberg Palace with the park laid out by Peter Joseph Lenné and Hermann von Pückler-Muskau is part of the UNESCO Palaces and Parks of Potsdam. One campus of the University of Potsdam as well as the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam are situated within the park, adjacent Neubabelsberg is the home of the Hasso Plattner Institute for software systems engineering. The local SV Babelsberg 03 football club is based at the Karl-Liebknecht-Stadion, FFC Turbine Potsdam womens football team. The German Industrial-Metal band Rammstein used Babelsberg castle to film their music video Du Riechst So Gut 98, jung, Karin Carmen, Die Böhmische Weberkolonie Nowawes 1751–1767 in Potsdam-Babelsberg. In, Die Mark Brandenburg, Heft 74, Marika Großer Verlag, culturcon / Märkische Oderzeitung,2011, ISBN 978-3-941092-77-8. Babelsberg Palace - official site Babelsberg on www. potsdam. de Babelsberg Palace Local tradesmen website
4.
Berlin
–
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
5.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
6.
Cinema of Europe
–
Cinema of Europe refers to the film industries and films produced in the continent of Europe. Europeans were the pioneers of the picture industry, with several innovative engineers. Louis Le Prince became famous for his 1888 Roundhay Garden Scene, the Skladanowsky brothers from Berlin used their Bioscop to amaze the Wintergarten theatre audience with the first film show ever, from November 1 through 31,1895. The Lumière Brothers established the Cinematograph, which initiated the silent film era and it remained so until the art-hostile environment of World War II. The first large-scale film studio was established in Europe, with the Babelsberg Studio near Berlin in 1912. Post World War II movements include Free Cinema, French New Wave, Polish Film School, Czechoslovak New Wave, New German Cinema, British New Wave, Spaghetti Western and Novo Cinema. The turn of the 21st century has seen such as Dogme 95, New French Extremity. Antoine Lumière realized, on 28 December 1895, the first projection, with the Cinematograph, in 1897, Georges Méliès established the first cinema studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil, near Paris. The European Film Academy was founded in 1988 to celebrate European cinema through the European Film Awards annually, philippe Binant realised, on 2 February 2000, the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris. Thanks to the support of Eurimages and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the influence of Europa Cinemas extends to Eastern European countries, to the Balkans, to Russia and to Turkey
7.
Rome
–
Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
8.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
9.
Fritz Lang
–
Friedrich Christian Anton Fritz Lang was an Austrian-German filmmaker, screenwriter, and occasional film producer and actor. One of the best-known émigrés from Germanys school of Expressionism, he was dubbed the Master of Darkness by the British Film Institute. His most famous include the groundbreaking futuristic Metropolis and the also influential M. Lang was born in Vienna as the son of Anton Lang, an architect and construction company manager. He was baptized on December 28,1890, at the Schottenkirche in Vienna, Langs parents were of Moravian descent and practicing Roman Catholics. His parents took their religion seriously and were dedicated to raising Fritz as a Catholic, Lang frequently had Catholic-influenced themes in his films. Late in life, he described himself as born Catholic, after finishing school, Lang briefly attended the Technical University of Vienna, where he studied civil engineering and eventually switched to art. In 1910 he left Vienna to see the world, traveling throughout Europe and Africa and later Asia, in 1913, he studied painting in Paris, France. At the outbreak of World War I, Lang returned to Vienna and volunteered for service in the Austrian army and fought in Russia and Romania. While recovering from his injuries and shell shock in 1916, he wrote some scenarios, Langs writing stint was brief, as he soon started to work as a director at the German film studio Ufa, and later Nero-Film, just as the Expressionist movement was building. In 1920, he met his wife, the writer. Considered by many scholars to be his masterpiece, M is a disturbing story of a child murderer who is hunted down. M remains a work, it was remade in 1951 by Joseph Losey, but this version had little impact on audiences. During the climactic scene in M, Lang allegedly threw Peter Lorre down a flight of stairs in order to give more authenticity to Lorres battered look. Lang, who was known for being hard to work with, epitomized the stereotype of the tyrannical German film director and his wearing a monocle added to the stereotype. At the end of 1932, Lang started filming The Testament of Dr. Mabuse, adolf Hitler came to power in January 1933, and by March 30, the new regime banned it as an incitement to public disorder. Testament is sometimes deemed an anti-Nazi film as Lang had put phrases used by the Nazis into the mouth of the title character. Lang had stated that it was during this meeting that he had decided to leave for Paris –, Lang has stated that he fled that very evening
10.
Metropolis (1927 film)
–
Metropolis is a 1927 German expressionist epic science-fiction drama film directed by Fritz Lang. He and his wife, Thea von Harbou, wrote the silent film, erich Pommer produced it in the Babelsberg Studios for Universum Film A. G. It is regarded as a work of the science-fiction genre in movies. Filming took place in 1925 at a cost of five million Reichsmarks. The art direction draws influence from Bauhaus, Cubist and Futurist design, Metropolis was met with a mixed reception upon release. Critics found it pictorially beautiful and lauded its complex special effects, the films extensive running time also came in for criticism, as well as its alleged Communist message. Metropolis was cut substantially after its German premiere, removing a portion of Langs original footage. Numerous attempts have been made to restore the film since the 1970s, Music producer Giorgio Moroder released a truncated version with a soundtrack by rock artists such as Freddie Mercury, Loverboy and Adam Ant in 1984. In 2008 a damaged print of Langs original cut of the film was found in a museum in Argentina, after a long restoration process, the film was 95% restored and shown on large screens in Berlin and Frankfurt simultaneously on 12 February 2010. Joh Fredersen is the citys master, Maria and the children are ushered away, but Freder, fascinated, goes to the machine rooms to find her. Witnessing the explosion of a machine that kills and injures several workers. Grot, foreman of the Heart Machine, brings to Fredersen secret maps found on the dead workers, Freder secretly rebels against Fredersen by deciding to help the workers, after seeing his fathers cold indifference towards the harsh conditions they face. Fredersen takes the maps to the inventor Rotwang to learn their meaning, Rotwang had been in love with a woman named Hel, who left him to marry Fredersen and later died giving birth to Freder. Rotwang shows Fredersen a robot he has built to resurrect Hel, the maps show a network of catacombs beneath Metropolis, and the two men go to investigate. They eavesdrop on a gathering of workers, including Freder, Maria addresses them, prophesying the arrival of a mediator who can bring the working and ruling classes together. Freder believes that he could fill the role and declares his love for Maria, Rotwang kidnaps Maria, transfers her likeness to the robot and sends her to Fredersen. Freder finds the two embracing and, believing it is the real Maria, falls into a prolonged delirium, intercut with his hallucinations, the false Maria unleashes chaos throughout Metropolis, driving men to murder and stirring dissent amongst the workers. Freder recovers and returns to the catacombs, finding the false Maria urging the workers to rise up and destroy the machines, Freder accuses her of not being the real Maria
11.
Josef von Sternberg
–
Josef von Sternberg, born Jonas Sternberg was an Austrian-American film director. His family emigrated permanently to the United States when he was fourteen and he started working at World Film Company in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where he was mentored by French director Emile Chautard. Sternberg started in Hollywood after making his first film as a director in 1925, charlie Chaplin became interested in him, and had him direct a film. Sternberg worked on silent films in the late 1920s, by which time he had adopted the use of von in his name. His encouragement of the latters performances helped to create the Dietrich legend in the six additional films they made together in Hollywood and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for two of these, Morocco and Shanghai Express. Josef von Sternberg was born Jonas Sternberg in 1894 to a Jewish family in Vienna, when he was two years old, his father Moses Sternberg, a former soldier in the army of Austria-Hungary, moved to the United States in search of work. The rest of the family emigrated and rejoined his father when Jonas was seven, three years later, the entire family returned to Vienna. After Sternberg had turned fourteen, the family emigrated again to the United States and his father found work there as a lace worker, but they struggled to survive. Sternberg learned English in public schools in New York, which were filled with immigrants, Sternberg dropped out of Jamaica High School and worked as an errand boy in a lace warehouse. He later obtained a job cleaning and repairing movie prints, by about 1915 he was working for William A. Brady at the World Film Company at Fort Lee, New Jersey. There he was mentored by Emile Chautard and other French-speaking directors and cinematographers at World, Chautard hired Sternberg as an assistant director in 1919 for a version of The Mystery of the Yellow Room. Sternberg made his debut in 1925 with The Salvation Hunters. Actor/co-producer Elliott Dexter added the particle von to Sternbergs name in 1925 during the production of By Divine Right. Sternberg did not protest, as he liked the suggestion of comparison with director Erich von Stroheim, charlie Chaplin was impressed by The Salvation Hunters, and encouraged Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford to acquire the rights to it. Pickford asked Sternberg to direct a film with her as star, Chaplin commissioned him to write and direct A Woman of the Sea, starring his former star and lover Edna Purviance, but later destroyed the film. Still photographs from A Woman of the Sea were published by Purviances family in 2008, Sternberg had some commercial success later in the 1920s at Paramount Pictures with the late-period silent films The Last Command and The Docks of New York. These were both noted for their influential cinematography and his reputation was also advanced by a series of early gangster films including Underworld and Thunderbolt. Sternbergs career suffered a decline after Thunderbolt and he accepted an invitation to make a film in Germany, in 1929, Sternberg worked in Berlin, where he directed Der blaue Engel in both German and English versions simultaneously
12.
The Blue Angel
–
The Blue Angel is a 1930 German tragicomedic film directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Emil Jannings, Marlene Dietrich and Kurt Gerron. Written by Carl Zuckmayer, Karl Vollmöller and Robert Liebmann – with uncredited contributions by Sternberg – it is based on Heinrich Manns 1905 novel Professor Unrat, the Blue Angel presents the tragic transformation of a respectable professor to a cabaret clown and his descent into madness. The film is the first feature-length German full-talkie and brought Dietrich international fame, in addition, it introduced her signature song, Friedrich Hollaender and Robert Liebmanns Falling in Love Again. It is considered to be a classic of German cinema, the film was shot simultaneously in German- and English-language versions, although the latter version was thought lost for many years. The German version is considered to be superior, it is longer. Immanuel Rath is an educator at the local Gymnasium in Weimar Germany. Motivated by this, Rath punishes several of his students for circulating photographs of the beautiful Lola Lola, hoping to catch the boys at the club, Rath goes there later that evening, to meet and confront Lola herself. His experience at the cabaret is however, not what he had expected, and his sense of mission, as the guardian of moral rectitude and the mores of the haute bourgeoisie, simply vanish, as the fictions that they always were. Raths all consuming desire for Lola, becomes his new personal mission, when he returns to the night club the following evening to return a pair of panties that were smuggled into his coat by one of his students, he ends up staying the night with her. The next morning, reeling from his night of passion, Rath arrives late to school to find his classroom in chaos, Raths position at the academy becomes untenable. He cant, pretend to his students and fellow faculty, to stand for the derision of low morals. Yet, to indulge himself, in the servile obsequiousness of the much older man. So he eventually resigns from his position at the academy to marry Lola, but of course their happiness is short-lived, as Rath becomes humiliatingly dependent on Lola. After several years he is forced to take a position as a clown in Lolas cabaret troupe to pay the bills and his growing insecurities about Lolas profession as a shared woman eventually consume him with lust and jealousy. The troupe returns to his hometown and The Blue Angel, where he is ridiculed and berated by the patrons, the very people he himself used to deride. As Rath performs his last act, he witnesses his wife embrace and kiss the strongman Mazeppa, her new love interest and he attempts to strangle Lola but is beaten down by the other members of the troupe and locked in a straitjacket. Later that night, Rath is freed and makes his way towards his old classroom, rejected, humiliated, and destitute, he dies in remorse, clenching the desk at which he once taught. By Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, from the opera The Magic Flute Sternberg called the story the downfall of an enamored man, and he calls Rath. a figure of self-satisfied dignity brought low
13.
V for Vendetta (film)
–
The film is set in an alternative future where a neo-fascist regime has subjugated the United Kingdom. The film was scheduled for release by Warner Bros. on Friday, November 4,2005. V for Vendetta has been seen by political groups as an allegory of oppression by government, libertarians. In the late 2020s the world is in turmoil and warfare, with the United States fractured as a result of prolonged second civil war, the United Kingdom is ruled as a fascist police state by the Norsefire Party, helmed by all-powerful High Chancellor Adam Sutler. Political opponents, immigrants, Muslims, atheists, homosexuals, from a rooftop, they watch his demolition of the Old Bailey criminal court building, accompanied by fireworks and the 1812 Overture. Inspector Finch of Scotland Yard is tasked with investigating Vs activities while BTN declares the incident an emergency demolition. V interrupts the broadcast to claim responsibility, encouraging the people of Britain to rise up against their government, during the broadcast, the police attempt to capture V. Evey helps him escape, but is knocked unconscious. V takes Evey to his home, where she is told she must remain for one year, V then kills Lewis Prothero, Norsefires chief propagandist, and Anthony Lilliman, the Bishop of London. Evey offers to help, and uses the opportunity to escape to the home of her boss, comedian, in return for Evey trusting him with her safety, Gordon reveals prohibited materials including subversive paintings, an antique Quran, and homoerotic photographs. After Gordon performs a satire of the government on his show, his home is raided and she is imprisoned and tortured for information about V, with her only solace being a note written by actress Valerie Page, a former prisoner who was tortured and killed for her homosexuality. Evey is told she will be executed unless she reveals Vs location, when she says she would rather die, she is inexplicably released and then finds herself in Vs home. It turns out that V was the one who had captured her at Gordons home, the note was real, passed from Valerie to V when he was imprisoned. He also informs her that Deitrich had been executed when the Quran was found in his home, while Evey initially hates V for what he did to her, she realises she has become a stronger person. She leaves him, promising to return before 5 November, reading the deceased Surridges journal, Finch learns V is the result of human experimentation and has been targeting the people who detained him. Despite being stonewalled by the government, Finch searches for the identity of V. Finch meets William Rookwood, who tells him that the program, Finch later discovers the man he met was V in disguise, and though he initially disbelieves the story, his faith in the Norsefire government is severely shaken. As 5 November nears, V distributes thousands of Guy Fawkes masks, on the eve of 5 November, Evey visits V, who shows her an explosive-laden train in the abandoned London Underground, set to destroy Parliament. He leaves it to Evey to decide whether to use it, V meets Party Leader Creedy, with whom he made a deal to surrender in exchange for Sutlers execution
14.
Captain America: Civil War
–
Captain America, Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2011s Captain America, The First Avenger and 2014s Captain America, The Winter Soldier, and the thirteenth film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, with a screenplay by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely, in Captain America, Civil War, disagreement over international oversight of the Avengers fractures them into opposing factions—one led by Steve Rogers and the other by Tony Stark. Following positive reactions to test screenings of The Winter Soldier, the Russo brothers were brought back to direct in early 2014, the films title and premise were revealed in October 2014, along with Downeys casting, additional cast members joined in the following months. Visual effects were provided by nearly 20 different studios during the post-production process, Captain America, Civil War held its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 12,2016, and was released in the United States on May 6,2016, in 3D and IMAX 3D. The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing over $1.1 billion worldwide, making it the film of 2016. In 1991, the brainwashed super-soldier James Bucky Barnes is dispatched from a Hydra base in Siberia to intercept an automobile carrying a case of super-soldier serum, Rumlow blows himself up, hoping to kill Rogers. When Maximoff throws the explosion into the sky with telekinesis, it damages a nearby building, killing several Wakandan humanitarian workers. U. S. Secretary of State Thaddeus Ross informs the Avengers that the United Nations is preparing to pass the Sokovia Accords, which will establish a UN panel to oversee and control the team. The Avengers are divided, Tony Stark supports oversight because of his role in Ultrons creation and Sokovias devastation, at a conference in Vienna where the Accords are to be ratified, a bomb kills King TChaka of Wakanda. Security footage indicates the bomber is Barnes, whom TChakas son, TChalla, informed by Sharon Carter of Barnes whereabouts and the authorities intentions to kill him, Rogers tries to bring in Barnes—his childhood friend and war comrade—himself. Rogers and Wilson track Barnes to Bucharest and attempt to protect him from TChalla and the authorities, Helmut Zemo tracks down and kills Barnes old Hydra handler, stealing a book containing the trigger words that activate Barnes brainwashing. Impersonating a psychiatrist sent to interview Barnes, Zemo recites the words to make Barnes obey him and he questions Barnes, then sends him on a rampage to cover his own escape. Rogers stops Barnes and sneaks him away, unwilling to wait for authorization to apprehend Zemo, Rogers and Wilson go rogue, and recruit Maximoff, Clint Barton, and Scott Lang to their cause. With Rosss permission, Stark assembles a team composed of Romanoff, TChalla, James Rhodes, Vision, Starks team intercepts Rogers group at Leipzig/Halle Airport, where they fight until Romanoff allows Rogers and Barnes to escape. The rest of Rogers team is captured and detained at the Raft prison, while Rhodes is partially paralyzed after being shot down by Vision. Stark discovers evidence that Barnes was framed by Zemo and convinces Wilson to give him Rogers destination, without informing Ross, Stark goes to the Siberian Hydra facility and strikes a truce with Rogers and Barnes, unaware they were secretly followed by TChalla. They find that the other super-soldiers have been killed by Zemo, enraged that Rogers kept this from him, Stark turns on them both, dismembering Barnes robotic arm
15.
The Bourne Ultimatum (film)
–
The Bourne Ultimatum is a 2007 American-German action spy thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass loosely based on the novel of the same name by Robert Ludlum. The screenplay was written by Tony Gilroy, Scott Z. Burns and George Nolfi, the Bourne Ultimatum is the third in the Jason Bourne film series, being preceded by The Bourne Identity and The Bourne Supremacy. The fourth film, The Bourne Legacy, was released in August 2012, without the involvement of Damon, Matt Damon reprises his role as Ludlums signature character, former CIA assassin and psychogenic amnesiac Jason Bourne. In the film, he continues his search for information about his past before he was part of Operation Treadstone and it went on to win all three of its nominations at the 80th Academy Awards, Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing. Following his pursuit by Kirill, Jason Bourne evades Moscow police while wounded, six weeks later, CIA Deputy Director Pamela Landy divulges the audiotaped confession of Ward Abbott, the late former head of Treadstone, to Director Ezra Kramer. Meanwhile, in Turin, journalist Simon Ross of The Guardian meets an informant to learn about Bourne and Operation Blackbriar, the CIA tracks Ross as he returns to London, after his mention of Blackbriar during a cell-phone call to his editor is detected by the ECHELON system. Bourne reappears in Paris to inform Martin Kreutz, the step-brother of his girlfriend Marie Helena Kreutz, of her assassination in India, Bourne reads Rosss articles and arranges a meeting with him at London Waterloo station. Vosens team, reluctantly assisted by Landy, analyzes Rosss notes and identifies his source as Neal Daniels, Bourne makes his way to Danielss office in Madrid but finds it empty. He incapacitates gunmen sent by Vosen and Landy, Nicky Parsons, a former Treadstone operative who shares a history with Bourne, tells him that Daniels has fled to Tangier and aids his escape from an arriving CIA unit. Nicky learns that Blackbriar asset Desh Bouksani has been tasked with killing Daniels, Vosen sees that Nicky accessed information about Daniels and sends Bouksani after Nicky and Bourne as well, a decision with which Landy fiercely disagrees. Bourne follows Bouksani to Daniels but fails to prevent Danielss death by a planted bomb, however, Bourne manages to kill Bouksani before he can kill Nicky. After sending Nicky into hiding, Bourne examines the contents of Danielss briefcase and finds the address of the deep-cover CIA bureau in New York City, Landy receives a phone call from Bourne, which is intercepted by Vosen. When Landy tells him that his name is David Webb and gives him the birth date 4-15-71, Bourne tells Landy to get some rest because she was tired. Vosen intercepts a text to Landy from Bourne apparently of a location to meet up, Bourne however waits for them all to leave, enters Vosens office and takes classified Blackbriar documents. Realizing that he has been hoodwinked, Vosen sends Paz after Bourne, Bourne holds the injured Paz at gunpoint, but spares his life. Bourne arrives at a hospital at 415 East 71st Street, having figured out Landys coded message, outside, Bourne meets Landy and gives her the Blackbriar files before going inside. Vosen also figures out Landys code and warns Dr. Albert Hirsch, who ran Treadstones behavior modification program and he follows Landy inside the building but is too late to stop her from faxing the Blackbriar documents out. Meanwhile, Bourne confronts Hirsch on a floor and remembers that he volunteered for Treadstone
16.
Valkyrie (film)
–
Valkyrie is a 2008 American-German historical thriller film set in Nazi Germany during World War II. The film depicts the 20 July plot in 1944 by German army officers to assassinate Adolf Hitler, Valkyrie was directed by Bryan Singer for the American studio United Artists, and the film stars Tom Cruise as Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, one of the key plotters. The cast included Kenneth Branagh, Bill Nighy, Eddie Izzard, Terence Stamp, Cruises casting caused controversy among German politicians and members of the von Stauffenberg family due to the actors practice of Scientology, which is viewed with suspicion in Germany. Because of this, the filmmakers initially had difficulty setting up filming locations in Germany, German newspapers and filmmakers supported the film and its attempt to spread global awareness of von Stauffenbergs plot. The film changed release dates several times, from as early as June 27,2008, the changing calendar and poor response to United Artists initial marketing campaign drew criticism about the studios viability. After a positive test screening, Valkyries release in North America was ultimately changed to December 25,2008, United Artists renewed its marketing campaign to reduce its focus on Cruise and to highlight Singers credentials. The film received mixed reviews in the United States and in Germany, meanwhile, Major General Henning von Tresckow attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler by smuggling a bomb aboard the Führers personal airplane. The bomb, however, is a dud and fails to detonate, after learning that the Gestapo has arrested Major General Hans Oster, he orders General Olbricht to find a replacement. After recruiting Stauffenberg into the German Resistance, Olbricht presents Stauffenberg at a meeting of the committee which has coordinated previous attempts on Hitlers life. The members include General Ludwig Beck, Dr. Carl Goerdeler, Stauffenberg is stunned to learn that no plans exist on the subject of what is to be done after Hitlers assassination. During a bombing raid on Berlin, he gets the idea of using Operation Valkyrie, the plotters carefully redraft the plans orders so that they can dismantle the Nazi régime after assassinating Hitler. With the rewritten Operation Valkyrie orders needing to be signed by Hitler, at Goerdelers insistence, Stauffenberg is ordered to assassinate both Hitler and SS head Himmler at the Führers command bunker, the Wolfs Lair. At a final briefing, Colonel Mertz von Quirnheim instructs the members in the use of pencil detonators. Stauffenberg also persuades General Fellgiebel, who controls all communications at Wolfs Lair, meanwhile, the Reserve Army is mobilized by Olbricht, unbeknownst to Fromm, to stand by. With no action taken, Stauffenberg safely extracts himself and the bomb from the bunker, when Goerdeler demands that Stauffenberg be relieved, Beck informs him that the SS has issued a warrant for his arrest, and that he must leave the country immediately. On July 20,1944, Stauffenberg and his adjutant Lieutenant Haeften return to Wolfs Lair, while his adjutant waits with the car, Stauffenberg places the briefcase with the bomb armed at the meeting as close to Hitler as possible. Stauffenberg then leaves the barrack, returning to the car, however, one of the officers at the meeting moves the bomb behind a table leg, which will inadvertently protect Hitler from most of the blast. When the bomb explodes, Stauffenberg is certain that Hitler is dead, before shutting down communications, Fellgiebel calls Mertz about the explosion but cannot clearly convey whether or not Hitler is dead
17.
Inglourious Basterds
–
Inglourious Basterds is a 2009 American-German war film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino starring Brad Pitt, Christoph Waltz and Mélanie Laurent. Christoph Waltz co-stars as Hans Landa, an SS colonel tracking down Raines group, the films title was inspired by Italian director Enzo G. Castellaris macaroni combat film, The Inglorious Bastards. Tarantino wrote the script in 1998 but struggled with the ending and chose to hold off filming, after directing Death Proof in 2007, Tarantino returned to work on Inglourious Basterds. A co-production of the United States and Germany, the film began principal photography in October 2008 and was filmed in Germany, Inglourious Basterds premiered on May 20,2009, at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival. It was widely released in theaters in the United States and Europe in August 2009 by The Weinstein Company, the film was commercially successful, grossing over $321 million in theaters worldwide, making it Tarantinos highest-grossing film at that point, and second-highest to date, after Django Unchained. It received multiple awards and nominations, among them eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay. For his role as Landa, Waltz won the Cannes Film Festivals Best Actor Award, as well as the BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild, Golden Globe, and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1941, SS colonel Hans Landa interrogates French dairy farmer Perrier La Padite as to the whereabouts of the last unaccounted-for Jewish family in the area. In exchange for the Germans agreeing to leave his family alone for the rest of the war, Landa orders SS soldiers to shoot through the floorboards. The family is killed except for Shosanna, a woman who escapes. Three years later, Lieutenant Aldo Raine of the First Special Service Force recruits Jewish-American soldiers to the Basterds, the Basterds also recruit Sergeant Hugo Stiglitz, a German soldier who murdered thirteen Gestapo officers. Adolf Hitler interviews a German soldier, Private Butz, the survivor of a Basterd attack on his squad. Raine carved the Nazi swastika into Butzs forehead with a knife so he could never hide that he served in the German Heer, Shosanna is operating a cinema in Paris under an assumed name. She meets Fredrick Zoller, a German sniper who killed 250 soldiers in a battle, Zoller is to star in a Nazi propaganda film. Infatuated with Shosanna, Zoller convinces Joseph Goebbels to hold the premiere of the film at her cinema, Shosanna plots with her projectionist and lover, Marcel, to kill the Nazi leaders attending the premiere by setting the cinema ablaze. Unknown to Shosanna, British Army Lieutenant Archie Hicox is working with the Basterds to plan an attack on the same premiere, Hicox goes to a tavern with Hugo Stiglitz and Basterd Wilhelm Wicki to meet an undercover agent, the German film star Bridget von Hammersmark. Hicox draws the attention of Wehrmacht Sergeant Wilhelm then Gestapo Major Dieter Hellstrom with his uncommon accent, Hicox eventually gives himself away by ordering three drinks and gesturing three with his hand, Hellstrom knows that Germans gesture three with the thumb and first two fingers extended. Discovered, Stiglitz and the Basterds open fire, killing everyone in the tavern except Sergeant Wilhelm, Raine arrives and negotiates with Sergeant Wilhelm for Hammersmarks release, but she shoots Wilhelm when he lowers his guard
18.
Cloud Atlas (film)
–
Cloud Atlas is a 2012 German-American science fiction film written and directed by The Wachowskis and Tom Tykwer. Adapted from the 2004 novel of the name by David Mitchell, the film has multiple plots set across six different eras. Tom Hanks, Halle Berry, and Jim Broadbent lead an ensemble cast, the film was produced by Grant Hill, Stefan Arndt, the Wachowskis, and Tykwer. Production began in September 2011 at Studio Babelsberg in Potsdam-Babelsberg, Germany and it premiered on 8 September 2012 at the 37th Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 26 October 2012 in conventional and IMAX cinemas. It polarized critics, and has been included on various Best Film and it was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for Tykwer, Johnny Klimek, and Reinhold Heil. It received several nominations at the Saturn Awards including Best Science Fiction Film, winning for Best Editing, tribesman Zachry Bailey recounts stories to his grandchildren on an extraterrestrial Earth colony. Adam Ewing, an American lawyer, has come to the Chatham Islands to conclude a business arrangement with Reverend Horrox, in Horroxs plantation, he witnesses the whipping of a Moriori slave, Autua, who later stows away on the ship. Autua confronts Ewing and convinces him to advocate for Autua to join the crew as a free man, Dr Henry Goose slowly poisons Ewing, claiming it is the cure for a parasitic worm, to steal Ewings valuables. As Goose administers the fatal dose, Autua saves Ewing, returning to the United States, Ewing and his wife Tilda denounce her fathers complicity in slavery and leave to join the abolition movement. Frobisher begins reading Ewings journal, which he has found with the latter portion missing, among the books at Ayrss mansion, Ayrs demands credit for The Cloud Atlas Sextet and threatens to expose Frobishers homosexuality if he refuses. Frobisher shoots Ayrs and flees to a hotel, where he uses the name Ewing and he finishes The Cloud Atlas Sextet and commits suicide with a gun just before his lover Rufus Sixsmith arrives. Journalist Luisa Rey meets an older Rufus Sixsmith, now a nuclear physicist. Sixsmith tips off Rey to a conspiracy regarding the safety of a new nuclear reactor run by Lloyd Hooks, Rey finds Frobishers letters to Sixsmith and tracks down a vinyl recording of Frobishers Cloud Atlas Sextet. Isaac Sachs, another scientist at the plant, passes her a copy of Sixsmiths report. Smoke kills Sachs by blowing up his plane and runs Reys car off a bridge and she escapes but the report is destroyed. With help from the head of security, Joe Napier, Rey evades another attempt on her life. With another copy of the report obtained from Sixsmiths niece, she exposes the plot to use a nuclear accident for the benefit of oil company executives, who are indicted as a result. When Hogginss brothers threaten Cavendishs life for Hogginss share of the profits, Cavendish asks for help from his brother, Denholme
19.
The Grand Budapest Hotel
–
The Grand Budapest Hotel is an 2014 comedy film written and directed by Wes Anderson, from a story by Anderson and Hugo Guinness, inspired by the writings of Stefan Zweig. Featuring an ensemble cast, it stars Ralph Fiennes as a concierge who teams up with one of his employees to prove his innocence after he is framed for murder, the film is an American-German-British co-production that was financed by German financial companies and film-funding organizations. The Grand Budapest Hotel was released to acclaim from film critics. The film led the BAFTA nominations, with its 11 nominations including Best Film and Best Director for Anderson, the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and garnered three more Golden Globe Award nominations, including Best Director for Anderson. It also garnered nine Academy Award nominations, joining Birdman with the most for the ceremony, including Best Picture and it won the Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, Best Makeup and Hairstyling, Best Production Design and Best Original Score. The narrative takes the form of a story within a story within a story, the Author begins narrating the tale from his desk in 1985 to a TV film crew about a trip he made to the Grand Budapest Hotel in 1968. Many of its lustrous facilities are now in a state of repair. The Author encounters the hotels concierge, Monsieur Jean, and elderly owner, Zero Moustafa, one afternoon, and they agree to meet later that evening. Over dinner in the enormous dining room, Mr. Moustafa tells him the tale of how he took ownership of the hotel. Part 1 – M. Gustave The story begins in 1932 during the glory days when the young Zero was a lobby boy, freshly arrived in Zubrowka after his hometown was razed. Zero befriends and eventually proposes to Agatha, who is a pastry chef. Zubrowka being on the verge of war is of concern to Monsieur Gustave H. the Grand Budapests devoted concierge. The owner of the hotel is unknown and only relays important messages through the lawyer Deputy Kovacs. When he is not attending to the needs of the wealthy clientele or managing its staff. One of the ladies is Madame Céline Villeneuve Desgoffe und Taxis, one month later, Gustave is informed that Madame D has died. This enrages her family, all of whom hoped to inherit it and her son, Dmitri Desgoffe und Taxis, lashes out at Gustave. With the help of Zero, Gustave steals the painting and returns to the Grand Budapest, during the journey, Gustave makes a pact with Zero, in return for the latters help, he makes Zero his heir. Shortly thereafter, Gustave is arrested and imprisoned for the murder of Madame D after forced testimony by Serge X, Madame Ds butler, Gustave tells Zero he has an alibi for the night Madame D was killed but could never cite his aristocratic lady bedmistress in court
20.
Jules Greenbaum
–
Jules Greenbaum was a German pioneering film producer. He founded the production companies Deutsche Bioscope, Deutsche Vitascope and Greenbaum-Film and was a dominant figure in German cinema in the years before the First World War. He is also known for his experiments with sound films around twenty years before the success of The Jazz Singer made them a more established feature of cinema. Greenbaum was born in Berlin in 1867 as Julius Grünbaum and he married Emma Karstein in c1887 and moved to Chicago in the United States, where his first son Georg was born 1 November 1889. He originally worked in the industry, but on his return to Berlin in 1895 aged around 42 Greenbaum moved into the newly established film business. Greenbaum acquired a camera in Amsterdam, and a cameraman, Georg Furkel, Furkel worked as his technical director until 1912, along with another Dutch cameraman, Martin Knoop. Bioscopes cameramen were sent to Vienna, Munich, Leipzig, Halle, Nuremberg, Kiel, Hamburg, Poznan, Lviv, Vitascope-Theater Greenbaum began acquiring cinemas, opening a Vitascope cinema at 10 Friedrichstraße, and in March 1907 he registered Vitascope Theater GmbH as a limited company. Its partners were Louis Rosenfeld and Otto Heinemann and this established a vertically integrated network with Vitascope handling the distribution for Bioscope films. Sale of Deutsche Bioscope As his business increased, Greenbaum made a deal with the chemist Carl Moritz Schleussner of the photochemicals firm Schleussner AG in Frankfurt/Main, Carl Schleussner had been involved since 1896 in producing negative film stock for Röntgen photography soon after its discovery. In February 1908 Carl Schleussner bought Deutsche Bioscop as a manufacturing, copying and sales operation, for a 2/3 share of 140,000 marks, with 1/3 provided by Greenbaum and his brother Max. Deutsche Bioscop was re-registered on 27 February 1908, and Schleussner bought out the Greenbaums remaining share in 1909, under its new owner, Deutsche Bioscope moved to Babelsberg Studio in November 1911. Bioscope-Theater Greenbaum registered a new company, Bioscope-Theater GmbH, on 24 Feb 1908. The directors were Jules brother, Max Greenbaum, and Erich Zeiske, in October 1908, Greenbaum opened the Rollkrug Vitascope cinema, a showpiece 500-seat movie theatre on Herrmannplatz, 1-2 Berliner Straße. Greenbaums firm invented and used Synchroscope, which synchronised the visual picture of films with phonograph records to create a working sound, Carl Laemmle installed the system in a number of American cinemas, mostly in German-speaking communities. Costs had soared by the end of 1908 (the Synchroscope was originally priced at $750, on 8 September 1909 Vitascope-Theater GmbH changed its name to Deutsche Vitascope GmbH, with Greenbaum the owner and managing director, and headquarters at 20 Friedrichstraße. The firms chief objective was the production of pictures on continuous film so that all the reels could be shown without interruptions. Studios at 32-34 Lindenstraße In 1910 Vitascope opened main offices and a film copying facility at 32-34 Lindenstraße, the sound films were directed by Franz Porten and starred his daughter Henny Porten. One notable film was of Mignon Act I by Ambroise Thomas with the Royal Court Orchestra & Choir, Greenbaum also had a normal silent film studio at 94 Markgrafenstraße
21.
Frankfurt
–
The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germanys second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the centre of the EU is about 40 km to the east of Frankfurts CBD. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with half of the population. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates, Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and traffic. Its the site of many global and European headquarters, Frankfurt Airport is among the worlds busiest. Automotive, technology and research, services, consulting, media, Frankfurts DE-CIX is the worlds largest internet exchange point. Messe Frankfurt is one of the worlds largest trade fairs, major fairs include the Frankfurt Motor Show, the worlds largest motor show, the Music Fair, and the Frankfurt Book Fair, the worlds largest book fair. Frankfurt is home to educational institutions, including the Goethe University, the UAS, the FUMPA. Its renowned cultural venues include the concert hall Alte Oper, Europes largest English Theatre and many museums, Frankfurts skyline is shaped by some of Europes tallest skyscrapers. In sports, the city is known as the home of the top football club Eintracht Frankfurt, the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, the Frankfurt Marathon. Its the seat of German sport unions for Olympics, football, Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the worlds largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market. Frankfurt is considered a city as listed by the GaWC groups 2012 inventory. Among global cities it was ranked 10th by the Global Power City Index 2011, among financial centres it was ranked 8th by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and 9th by the Global Financial Centres Index 2013. Its central location within Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, Frankfurt Airport is one of the worlds busiest international airports by passenger traffic and the main hub for Germanys flag carrier Lufthansa. Frankfurter Kreuz, the Autobahn interchange close to the airport, is the most heavily used interchange in the EU, in 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual Quality of Living survey of cities around the world. According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germanys most expensive city, Frankfurt has many high-rise buildings in the city centre, forming the Frankfurt skyline. It is one of the few cities in the European Union to have such a skyline and because of it Germans sometimes refer to Frankfurt as Mainhattan, the other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt
22.
Radiography
–
To create the image, a heterogeneous beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray generator and is projected toward the object. A certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the object, which is dependent on the particular density, the X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector. The detector can then provide a superimposed 2D representation of all the internal structures. Contrast radiography uses a radiocontrast agent, a type of contrast medium, to make the structures of interest stand out visually from their background, each type is best suited to certain indications. In tomography, the X-ray source and detector move to blur out structures not in the focal plane, conventional tomography is rarely used now having been replaced by CT. Computed tomography, unlike flat film tomography, generates 3D representations used for computer-assisted reconstruction, the role of the Radiographer has changed dramatically as a result of more advanced equipment. Röntgen referred to the radiation as X, to indicate that it was a type of radiation. He received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery and he noticed a faint green glow from the screen, about 1 metre away. Röntgen realized some invisible rays coming from the tube were passing through the cardboard to make the screen glow, Röntgen discovered X-rays medical use when he made a picture of his wifes hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. The photograph of his wifes hand was the first ever photograph of a body part using X-rays. When she saw the picture, she said, I have seen my death, the first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England on 11 January 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate. On 14 February 1896, Hall-Edwards also became the first to use X-rays in a surgical operation, the United States saw its first medical X-ray obtained using a discharge tube of Ivan Pulyuis design. In January 1896, on reading of Röntgens discovery, Frank Austin of Dartmouth College tested all of the tubes in the physics laboratory. This was a result of Pulyuis inclusion of a target of mica, used for holding samples of fluorescent material. Indeed, Marie Curie pushed for radiography to be used to treat wounded soldiers in World War I, initially, many kinds of staff conducted radiography in hospitals, including Physicists, Photographers, Physicians, Nurses, and Engineers. The medical speciality of radiology grew up over many years around the new technology, when new diagnostic tests were developed, it was natural for the Radiographers to be trained in and to adopt this new technology. Radiographers now perform fluoroscopy, computed tomography, mammography, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as taking X-ray images, this has long been only part of the work of X-ray Departments, Radiographers, and Radiologists. Initially, radiographs were known as roentgenograms, while Skiagrapher was used until about 1918 to mean Radiographer, a number of sources of X-ray photons have been used, these include X-ray generators, betatrons, and linear accelerators
23.
German gold mark
–
The Goldmark was the currency used in the German Empire from 1873 to 1914. The Papiermark refers to the German currency from 4 August 1914 when the link between the Mark and gold was abandoned. Before unification, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16⅔ grams of pure silver. Although the Mark was based on rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the Mark of 3 Mark =1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion. Southern Germany had used the Gulden as the unit of account. Bremen had used a gold based Thaler which was converted directly to the Mark at a rate of 1 gold Thaler =3.32 Mark, Hamburg had used its own Mark prior to 1873. This was replaced by the Goldmark at a rate of 1 Hamburg Mark =1.2 Goldmark, from 1 January 1876 onwards, the Mark became the only legal tender. The name Goldmark was created later to distinguish it from the Papiermark which suffered a loss of value through hyperinflation following World War I. The goldmark was on a standard with 2790 Mark equal to 1 kilogram of pure gold. From 1900 to 1933, the United States adhered to a standard as well. The goldmark therefore had a value of approximately U. S. $0.25, the monetary hegemon of the time when the goldmark was in use, however, was the Pound Sterling, with £1 being valued at 20.43 goldmarks. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 was 20 billion German goldmarks, most of that money came from loans from New York bankers. Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, payments of reparations were officially abandoned, the interest on those debts was paid off on 3 October 2010, the 20th anniversary of German reunification. Occasionally Commemorative coins were minted, in cases the obverse. Many of the states issued coins in very small numbers. Also, in all states coinage became very limited after the First World War began. Well preserved examples of such low mintage coins can be rare, the Principality of Lippe was the only state not to issue any gold coins in this period. 1 Pfennig 2 Pfennig 5 Pfennig 10 Pfennig 20 Pfennig 25 Pfennig Silver coins were minted in.900 fineness to a standard of 5 grams silver per Mark, production of 2 and 5 Mark coins ceased in 1915 while 1 Mark coins continued to be issued until 1916
24.
UFA GmbH
–
UFA GmbH is German film and television production company that unites all production activities of Bertelsmann in Germany. Its history comes from Universum Film AG that was a major German film company headquartered in Babelsberg, the name UFA was revived for an otherwise new film and television outfit. UFA was established as Universum-Film on December 18,1917, as a response to foreign competition in film. UFA was founded by a consortium headed by Emil Georg von Stauß, in 1925, financial pressures compelled UFA to enter into distribution agreements with American studios Paramount and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to form Parufamet. UFAs weekly newsreels continued to reference to the Paramount deal until 1940. Köhnlechner bought UFA, which was strongly in debt, on behalf of Reinhard Mohn for roughly five million Deutschmarks, only a few months later, Köhnlechner also acquired the Ufa-Filmtheaterkette, a movie theater chain, for almost eleven million Deutschmarks. Today, UFA GmbH is the parent company uniting all production activities of Bertelsmann/FremantleMedia in Germany, in August 2013, UFA underwent an organizational restructuring that simplified the company down to three production divisions. Today, UFA Fiction, UFA Serial Drama and UFA Show & Factual are the three units responsible for production, an early step towards the founding of UFA was taken on January 13,1917 with the creation of the Bild- und Filmamt by Germanys Supreme Army Command. Formed as a reaction to the advantage of Germanys enemies in the realm of film propaganda. However, the plans envisaged by the German General Staff – especially those of Erich Ludendorff – went far beyond the creation of Bufa, Ludendorff foresaw a large-scale, state-controlled film corporation that would serve national interests. In this spirit, Universum-Film AG was founded as a consolidation of private companies on December 18,1917 in Berlin. The companys starting capital amounted to 25 million Reichsmark, among the contributors were the German government, the Board Chairman of the new company was Deutsche Bank director Emil Georg von Stauß. Prior to establishing the company, the General Staff had initially considered taking over the Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft e. V. which had founded in 1916. This agency, however, was far too much under the influence of industry and, in particular, of Alfred Hugenberg. Hugenberg would later take over UFA in 1927, the studios were previously owned by Continental-Kunstfilm, whose production had slowed since 1915 and didnt join UFA. Greenbaum-Film joined in 1919, but the deal was disastrous for Jules Greenbaum who died in an institution in 1924. Deutsche Bioscope, merged in March 1920 with Erich Pommers German branch of Éclair to form Decla-Bioscop, instead of propaganda films, UFA now produced elaborate entertainment films such as Sumurun. In 1921, UFA was already producing the lions share of German feature films, starting in 1922, large ateliers in Neubabelsberg and on Oberlandstraße in Berlin-Tempelhof were made available for film production
25.
Willy Fritsch
–
Willy Fritsch was a German theater and film actor, a popular leading man and character actor from the silent-film era to the early 1960s. He was born Wilhelm Egon Fritz Fritsch, the son of an owner in Kattowitz in the Prussian province of Silesia. After the bankruptcy of his father in 1912, the moved to Berlin. Young Willy originally planned an apprenticeship as a mechanic, but soon resorted to the occupation as an extra at the Großes Schauspielhaus theatre. From 1919 he attended Max Reinhardts drama school at the Deutsches Theater, where he debuted with small roles, in 1925, Fritsch gained international attention by playing the leading character in A Waltz Dream directed by Ludwig Berger. Afterwards he was offered a United Artists contract but refused to move to the United States due to his lack of English language knowledge. At the end of the 1920s, Fritsch was also starring at two action films directed by Fritz Lang, Spies and Woman in the Moon where he played serious characters. He mainly starred in the German versions and was replaced by Henri Garat until his movies were dubbed during the mid-1930s. Fritsch was married to artistic dancer Dinah Grace in 1937 and became a father of two sons, the younger one, Thomas Fritsch, is a successful actor as well. Though he had joined the NSDAP, Fritsch tried to avoid getting involved in Nazi propaganda and he continued to appear in movies like Film Without A Name together with Hildegard Knef or Wenn der weiße Flieder wieder blüht side by side with young Romy Schneider. Fritschs final film was 1964s I Learned It from Father directed by Axel von Ambesser, Fritsch died of a heart attack aged 72 and was buried at Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg. The song as performed by the Comedian Harmonists remains popular in Germany to date, Willy Fritsch at the Internet Movie Database Photographs of Willy Fritsch
26.
Marlene Dietrich
–
Marie Magdalene Marlene Dietrich was a German actress and singer who held both German and American citizenship. Throughout her unusually long career, which spanned from the 1910s to the 1980s, in the 1920s in Berlin, Dietrich acted on the stage and in silent films. Her performance as Lola-Lola in The Blue Angel brought her international fame, Dietrich starred in Hollywood films such as Morocco, Shanghai Express, and Desire. She successfully traded on her glamorous persona and exotic looks, throughout World War II, she was a high-profile entertainer in the United States. Although she still made occasional films after the war, Dietrich spent most of the 1950s to the 1970s touring the world as a marquee live-show performer. Dietrich was noted for her efforts during the war, housing German and French exiles, providing financial support. For her work on improving morale on the front lines during the war, she received honors from the United States, France, Belgium. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Dietrich the ninth-greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema, Dietrich was born on 27 December 1901 on Leberstraße 65 in the neighborhood of Rote Insel in Schöneberg, now a district of Berlin. She was the younger of two daughters of Wilhelmina Elisabeth Josephine and Louis Erich Otto Dietrich, who married in December 1898, Dietrichs mother was from an affluent Berlin family who owned a jewelry and clock making firm. Her father was a lieutenant who died in 1907. Von Losch never officially adopted the Dietrich girls, so Dietrichs surname was never von Losch, Dietrichs family nicknamed her Lena and Lene. Around age 11, she contracted her two first names to form the name Marlene, Dietrich attended the Auguste-Viktoria Girls School from 1907 to 1917 and graduated from the Victoria-Luise-Schule in 1918. She studied the violin and became interested in theater and poetry as a teenager. Her dreams of becoming a concert violinist were curtailed by a wrist injury and she was fired after only four weeks. Her earliest professional stage appearances were as a girl on tour with Guido Thielschers Girl-Kabarett vaudeville-style entertainments. She did not attract any attention at first. She made her film debut playing a bit part in the film The Little Napoleon and she met her future husband, Rudolf Sieber, on the set of Tragödie der Liebe in 1923. Dietrich and Sieber were married in a ceremony in Berlin on 17 May 1923
27.
Emil Jannings
–
Emil Jannings was a German actor, popular in 1920s Hollywood. He was the first Oscar recipient, honored with the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 1929 ceremony, to date, he is still the only German to have won the Best Actor Oscar. Jannings is best known for his collaborations with F. W. Murnau and Josef von Sternberg, including 1930s The Blue Angel, with Marlene Dietrich. Der blaue Engel was meant as a vehicle for Jannings to score a place for himself in the new medium of sound film, Jannings later starred in a number of Nazi propaganda films, which made him unemployable as an actor after the fall of the Third Reich. He was christened Theodor Friedrich Emil Janenz in Rorschach, Switzerland, the son of Emil Janenz, an American businessman from St. Louis, and his wife Margarethe, originally from Germany. Jannings held German citizenship, while he was young the family moved to Leipzig in the German Empire. Jannings ran away from school and went to sea, when he returned to Görlitz, his mother finally allowed him to begin a traineeship at the town state theatre, where Jannings started his stage career. From 1901 onwards he worked with theatre companies in Bremen, Nuremberg, Leipzig, Königsberg. Jannings made his breakthrough in 1918 with his role as Judge Adam in Kleists Broken Jug at the Schauspielhaus, Jannings was a theater actor who went into films, though he remained dissatisfied with the limited expressive possibilities in the silent era. Having signed a contract with the UFA production company, he starred in Die Augen der Mumie Ma and Madame DuBarry, both with Pola Negri in the main female part. He also performed in the 1922 film version of Othello and in F. W. Murnaus The Last Laugh, as a proud, Jannings worked with Murnau on two other films, playing the title character in Herr Tartüff, and as Mephistopheles in Faust. His increasing popularity enabled Jannings to sign an agreement with Paramount Pictures and eventually follow his acting colleagues Lubitsch and he started his career in 1927 with The Way of All Flesh directed by Victor Fleming and in the following year performed in Josef von Sternbergs The Last Command. In 1929 Jannings won the first Best Actor Oscar for his work in both films and he and Sternberg also cooperated in Street of Sin, though they actually differed about Jannings acting in front of the camera. His Hollywood career came to an end with the advent of talkies as his thick German accent was difficult to understand and his dialogue was initially dubbed by another actor in the part-talkie The Patriot directed by Ernst Lubitsch, although Jannings own voice was restored after he objected. Returning to Europe, he starred opposite Marlene Dietrich in the 1930 film The Blue Angel, according to Susan Orlean, author of Rin Tin Tin, The Life and The Legend, Jannings was not actually the winner of the first best actor vote, but the runner-up. While researching her book, Orlean discovered that it was in fact Rin Tin Tin, the German Shepherd dog, one of the biggest movie stars of his time, who won the vote. The Academy, however, worried about not being taken seriously if they gave the first Oscar to a dog, after the Nazi Machtergreifung in 1933, Jannings continued his career in the service of Nazism and cinema. He also performed in his role in The Broken Jug directed by Gustav Ucicky
28.
Joseph Goebbels
–
Paul Joseph Goebbels was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He advocated progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of the Jews in the Holocaust, Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921. He joined the Nazi Party in 1924, and worked with Gregor Strasser in their northern branch and he was appointed as Gauleiter for Berlin in 1926, where he began to take an interest in the use of propaganda to promote the party and its programme. After the Nazi Seizure of Power in 1933, Goebbels Propaganda Ministry quickly gained and exerted controlling supervision over the media, arts. He was particularly adept at using the new media of radio. Topics for party propaganda included antisemitism, attacks on the Christian churches, as the war drew to a close and Nazi Germany faced defeat, Magda Goebbels and the Goebbels children joined him in Berlin. They moved into the underground Vorbunker, part of Hitlers underground bunker complex, Hitler committed suicide on 30 April. In accordance with Hitlers will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany, the following day, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide, after poisoning their six children with cyanide. Paul Joseph Goebbels was born on 29 October 1897 in Rheydt, both of his parents were Catholics with modest family backgrounds. His father Fritz was a clerk, his mother Katharina was ethnically Dutch. Goebbels had five siblings, Konrad, Hans, Maria, Elisabeth, and Maria, in 1932, Goebbels published a pamphlet of his family tree to refute the rumors that his grandmother was of Jewish ancestry. During childhood, Goebbels suffered from ill health, which included a bout of inflammation of the lungs. He had a right foot that turned inwards, due to a congenital deformity. It was thicker and shorter than his left foot and he underwent a failed operation to correct it just prior to starting grammar school. Goebbels wore a metal brace and special shoe because of his shortened leg and he was rejected for military service in World War I due to his deformity. Goebbels was educated at a Christian Gymnasium, where he completed his Abitur in 1917 and he was the top student of his class and was given the traditional honor to speak at the awards ceremony. His parents initially hoped that he would become a Catholic priest and he studied literature and history at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg, and Munich, aided by a scholarship from the Albertus Magnus Society. By this time Goebbels had begun to distance himself from the church, historians, including Richard J. Evans and Roger Manvell, speculate that Goebbels lifelong pursuit of women may have been in compensation for his physical disabilities
29.
Leni Riefenstahl
–
Helene Bertha Amalie Leni Riefenstahl was a German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress, dancer and propagandist for the Nazis. Born in 1902 Leni Riefenstahl grew up in Germany with her brother Heinz, a talented swimmer and artist, she also became interested in dancing during her childhood, taking dancing lessons and performing across Europe. After seeing a poster for the 1924 film Der Berg des Schicksals. Between 1925 and 1929, she starred in five motion pictures. In 1932, Riefenstahl decided to try directing with her own film called Das Blaue Licht, in the 1930s, she directed Triumph des Willens and Olympia, resulting in worldwide attention and acclaim. Both movies are considered two of the most effective, and technically innovative, propaganda films ever made. Her involvement in Triumph des Willens, however, significantly damaged her career, the exact nature of her relationship with Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler remains a matter of debate. However, Hitler was in collaboration with Riefenstahl during the production of at least three important Nazi films, and a closer friendship is claimed to have existed. When in 2000 Jodie Foster was planning a biopic on Riefenstahl and they stated that publicly Riefenstahl seemed quite infatuated with Hitler and was in fact the last surviving member of his inner circle. Others go further, arguing that Riefenstahls visions were essential to the success of the Holocaust, after the war, Riefenstahl was arrested, but classified as being a fellow traveler or Nazi sympathiser only and was not associated with war crimes. Throughout her life, she denied having known about the Holocaust, besides directing, Riefenstahl released an autobiography and wrote several books on the Nuba people. Riefenstahl died of cancer on 8 September 2003 at the age of 101 and was buried at Munich Waldfriedhof, helene Bertha Amalie Riefenstahl was born in Germany on 22 August 1902. Her father, Alfred Theodor Paul Riefenstahl, owned a heating and ventilation company. Since Riefenstahl was the child for several years, Alfred wanted her to carry on the family name. However, her mother, Bertha Ida, who had been a part-time seamstress before her marriage, had faith in Riefenstahl, Riefenstahl had a younger brother, Heinz, who was killed at the age of 39 on the Eastern Front in Nazi Germanys war against the Soviet Union. Riefenstahl fell in love with the arts in her childhood and she began to paint and write poetry at the age of four. She was also athletic, and at the age of twelve joined a gymnastics, in 1918, when she was 16, Riefenstahl attended a presentation of Snow White which interested her deeply, it led her to want to be a dancer. Her father instead wanted to provide his daughter with an education that could lead to a more dignified occupation and his wife, however, continued to support her daughters passion
30.
Triumph of the Will
–
Triumph of the Will is a 1935 German propaganda film directed, produced, edited, and co-written by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg, which was attended by more than 700,000 Nazi supporters, Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer, his name appears in the opening titles. The films overriding theme is the return of Germany as a great power, Triumph of the Will was released in 1935 and became a prominent example of propaganda in film history. Riefenstahl helped to stage the scenes, directing and rehearsing some of them at least fifty times, Riefenstahl won several awards, not only in Germany but also in the United States, France, Sweden and other countries. The film was popular in the Third Reich, and has continued to influence films, documentaries, in Germany, the film is not censored but the courts commonly classify it as Nazi propaganda which requires an educational context to public screenings. An earlier film by Riefenstahl—The Victory of Faith —showed Hitler and SA leader Ernst Röhm together at the 1933 Nazi party congress, after Röhms murder, the party attempted the destruction of all copies, leaving only one known to have survived in Britain. The direction and sequencing of images is almost the same as that Riefenstahl used in Triumph of the Will a year later, Frank Capras seven-film series Why We Fight is said to have been directly inspired by, and the United States response to, Triumph of the Will. The film begins with a prologue, the commentary in the film. The cruciform shadow of Hitlers plane is visible as it passes over the tiny figures marching below, upon arriving at the Nuremberg airport, Hitler and other Nazi leaders emerge from his plane to thunderous applause and a cheering crowd. He is then driven into Nuremberg, through equally enthusiastic people, day 2, The second day begins with images of Nuremberg at dawn, accompanied by an extract from the Act III Prelude of Richard Wagners Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Following this is a montage of the attendees preparing for the opening of the Reich Party Congress, the film then cuts to the opening ceremony, where Rudolf Hess announces the start of the Congress. The camera then introduces much of the Nazi hierarchy and covers their opening speeches, including Joseph Goebbels, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Fritz Todt, Robert Ley and Julius Streicher. Then the film cuts to a rally for the Reichsarbeitsdienst. This is also where Hitler gives his first speech on the merits of the Labour Service, the day then ends with a torchlight SA parade in which Viktor Lutze speaks to the crowds. Day 3, The third day starts with a Hitler Youth rally on the parade ground, again the camera covers the Nazi dignitaries arriving and the introduction of Hitler by Baldur von Schirach. Hitler then addresses the Youth, describing in militaristic terms how they must harden themselves, everyone present, including General Werner von Blomberg, then assemble for a military pass and review, featuring Wehrmacht cavalry and various armored vehicles. That night Hitler delivers another speech to low-ranking party officials by torchlight, commemorating the first year since the Nazis took power and declaring that the party, day 4, The fourth day is the climax of the film, where the most memorable of the imagery is presented. Hitler, flanked by Heinrich Himmler and Viktor Lutze, walks through a wide expanse with over 150,000 SA and SS troops standing at attention
31.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
32.
Berlin Wall
–
The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992, the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area that contained anti-vehicle trenches, fakir beds and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany, the West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the Wall of Shame—a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt—while condemning the Walls restriction on freedom of movement. Between 1961 and 1989, the Wall prevented almost all such emigration, during this period, around 5,000 people attempted to escape over the Wall, with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany, crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall, contrary to popular belief the Walls actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992. The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, the capital of Berlin, as the seat of the Allied Control Council, was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the citys location, which was fully within the Soviet zone. Within two years, political divisions increased between the Soviets and the occupying powers. Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone, if statements or decisions deviated from the described line, reprimands and punishment would ensue, such as imprisonment, torture and even death. Indoctrination of Marxism-Leninism became a part of school curricula, sending professors. The East Germans created a political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance. In 1948, following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several countries began a massive airlift, supplying West Berlin with food. The Soviets mounted a public campaign against the Western policy change. Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948, preceding large losses therein, in May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade, permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin. The German Democratic Republic was declared on 7 October 1949, by a secret treaty, the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority, but not autonomy. The Soviets permeated East German administrative, military and secret police structures and had full control, East Germany differed from West Germany, which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy and a democratic parliamentary government
33.
Treuhandanstalt
–
Created by the Volkskammer on June 17,1990, it oversaw the restructuring and selling of about 8500 state-owned companies with over four million employees. At that time it was the worlds largest industrial enterprise, controlling everything from steel works to the Babelsberg Studios, the Treuhand was responsible for more than just the 8500 state-owned enterprises. It also took over around 2, on the day of the German reunification,3 October 1990, it also took over the property of the political parties and the mass organisations of the German Democratic Republic. Its operations drew criticism from some quarters for unnecessarily closing allegedly profitable businesses, misuse and waste of funds and it also drew substantial protests from the workforces affected, as 2.5 million employees in state-owned enterprises were laid off in the early 1990s. Supporters argued that not placing the former state-owned enterprises into private hands would have caused the loss of more jobs. On 1 April 1991 the chairman of the Treuhand, Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, was dead by an unknown assassin. He was succeeded by Birgit Breuel, when its operations ended in 1994, it had amassed 260 to 270 billion DM in debt. Although the Treuhand closed operations in 1994, it retained much property. The BvS ceased operations at the end of 2000, but it legally in existence. TLG and BVVG remain the largest real estate owners in the new federal states, in 2000, TLG was reoriented from focussing on privatisation of its assets to active portfolio management with a view to making profits for the German federal government. By 2007, having sold 45,000 properties in six years and reinvested 1.5 billion euros, the planned privatisation of TLG itself was put on hold in July 2008 because of adverse economic conditions. Total land sales amounted to half the area of the state of Saxony-Anhalt. At the end of 2007, it owned over 500,000 ha of agricultural land. Mark Cassell, How Governments Privatize, the Politics of Divestment in the United States and Germany, Georgetown University Press,2002
34.
Vivendi Universal
–
Vivendi SA is a French multinational mass media conglomerate headquartered in Paris, France. The company has activities in music, television, film, video games, telecommunications, tickets, Vivendi is a company primarily focused on digital entertainment. It owns the French TV channel and movie producer Canal+ Group, in 2014, Vivendi decided to sell mobile companies SFR to Patrick Drahis company, Altice, and GVT to the Brazilian company Telefônica Vivo. In November 2013, it signed the agreement to sell its majority. Canal+ Group is the leading pay television group in France and it is also an international movie and television series producer and distributor with StudioCanal. In November 2013, Vivendi became the owner of Frances biggest pay-TV company. Vivendi, searching for a new games publisher property has started investing in both Ubisoft and Gameloft, as of 8 June 2016, Vivendi has acquired a controlling stake in Gameloft. In news from 11 September 2016 Yves Guillemot is set to buy an additional 3. 5% of Ubisoft shares to raise his stake to 12. 5% to attempt to block a takeover from Vivendi. Yves has been attempting to lobby other shareholders to prevent them selling their shares to Vivendi, Vivendi Village comprises a group of small companies active in digital and in live entertainment. Vivendi Ticketing comprises the ticketing businesses See Tickets in the UK, Vivendi Ticketing processes annually over 40 million tickets. The business also operates as a service provider to other Vivendi businesses notably Universal Music Group where tickets are sold for. MyBestPro provides experts counseling in different fields, watchever is a subscription video-on-demand service available in Germany. Vivendi Village also owns the Paris-based concert venue LOlympia, in 2015, Vivendi purchased an 80% stake in Dailymotion from its previous owner, Orange S. A. Vivendi announced that it increased this stake to 90% in September 2015. On 14 December 1853, a company named Compagnie Générale des Eaux was created by an imperial decree of Napoleon III. In 1854, CGE obtained a concession in order to water to the public in Lyon. In 1861, it obtained a 50-year concession with the City of Paris, CGE also supplied water to Nantes, Venice, Constantinople and Porto. For more than a century, Compagnie Générale des Eaux remained largely focused on the water sector, however, following the appointment of Guy Dejouany as CEO in 1976, CGE extended its activities into other sectors with a series of takeovers. Beginning in 1980, CGE began diversifying its operations from water into waste management, energy, transport services and it acquired the Compagnie Générale dEntreprises Automobiles, specialized in industrial vehicles, which was later divided into two branches, Connex and Onyx Environnement
35.
Tom Cruise
–
Thomas Cruise Mapother IV, known professionally as Tom Cruise, is an American actor and producer. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won three Golden Globe Awards and he started his career at age 19 in the film Endless Love. After portraying supporting roles in Taps and The Outsiders, his first leading role was in the romantic comedy Risky Business, Cruise became a full-fledged movie star after starring as Pete Maverick Mitchell in the action drama Top Gun. One of the biggest movie stars in Hollywood, Cruise starred in more successful films in the 1980s, including the dramas The Color of Money, Cocktail, Rain Man. In 2012, Cruise was Hollywoods highest-paid actor,16 of his films grossed over $100 million domestically,22 have grossed in excess of $200 million worldwide. In 2002, Cruise won the Saturn Award for Best Actor for Vanilla Sky, in 2003, he won an AFI Movie of the Year Award for The Last Samurai and an Empire Award for Best Actor for Minority Report. Cruise is an advocate for the Church of Scientology and its associated social programs. Cruise was born in Syracuse, New York, the son of Mary Lee, a special teacher, and Thomas Cruise Mapother III. He has three sisters, Lee Anne, Marian, and Cass and they are of English, German, and Irish ancestry. One of Cruises paternal great-great-great-grandfathers, Patrick Russell Cruise, was born in north County Dublin in 1799, he married Teresa Johnson in County Meath and they left Ireland for the United States that same year and settled in New York. They had a daughter, Mary Paulina Russell Cruise, whose son Thomas Cruise Mapother was Cruises great-grandfather, a cousin, William Mapother, is also an actor, he and Cruise have appeared in five films together. Cruise grew up in poverty, and had a Catholic upbringing. The family was dominated by his father, whom Cruise has described as a merchant of chaos. Cruise has said that he was beaten by his father, whom he has called a bully and he stated, He was the kind of person where, if something goes wrong, they kick you. It was a lesson in my life—how hed lull you in, make you feel safe and then. For me, it was like, Theres something wrong with this guy, Cruise spent part of his childhood in Canada. His family moved to Beacon Hill, Ottawa, in late 1971 so that Cruises father could take a position as a consultant with the Canadian Armed Forces. There, Cruise attended the newly opened Robert Hopkins Public School for much of grade four, in grade four, Cruise first became involved in drama, under the tutelage of George Steinburg
36.
The International (2009 film)
–
The International is a 2009 German–American political thriller drama film directed by Tom Tykwer. The film follows an Interpol agent and an American district attorney who investigate corruption within the IBBC and it serves organized crime and corrupt governments as a banker and as an arms broker. The banks ruthless managers assassinate potential threats including their own employees, production began in Berlin in September 2008, including the construction of a life-size replica of New Yorks Guggenheim Museum for the films climactic shoot-out scene. The film opened the 59th Berlin International Film Festival on 5 February 2009, salingers and Whitmans investigation takes them from Berlin to Milan, where the IBBC assassinates Umberto Calvini, an arms manufacturer who is an Italian prime ministerial candidate. The banks assassin diverts suspicion to an assassin with political connections. Salinger and Whitman get a lead on the assassin, but the corrupt policeman shows up again. At the airport they are able to check the security footage for clues on the whereabouts on the banks assassin. In New York, Salinger and Whitman are met by two New York Police Department detectives, Iggy Ornelas and Bernie Ward, who have a photograph of the face when he arrived in New York airport. Salinger, Ornelas, and Ward locate Dr. Isaacson to whose practice the assassins leg brace has been traced and they find the assassin and follow him to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Since the bank knows that Salinger and Whitman are close to finding their assassin, Wexler leaves and is arrested by Ornelas. As Salinger speaks to the assassin, a gunfight at the Guggenheim erupts when a number of gunmen attempt to kill them with automatic weapons. They escape, but the assassin is mortally wounded, even if he succeeds in bringing the IBBC down there are hundreds of other banks which will replace them. If Salinger wants justice, he needs to go outside the system, in Italy, Salinger tells the Calvini brothers of the IBBCs responsibility for their fathers murder, prompting them to cancel the deal with the bank and have White killed. Salinger then accompanies Wexler to Istanbul, where Skarssen is buying the components from their only other manufacturer. Salinger attempts to record the conversation so that he can obstruct the deal by proving to the buyers that the missiles will be useless, both Wexler and Skarssen are then killed by a hitman contracted by Enzo and Mario Calvini to avenge their fathers murder by the bank. Salinger is left stunned, his investigation, pursuit, and determination to bring down the IBBC, have led him to nothing. During the closing credits, it is indicated that the bank is successfully continuing with its operations despite the death of its Chairman—as Skarssen had predicted to Salinger before he was killed. Clive Owen as Louis Salinger Naomi Watts as Eleanor Whitman Armin Mueller-Stahl as Wilhelm Wexler Ulrich Thomsen as Jonas Skarssen Brían F. Isaacson James Rebhorn as New York D. A, later reviewers compared it directly to The Parallax View and All The Presidents Men
37.
Clive Owen
–
Clive Owen is an English actor who first gained recognition in the United Kingdom for playing the lead role in the ITV series Chancer from 1990 to 1991. He then received critical acclaim for his work in the film Close My Eyes before earning international attention for his performance as a writer in Croupier. In 2005, he won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the drama Closer. Owen has since played leading roles in such as Sin City, Derailed, Inside Man, Children of Men. In 2012, he earned his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his role in Hemingway & Gellhorn. Since 2014, Owen has played Dr. John W. Thackery on the Cinemax medical drama series The Knick, for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination. The fourth of five brothers, Owen was born in Coventry, West Midlands, in the United Kingdom, to Pamela and Jess Owen, a country and western singer. His father left the family when Owen was three years old, and despite a brief reconciliation when Owen was nineteen, the two have remained estranged, raised by his mother and stepfather, a railway ticket clerk, he has described his childhood as rough. While initially opposed to drama school, he changed his mind in 1984, after a long, Owen graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. After graduation, he won a position at the Young Vic, initially, Owen carved out a career in television. He won critical acclaim for his performances in the Stephen Poliakoff film Close My Eyes about a brother and sister who embark on a love affair. In 1996, he appeared in his first major Hollywood film The Rich Mans Wife alongside Halle Berry before finding international acclaim in a Channel 4 film directed by Mike Hodges called Croupier. In Croupier, he played the role of a struggling writer who takes a job in a London casino as inspiration for his work. In 1999, he appeared as a driver in Split Second. Owen starred in The Echo, a BBC1 drama, before starring in the film Greenfingers and he then appeared in the BBC1 mystery series Second Sight. Owen became well known to North American audiences in the summer of 2001 after starring as The Driver in The Hire and he then appeared in Robert Altmans Gosford Park. He appeared in the 2002 hit The Bourne Identity, in 2003, he reteamed with director Mike Hodges in Ill Sleep When Im Dead. He starred in Beyond Borders as well as King Arthur in King Arthur and he appeared in the Royal National Theatre debut of the hit play Closer, by Patrick Marber, which was produced as a film in 2004
