1.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
2.
Rajasthani language
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Rajasthani refers to a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken primarily in the states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh in India. There are also Rajasthani-speakers in the Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab, Rajasthani is one of the two major language strains descended from Maru-Gujar or Maruwani, the other being modern Gujarati. Rajasthani has a tradition of literature aging approximately 1500 years. Ancient astronomer and mathematician Brahmagupta of Bhinmal composed Brahsfut Siddhanta, in 779 A. D. Udhyotan Suri wrote Kuvalaya Mala partly in Prakrit & partly in Aprabransh. Maru-Gurjar or Maruwani or Gujjar Bhakha, ancestor of Gujarati and Rajasthani, was spoken by the Gurjars in Gujarat, texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, post-positions, and auxiliary verbs. It had three genders as Gujarati does today, during the medieval period, the literary language split away from Gujarati. By around 1300 CE a fairly standardised form of this language emerged, while generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name of Old Western Rajasthani, based on the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not distinct at the time. A formal grammar of the precursor to language was written by Jain monk. Maharana Kumbha wrote Sangeet Raj, a book on musicology and a treatise on Jai Deva’s Geet Govinda, the Rajasthani languages belong to the Western Indo-Aryan language family. However, they are controversially conflated with the Hindi languages of the Central-Zone in the Indian national census, the varieties of the Rajasthani language are, Rajasthani Standard, the common lingua franca of Rajasthani people and is spoken by over 18 million people in different parts of Rajasthan. It has to be taken into consideration, however, that speakers of Standard Rajasthani are conflated with Hindi speakers in the census. Marwari, the most spoken Rajasthani language with approximately 45 to 50 million speakers situated in the historic Marwar region of western Rajasthan, the 2001 census, however, records only 15 million speakers. Like Standard Rajasthani, many Marwari speakers are conflated with Hindi speakers in the census, malvi, approximately 10 million speakers in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Dhundhari, approximately 8 million speakers in the Dhundhar region of Rajasthan, Harauti, approximately 4 million speakers in the Hadoti region of Rajasthan. Mewari, approximately 5 million speakers in the Mewar region of Rajasthan, mewati, approximately 645,000 speakers in the Mewat region, comprising Haryana and Rajasthan. Shekhawati, approximately 3 million speakers in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, wagdi, approx 2.2 million speakers, spoken mainly in southern region which include Dungarpur & Banswara districts also called Wagad region. Bagri, approximately 1.4 million speakers in northern Rajasthan, there are also speakers situated in southern Punjab. Nimadi, approximately 2.2 million speakers in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthani languages are also spoken in the Bahawalpur and Multan sectors of the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Tharparkar district of Sindh
3.
Punjabi language
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Punjabi /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/ is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 10th most widely spoken language in the world. It is the language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of India. Among the Indo-European languages it is unusual in being a tonal language, Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the 11th most widely spoken in India and the third-most spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. Punjabi is the fourth-most spoken language in the United Kingdom and third-most spoken native language in Canada, the language also has a significant presence in the United Arab Emirates, United States, Saudi Arabia, and Australia. The Punjabi language is written in the Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi scripts, the word Punjabi is derived from the word Panj-āb, Persian for Five Waters, referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca and Greek πέντε five, the historical Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, Punjabi developed from Sanskrit through Prakrit language and later Apabhraṃśa From 600 BC Sanskrit gave birth to many regional languages in different parts of India. These all languages are called Prakrit language collectively, Shauraseni Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi and western dialects of Hindi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Shauraseni Prakrit gave rise to Shauraseni Aparbhsha, Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A. D. and became stable by the 10th century. By the 10th century, many Nath poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works, Arabic and Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent. The Persian language was introduced in the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic, many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi. Punjabi has more Persian and Arabic vocabulary than Bengali, Marathi, later, it was influenced by Portuguese and English, though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. However, in India English words in the language are more widespread than Hindi. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the seventh-most widely spoken in India, Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. Punjabi is the language in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as a language by over 44. 15% of Pakistanis. About 70. 0% of the people of Pakistan speak Punjabi as either their first or second language, Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. 86% of the population of Lahore is native Punjabi and Islamabad
4.
Indo-Aryan languages
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The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent. They constitute a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family, Indo-Aryan speakers form about one half of all Indo-European speakers, and more than half of all Indo-European languages recognized by Ethnologue. While the languages are spoken in South Asia, pockets of Indo-Aryan languages are found to be spoken in Europe. The largest in terms of speakers are Hindustani, Bengali, Punjabi. Proto-Indo-Aryan, or sometimes Proto-Indic, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages and it is intended to reconstruct the language of the Proto-Indo-Aryans. Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan which is attested as Vedic. Despite the great archaicity of Vedic, however, the other Indo-Aryan languages preserve a number of archaic features lost in Vedic. Vedic has been used in the ancient preserved religious hymns, the canon of Hinduism known as the Vedas. Mitanni-Aryan is of age to the language of the Rigveda. The language of the Vedas – commonly referred to as Vedic Sanskrit by modern scholars – is only marginally different from Proto-Indo-Aryan the proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. From the Vedic, Sanskrit developed as the language of culture, science and religion, as well as the court, theatre. Sanskrit is, by convention, referred to by scholars as Classical Sanskrit in contra-distinction to the so-called Vedic Sanskrit. Outside the learned sphere of Sanskrit, vernacular dialects continued to evolve, the oldest attested Prakrits are the Buddhist and Jain canonical languages Pali and Ardha Magadhi, respectively. By medieval times, the Prakrits had diversified into various Middle Indo-Aryan dialects, Apabhramsa is the conventional cover term for transitional dialects connecting late Middle Indo-Aryan with early Modern Indo-Aryan, spanning roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. Some of these dialects showed considerable literary production, the Sravakachar of Devasena is now considered to be the first Hindi book, the next major milestone occurred with the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent in the 13th–16th centuries. Under the flourishing Turco-Mongol Mughal empire, Persian became very influential as the language of prestige of the Islamic courts due to adoptation of the language by the Mughal emperors. However, Persian was soon displaced by Hindustani and this Indo-Aryan language is a combination with Persian, Arabic, and Turkic elements in its vocabulary, with the grammar of the local dialects. The two largest languages that formed from Apabhramsa were Bengali and Hindustani, others include Sindhi, Gujarati, Odia, Marathi, the Indo-Aryan languages of Northern India and Pakistan form a dialect continuum
5.
Haryana
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Haryana is one of the 29 states in India, situated in North India. It was carved out of the state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It stands 21st in terms of its area, which is spread about 44,212 km2, as of 2011 census of India, the state is eighteenth largest by population with 25,353,081 inhabitants. The city of Chandigarh is its capital while the NCR city of Faridabad is the most populous city of the state, Haryana is one of the most economically developed regions in South Asia, and its agricultural and manufacturing industries have experienced sustained growth since the 1970s. Since 2000, the state has emerged as the largest recipient of investment per capita in India and it is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its border with Uttar Pradesh. Haryana surrounds the countrys capital Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi, consequently, a large area of south Haryana is included in the National Capital Region for purposes of planning for development. The name Haryana is found in the works of the 12th-century AD Apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar, the name Haryana has been derived from the Sanskrit words Hari and ayana, meaning the Abode of God. However, scholars such as Muni Lal, Murli Chand Sharma, HA Phadke and Sukhdev Singh Chib believe that the name comes from a compound of the words Hari and Aranya. Vedic state of Brahmavarta is claimed to be located in a new research in south Haryana, manusmriti, a flood time document composed by Manu and Bhrigu is now dated 10,000 years old. Rakhigarhi village in the Hisar district is home to the largest and one of the oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites, evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metal working have been uncovered. According to archeologists, Rakhigarhi may be the origin of Harappan civilisation, the area that is now Haryana has been ruled by major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India, in the First Battle of Panipat, Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat, Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, hemu, had earlier won 22 battles across India from Punjab to Bengal defeating Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbars forces twice at Agra and Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become last Hindu Emperor of India with formal Coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7th Oct.1556, in the Third Battle of Panipat, the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas. Haryana state was formed on 1 November 1966, the commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district—along with Naraingarh, Ambala, the commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharad, which includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However, only a portion of Kharad was given to Haryana
6.
Rajasthan
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Rajasthan is Indias largest state by area. Elsewhere it is bordered by the other Indian states, Punjab to the north, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, and Gujarat to the southwest. Rajasthan is also home to two national reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur and Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar. The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana – the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region – was merged into the Dominion of India. Its capital and largest city is Jaipur, also known as Pink City, other important cities are Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Kota and Ajmer. Parts of what is now Rajasthan were partly part of the Vedic Civilisation, kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Matsya Kingdom of the Vedic civilisation of India, is said to roughly corresponded to the state of Jaipur in Rajasthan. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar, which is said to have named after its founder king Virata. Bhargava identifies the two districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar and parts of Jaipur district along with Haryana districts of Mahendragarh, bhargava also locates the present day Sahibi River as the Vedic Drishadwati River, which along with Saraswati River formed the borders of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta. Manu and Bhrigu narrated the Manusmriti to a congregation of seers in this area only, the Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era, marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state. Gurjars ruled for many dynasties in this part of the country, up to the tenth century almost the whole of North India, acknowledged the supremacy of the Gurjars with their seat of power at Kannauj. The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century, the chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Majumdar says that this was acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the progress of Muslim invaders in India. Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, REBARI, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali, all these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land, a number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Meenas were rulers of Bundi, Hadoti and the Dhundhar region, hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu Emperor, was born in the village of Machheri in Alwar District in 1501. Hem Chandra was killed in the battlefield at Second Battle of Panipat fighting against Mughals on 5 November 1556, maharana Pratap of Mewar resisted Akbar in the famous Battle of Haldighati and later operated from hilly areas of his kingdom
7.
Sirsa district
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Sirsa district is the largest district of Haryana state, after the creation of charkhi dakhri out of bhiwani district. Sirsa is the headquarters, and is located on National Highway 9 and 250 kilometres from the capital. The district is named after its headquarters, Sirsa, the name, Sirsa is derived from its ancient Sanskrit name Sairishaka, which is mentioned in the Mahabharata, the Ashtadhyayi and the Divyavadana. In Mahabharata, Sairishaka is described as being taken by Nakula in his conquest of the western quarter and it must have been a flourishing city in the 5th century B. C. as it has been mentioned by Panini. There are a number of legends about the origin of the name of the town and its ancient name was Sairishaka and from that it seems to have been corrupted to Sirsa. According to local tradition, a king named Saras founded the town in the 7th century A. D. The material remains of an ancient fort can still be seen in the south-east of the present town and it is about 5 km in circumference. According to another tradition, the name has its origin from the sacred river Sarasvati which one flowed near it, during the medieval period, the town was known as Sarsuti. It has been mentioned as Sarsuti by a number of medieval historians, in the ancient period, Sirsa was also known as Sirsapattan. However some local still believes that name may be derived from famous Sarsai Nath whose temple is there in the city. In 1819, the occupied by the present district was taken over by the British. In 1820, the North Western district was bifurcated into Northern and Western districts and this became part of Western district. In 1837, it was separated from Haryana district and merged with newly formed Bhattiana district, in 1858, Bhattiana district was transferred to Punjab Province and renamed Sirsa district. In 1884, Sirsa district was abolished, its two tehsils, Sirsa and Dabwali were merged to form Sirsa tehsil, which part of Hissar district of Punjab Province. On 1 November 1966, it part of newly formed state of Haryana. In 1968, Sirsa tehsil was bifurcated to Sirsa and Dabwali tehsils. The present district was carved out on September 1,1975 by amalgamating Sirsa, in 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Sirsa one of the countrys 250 most backward districts. It is one of the two districts in Haryana currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme, the district comprises four tehsils, Sirsa, Dabwali, Rania and Ellenabad. These tehsils are further sub-divided into 7 blocks, Baragudha, Dabwali, Ellenabad, Nathusary Chopta, Odhan, Rania, there are 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district, Kalanwali, Dabwali, Rania, Sirsa and Ellenabad
8.
Hisar district
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Hisar district is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state, India. Hisar city serves as the district headquarters, the district is also part of Hisar division, which is headed by a commissioner who is employed by the Indian Administrative Service. The largest district in Haryana until its 1966 reorganization, some parts of Hisar were transferred to the newly created Jind district, in 1974, Tehsil Bhiwani and Loharu were transferred to Bhiwani district. Hisar was further bifurcated when Sirsa district was formed, fatehabad district was later created as well. Hisar is a headquarters of the Hisar division Divisional Commissioner. It is also a headquarters of B. S. F. In order to all of these departments, a five storey District Administrative Complex was built. It adjoins the new Judiciary Complex, which is also made functional and this administrative and judiciary complex is the largest in Haryana, as a district headquarters it may be one of the largest in the country. As of 2011 it is the second most populous of the 21 districts of Haryana, Hisar is also known as the steel city because of the Jindal Stainless Steel Factories. It is also the largest producer of galvanized iron in India, Hisar continued to be the District Headquarters of the largest District in the state until its reorganization in 1966 when parts were carved out to create the new Jind District. The Tehsil Bhiwani and Loharu estate were transferred to Bhiwani district on its creation in 1974. It was further bifurcated when Sirsa district was created out of Hisar District. Fatehabad district has now been carved out of this district, at present Hisar district consists of the eight tehsils of Adampur, Agroha, Barwala, Hisar, Hansi-1, Hansi-2, Narnaund and Uklanamandi, two Sub-Tehsils of Balsamand and Bass. Vehicle registration numbers for Hisar district are, Hisar HR20 and HR39, Hansi HR21, Hisar is a divisional headquarters of the Divisional Commissioner and also the headquarters of the Police Range. It is also a battalion Headquarters of Border Security Force, 3rd battalion of Haryana Armed Police and police commando force, all these departments are now housed in a five storied District Administrative Complex completed in 1980, which adjoins the new Judiciary Complex. The district has seven Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely, Adampur, Uklana, Narnaund, Hansi, Barwala, Hisar and Nalwa. All of these are part of Hisar Lok Sabha constituency the 2011 census the district had a population of 1,742,815 and this gave it a ranking of 276th in India out of a total of 640 districts. The district has a density of 438 inhabitants per square kilometre
9.
Bhiwani district
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Bhiwani District is one of the 21 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Sirsa is now the largest district of the state, the district headquarters is the city of Bhiwani, which is around 124 kilometres from the capital Delhi. Other major towns in the district are Siwani, Charkhi Dadri, Loharu, Tosham, as of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Haryana, after Faridabad and Hisar. The district is named after its headquarters, Bhiwani city, Bhiwani city, it is believed, was founded by a Rajput named Neem after his wife Bhani. The name Bhani later changed to Bhiyani and subsequently to Bhiwani, excavations in the village of Mitathal in Bhiwani have unearthed evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan culture in the area. According to archaeologists the presence of coins, coin moulds, statues and design of the houses, suggests that a town existed here sometimes in the Kushan, Gupta and the Youdheya period till 300 BC. Bhiwani city is mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari and has been a prominent centre of commerce since the time of the Mughals, the district comprises Five sub-divisions, Bhiwani, Charkhi Dadri, Loharu, Siwani, and Tosham. These sub-divisions are further divided into seven Tehsils, Bhiwani, Charkhi Dadri, Loharu, Siwani, Bawani Khera, Badhra and Tosham, There are six Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district, Bhiwani, Charkhi Dadri, Loharu, Badhra, Bawani Khera, Tosham and Bawani Khera. Bawani Khera is part of the Hisar while the rest are part of Bhiwani-Mahendragarh, according to the 2011 census Bhiwani district has a population of 1,629,109, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho. This gives it a ranking of 306th in India, the district has a population density of 341 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 14. 32%, Bhiwani has a sex ratio of 884 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76. 7%. It has an ambulance facility also. There is a far possibility that it becomes a college in future. Bhiwani is known for its numerous temples and therefore is known as Chhota Kashi. A Sri Hari Har temple is there, pranparthistha of this Shiv temple was done in January 2003. There is a Jain temple in Ranila,27 km. away from Bhiwani town, There is a Maa Durga temple in Devsar Dhaam. It has its most famous temple called Jogi Wala Mandir, dedicated to Lord Shiva and it also has Star Temple at Dinod, beautifully architectured in the shape of star There is a Shree Shyam Mandir in village Dhareru which is very famous. There is also Baba Mukhram Das as well as Baba Baldev Das Temple in the Village Umrawat which is very famous, Bhiwani is probably most strongest hub of sports in India
10.
Ganganagar
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Sri Ganganagar is a planned city and the northern-most city of the Indian state of Rajasthan, situated near borders of Rajasthan and Punjab states and the international border of India and Pakistan. It is the headquarters of Sri Ganganagar district. It is named after Maharaja Shri Ganga Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Bikaner, it is known as the food basket of Rajasthan. Sri Ganganagar was established by Maharaja Ganga Singh, near Ramanagar which was named after Ram Singh Ji Saharan and now known as Purani Abadi and Old Abadi. Sri Ganganagar is one of the first well planned cities of India. It is divided into blocks and a commercial area which includes Dhan Mandi. It is situated at the point where the Sutlej waters enter Rajasthan or the erstwhile Bikaner State and he started his journey to change posts from Suratgarh in south till Hindumalkot City in north of this district. He informed the Maharaja about his successful invasion of the area when he reached the northern part. In 1899-1900, the Bikaner State was affected by the worst famine, the plan of the Sutlej Valley Project was drawn by then Chief Engineer of Punjab, RG Kennedy, according to which the vast area of erstwhile Bikaner State could be brought under irrigation. However, the project got delayed due to objections by the erstwhile State of Bahawalpur, finally, with intervention of then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, in 1906, a Tripartite Conference was held and an agreement was reached and signed on 4 September 1920. The foundation stone of the Canal Head Works at Ferozepur was laid on 5 December 1925, the opening ceremony was performed on 26 October 1927 by Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India. The plan for the city of Sri Ganganagar was drawn at this time, irrigated parts of Bikaner State were brought under Sri Ganganagar district and later sub-divided into Hanumangarh district. Sri Ganganagar District is located between Latitude 28.4 to 30.6 and Longitude 72.2 to 75.3 The total area of Sri Ganganagar is 11,154.66 km² or 1,115,466 hectares. It is surrounded on the east by Hanumangarh District, on the south by Bikaner District, Area irrigated by the Suratgarh branch of the IGNP canal Area irrigated by Anupgarh branch of IGNP canal, it comprises Anupgarh and Gharsana tehsils. It is the southernmost region of the district, of which much has been converted into plains, the Naali belt, this is a narrow basin of the Ghaggar river. It is the major river of the district. It is a river, which flows in the rainy season. It enters the district near Suratgarh and then flows in areas of Jaitsar, Vijaynagar, Anoopgarh, the Uncha Tibba area of Suratgarh tehsil, large sandy dunes and lack of water predominate here
11.
Hanumangarh
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Hanumangarh is a city in northern Rajasthan state in western India, situated on the banks of the river Ghaggar also identified as Ancient Sarasvati river, located about 400 km from Delhi. It is the seat of Hanumangarh District. The city was once called Bhatner because it was founded by king Bhupat in 255 AD and it remained in the control of the Rajputs of Bhati clan and later occupied by Maharaja Soorat Singh of Bikaner. Hanumangarh was the kingdom of bhati dynasty and hence its name was Bhatner. Since it was won on Tuesday by Maharaja Soorat Singh of Bikaner, a 1700-year-old Bhatner fort is situated in the middle of Hanumangarh Town, the description of which can be found in Ain-i-Akbari. A famous Bhadrakali temple is situated near the town on the banks of Ancient Sarasvati river, the area around Hanumangarh appears to be quite old. It has yielded a number of decorative tiles in the late Kushan Empire style along with a number of coins. Two terracotta capitals at the depth of 15 from the top of the mound with stepped pyramids along their edges have been discovered, the Hanumangarh district also has a significant place in the ancient history. The remains found at Kalibangan in 1951 reveal that this area was a part of nearly 5000 years old Indus Valley Civilization, besides Kalibangan, more than 100 other places are also there in the district where evidences of this old civilization have been found. The remains found at these places have kept at Museum at Kalibangan and National Museum. As of 2011 India census, Hanumangarh had a population of 151104, males constitute 79817 of the population and females 71287. Hanumangarh has an literacy rate of 78. 32%, higher than the national average of 73. 0%, male literacy is 85. 42%. Voters are from caste Jat, Brahmin, Dalit, Muslim, Gurjar, Hanumangarh Junction is a major railway station on Jodhpur-Bathinda line, Sadulpur, Rewari, Jaipur, Sriganganagar, Anupgarh. Both Meter gauge and Broad gauge lines pass through this station, the broad gauge started in the year of 1982 from Bhatinda to Suratgarh via Hanumangarh, and first train was flagged by Mr. Milkha Singh, erstwhile Guard A. There will be smooth rail traffic for two cantonments Jaisalmer and Udhampur via Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar and Firozpur, there are 7 tehsil in district Hanumangarh these are Hanumangarh, Sangaria, Pilibanga, Nohar, Bhadra, Rawatsar and Tibbi. Bagri is the language in Hanumangarh. It is also known as Khichdi language because of having Punjabi words, Punjabi language is also used as a second language in most areas of the district, and as the predominant language in northern areas along the border of Punjab. Hindi is the language and English is also used widely
12.
Churu district
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Churu district is a district of the Indian state of Rajasthan in western India. The town of Churu is the headquarters of the district. The district has an area of approximately 16,830 km², the 2011 population was approximately 2,041,171. The gender ratio is 938 females per 1,000 males, there are 7 tehsils in the district, Churu, Ratangarh, Taranagar, Rajgarh, Sardarshahar, Sujangarh and Bidasar. The major crops include bajra and gram, the major minerals found in the district are copper and gypsum. Sujangarh, Ratangarh, Sardarshahar, Tarangar, Rajgarh, Ratannagar, Chapper, the Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, a blackbuck sanctuary, has more than 1,680 black bucks and migratory birds. It is an attraction for wildlife enthusiasts. The Bhadrakali Temple at Rajaldesar is popular among Shakta Tantra followers from all over India, baba Phool Nath Temple at Nawa, Rajgarh is popular and related to NATH Community. According to the 2011 census, Churu district has a population of approximately 2,041,172 and this gives it a ranking of 224th in India. The district has a density of 148 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-11 was approximately 6. 1%, Churu has a sex ratio of 938 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of about 67. 46%. Cultivators,73. 17% Agricultural laborers,3. 16% Processing, servicing,902 of the districts 926 villages have access to electricity. Water is available at the depth of 30 to 48 metres, with the exception of such as Sujangarh. The district has good connections within and outside the state, National Highway Nos.11,65, and 709 Ext. pass through the district. The total length of roads in the district is 3,010 km and is 240 km from Delhi via Hisar and 210 km. via Behal, the Churu district is served by broad gauge lines of the Northern-Western Railway. The total length of line is 363 km. The broad gauge is developing in areas of the district. The nearest airport is at Jaipur, Churu was ranked as 423rd in a ranking of 423 districts for the National Urban Sanitation Policy in 2009-2010
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Punjab (India)
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Punjab is a state in North India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Territory, after the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided on the basis of language in 1966 and it was divided into 3 parts. Haryanvi speaking areas were carved out as Haryana, Hilly regions, Punjab is the only Sikh majority state in India with Sikhs being 57. 69% of the population. Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab, Punjab has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are located in Steel Town—Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district. The word Punjab is a compound of the Persian words panj, thus Panjāb roughly means the land of five rivers. The five rivers are the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, traditionally, in English, there used to be a definite article before the name, i. e. The name is sometimes spelled as Panjab. During the period when the epic Mahabharata was written, around 800–400 BCE, Punjab was known as Trigarta, the Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of the Punjab region with cities such as Rupar. The Vedic Civilization spread along the length of the Sarasvati River to cover most of northern India including Punjab and this civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in the Indian subcontinent. The Punjab region was conquered by many ancient empires including the Gandhara, Nandas, Mauryas, Shungas, Kushans, Guptas, Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, the furthest eastern extent of Alexander the Greats exploration was along the Indus River. Agriculture flourished and trading cities such as Jalandhar, Sangrur and Ludhiana grew in wealth, due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from both west and east. Punjab faced invasions by the Achaemenids, Greeks, Scythians, Turks and this resulted in the Punjab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its culture combines Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Sikh and British influences, the regions of Azad Kashmir and Jammu have also been historically associated with the Punjab. The Punjab is the Sapta Sindhu region mentioned in the Rig Veda, among the classic books that were wholly or partly composed in this region are the following. The Brahmins of this region are called Saraswata after the legendary Saraswati river region, Hinduism has been prevalent in Punjab since historical times before the arrival of Islam and birth of Sikhism in Punjab. Some of the influential Sikh figures such as Guru Nanak, Banda Singh Bahadur, Bhai Mati Das, many of Punjabs Hindus converted to Sikhism. Punjabi Hindus can trace their roots from the time of the Vedas, many modern day cities in Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab are still named from that period like Lahore, Jalandhar, Chandigarh and so on
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Fazilka district
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Fazilka district is one of new and 22 districts in the state of Punjab in North-West Republic of India. The district headquarters of Fazilka District is in Fazilka City, on 27 July 2011, the Government of Punjab created two new districts, Fazilka district by partition of Firozpur district, and Pathankot district by partition of Gurdaspur district. It is located next to the border with Pakistan, the border being to its west and it has the district of Firozpur to its north, Sri Muktsar Sahib to its east and Rajasthan to the south and Pakistan to its west. It has extreme climate, with the summers being very hot, the River Sutlej runs through the district and moves over to the Pakistan side through the Indo-Pakistani border. The districts chief executive is the Deputy Commissioner, as of 2014 the office was held by Mr. Manjeet Brar, IAS. The district is subdivided into three tehsils, Fazilka Abohar Jalalabad Abohar is the largest city in Fazilka district. In the 1961 Census of India,60. 2% of the Fazilka tehsil of Firozpur district registered their language as Hindi and only 39. 4% registered it as Punjabi
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Muktsar district
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Sri Muktsar Sahib district is one of the twenty two districts in the Indian Punjab and earlier known as khidraane di dhaab. Its capital, the city of Sri Muktsar Sahib, is renamed from Muktsar to Sri Muktsar Sahib, other towns include Malout and Giddarbaha. Muktsar district was created as a new district on 7 November 1995 by taking out Muktsar subdivision of Faridkot district, the last battlefield of the tenth Sikh Guru, Shri Guru Gobind Singh, lies in the districts main city. A huge battle, knowns as Battle of Muktsar, took place between the Mughals and the Sikhs in 1705 where a Gurudwara, Gurudwara Tibbi Sahib, now marks the site. The district has many historical Gurudwaras including, Darbar Sahib, Shaheedi Gurudwara, a huge fair, known as Mela Maghi, is celebrated in January every year at Sri Muktsar Sahib city in the memory of the forty martyrs. According to the 2011 census Sri Muktsar Sahib district has a population of 902,702. This gives it a ranking of 464th in India, the district has a population density of 348 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 16. 1% and it has a sex ratio of 895 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 66. 8%. The principal Jatt Sikh clans are, Sidhu Brar, Sandhu, Sekhon, Buttar, Gill, Maan, Bhullar, Aulakh, Virk, Dhaliwal, official Website of Sri Muktsar Sahib district
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Punjab, Pakistan
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Punjab, is Pakistans second largest province by area after Balochistan, and its most populous province with an estimated population of 101,391,000 as of 2015. It is bordered by Sindh, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as well as the regions of Islamabad Capital Territory and it also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan, and Jammu and Kashmir. The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore, a centre of Pakistan where the countrys cinema industry. Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times, the Indus Valley Civilization, dating to 2600 BCE, was first discovered at Harappa. Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata, in 326 BCE, Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong, Punjab. The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE, Punjab was later invaded by Tamerlane, Babur, and Nader Shah. Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire, following a successful rebellion, Sikh-led armies claimed Lahore in 1759. The administration of the Sikh Empire was based out of Lahore, the province was formed when the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious boundaries in 1947 by the Radcliffe Line after Partition. Punjab is Pakistans most industrialised province with the industrial sector making up 24% of the gross domestic product. Punjab is known in Pakistan for its prosperity, and has the lowest rate of poverty amongst all Pakistani provinces. Punjab is also one of South Asias most urbanized regions with approximately 40% of people living in urban areas and its human development index rankings are high relative to the rest of Pakistan. Punjab is known in Pakistan for its relatively liberal social attitudes, the province has been strongly influenced by Sufism, with numerous Sufi shrines spread across Punjab which attract millions of devotees annually. The founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak, was born in the Punjab town of Nankana Sahib near Lahore, Punjab is also the site of the Katasraj Temple, which features prominently in Hindu mythology. Several UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located in Punjab, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the excavations at Taxila. The region was known to the Greeks as Pentapotamia, meaning the region of five rivers. The word Punjab was formally introduced in the early 17th century CE as an elision of the Persian words panj and āb, thus meaning the five rivers, similar in meaning to the Greek name for the region. The five rivers, namely Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, flow via the Panjnad River into the Indus River, of the five great rivers of Punjab, four course through Pakistans Punjab province. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and witnessed centuries of invasions by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks
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Bahawalnagar district
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Bahawalnagar District, is a district of Punjab province in Pakistan. Before the independence of Pakistan, Bahawalnagar was part of Bahawalpur state governed by the Nawab of Bahawalpur, the city of Bahawalnagar is the capital of the district. Its population according to the 1998 census was 2,061,000 people. 6% of the population, followed by Urdu at 3. 7% and Saraiki at 1. 2%. Nawab Bahawal Khan-1 as second nawab of Bahawalpur ascended the throne in 1746 A. D. Muhammad Mubarik after ruling successfully for years died issueless in 1772 A. D and he was succeeded by nephew Sahibzada Jafar Khan alias Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan-II in 1772. The boundaries of Bahawalnagar in the east and south touches the Indian territory while Bahawalpur district lies on its west, District Bahawalnagar spreads over an area of 8878 square kilometers. The population of Bahawalnagar, according to the 1998 Census of Pakistan, is 2,061,447, the sub-campus of Islamia University is located here
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Fatehabad district
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Fatehabad District, is one of the twenty one districts of Haryana state, India. The district derives its name from the headquarters town founded by Firoz Shah Tughlak in the 14th century. He named it after his son Fateh Khan, as Fatehabad, the Fatehabad district was carved out of Hisar district on 15 July 1997. Aryan speaking people first settled on the banks of the Sarasvati and Drsadvati Rivers rivers then expanded to cover an area of Hisar. The area was included in the kingdom of the Pandavas. Pāṇini mentions a number of towns in the region including Aisukari, Taushayana and Rori, according to the Puranas, the areas of Fatehabad district remained a part of he Nanda Empire. The discovery of Ashokan pillars at Hisar and Fatehabad shows that this area remained a part of Mauryan empire, the people of Agroha area assisted Chandra Gupta Maurya in the war against the Greeks. After the fall of the Mauryas and Shungas, the Agras along with the Yaudheys — the republican tribes of the region — asserted their independence, the Agras settled in the region covering Barwala and Agroha, the capital headquarters, from where they issued coins. As attested by the discovery of coin-moulds and terracottas, the region was a part of the Kushan empire, altekar, the Yaudheys made a second bid for independence towards the end of the 2nd century AD when they succeeded in freeing their homeland and ousted the Kushans. This finds support from seals discovered at the Agroha Mound, the early 11th century saw the Ghaznavid make inroads in this area. Sultan Masud led expeditions towards Agroha, the Chauhans seem to have taken special measures for protecting the area against Muslim incursions. The area of Agroha passed under Muslim rule after the defeat of Prithvi Raj III in the Second Battle of Tarain, after the Battle of Tarain, Sultan Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Ghuri placed one of his ablest generals in the Indian campaigns. But it appears that any meaningful control could not be established, seizing the opportunity, a Rajput clan, Jatus, a branch of Tomar/Tanwar Rajputs, widely extended their power in Fatehabad area including Agroha. Firuz shot these areas into prominence, the ruler came to have somewhat unusual fancy for the tract. After the death of Firuz, chaos and confusion spread all round, the situation deteriorated still further when Timur invaded in 1398. During his marching, Timur invested Fatehabad which was captured without any opposition from the inhabitants, lastly, the invader reached Tohana but he could not set- up his permanent rule over the area. He soon left for Samana after looting these areas, the areas of Fatehabad came under the control of Mughals-Babar and Humayun. There is a small and beautiful mosque known as Humanyun mosque at Fatehabad, the legend assigns the association of the mosque to the Mughal Emperor Humanyun who in his flight after his defeat at the hands of Sher Shah Suri happened to pass through Fatehabad
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Ganganagar district
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Sri Ganganagar district is a northernmost district of Rajasthan state in western India. Named after Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner, Sri Ganganagar district was part of Bikaner state and this was a mostly uninhabited region. The history of this district is testimony to the vision and efforts of Maharaja Ganga Singh, the waters of the Sutlej River were brought into the region through the 89-mile long Gang Canal in 1927, turning this region into a breadbasket of Rajasthan. Sri Ganganagar District is located between Latitude 28.4 to 30.6 and Longitude 72.2 to 75.3 The total area of Sri Ganganagar is 11,154.66 km² or 1,115,466 hectares. It is surrounded on the east by Hanumangarh District, on the south by Bikaner District, there are following ten tehsils in Ganganagar district. This gives it a ranking of 235th in India, the district has a population density of 179 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 10. 06%, Ganganagar has a sex ratio of 887 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 70. 25%. The district has editions of state level newspapers from Jaipur, which are re-published from Ganganagar and Raisinghnagar, the newspaper Seema Sandesh is published from Ganganagar in Hindi. Air Suratgarh, a station, broadcasts programmes in Hindi, Rajasthani. It was commissioned in 1981 and broadcasts on the 918 kHz frequency
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Jhunjhunu district
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Jhunjhunu district is a district of the Indian state Rajasthan in western India. The town Jhunjhunu is the district headquarters, Jhunjhunu is the only district in India which has contributed maximum number of soldiers in Indian Army. As an average house has one or more soldier serving in Indian Army. Jhunjhunu district is part of Shekhawati Region, Jhunjhunu was founded and ruled by the Kaimkhani Nawabs till 1730. Rohilla Khan was the last Nawab of Jhunjhunu, the Nawabs ruled over Jhunjhunu for 280 years. Rohilla Khan had imposed great faith in Shardul Singh and he acted as his Diwan, Shardul Singh was a bold and efficient administrator. He occupied Jhunjhunu after the death of Rohilla Khan in 1730 A. D and it was by dint of his subtle political demeanour that Maharao Shardul Singh occupied Jhunjhunu & ruled over it for 12 years. After his death the estate was divided equally among his five sons and their descendants continued to rule over it till Indian Independence in 1947. Shardul Singhs religious belief was instrumental in him having built many such as Kalyan Ji Mandir & Gopinath Ji Ka mandir at Jhunjhunu. To commemorate Maharao Shardul Singh, his sons made a dome at Parasrampura ordorned with fresco paintings. According to the 2011 census Jhunjhunu district has a population of 2,139,658 and this gives it a ranking of 214th in India. The district has a density of 361 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 11. 81%, jhunjhunun has a sex ratio of 950 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 74. 72%. The Pasaris, Piramals, Chandaks and The Birla family, four families of prominent Indian industrialists, former Central Minister Late Sis Ram Ola was also from the district. Ramakrishna Mission in the Khetri town of the district, the Khetri Copper Complex of Hindustan Copper Limited is situated at distance of 10 km from the Khetri town. It is the largest Copper mines in India and it also has by-products i. e. Sulphuric Acid, Fertilizer etc. Dalmia Vidya Mandir Chirawa K R Memorial Sr. Sec School, Pilani BITS Pilani Delhi Public School Jhunjhunu Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University
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Firozpur district
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Firozpur district is one of the twenty-two districts in the state of Punjab located in the North-West of the Republic of India. Firozpur district comprises an area of 5,305 km2, prior to split of Firozpur district with the addition of Fazilka district, it comprised an area of 11,142 km2. Firozpur is the city of the district. It is situated inside ten gates—Amritsari Gate, Wansi Gate, Makhu Gate, Zira Gate, Bagdadi Gate, Mori Gate, Delhi Gate, Magjani Gate, Multani Gate, according to the 2011 census the undivided Firozpur district had a population of 2,026,831. This gives it a ranking of 230th in India, the district has a population density of 380 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 16. 08%, Firozpur has a sex ratio of 893 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 69. 8%
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History of Bikaner
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The region of Bikaner, stretching across northern Rajasthan State in India, was earlier known as Jangladesh. It included the districts of Bikaner, Churu, Ganganagar. It is bounded on the south by Marwar and Jaisalmer regions, Bikaner state was a princely state that was founded in the 15th century in this region. After becoming a British protectorate in 1818, it persisted until shortly after Indias Independence in 1947, prior to middle 15th-century rule, the region that is Bikaner was a barren wilderness called Jangladesh. The territory forming the boundaries of Bikaner was ruled by Jat dynasty of Jats, the chiefs enjoyed a large amount of autonomy, from their nominal overlord, the sultanate of Delhi. Whole of the region was possessed by six or seven Jat cantons namely Sihag, Dhaka, Punia, Godara, Saran, Beniwal, Johiya and Kaswan. Besides these cantons there were several sub-castes of Jats, simultaneously wrested from Rajput proprietors for instance Bagor, Kharipatta, Mohila or Mehila, Bhukar, Bhadu, according to History of Bikaner State and by the scholars, the region was occupied by Jats with their seven territories. It is said about Jat territories that Saat Patti Sattavan Majh and he was accompanied by his uncle, Rawat Kandhal, who provided politico-strategic advice. In 1488 he began the building of the city itself, in the beginning the neighboring Bhati chiefs were suspicious of the new growing power in their vicinity. This consolidated Rao Bikas power in the region and proved to be a milestone in the history of the state, upon Rao Jodhas death in 1488 Rao Bika stormed Mehrangarh Fort, an event that was to lead to 200 years of intermittent wars between Marwar and Bikaner. Remains of the small fortress Rao Bika built can still be seen around the walled city. The royal family of Bikaner lived there, till Raja Rai Singh Ji built a new fort called Chintamani between 1589 and 1593 AD, according to legend Bika Lunkaranji consulted a holy man called Jas nathji, who foretold that Bikas line would reign for 450 years. While Bika was pleased with this prediction, his brother Gharsiji when he heard of the prediction thought a longer period of power should have been prophesied and he confronted the holy man while he was in a deep trance and roused him by thrusting burning incense under his nose. Jas nathji told him All right take 50 years more or less but of trial, one of the most successful earlier rulers was Jait Singh until he was killed by the forces of Rao Maldev of Marwar. He was succeeded by his son Kalyan Mal who under pressure from the Marwar forces retreated to the Punjab where he joined with Sher Shah Suri who expelled the Mughal ruler Humayun in 1540. With Sher Shah Suris support Kalyan Mal was able by 1545 to recover his lost territories from Rao Maldev, the return of Humayun to power meant that Bikaner due to its involvement with Sher Shah Suri came into conflict with the Mughals again. However Kalyan Mal by using all the advantages of the desert environment around Bikaner was able to defeat any invading Mughal army. The coming of Akbar to power saw the Mughal empire turn to diplomacy instead of force to bring the individual Rajput states into the empire
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North India
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North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indus-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, other states sometimes included are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat and West Bengal. North India has been the centre of the Mughal, Delhi Sultanate. The languages that have official status in one or more of the states and union territories located in North India are Hindi, Sanskrit, Urdu, Punjabi, Kashmiri/Koshur, Dogri, different authorities and sources define North India differently. The Northern Zonal Council is one of the councils, created in 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act to foster inter-state cooperation. It differs from the North Cultural Zone in its inclusion of Delhi, in contrast, the Geological Survey of India included Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in its Northern Region, but excluded Rajasthan and Chandigarh, with a regional headquarters in Lucknow. North Indian states which are entirely above the Tropic of Cancer are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The term North Indian is sometimes used to people from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, often using the term bhaiya in a derogatory sense. In Punjab, people from the region are often referred to as Purabias. Some publications of the Government of Bihar place that state in the part of India as well. Within Uttar Pradesh itself, the divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the purabiyas often being clubbed with Biharis in the perception of the westerners. One demarcation between northern and southern nations has been the Vindhya mountain range, in centuries past this sometimes formed a border during periods of imperial expansion, such as the one ruled by the Gupta emperor Samudragupta. The Vindhyas also find mention in the narrative of Rishi Agastya as a dividing feature between North and South India, the Manusmṛti also describes the southern limit of Aryavarta as being defined by the Vindhya range. North India lies mainly on continental India, north of peninsular India, towards its north are the Himalayas which define the boundary between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau. To its west is the Thar desert, shared between North India and Pakistan and the Aravalli Range, beyond lies the state of Gujarat. The Vindhya mountains are, in some interpretations, taken to be the boundary of North India. The state of Madhya Pradesh has large areas under forest cover, as do Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, North India lies mainly in the north temperate zone of the Earth. Though cool or cold winters, hot summers and moderate monsoons are the general pattern, North India is one of the most climatically diverse regions on Earth
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Awadh
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Nepalgunj was an administrative region, which serves as the present-day capital of Province No.5 of Nepal. The region is home to a dialect, Awadhi, spoken by Awadhis. Awadh, known as the granary of India, was important strategically for the control of the Doab and it was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its independence against threats from the Marathas, the British and the Afghans. Awadhs political unity can be traced back to the ancient Hindu kingdom of Kosala, modern Awadh finds historical mention only in the Mughal time of Akbar the Great, in the late 16th century. In prehistoric times, Awadh, reputedly the kingdom of Rama, contained five main divisions, Uttara Kosala or the districts, now known as Bahraich, Gonda, Basti. Silliana, consisting of range of hills to the north of Uttara Kosala, now belonging to Nepal. Pachhimrath, which may be described as the country between Ghaghra and Gomti west to the line from Ayodhya to Sultanpur. This division included about third of present district of Faizabad, a portion of the north of Sultanpur, greater part of Barabanki. Purabrath, which may be described as the country between Ghaghra and Gomti east to the line from Ayodhya to Sultanpur. This division included about two-thirds of present district of Faizabad, the corner of Sultanpur. Arbar, extended soutwards Gomti to the Sai river, since 1350 AD different parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Nawabs of Awadh, East India Company and the British Raj. Lucknow was one of the centres of Indian rebellion of 1857, participated actively in Indias Independence movement. For about eighty-four years, Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur, Emperor Jehangir granted an estate in Awadh to a nobleman, Sheik Abdul Rahim, who had won his favour. Sheik Abdul Rahim later built Machchi Bhawan in this estate, this became the seat of power from where his descendants. Until 1719, the Subah of Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire, Nawab –the plural of the Arabic word Naib, meaning assistant– was the term given to subahdars appointed by the Mughal emperor all over India to assist him in managing the Empire. In the absence of transport and communication facilities, they were practically independent rulers of their territory and wielded the power of life. Persian adventurer Saadat Khan, also called Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed the Nazim of Awadh in 1722, the city was North Indias cultural capital, its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts. Under them music and dance flourished, and many monuments were erected, of the monuments standing today, the Bara Imambara, the Chhota Imambara and the Rumi Darwaza are notable examples
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Bagelkhand
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Bagelkhand or Baghelkhand is a region and also a mountain range in central India that covers the northeastern regions of Madhya Pradesh and a small area of southeastern Uttar Pradesh. It includes the Madhya Pradesh districts of Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi, bagelkhand is surrounded by the Indo-Gangetic plains in the north and east, Bundelkhand in the west and the Vindhya range in the south. The Baghels, who give their name to the region, are a branch of the Solanki who once ruled in Gujarat, Vyaghra Dev was the first Solanki ruler who came to this area from Gujarat and established his rule. Bagh is derived from Vyaghra, which is Sanskrit for tiger, the descendants of Vyaghra Dev are known as Baghels. Bagelkhand Agency derived its name from the region, bagelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh is also known as Vindhya region. The art world is unaware of the tradition of this area. Raja Vishvanath Singh was a lover of art and he also wrote in Sanskrit. His Deewan Bansidhar was also a great scholar, during his times many mss were illuminated including shaktinidhi which contains several forms of Devi and Vishnunidhi which comprises different forms of Lord vishnu
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Bhojpuri region
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The Bhojpuri region is an area encompassing parts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in northern India and the Bara and Parsa districts of Nepal where Bhojpuri language is spoken as a mother tongue language. Ujjainiya Rajputs of the former Shahabad district of ancient Bihar established their headquarters in the town of Arrah, Bhojpuri is also spoken in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius, and South Africa. It is one of the languages of Nepal and is recognized in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Mauritius. It is a language of Fiji. The variant of Bhojpuri of the Indo-Caribbeans in the Caribbean is referred to as Caribbean Hindustani, in Mauritius a dialect of Bhojpuri remains in use, and it is locally called Bojpury. In Fiji the variant of Bhojpuri is Fiji Hindi, there is also a variant of Bhojpuri that is also spoke in South Africa. Bhojpuri, a variant of Eastern Hindi, is spoken in this region, along with Hindi, Urdu. Culture of Bhojpuri region is a part of Indias North-Central Cultural Zone akin to rest of North India, however, the economic and industrial growth of this region had been greatly hindered because of caste-guided political in-fighting and a huge population. Among the major festivals celebrated are Chhath Puja, Diwali, Hori, Navraat, Dasahara, Ramnavami, Shivraat, Sekraat, Eid, Bakrid, Muharram, Easter, Bara din, Naya saal and many other festivals. In urban regions, women especially girls prefer wearing western outfits, whereas in rural regions, during winter, both men and women cover their body with a shaal and many warm clothes. Women cover their head and body with the shawl, ornaments include anguthi and kada/bera for men and for women, mangteeka, bangles, chain, and hansuli. Kajri, Barahmasi, Chaumas, Chaiti, Chautal, Hori, Sawani, Chhath geet, Thumari, Kahrava, Birha, Kawwali, Alha, Nirgun, Kirtan, Jogia, Bhajan, Kavi sammelan, Musayara. Dances of the Bhojpuri region include Nautanki, Dakdhin Nepal nach, Kathak, Ramlila, Krishnalila, Bandar and Bhalu dance, Kaharwa dance, Dhobiya dance, Thumka, Kirtan dance and Ahirwa dance. Major ethnic groups include Kushwaha, Kurmi, Yadav, Nishad, Kewat, Brahmin, Jatt, Rajput, Yadava, Ahir, Dusadh, Bhumihar, Pathan, Rajbhar and Teli. Gilli-Danda Gudi Bazi Looka-Chhupi Cricket Kabaddi Kushti-Pahalwani Khho Khho Bhojpuri cuisine is a part of North Indian and it is a style of food preparation common amongst the Bhojpuri people living in Bihar and Purvanchal. Generally Bhojpuri peoples enjoy eating both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes, Bhojpuri cuisine is heavily influenced by Mughlai and its neighbouring Awadhi cuisines. Popular dishes include litti chokha, mal pua during religious festivals, Bhojpuri language is spoken in the districts of Western Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh which is called Purvanchal and middle Terai region, of Nepal
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Braj
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Brij is a region mainly in Uttar Pradesh of India, around Mathura-Vrindavan. Brij, though never a defined political region in India, is very well demarcated culturally. The area stretches from Mathura, Jalesar, Agra, Hathras and Aligarh right up to Etah, Mainpuri and it is considered to be the land of Krishna and is derived from the Sanskrit word vraja. The main cities in the region are Mathura, Jalesar, Bharatpur, Agra, Hathras, Dholpur, Aligarh, Etawah, Mainpuri, Etah, Kasganj, Brajbhoomi falls right in the middle of the Doab. The area was an important part of the Madhya-desha or Aryavarta or midlands, the region lies well within the golden triangle of Delhi-Jaipur-Agra. The land of Braj starts from Kotban near Hodel and it covers Agra, Aligarh, Hathras Bharatpur bareilly and Dholpur, in broader terms Firozabad Mainpuri Etah kasganj Etawah and Gwalior Morena Bhind area are also part of Brajbhoomi or Braj Pradesh. The residents or natives of Braj are called Brijwasi, Braj bhasha or Brij bhasha, closely related to spoken Hindi with a soft accent, is spoken throughout the region. Braj is famous for its sweets and Chaat, Hathras is also known for its sindoor and heeng. The region is related to the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Krishna is said to have spent his childhood and adolescence in Braj and therefore, Krishna performed his numerous popularly called his lilas in the 137 sacred forests, at the 1000 Kunds, on the numerous holy hills and on the banks of the river Yamuna. In Srimad Bhagawat, he says to his foster father, Nandbaba that Braj is a culture of forests and hills. Nowhere in the history of mankind, can one find such an emphasis on the harmony of life with the environment. Thus, the Brajbhasa, the language of Braj was the language of choice of the Bhakti movement, or the neo-Vaishnavite religions, therefore, most of the literature in this language pertains to Krishna composed in medieval times. Many international Hindu communities and disciplic successions established temples in the heart of Braj, in May of 2014, Braj was added to the lexicon. As The 2014 word had already selected, Braj had an early selection for the 2015 Word of the Day of the Year. It has since become the best received and most welcome Word of the Day of the Year in the 10 year WOTDOTY history, the vast heritage of the region is thought to be deteriorating. Out of the 137 forests, only 3 are left and the rest have been cut down, out of the 27 picturesque ghats on the banks of river Yamuna, only one remains and rest have been encroached upon and smuggled out. Due to the wide scale illegal mining of Braj hills, the spots associated with Krishna are being lost
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Bundelkhand
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Bundelkhand is a region and also a mountain range in central India. The hilly region is now divided between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, with the portion lying in the latter state. The Khangar ruled areas of present-day Bundelkhand after the fall of the Chandelas in 1182 A. D. and their seat of power was at Garh Kundar, a fort built by Khub Singh Khangar. During the Khangar rule, Bundelkhand was known as Jujhauti, implying the land of warriors, the name of the region derives from the Bundela Rajputs, who succeeded the Chandel Rajputs as rulers of the region in the 16th century. Among the well-known places of Bundelkhand is Khajuraho, which has numerous 10th-century sculptures devoted to fine living and eroticism. The mines of Panna have been the source of magnificent diamonds, the region was earlier known as Jejabhukti or Jejakabhukti. According to the inscriptions of the Chandela dynasty, this derived from Jeja. However, it is possible that this derives from an even earlier name of the region. After the Bundelas replaced the Chandelas around 14th century, the region came to be known as Bundelkhand after them, Bundelkhand lies between the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the north and the Vindhya Range to the south. It is a gently sloping upland, distinguished by barren hilly terrain with sparse vegetation, the plains of Bundelkhand are intersected by three mountain ranges, the Vindhya, Fauna and Bander chains, the highest elevation not exceeding 600 meters above sea-level. The general slope of the country is towards the northeast, as indicated by the course of the rivers which traverse or bound the territory, the principal rivers are the Sindh, Betwa, Shahzad River, Ken, Bagahin, Tons, Pahuj, Dhasan and Chambal. The Kali Sindh, rising in Malwa, marks the frontier of Bundelkhand. Parallel to this river, but further east, is the course of the Betwa, still farther to the east flows the Ken, followed in succession by the Bagahin and Tons. The Yamuna and the Ken are the two navigable rivers. These artificial lakes are formed by throwing embankments across the lower extremities of valleys. Drought, - since 2007 Bundelkhand region has been facing severe drought problems, normal rainy days in Bundelkhand is 52 days but last six years its restricted 24 days. Timing of Monsoon usually in this area is second week of June but, Year 2008 this season saw rains, farmers were not prepared for sowing. Then till July 2008, most of the Bundelkhand region received around 55 percent of its average rainfall
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History of Delhi
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The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. Much of Delhis ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history, extensive coverage of Delhis history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century. Since then, Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms, making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals, the core of Delhis tangible heritage is Hindu, Islamic with expansive British-era architecture in Lutyens Delhi dating to the British rule in India. Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include Anangpur, as well as Harappan excavations near Narela, references to Delhis history in ancient literature are based on myths and legends. According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata, a city called Indraprastha, there is a strong belief that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient Indraprastha. Northern Black Polished Ware have been excavated at the site, and pieces of Painted Grey Ware were found on the surface, suggesting an older settlement. In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka was discovered near Srinivaspur, two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century. The famous Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar was commissioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta dynasty, notable settlements to have been established in the region include, Indraprastha, supposedly built by the Pandavas. Surajkund, Tomar-Gurjar city dating from the 9th or 10th century, lalkot, built ca.1052 A. D. by the Tomara ruler, Anangpal. In ca.1180 A. D. Prithviraj Chauhan extended and fortified it as a defence against Muslim invaders and this area, now called as Mehrauli, was also the seat of the Mamluk dynasty. Siri, first established as a camp for protection against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khilji, feroz Shah’s building activity indicates that the suburbs were still occupied, major mosques were built inside Jahanpanah and Nizamuddin, and the area around Khilji reservoir Hauz Khas was developed. Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by Sher Shah Suri, Shahjahanabad, the walled city built by Shah Jahan from 1638 to 1649, containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk. It was the capital of the Mughal Empire during Shah Jahans reign and it is presently referred to as Old Delhi. Lutyens Delhi or New Delhi, the city built by the British on the south-west, on 12 December 2011 New Delhi celebrated 100 years of serving as Indias National Capital. Modern Delhi, referred to as Dilli locally, derived from its historical name Dhili, is an all of the above. The rest are not officially identified as Cities of Delhi because of specific reasons. Indraprastha, the legendary Ancient City is believed to have been established 5000 years ago, though very much a part of Indias very Ancient history, it lacks any tangible evidence to say without doubt that it existed. Archaeological evidence exists, but in such scarcity as be inconclusive, more possible evidence in its favour is the existence of a village named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila that was destroyed by the British during the construction of Lutyens Delhi
30.
Doab
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Doab is a term used in India and Pakistan for the tongue, or tract of land lying between two converging, or confluent, rivers. It is similar to an interfluve, in the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R. S. McGregor defines it as a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers. The centres of the doabs consist of low-lying flood-prone bangar and the higher-lying peripheries which line the rivers, the region has an area of about 23,360 square miles, it is approximately 500 miles in length and 60 miles in width. The region of the Doab figures prominently in the history and myths of Vedic period, the British divided the Doab into three administrative districts or zones, viz. Upper Doab, Middle Doab and Lower Doab and these districts are now divided into several other districts as enumerated below. Mathura is in the region of Braj. The names are a combination of the first letters, in the Persian alphabet, for example, Jech = Je + Ch. The names are, The Sind Sagar Doab lies between the Indus and Jhelum rivers, the Jech Doab lies between the Jhelum and the Chenab rivers. The Rechna Doab lies between the Chenab and the Ravi rivers, the Bari Doab lies between the Ravi and the Beas rivers. The Bist Doab - between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers, the rivers flowing through the Malwa region, covering current states of Madhya Pradesh and parts of north-eastern Rajasthan, also has doab region such as Upper Malwa doab and Lower Malwa doab. The Raichur Doab is the region of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states which lies between the Krishna River and its tributary the Tungabhadra River, named for the town of Raichur. McGregor, Ronald Stuart, The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p.513, ISBN 978-0-19-864339-5, retrieved 11 September 2013
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Doaba
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Doaba, also known as Bist Doab, is the region of Punjab, India that lies between the Beas River and the Sutlej River. People of this region are given the demonym Doabia, the dialect of Punjabi spoken in Doaba is called Doabi. The term Doaba or Doab is derived from Persian دو آب meaning land of two rivers, the river Sutlej separates Doaba from the Malwa region to its south and the river Beas separates Doaba from the Majha region to its north. Scheduled castes form more than 35% of the population in Doaba, saini dominate in a significant number of villages in Hoshiarpur, Nawanshehr & Jalandhar districts. Other castes include Jatt, Kamboj etc and this area is also called the NRI Hub of Punjab as a consequence of the migration of a significant percentage of Doabias. Doaba comprises the districts, Hoshiarpur Kapurthala Jalandhar Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar Traditionally, Doaba was subdivided into Manjki, Dona, Dhak, Sirowal, Kandi. The boundaries between Dona, Manjki and Dhak are not well defined and this gives an outline of the areas which fall within the sub divisions of Doaba. For instance, the division between Manjki and Dhak is the Grand Trunk Road, even though the Manj held land to the east of this road, people generally refer to this area as Dhak for ease of reference. According to local people, each developed a sub culture. This influenced people to arrange marriages within the sub division. These considerations however are now not taken into account, Manjki includes a large part of Nakodar tehsil, western parts of Goraya sub tehsil, Noormahal sub tehsil and western parts of Phillaur tehsil. The villages of Jandiala and Bundala lie in Manjki, the south east of Phagwara also falls within Manjki. However, it is not clear which area is covered in the Phagwara tehsil, however, there is a reference by Ibbetson to Bara Pind and 12 villages to the south of Phagwara being held by Manj Rajputs. It is not clear if the area takes its name from the Manj tribe which held the track around Nakodar or the name is related to the condition of the land. However, the Manj Rajputs did hold a large tract in the south west of Jallandhar district stretching between Talwan, Nakodar and Malsian. On this basis, it is unlikely that the name derives from the condition of the land and is likely to be linked to the Manj Rajputs. Traditionally, the area to the west of Grand Trunk Road is considered to be Manjki and accordingly, the lines between the subdivisions are not clear cut but are general guides. After 1947, this region experienced large scale emigration to Northern nations such as the UK, Canada, as a result of these developments, there has been considerable NRI investment into this area of Punjab which has resulted in comparative economic prosperity in this region
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Dhundhar
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Dhundhar, also known as Jaipur region, is a historical region of Rajasthan state in western India. It includes the districts of Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, and Tonk, in 1900, at the times of Jaipur Kingdom, region had a total area of 15,579 square miles. The southern and central portions of the lie in the basin of the Banas River and its tributaries, including the Dhund River. The northern portion of the region is drained by the Ban Ganga River, the state of Jaipur was earlier knows as Amber or Dhundhar and was ruled by Meena tribe, who held a fortress at Naen. Later a Kachhwaha prince destroyed the sovereignty of Naen, generally liberal policies of the rulers permitted Jainism to flourish at Amber and later at Jaipur. It continues to be one of the most important centers of Jainism in India and it is here where the Bispanthi/Digambar Terapanthi divisions among the Jains emerged in the 17th century
33.
Garhwal division
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Garhwal, IPA, /ɡəɽʋːɔɭ/) is the northwestern region and administrative division of the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand which is home to the Garhwali people. Lying in the Himalayas, it is bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Kumaon region, on the south by Uttar Pradesh state and it includes the districts of Chamoli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, and Uttarkashi. The people of Garhwal are known as Garhwali and speak the Garhwali language, the administrative center for Garhwal division is the town of Pauri. The Divisional Commissioner is the head of the Division, and is a senior Indian Administrative Service officer. Mr. Vinod Sharma, IAS is currently the Divisional Commissioner of the Garhwal Division, Garhwal is the land of many garh’ or forts. This region was made up of small forts which were ruled by chieftains. Therefore, the history of Garhwal before the rule of the ‘Panwar’ rulers is very obscure. Kanak Pal was the first ruler of the state of Garhwal in 823 AD, the Garhwal Himalayas appear to have been a favorite locale for the voluminous mythology of the Puranic period. The traditional name of Garhwal was Uttarakhand, excavations have revealed that it formed part of the Mauryan Empire. The earliest reference regarding Garhwal and its spots are cited in the Skanda Purana. Skanda Purana defines the boundaries and extend of this holy land and it also finds mention in the 7th-century travelogue of Huen Tsang. The history of Garhwal as a whole began in the 15th century. For 300 years, Garhwal remained one kingdom, with its capital at Srinagar, then Pauri and Dehradun were perforce ceded to the Crown as payment for British help, rendered to the Garhwalis during the Gurkha invasion, in the early 19th century. The earliest ruling dynasty of Garhwal known is of the Katyuris, the Katyuri Raja of Uttarakhand was styled Sri Basdeo Giriraj Chakara Churamani. The earliest traditions record that the possessions of Joshimath Katyuris in Garhwal extended from Satluj as far as Gandaki and from the snows to plains, including the whole of Rohilkhand. Tradition gives the origin of their Raj at Joshimath in the north near Badrinath and subsequent migration to Katyur Valley in Almora district, Katyuris ruled Uttarakhand up to the 11th century and in certain pockets even after their decline. In Garhwal their disruption brought into existence 52 independent chiefs, one of the important principalities in that period was that of Parmars, who held their sway over Chandpur Garhi or Fortress. Katyuris ruled Uttarakhand up to the 11th century and in certain pockets even after their decline, kanak Pal was progenitor of this dynasty
34.
Gird
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The Moscow-based Group for the Study of Reactive Motion was a Soviet research bureau founded in 1931 to study various aspects of rocketry. In 1933 it was incorporated into the Reaction-Engine Scientific Research Institute, GIRD was created on September 15,1931. There were a number of groups and solitary researchers in existence. The group was organized as four brigades and ten projects to study rocket engines and also winged, sergey Korolev, the future leader of the Soviet space program, was the over-all director of GIRD, as well as a brigade leader and the chairman of its technical council. Friedrich Zander headed the GIRDs 1st Brigade, which comprised Tsanders research team and it ran on compressed air and gasoline and Tsander used it to investigate high-energy fuels including powdered metals mixed with gasoline. The chamber was cooled regeneratively by air entering at the nozzle end, project 02, the OR-2 engine, was designed for Korolevs RP-1 rocket-powered glider. It burned oxygen and gasoline, and its nozzle was made from heat-resistant graphite, the engine was later modified to burn alcohol, which generated less heat than gasoline, and its thrust was increased. After cooling the engine walls, the compressed oxygen entered the top end of the chamber in a swirling pattern, fuel was injected through an atomizer at the center, to create efficient mixing and combustion. In January 1933 Tsander began development of the GIRD-X missile, problems with burn-through during testing prompted a switch from gasoline to less energetic alcohol. The final missile,2.2 metres long by 140 millimetres in diameter, had a mass of 30 kilograms, Tsander died unexpectedly from an illness on March 28,1933, and his engineer, Leonid Konstantinovich Korneev, became the new leader of his Brigade. An exact copy of the GIRD-X can be found on Tsanders headstone in Kislovodsk, the first Soviet rocket launch was the GIRD-9, on 17 August 1933, which reached the modest altitude of 400 metres. Project 05 used the ORM-50 engine developed by Valentin Glushko, which was fuelled by nitric acid, first tested in November 1933, the ORM-50 predated Eugen Sängers regeneratively cooled engine, which was not tested in Austria until May 1934. The 05 rocket contained four long tanks, enclosed in a body with a cross section. Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion Information on rocket Gird-09 Model of a Gird-09 rocket
