1.
Anaconda (Nicki Minaj song)
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Anaconda is a song by Trinidadian-born American rapper Nicki Minaj, from her third studio album, The Pinkprint. It was released on August 4,2014 by Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records, the song was produced by Polow da Don, Anonymous, and Da Internz. The song heavily samples Baby Got Back by Sir Mix-a-Lot, the song peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, consequently becoming Minajs highest charting single in the United States to date. It went on to spend eight weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100 chart, the song also peaked within the top ten in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. An accompanying video for the song was directed by Colin Tilley, following the videos release, it broke the 24-hour streaming record on Vevo by accumulating 19.6 million views in its first day of release, being surpassed by Taylor Swifts Bad Blood in 2015. To further promote the song, Minaj performed it live at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards and also performed it at Fashion Rocks, Anaconda was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 2015 Grammy Awards. The song was nominated for two categories at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards, Best Female Video and Best Hip-Hop Video. On August 5,2014, producer Polow da Don claimed the Anaconda instrumental was originally intended for fellow rapper and musician Missy Elliott. The cover art for the single went viral on the web after being revealed, on various digital music stores, the cover art is censored with the Parental Advisory label over Minajs buttocks. The song heavily samples Baby Got Back by Sir Mix-a-Lot, who also has vocals in the chorus of the song, musically, the song is a hip hop and pop-rap song. The song is written in the key of C♯ minor with a tempo of 130 beats per minute, kory Grow from Rolling Stone praised the use of the Baby Got Back sample and said the song stayed true to the theme of the original. Kevin Goddard from HotNewHipHop said Nickis raunchy new version may be the big thing to hit the industry. Dan Reilly from Spin said Minaj takes the good Sirs 92 ode to protruding posteriors, amy Davidson from Digital Spy gave the song three stars out of five and said that Nickis breaking down barriers. Sir Mix-a-Lot said he had a new level of respect for Minaj after hearing the record. The song made Spins end of year The 101 Best Songs of 2014 list and it ranked #3 on the list of 101 entries and Spin herald it much more than just a song but a cultural movement. She was the rapper to make the top ten of the list as a lead artist. Anaconda was also placed at two on MTVs Best Songs of 2014. However, despite the reviews the song received negative reactions
2.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
3.
Sir Mix-a-Lot
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Anthony Ray, better known by his stage name Sir Mix-a-Lot, is an American rapper and producer based in Seattle, Washington. Anthony Ray was born on August 12,1963 in Seattle and he was a fan of hip hop and started rapping in the early 1980s. In 1983, Sir Mix-a-Lot and his partner, Nasty Nes, Mix-a-Lots first hit, released in 1987, was the single Posse on Broadway, whose title referred to Broadway in Seattles Capitol Hill district. The song made the Top 100 but quickly disappeared, although it remains popular in the Seattle area for its references to local landmarks. Swass, Mix-a-Lots debut album, was released in 1988 with two singles, Square-Dance Rap and a hip hop cover of the Black Sabbath song Iron Man backed by the band Metal Church. In 1990, the Recording Industry Association of America certified Swass platinum, seminar, released in 1989 featured My Hooptie, Beepers, Gortex and I Got Game. In 1991, Sir Mix-A-Lot signed to the Def American label, the single Baby Got Back was a number-one hit that went double platinum and won the 1993 Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. Although the song was popular across all age levels, MTV aired the music video for the song only during evening hours because of what they termed its sexual nature. In 1993, Sir Mix-a-Lot collaborated with Seattle-based grunge group Mudhoney for the song Freak Momma on the Judgment Night soundtrack, in 1994 he released Chief Boot Knocka and the album reached #69 on the Billboard 200 and #28 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Charts. The album featured the hit single Put Em On The Glass, just Da Pimpin in Me was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance but lost to Let Me Ride by Dr. Dre. He eventually went on to appear as the regular host of the short-lived UPN anthology drama series The Watcher, when his 1996 album Return of the Bumpasaurus was only given a low label promotion, leading to lackluster sales, Sir Mix-a-Lot left the American label. Sir Mix-a-Lot signed with the independent label Artist Direct for his 2003 album Daddys Home with Big Johnson as its lead single, in 2008 Sir Mix-a-lot appeared on Adult Swims ROBOT CHICKEN singing a song entitled, Table Be Round. It was sung in the style of his famous song Baby Got Back, more than one version of the song was recorded including Clean & Dirty. In 2010, Sir Mix-a-Lot announced his album, Dun 4got About Mix. The lead single Carz was released to YouTube on 23 Nov 2010, by June 2011, the video had acquired over a million views, although no release date for the album has been set. In the same year, his F. U. B. A. R, remix for the song Conditions Of My Parole appeared on Puscifers remix album All Re-Mixed Up. In 2013, Sir Mix-a-Lot produced the album Dream for the rock band Ayron Jones. Mix-a-Lot opened for Ayron Jones and the Way for their release party at Neumos on November 2
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
12-inch single
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The 12-inch single is a type of gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time compared to typical LPs. This allows for levels to be cut on the disc by the cutting engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range. This record type is used in disco and dance music genres. They are played at either 33 1⁄3 or 45 rpm, 12-inch singles typically have much shorter playing time than full-length LPs, thus require fewer grooves per inch. This extra space permits a broader dynamic range or louder recording level as the grooves excursions can be greater in amplitude. Many record companies began producing 12-inch singles at 33 1⁄3 rpm, although 45 rpm gives better treble response and was used on many 12-inch singles, the gramophone records cut especially for dance-floor DJs came into existence with the advent of recorded Jamaican mento music in the 1950s. With the 1967 Jamaican invention of remix, called dub on the island, those specials became valuable items sold to allied sound system DJs, who could draw crowds with their exclusive hits. The popularity of sound engineer King Tubby, who singlehandedly invented and perfected dub remixes from as early as 1967. By then 10-inch records were used to cut those dubs, by 1971, most reggae singles issued in Jamaica included on their B-side a dub remix of the A-side, many of them first tested as exclusive dub plates on dances. Those dubs basically included drum and bass-oriented remixes used by sound system selecters, the 10-inch acetate specials would remain popular until at least the 2000s in Jamaica. Most likely, the use of exclusive dub acetates in Jamaica also led American DJs to do the same. In the United States, the 12-inch single gramophone record came into popularity with the advent of music in the 1970s after earlier market experiments. In early 1970, Cycle/Ampex Records test-marketed a 12-inch single by Buddy Fite, the experiment aimed to energize the struggling singles market, offering a new option for consumers who had stopped buying traditional singles. The record was pressed at 33 rpm, with run times to the 7-inch 45-rpm pressing of the single. Several hundred copies were available for sale for 98 cents each at two Tower Records stores. Another early 12-inch single was released in 1973 by soul/R&B musician/songwriter/producer Jerry Williams, 12-inch promotional copies of Straight From My Heart were released on his own Swamp Dogg Presents label, with distribution by Jamie/Guyden Distribution Corporation. It was manufactured by Jamie Record Co. of Philadelphia, PA, the B-side of the record is blank. The first 12-inch single made specifically for DJs was actually a 10-inch acetate used by a mix engineer in need of a Friday-night test copy for famed disco mixer Tom Moulton, the song was Ill be holding on by Al Downing
6.
Cassette single
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A cassette single is a music single in the form of a Compact Cassette. Bow Wow Wows C·30 C·60 C·90 Go was the first cassette single released in the U. K. in 1980, records released the first cassette single in the U. S. with the Go-Gos Vacation in 1982. The ZTT label made good use of the format by 1984, with singles by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Art of Noise, the format was used as a promotion in the 1990s, with Disney giving a cassingle to attendees of Hercules promotional events. Originally, most cassette singles were released in a sleeve that slipped over the outside of the release. This was then usually shrink wrapped in plastic, some singles contained one song on each side, much as 45s had done, but others repeated the songs on both sides. In some markets, cassette singles generally used the packaging as standard cassettes. As the cassette maxi-single was released, more intricate packaging was incorporated that looked similar to the packaging of a cassette release. These were placed in regular plastic cassette cases with a paper/cardstock insert, unlike a full-length cassette album, these were generally only one two-sided inlay instead of a fold-out. Maxi-singles usually contained four versions of a song, i. e. unique mixes & edits. In the U. S. cassette singles were completely phased out by the early 2000s, one reason for their lesser popularity was because they appeared to be an inefficient use of the media to consumers - a cassette single took up the same storage space as a full album
7.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
8.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
9.
American Recordings (record label)
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American Recordings is a Los Angeles-based record label headed by record producer Rick Rubin. Formerly known as Def American Recordings, the label has been home to Slayer, the Black Crowes, ZZ Top, Danzig, Trouble, Tom Petty, Johnny Cash, The Mother Hips, American Recordings was founded after Rick Rubin left Def Jam Recordings in 1988. Rubin continued his association with music by signing artists such as the Geto Boys. American had its first major success with The Black Crowes 1990 debut album, Shake Your Money Maker, the group’s 1992 follow-up, The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion, gave American Recordings its first No.1 album. Emcee Sir Mix-a-Lot managed a hit with the song Baby Got Back as well as a platinum-selling album titled Mack Daddy. Heavy metal acts Slayer and Danzig also enjoyed commercial success, with Slayer in particular. Rubin produces many of the recordings on the label, as well as directing other related ventures, Rubin changed the name of the company to American Recordings in 1993 after seeing the word def in a dictionary. The company was renamed because he believed that finding the word in a source was against the anti-establishment image that he was trying to project for the company. A mock funeral presided over by the Reverend Al Sharpton was done for the name change. American had several sub-labels over the years, including Onion Records, Ill Labels, Wild West, Whte Lbls, the latter was a partnership with Henry Rollins that specialized in reissues of obscure albums. None of these made the distribution transition after American Recordings left Warner Bros. Records in 1997. The first-ever Def American release was Reign in Blood by Slayer, a Def Jam Recordings logo was also present on its follow-up album. Danzigs 1988 debut album was the first release to bear the Def American logo. Initially, the label was distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros, americans distribution has been handled through several labels over the years. Americans first incarnation was distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros. Records from 1988 to 1990, after a falling out with Geffen over the content of the Geto Boys only Def American release, Warner Bros. itself took over distribution duties from 1990 to 1997. However, sub-label Ill Labels was distributed by hip-hop specialist and former Warner Bros. subsidiary Tommy Boy Records as part of its deal, for a brief time during the 1990s, the label also distributed Too Pure Records in the USA. Rubin signed a deal with Columbia/SME Records in 1997, which distributed the labels titles until 2001. That year, Universal Music Group, through its Island Def Jam Music Group division, in 2005, with the exception of the recordings of Johnny Cash, the label returned to the aegis of Warner Bros
10.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
11.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
12.
Rick Rubin
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Frederick Jay Rick Rubin is a Jewish-American record producer and former co-president of Columbia Records. Along with Russell Simmons, Rubin is the co-founder of Def Jam Records, with the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, Public Enemy, and Run–D. M. C. Rubin helped popularize hip hop music, in 2007, MTV called him the most important producer of the last 20 years, and the same year Rubin appeared on Times 100 Most Influential People in the World. Frederick Jay Rubin was born in Long Beach, New York and grew up in Lido Beach and his father, Michael was a shoe wholesaler and his mother, Linda, a housewife. While a student at Long Beach High School he befriended the schools audiovisual department director Steve Freeman who gave him a few lessons in playing and songwriting. Their biggest claim to fame was being thrown off the stage at CBGB after two songs for brawling with the heckling audience and these hecklers were friends of the band instructed to instigate a confrontation so as to get the show shut down and create a buzz. Somewhat anecdotally, this story was confirmed in an interview with music journalist Zane Lowe. Although he had no authority in New York City, Rubins father traveled from Nassau County, New York, during his senior year, Rubin founded Def Jam Records using the schools four-track recorder. He moved on to form Hose, influenced by San Franciscos Flipper, in 1982, a Hose track became Def Jams first release, a 45 rpm 7 vinyl single in a brown paper bag, and no label. The band broke up in 1984 as Rubins passion moved towards the NYC hip hop scene, having befriended Zulu Nations DJ Jazzy Jay, Rubin began to learn about hip hop production. By 1983, the two men produced Its Yours for rapper T La Rock, and released it on their independent label, Producer Arthur Baker helped to distribute the record worldwide on Bakers Streetwise Records in 1984. Jazzy Jay introduced Rubin to concert promoter/artist manager Russell Simmons in a club, Simmons and Rubin edged out Jazzy Jay and the official Def Jam record label was founded while Rubin was attending New York University in 1984. Their first record released was LL Cool Js I Need a Beat, Rubin went on to find more hip-hop acts outside The Bronx, Brooklyn and Harlem including rappers from Queens, Staten Island and Long Island, which eventually led to Def Jams signing of Public Enemy. Rubin was instrumental in pointing the members of the Beastie Boys away from their roots and into rap. 1985s Rock Hard/Partys Gettin Rough/Beastie Groove EP by the Beastie Boys came out on the success of Rubins production work with breakthrough act Run–D. M. C, which previous recordings were produced by Russell Simmons and Orange Krushs musician Larry Smith. His productions were characterized by occasionally fusing rap with heavy rock, Rubin tapped Adam Dubin and Ric Menello to co-direct the music videos for the Beastie Boys Fight for Your Right and No Sleep till Brooklyn, effectively launching the bands mainstream hip hop careers. It was the idea of Rick Rubins friend Sue Cummings, an editor at Spin magazine, to have Run–D. M. C. and this 1986 production is often credited with both introducing rap hard rock to mainstream ears and revitalizing Aerosmith. In 1986, he worked with Aerosmith again on demos for their forthcoming album, in the same year, Rubin began his long musical partnership with Slayer, producing Reign in Blood, considered a classic of the heavy metal genre
13.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
14.
Juan Atkins
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Juan Atkins is an American musician. He is widely credited as the originator of techno music, specifically Detroit techno along with Derrick May, the three, sometimes called the Belleville Three, attended high school together in Belleville, Michigan, near Detroit. Born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of a promoter, Juan Atkins learned how to play bass, drums. After moving to rural Belleville, Michigan, Atkins met Derrick May, the three were among the few black students at their school, and would later be known as the Belleville Three, and the originators of Detroit Techno. At the age of sixteen, Atkins heard electronic music for the first time, in late-1990s interviews, he recalls the sound of synthesizers as being like UFOs landing. He soon had his first synthesizer and abandoned playing funk bass and he bought his first analogue synthesizer, a Korg MS-10, and began recording with cassette decks and a mixer for overdubs. He subsequently taught Derrick May to mix, and the pair started doing DJ sets together as Deep Space and they took their long mixes to Mojo, who began to play them on his show in 1981. Atkins, May, and Saunderson would continue to collaborate as Deep Space Soundworks, even starting a club in downtown Detroit for local DJs to spin, the 1982 single Cosmic Cars also did well. Cybotron recorded their album, Enter, and were soon signed to Fantasy Records. One track, Clear, struck out in the direction that Atkins would pursue with what would later be called his techno music, the song took Kraftwerk-like electronic elements and fused them with club music. Atkins considered Cybotrons most successful single, Techno City, to be a unique, in 1985, Atkins left the group due to artistic differences with bandmate Rik Davis. Davis wanted the group to pursue a musical direction closer to rock, Atkins began recording as Model 500 in 1985 and founded the Metroplex label. His friends Eddie Fowlkes, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson all recorded singles on the label, Atkins first single as Model 500, No UFOs, was a hit in Detroit and Chicago. He followed it with a series of landmark techno tracks, earning him the nickname the godfather of techno, within a few years, Atkins work was re-released in Europe. Over the years, Atkins has also released works under the name Infiniti, Infiniti consists of Juan Atkins and he explained the difference in a 2007 interview, Model 500 is really a continuation of Cybotron. Thats one thing that Ive always stayed the course with and Ive always wanted to not deviate when I do stuff with Model 500, in the past year its probably what Cybotron would have done had the partners not split. Its more song-oriented with melodies, not just dance track - thats always been my experiences with Model 500. Now if I do stuff under the name Infinity, that would be the more form of pure techno
15.
Controversy
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Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin controversia, as a composite of controversus – turned in a direction, from contra – against – and vertere – to turn, or versus, hence. The most applicable or well known controversial subjects, topics or areas are politics, religion, philosophy, parenting and sex. Other prominent areas of controversy are economics, science, finances, culture, education, the military, society, celebrities, organisation, the media, age, gender, Controversy in matters of theology has traditionally been particularly heated, giving rise to the phrase odium theologicum. In the theory of law, a controversy differs from a case, while legal cases include all suits, criminal as well as civil. For example, the Case or Controversy Clause of Article Three of the United States Constitution states that the judicial Power shall extend, to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party. Controversies are frequently thought to be a result of a lack of confidence on the part of the disputants – as implied by Benfords law of controversy, which only talks about lack of information. A study of 1540 US adults found instead that levels of scientific literacy correlated with the strength of opinion on climate change, in other controversies – such as that around the HPV vaccine, the same evidence seemed to license inference to radically different conclusions. Kahan et al. explained this by the biases of biased assimilation. Similar effects on reasoning are seen in non-scientific controversies, for example in the gun control debate in the United States. As with other controversies, it has suggested that exposure to empirical facts would be sufficient to resolve the debate once. In computer simulations of cultural communities, beliefs were found to polarize within isolated sub-groups, Bayesian decision theory allows these failures of rationality to be described as part of a statistically optimized system for decision making. As such, it appears neurobiologically plausible that the brain implements decision-making procedures that are close to optimal for Bayesian inference, in addition, the preferences of the agent also cause the beliefs formed to change – this explains the biased assimilation shown above. Argument Bipartisanship Dialectic ProCon. org Scandal Brian Martin, The Controversy Manual
16.
Cultural history of the buttocks
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Sexualization of the buttocks has occurred throughout history, especially of the female gender. Sexologist Alfred Kind suggested that the buttocks is the primary sexual presentation site in primates, some anthropologists and sociobiologists believe that breast fetishism derives from the breasts similarity to buttocks, but instead provide sexual attraction from the front of the body. In humans, females generally have round and voluptuous buttocks, caused by estrogen that encourages the body to store fat in the buttocks, hips. Testosterone discourages fat storage in these areas, the buttocks in human females thus contain more adipose tissue than in males, especially after puberty. Evolutionary psychologists suggest that rounded buttocks may have evolved as a desirable trait because they provide an indication of the womans youth. They signal the presence of estrogen and the presence of sufficient fat stores for pregnancy, additionally, the buttocks give an indication of the shape and size of the pelvis, which impacts reproductive capability. Since development and pronunciation of the buttocks begins at menarche and declines with age, biological anthropologist Helen B. Fisher said that perhaps, the fleshy, rounded buttocks attracted males during rear-entry intercourse. Bobbi S. Low et al. M. Caro rejected that as being a conclusion, stating that female fatty deposits on the hips improve individual fitness of the female. The female buttocks have been a symbol of fertility and beauty since early human history, statues created as early as 24,000 BC, such as the Venus of Willendorf, have exaggerated buttocks, hips, and thighs. The erotic beauty of the buttocks was important to the ancient Greeks, thought to have built such statues as Venus Kallipygos. Bare buttocks were also considered erotic in Ming China, where they were compared to the bright full moon. Many artists pose models to emphasize the buttocks, 19th Century Europeans sought profit from this unique feature of African women through objectification & exploitation by placing Saartjie Baartman on display in a Human zoo. The buttocks are often due to their proximity to the anus. Erotic spanking was popular in Victorian Britain, perhaps due to the buttocks fetishization and eroticization, spanking was prominent in pornography during this time, with erotica such as Lady Bumticklers Revels and Exhibition of Female Flagellants being consumed. In Studies in the Psychology of Sex, published in 1927 and written by British physician and sexual psychologist Havelock Ellis, nearly everywhere else large hips and buttocks are regarded as a mark of beauty, and the average man is of this opinion even in the most æsthetic countries. Ellis also claims that corsets and bustles are meant to emphasize the buttocks, emphasis on the female buttocks as a sexual characteristic has increased in recent times according to Ray B. Browne, who attributes the change to the popularization of denim jeans, mphasis on the female torso has recently given way to the lower area of the body. Such a change happened quite recently when denim jeans became fashionable, in order to emphasize fit, jeans manufacturers accentuated hips
17.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
18.
Whitney Houston
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Whitney Elizabeth Houston was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, Guinness World Records cited her as the most awarded female act of all time, Houston is one of pop musics best-selling music artists of all-time, with an estimated 170–200 million records sold worldwide. She released seven albums and two soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive No.1 Billboard Hot 100 hits and she is the second artist behind Elton John and the only woman to have two number-one Billboard 200 Album awards on the Billboard magazine year-end charts. Houstons debut album, Whitney Houston, became the debut album by a woman in history. Rolling Stone named it the best album of 1986, and ranked it at number 254 on the magazines list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Her second studio album, Whitney, became the first album by a woman to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart, Houstons first acting role was as the star of the feature film The Bodyguard. The films original soundtrack won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album of the Year and its lead single, I Will Always Love You, won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history. With the album, Houston became the first act to sell more than a million copies of an album within a week period under Nielsen SoundScan system. The album makes her the top female act in the top 10 list of the albums of all time. Houston continued to star in movies and contribute to their soundtracks, including the films Waiting to Exhale, the Preachers Wife soundtrack became the best-selling gospel album in history. On February 11,2012, Houston was found dead in her guest room at the Beverly Hilton, in Beverly Hills, the official coroners report showed that she had accidentally drowned in the bathtub, with heart disease and cocaine use listed as contributing factors. News of her death coincided with the 2012 Grammy Awards and featured prominently in American, Whitney Houston was born on August 9,1963 in what was then a middle-income neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey. She was the daughter of Army serviceman and entertainment executive John Russell Houston, Jr. and her elder brother Michael is a singer, and her elder half-brother is former basketball player Gary Garland. Her parents were both African American, through her mother, Houston was a first cousin of singers Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick. Her godmother was Darlene Love and her aunt was Aretha Franklin. Houston was raised a Baptist, but was exposed to the Pentecostal church. After the 1967 Newark riots, the moved to a middle-class area in East Orange, New Jersey
19.
I Will Always Love You
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The song, I Will Always Love You was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter, Dolly Parton. Partons version of I Will Always Love You was a commercial success and it reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard. Her single spent 14 weeks at one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. It also holds the record for being the single by a woman in music history. Houstons version of I Will Always Love You re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, the song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe. Country music singer-songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her partner and mentor Porter Wagoner. She recorded it in RCAs Studio B in Nashville on June 13,1973, I Will Always Love You was issued on June 6,1974, as the second single from Partons thirteenth solo studio album, Jolene. In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, the song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards. According to sheet music published at musicnotes. com by Hal Leonard Corporation, after recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995, I Will Always Love You re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15. When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Parton was interested until Presleys manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded. She recalls, I said, I’m really sorry, and I cried all night, I mean, it was like the worst thing. You know, it’s like, Oh, my God … Elvis Presley, and other people were saying, You’re nuts. It’s Elvis Presley. I said, I cant do that, something in my heart says, Don’t do that. Then when Whitney came out, I made enough money to buy Graceland. In Curtis W. Ken Knight, author of The Midnight Show, Late Night Cable-TV Guy-Flicks of the 80s, commented that Parton is the singer who can sing I Will Always Love You. Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer, stating that the track was written to soften the blow of Parton. However, both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews, Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song
20.
VH1
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VH1 is an American cable television network based in New York City that is owned by the Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of Viacom Media Networks. The channel was first launched on January 1,1985 in the old space of Turner Broadcasting Systems short-lived Cable Music Channel and it was originally created by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Communications and the original owner of MTV. As of February 2015, approximately 92.6 million US households receive VH1, also frequently featured in the networks early years were videos for Motown and other 60s oldies consisting of newsreel and concert footage. It was introduced on January 1,1985 with the performance of The Star-Spangled Banner by Marvin Gaye. From the start, Video Hits One was branded as a version of its sister/parent channel. It played more jazz and R&B artists than MTV and had a rotation of urban-contemporary performers. Its early on-camera personalities were New York radio veterans Don Imus, Frankie Crocker, Scott Shannon, Jon Bauman, Bobby Rivers, later VJs included Tim Byrd of WPIX-FM, a station whose eclectic ballad-and-R&B oriented format mirrored that of VH-1, and Alison Steele. Rosie ODonnell later joined the outlets veejay lineup, ODonnell would also host a comedy show featuring various comedians each episode. The format left room for occasional ad-libs by the VJ, a godsend for emcees such as Imus, in true Imus style, he used a 1985 segment of his VH-1 show to jokingly call smooth-jazz icon Sade Adu a grape for her oval-shaped head. At first many different musicians guest-hosted the program, but eventually musician/songwriter Ben Sidran became the permanent host, new-Age music videos continued to play on the channel into the 1990s. They would be seen on the Sunday morning 2-hour music video block titled Sunday Brunch, once VH1 established itself a few years later, they catered to Top 40, adult contemporary, classic rock, and 1980s mainstream pop. For a time, even music videos aired in a one-hour block during the afternoons. They started out using MTVs famous Kabel typeface font for their music video credit tags and it was later replaced in 1991 by a larger font, with the year the video was made added to the lower column that identified the label on which the album was released. In 1993, the name of the director was included at the bottom of the credits. Every week, the Top 21 Video Countdown usually had a different guest host, occasionally, they had themed countdowns as well, such as Elvira hosting scary videos for Halloween in 1991. Long blocks of videos by a particular artist or band, theme. One popular weekend program was called Video Rewind, in blocks of 1980s videos from one particular year would play for an hour. There was also a short-lived hour-long program called By Request in which viewers could call a 1–900 hotline number to request their videos, also in 1991, a popular morning program was introduced called Hits News & Weather that ran from 7 AM to 9 AM ET
21.
Playboy
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Playboy is an American mens lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide. The magazine has a history of publishing short stories by notable novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke, Ian Fleming, Vladimir Nabokov, Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse, Haruki Murakami, the magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities. After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine and he formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors. Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother. However, the publisher of a mens adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner. Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering Top Hat, Gentleman, Sir, Satyr, Pan, the first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen, the first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the sexiest image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyns nudity on the calendar, together with the teasers in marketing. The first issue sold out in weeks, copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002. The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was serialized in the March, April, an urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979, the P in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the stars, between zero and 12, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing. From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the Fiction Editor at Playboy, P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Macauley also contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984, christie Hefner, daughter of the founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988
22.
Cosmopolitan (magazine)
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Cosmopolitan is an international fashion magazine for women. Often referred to as Cosmo, its content as of 2011 includes articles on issues, relationships, sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, fashion. Published by Hearst Corporation, Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions, is printed in 35 languages, Cosmopolitan began as a family magazine, launched in 1886 by Schlicht & Field of New York as The Cosmopolitan. There was also a department for the members of the family. Cosmopolitans circulation reached 25,000 that year, but by November 1888, John Brisben Walker acquired the magazine in 1889. That same year, he dispatched Elizabeth Bisland on a race around the world against Nellie Bly to draw attention to his magazine. Under John Brisben Walkers ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harpers Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing colour illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant, Ambrose Bierce, Theodore Dreiser, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, Willa Cather. The magazines circulation climbed to 75,000 by 1892, in 1897, Cosmopolitan announced plans for a free correspondence school, No charge of any kind will be made to the student. All expenses for the present will be borne by the Cosmopolitan, No conditions, except a pledge of a given number of hours of study. When 20,000 immediately signed up, Walker could not fund the school, also in 1897, H. G. Wells The War of the Worlds was serialized, as was his The First Men in the Moon. Olive Schreiner contributed an article about the Boer War. And Colorado - New Tricks in an Old Game, Jack Londons novella, The Red One, was published in the October 1918 issue, and a constant presence from 1910-18 was Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy, the scientific detective, Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell, Harrison Fisher, and James Montgomery Flagg. Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Productions, a company based in New York City from 1918 to 1923, then Hollywood until 1938. Cosmopolitan magazine was titled as Hearsts International Combined with Cosmopolitan from 1925 until 1952. In 1911, Hearst had bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914 it was shortened to Hearsts and was ultimately titled Hearsts International in May 1922. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged the magazine Hearsts International with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, after Hearst died in 1951, the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952
23.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
24.
Full Metal Jacket
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Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 British-American war film directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay by Kubrick, Michael Herr, and Gustav Hasford was based on Hasfords novel The Short-Timers, the film stars Matthew Modine, Adam Baldwin, Vincent DOnofrio, R. Lee Ermey, Dorian Harewood, Arliss Howard, Kevyn Major Howard, and Ed ORoss. Its storyline follows a platoon of U. S, Marines through their training and the experiences of two of the platoons Marines in the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War. The films title refers to the metal jacket bullet used by soldiers. The film was released in the United States on June 26,1987, Full Metal Jacket received critical acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay for Kubrick, Herr, and Hasford. In 2001, the American Film Institute placed it at No.95 in their AFIs 100 Years.100 Thrills poll, during the Vietnam War, a group of new U. S. Marine Corps recruits arrive at Parris Island, South Carolina, for basic training. After having their heads shaved, they meet Senior Drill Instructor Gunnery Sergeant Hartman, among the recruits are privates Joker, Cowboy, and the overweight, bumbling Leonard Lawrence, who earns the nickname Gomer Pyle after incurring Hartmans wrath. Unresponsive to Hartmans discipline, Pyle is eventually paired with Joker, Pyle improves with Jokers help, but his progress halts when Hartman discovers a contraband jelly doughnut in Pyles foot locker. Believing the recruits have failed to improve Pyle, Hartman adopts a collective punishment policy, every mistake Pyle makes will earn punishment for the rest of the platoon, with Pyle being spared. In retaliation for Pyles failures, the platoon hazes him with a blanket party, after this incident, Pyle reinvents himself as a model Marine. This impresses Hartman but worries Joker, who recognizes signs of breakdown in Pyle. Following their graduation, the recruits receive their Military Occupational Specialty assignments, Joker is assigned to Basic Military Journalism, during the platoons final night on Parris Island, Joker discovers Pyle in the bathroom, loading his rifle with live ammunition. Joker attempts to calm Pyle, who executes drill commands and loudly recites the Riflemans Creed, the noise awakens the platoon as well as Hartman, who confronts Pyle and orders him to surrender the rifle. Pyle shoots Hartman dead and then kills himself, in January 1968, Joker, now a corporal, is a war correspondent in South Vietnam for Stars and Stripes with Private First Class Rafterman, a combat photographer. Rafterman wants to go into combat, as Joker claims he has done, at the Marine base, Joker is mocked for his lack of the thousand-yard stare, indicating his lack of war experience. They are interrupted by the start of the Tet Offensive as the North Vietnamese Army attempts to overrun the base, the following day, the journalism staff is briefed about enemy attacks throughout South Vietnam. Joker is sent to Phu Bai, accompanied by Rafterman and they meet the Lusthog Squad, where Cowboy is now a sergeant. Joker accompanies the squad during the Battle of Huế, where platoon commander Touchdown is killed by the enemy, during patrol, Crazy Earl, the squad leader, is killed by a booby trap, leaving Cowboy in command
25.
2 Live Crew
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The 2 Live Crew is an American hip-hop group from Miami, Florida. They caused considerable controversy with the themes in their work. The 2 Live Crew, although seen as a fixture in the Miami hip-hop scene, actually got their start in California & was created by DJ Mr. Mixx with fellow rappers Fresh Kid Ice. The group released its first single, Revelation, in 1985, Revelation was popular in Florida, so The 2 Live Crew relocated to Miami. Rapper Brother Marquis joined The 2 Live Crew for its next single What I Like, local rapper Luke Skyywalker gave The 2 Live Crew a record deal and worked as the groups manager and then lead vocalist. The 2 Live Crews debut album, The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are, was released in 1986. Alex Henderson of Allmusic commented that the album did take sexually explicit rap lyrics to a new level of nastiness, with such as We Want Some Pussy. With word-of-mouth attention, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, Bob Rosenberg of Will to Power remixed Beat Box and was billed King of Edits by Luke Skyywalker. In 1987, a Florida store clerk was acquitted of charges for selling the album to a 14-year-old girl. Move Somethin is the album by Miami hip hop group 2 Live Crew. The album was released in 1988 and it was also certified Gold and featured the singles Move Somethin and Do Wah Diddy Diddy. The album improved on the charts from the album, making in to #68 on the Billboard 200. Campbell decided to sell a separate clean version in addition to the version of the album, Move Somethin. A record store clerk in Alexander City, Alabama, was cited for selling a copy to a police officer in 1988. It was the first time in the United States that a store owner was held liable for obscenity over music. The charges were dropped after a jury found the record store not guilty, in 1989, the group released their album, As Nasty As They Wanna Be, which also became the groups most successful album. A large part of its success was due to the single Me So Horny, the American Family Association did not think the presence of a Parental Advisory sticker was enough to adequately warn listeners of what was inside the case. Jack Thompson, an affiliated with the AFA, met with Florida Governor Bob Martinez
26.
Me So Horny
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Me So Horny is a song by rap group 2 Live Crew on their album As Nasty As They Wanna Be. The explicit nature of the lyrics of song and the album led to the initially successful prosecution of the group on obscenity charges. This ban was overturned on appeal, the song samples music from the 1979 hit song Firecracker by Mass Production and dialogue from the Richard Pryor film Which Way Is Up. and the Stanley Kubrick film Full Metal Jacket. Lines from two different films are used in the song, – The Gonna do that thing. Sample heard at the beginning of the song is from the scene in which Leroy listens in on his father Rufus having sex in another room. Full Metal Jacket – The lines listed below were sampled from the scene in which Private Joker, the exchange between Joker and the prostitute is used at the beginning, while the Me so horny. Me sucky sucky sample is used in the chorus and throughout the song, nancy Sinatras These Boots Are Made for Walkin can be heard underneath the samples at the beginning and end, that song appeared in the original scene in the movie. Da Nang prostitute, Well, baby, me so horny, Private Joker, Whatll we get for ten dollars. Da Nang prostitute, Every ting you want, the Me So Horny sample was also featured three years later, when Sir Mix-a-Lot included the sample in Baby Got Back. Firecracker by Mass Production The song became a hit for 2 Live Crew, topping the rap charts. As Nasty As They Wanna Be reached No.3 on the rap album charts, the album eventually sold millions of copies. The success of the single and the led to concern over the explicit nature of rap lyrics both by 2 Live Crew and by gangsta rappers such as Geto Boys, Ice-T and N. W. A. Then-Broward County prosecutor Jack Thompson prosecuted 2 Live Crew on obscenity charges,2 Live Crew performed songs from the album including Me So Horny and were prosecuted for obscenity. Record store clerks who sold copies of the album were arrested, henry Louis Gates, Jr. testified on behalf of the group during the trial. The decision was overturned on appeal and the ruling was upheld by the US Supreme Court. The publicity from the trials led to sales of the album. However, the failed to chart. In 2008, it was ranked number 83 on VH1s 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop, the music video mainly features the members of the band rapping while scantily clad women are shown dancing on a stage
27.
1993 in music
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This is a summary of significant events in music in 1993. January 8 – The U. S. Postal Service issues an Elvis Presley stamp, the design was voted on in February 1992. January 12 – Cream reunites for a performance at their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony in Los Angeles, other inductees include Creedence Clearwater Revival, Ruth Brown, The Doors, Van Morrison, and Sly & The Family Stone. January 13 – Bobby Brown is arrested in Augusta, Georgia, january 31 - Michael Jackson plays the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVII. The performance is a success and begins a trend of the NFL signing big-name acts to play at the Super Bowl in order to increase the spectacle. February 10 – Oprah Winfrey interviews Michael Jackson during a US television prime time special and it becomes one of the most watched interviews in television history and is Jacksons first in fourteen years. February 14 – Harry Nilsson suffers a heart attack. February 19 - Elton John is forced to end a concert in Melbourne, march 4 – Patti LaBelle receives a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood, USA. March 6 – Whitney Houstons single I Will Always Love You posts its 14th week at one in the USA. March 22 – Depeche Mode becomes the first alternative British band to achieve the number one in U. S. A. on the Billboard 200, with the album Songs of Faith, march 29 – Suede release their eponymous debut album. It enters the chart at Number 1 in the UK. April 6 - Yanni releases his studio album and receives his second Grammy nomination April 12 Actress Lisa Bonet files for divorce from Lenny Kravitz. The Grateful Dead sing The Star-Spangled Banner at the San Francisco Giants home opener at Candlestick Park, April 16 – Paul McCartney headlines a concert at the Hollywood Bowl, USA to celebrate Earth Day. Other performers included Ringo Starr, Steve Miller and Don Henley, April 17 – The Bangles Susanna Hoffs marries screenwriter Jay Roach in Los Angeles, USA. April 21 – Former Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman marries designer Suzanne Accosta in France, April 22 - The Whos Tommy opens on Broadway. April 24 – Willie Nelson, John Cougar Mellencamp, Neil Young and more than 30 other artists perform at Farm Aid 6 in Ames, Iowa, April 29 – An animated version of Barry White appears on an episode of the US television cartoon series, The Simpsons. May 31 – Oasis plays at King Tuts Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow, creation Records boss Alan McGee, who is in the audience, offers them their first recording contract after the show. June 1 – Janet Jacksons janet, debuts at No.1 becoming the first to do so by a female artist in the Soundscan era
28.
ARIA Charts
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The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia, ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report which had been Australias national charts since 1974. The Go-Set charts were Australias first national singles and albums charts published from 5 October 1966 until 24 August 1974, succeeding Go-Set, the Kent Music Report began issuing the national top 100 charts in Australia from May 1974. The compiler, David Kent, also published Australias national charts from 1940–1974 in a retrospective fashion using state based data, in mid 1983, the Australian Recording Industry Association commenced licensing the Kent Music Report chart. The first printed national top 50 chart available in record stores, ARIA began compiling its own charts in-house from the chart dated week ending 26 June 1988. Various artists compilation albums were included in the albums chart, as they had been on the Kent Report chart, until 2 July 1989. The ARIA Report, detailing the top 100 singles and albums charts, was first available via subscription in January 1990, the printed top 50 chart ceased publication in June 1998, but resumed publication later in the year. The printed top 50 chart again ceased publication at the end of 2000, the ARIA charts are based on data collected from physical and digital retailers in Australia. Data of physical sales come from such as Sanity and JB Hi-Fi, while data of digital sales come from online retailers such as iTunes, Bandit FM, GetMusic. Since 17 February 1997, all physical sales data contributing towards the chart has been recorded electronically at point of sale. In March 1991, Do the Bartman by The Simpsons was the first single to reach #1 in Australia that was not available on 7 inch vinyl, but cassingle only. Starting from 8 October 2006, due to low physical single sales at the time, in 2006, it was announced that the Brazin retailing group, comprising major retailers HMV, Sanity and Virgin music/DVD stores would no longer contribute sales data to the ARIA charts. However, after an absence, Brazin reportedly re-commenced contributing sales figures to the ARIA Charts on 26 November 2006. The ARIA website publishes the top 50 singles and albums charts, top 40 digital tracks chart, the ARIA Report lists all charts in full and is available via paid e-mail subscription each week. These reports are uploaded to the Pandora Archive periodically, on 5 February 2006, the ARIA Chart Show was a radio program launched on the Nova network and broadcast throughout Australia, playing the official ARIA top 50 singles. The live music program was hosted by Jabba each Sunday afternoon at 3, the show was aired before the top 50 chart, dated for the following Monday, is published on the ARIA website at 6,00 pm. The charts were published online at 6,00 pm each Sunday. The diamond certification was created for albums in November 2015 to mark 500,000 sales/shipments, for music DVDs, a gold accreditation originally represented 7,500 copies shipped, with a platinum accreditation representing 15,000 units shipped. co. uk
29.
GfK Entertainment Charts
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The GfK Entertainment Charts are the official music charts in Germany and are gathered and published by GfK Entertainment GmbH on behalf of Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Following a lawsuit in March 2014 by Media Control AG, Media Control® GfK International had to change its name, dissemination of the charts is conducted by various media outlets, some of which include VIVA music channel, and the Swiss charts website. Other entities that present the charts are MusicLoad and MIX1, furthermore, GfK Entertainment also runs a dedicated website providing chart-related news and access to most of the charts. Charts have been published in Germany since 1959, in a magazine called Der Musikmarkt, since 1959, the growing desire to have a well-developed music program has made Bundesverband Musikindustrie work together with charts providers to improve the way the charts are determined. For this purpose, different research institutes were tested, out of which Media Control, hence, the first official charts were made available in the magazine Der Musikmarkt in September 1977. Initially, there used to be 50 positions only, which later in January 1980, was extended to 75 slots, since 1989, however, GfK Entertainment has adapted the international standards providing 100 positions, now called Offizielle Top 100 Charts. In 2001, the Top-100 singles charts was modified to reflect the sales of the singles, Media Control developed Music Video charts in 2001, which later, in 2004, was renamed as DVD charts. While music-videos have their own charts, in 2001, GfK Entertainment made it possible for the music-video singles to have the ability to enter the Top-100 singles chart. Similarly, in 2002, it was available for music-video albums to chart on the Top-100 album chart. If not, then, the DVD album could qualify for the DVD chart only, in the same vein, if an audio CD contains at least 50% of video recording, then, it could qualify to chart on the DVD chart. In 2003, Media Control joined forces with GfK, thus the name officially being changed to Media Control GfK International GmbH. In 2004, Germany became one of the first music markets wherein sales charts were reflected by online digital downloads, digital-only releases came into existence on 13 July 2007, for online downloads only, which also altered the way the sales figures were conducted up to that point. Consequently, chart positions would no longer be affected by the number of music downloads as before. Thus, the albums would not necessarily be the ones ending up in the number-one position on the charts. In March 2014, GfK announced that the official chart providers name in Germany will change from Media Control GfK International GmbH to GfK Entertainment, there are currently 3,000 outlets that report their sales on weekly bases in Germany. The weekly sales data is transmitted to GfK Entertainment via communication network channel and this is the list of categories, for each of which charts are provided by GfK Entertainment
30.
Dutch Top 40
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The Dutch Top 40 is a weekly music chart compiled by Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. It started as a program titled Veronica Top 40, on the offshore station Radio Veronica in 1965. It remained The Veronica Top 40 until 1974, when the station was forced to stop broadcasting, joost den Draaijer was the initiator of the top 40 in the Netherlands. On January 2,1965, the first Top 40 was compiled, in 1974, the Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 bought the Top 40 and named it De Nederlandse Top 40. Currently, Radio 538 is airing the Dutch Top 40 on radio, jeroen Nieuwenhuize presents the program every Friday afternoon from 14.00 until 18.00. As of February 2014 the chart is a combination of airplay, streaming, the more often a song gets played on the radio, the higher its place in the Top 40. For year end chart positions, #1 position gets 40 points and this way you just count up all numbers and sort them from most points till least points. There is a set of rules, of some have existed since 1972. Some of these have been criticised as a hindrance, singles must remain minimal two weeks in the chart. If a single officially no longer belongs in the top 40, example, Missy Elliotts Lose Control, Remained two weeks on #40 in the chart, because it did not sell enough and also wasnt played enough on the radio. Singles that highly change position upwards are noted as having superstip status and these singles are not allowed to fall down in chart position the following week. Recent example, Guus Meeuwis Ik Wil Dat Ons Land Juicht, The song entered the chart at #11, the following week it was meant to drop in chart position, but remained on the #5 position. The following two weeks, it went from #5 to #39, because of this rule, this single is the biggest fall down in the Dutch Top 40. However this is not always the case, sometimes singles with a superstip do drop for some reason Re-entry only takes place when the single re-enters within the top 30, if differently, these re-entried singles are ignored. Example, Racoon recently re-entered the Dutch Top 40 at #31 though with the song Love You More, singles with double A-side are noted separately in the top 40, due the different number of airplay the two songs get. Example, Robbie Williams first single off his 2005 album Intensive Care was Tripping with the B-side being Make Me Pure, while Tripping topped the chart by peaking at #1, Make Me Pure peaked at #15 in the Top 40. This is a listing of significant achievements and milestones based upon the Dutch Top 40 charts. & Pharrell Williams — Blurred Lines Avicii — Wake Me Up Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne — Rather Be OMI — Cheerleader 10 weeks Heintje — Ich bau dir ein Schloß4 Non Blondes — Whats Up
31.
Official Charts Company
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The OCC is operated jointly by the British Phonographic Industry and the Entertainment Retailers Association. Since 1 July 1997, CIN and then the OCC have compiled the official charts, prior to this date, the charts were produced by a succession of market research companies, beginning with the British Market Research Bureau in 1969, and later by Gallup. All of the OCCs charts are published weekly on Friday nights, from 3 August 1969 until 5 July 2015, the chart week ran from Sunday to Saturday. Genre-specific charts include UK Dance Chart, UK Indie Chart, UK R&B Chart, UK Rock Chart, the Scottish Singles and Albums Charts ― and the former Welsh Singles and Albums Chart ― appears in listings within the Official Charts Company. It is a regional listing reflecting how sales towards the UK Singles Chart, the Welsh Singles and Album Chart served the same purpose in Wales. It also charts the UK DVD Chart and UK Budget Album Chart, while their music charts are now Friday to Thursday, their video charts remain Sunday to Saturday. On 5 September 2008, the Official UK Charts Company rebranded itself as the Official Charts Company and it later dropped the word Company and became just Official Charts. From May 2012, a new chart was launched – the Official Streaming Chart and this counts audio streams from streaming services Spotify, Deezer, Blinkbox Music, Napster, amongst others. In April 2015, the UKs first vinyl record chart was launched by the Official Charts Company due to the surge of interest in the sector. The chart was launched following the growth of the sector in the UK for the year in a row. Beginning in 2017 the Official Charts Company changed its methodology for calculating the Top 40, prior to January 2017,100 streams counted as one sale of a song. From January onward, the ratio became 150,1, UK Albums Chart UK Singles Chart UK Video Charts UK Singles Downloads Chart UK Album Downloads Chart British Phonographic Industry Official Charts Company website
32.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
33.
Jonathan Coulton
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Jonathan Coulton, often called JoCo by fans, is an American singer-songwriter, known for his songs about geek culture and his use of the Internet to draw fans. Among his most popular songs are Code Monkey, Skullcrusher Mountain, Re, Your Brains, Still Alive and his album Artificial Heart was the first to chart, eventually reaching #1 on Billboards Top Heatseekers and #125 in the Billboard 200. Coultons music tends to fit a folk style, with elements of pop. Coulton graduated in 1993 from Yale, where he was a member of the Yale Whiffenpoofs, rare topical songs include 2005s Ws Duty, which sampled President George W. Bush, and 2006s Tom Cruise Crazy. In the early days, Coultons music was discovered by podcasters, notably, podcasting early adopters Adam Curry of the Daily Source Code and The Wizards of Technology made regular use of Coultons music. In April 2006, he lent his voice to one such podcast, The Spoilers, in which he and hosts Rick Yaeger and Bill Douthett provided a 2-hour fan commentary for Raiders of the Lost Ark. He was the Contributing Troubadour at Popular Science magazine, whose September 2005 issue was accompanied by a set by Coulton called Our Bodies, Ourselves. He was also the Musical Director for The Little Gray Book Lectures, Coulton was quoted in a September 2006 interview as stating that as a result of the experiment, in some parts of the country, Id be making a decent living. Coulton wrote and performed a song titled Still Alive for the credits of Valves 2007 video game Portal. On April 1,2008, Harmonix made this available as free downloadable content for the game Rock Band. A version with Coultons vocals was included on the Orange Box Original Soundtrack. Re, Your Brains made an appearance as an egg in Left 4 Dead 2. The song has called the most influential game music. In 2011, Coulton followed up the success of Still Alive with a new song at the end of Portal 2 and he also wrote the song You Wouldnt Know for Lego Dimensions. Coulton is also known for original pieces such as Code Monkey and it was also the theme song for an animated show on G4 called Code Monkeys. His work has featured on NPRs All Things Considered. Good Morning Silicon Valley featured a link to a set to his song Re. Coulton accompanied John Hodgman on his 700 Hobo Names promotional track for Hodgmans book The Areas of My Expertise as the guitarist
34.
Thing a Week
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Thing a Week is a series of studio albums released by rock musician Jonathan Coulton in 2006. He compiled these albums from his highly successful weekly podcast, where he challenged himself to write, record and he had done that to prove to himself, and to fans, that he was capable of working with a deadline. Thing a Week One is the first album of the series and it contains some of Coultons earliest hit songs, including Shop Vac and a cover of Sir Mix-a-Lots Baby Got Back. This album also features Ws Duty, one of few songs Coulton has written about a real life topic. The tenth Thing a Week, When Im 25 or 64, is missing from this due to its illegality. It may be downloaded from Coultons website. As such, this is the only Thing a Week album without at least 13 tracks, all tracks written and composed by Jonathan Coulton unless noted. Thing a Week Two is the second Thing a Week album, and it features some of Coultons most popular songs, including Re, Your Brains, which would later be featured in Valve Corporations popular 2009 video game, Left 4 Dead 2. Chiron Beta Prime, a Christmas song that originated as a Christmas card to one of Coultons friends, is also on the album and it also includes I Will, a cover of The Beatles song from the White Album. All tracks written and composed by Jonathan Coulton unless noted, Thing a Week Three is the third Thing a Week album, and the sixth studio album by Jonathan Coulton. It contains two of Coultons most popular songs, Code Monkey, used as the theme to a TV show and internet series, G4s Code Monkeys, and Tom Cruise Crazy, a song about Tom Cruise. Code Monkey was likely inspired by Coultons days at the New York software company Cluen, all tracks written and composed by Jonathan Coulton unless noted. Thing a Week Four is the fourth and final Thing a Week album, and the seventh studio album by Jonathan Coulton. It has some more of his songs, including Creepy Doll, a song where a man buys an abandoned house and finds a living, creepy doll upstairs. Mr. Fancy Pants, a song where a man is obsessed with his pants and you Ruined Everything, seemingly a parody of typical love songs by taking the tone of a love song with lyrics reflecting anger, sadness, or regret towards somebody. It is actually about Coultons daughter, as he was inspired to write it because of her, Im Your Moon, a song about the moon, Charon, of Pluto. Coulton criticizes Earth scientists for renaming Pluto from a planet to a dwarf planet and it also features covers of two Queen songs, We Will Rock You, and We Are The Champions. All tracks written and composed by Jonathan Coulton unless noted
35.
Glee (TV series)
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Glee is an American musical comedy-drama television series that aired on the Fox network in the United States from May 19,2009, to March 20,2015. In subsequent seasons, the main cast has expanded to fourteen and fifteen members, the series was created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, and Ian Brennan, the latter of whom first conceived of Glee as a film. The three wrote all of the episodes for the first two seasons, and Murphy and Falchuk initially served as the shows main directors. The pilot episode was broadcast on May 19,2009, subsequent seasons aired in September through May. The sixth and final season aired from January to March 2015, Glee features on-screen performance-based musical numbers that were selected by Murphy, who aimed to maintain a balance between show tunes and chart hits, and produced by Adam Anders and Peer Åström. Songs covered in the show were released through the iTunes Store during the week of broadcast, the music of Glee has been a commercial success, with over thirty-six million digital single sales and eleven million album sales worldwide through October 2011. The series merchandise also includes DVD and Blu-ray releases, an iPad application, during its first season, Glee received generally favorable reviews from critics, with Metacritics weighted average of 77 out of 100 based on eighteen critical reviews. The show was chosen by Fox to fill the coveted time slot that followed the networks coverage of Super Bowl XLV in 2011. After 121 episodes and over 728 music performances, Glee came to an end on March 20,2015, the series focuses on a high school show choir, also known as a glee club, in the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio. Will Schuester takes over the club after the former teacher Sandy Ryerson is fired for inappropriate contact with a male student. The seasons stories revolve around the same Glee club members as first season, with Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce added to the main cast, Season 3 follows the club through wins at Sectionals and Regionals competitions, before they win the Nationals competition in Chicago. The characters deal with identity, adoption, domestic abuse, teenage suicide, bullying, disabilities, texting while driving, college. The McKinley High class of 2012 graduates at the end of the season, in the meantime, Rachel Berry and Kurt Hummel navigate NYADA and their lives as aspiring performers, plus their relationships with Finn and Blaine. Issues during the season include sex, bulimia, gender identity, child molestation, dyslexia, school violence, former main cast members Emma Pillsbury and Quinn Fabray were credited as guest stars, while previously recurring glee club member Sam Evans was promoted to the main cast. Season 5, unlike previous seasons, continues the school begun in the previous season. The show then jumps several months forward in time and deals entirely with the lives in New York City for the remainder of the season. Throughout this season, the club and its alumni deal with relationships, death and mourning, body image, gay bashing, intimacy, and other social issues. Several main cast members dropped to recurring guest stars as of season, Amber Riley as Mercedes, Mark Salling as Puck, Harry Shum Jr. as Mike
