1.
Balangiga massacre
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The Balangiga massacre was an incident in 1901 in the town of the same name during the Philippine–American War. This incident was described as the United States Armys worst defeat since the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, Filipinos regard the attack as one of their bravest acts in the war. There has been much heated discussion regarding the number of Filipino casualties, reprimanded but not formally punished, Smith was forced into retirement from the service because of his conduct. The attack and the subsequent retaliation remains one of the longest-running, conflicting records from American and Filipino historians have confused the issue. According to some nationalist Filipino historians, the true Balangiga massacre was the subsequent American retaliation against the Samar population, the objective was to force the end of Filipino resistance. Part of his strategy was to close three key ports on the southern coast, Basey, Balangiga and Guiuan, Samar was a major centre for the production of Manila hemp, the trade of which was financing Filipino forces on the island. At the same time United States interests were eager to control of the hemp trade. On August 11,1901, Company C of the 9th U. S. Lukbán had been sent there in December 1898 to govern the island on behalf of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. Relations between the soldiers and the townspeople were amicable for the first month of the American presence in the town and this took the form of tuba drinking among the soldiers and male villagers, baseball games and arnis demonstrations. However, in complying with his directive, the townspeople inadvertently cut down vegetation with food value, as a consequence, on September 18,1901, around 400 guerrillas sent by Lukbán appeared in the vicinity of Balangiga. They were to mete sanctions upon the officials and local residents for violating Lukbáns orders regarding food security. The threat was defused by Captain Eugenio Daza, a staff member of Lukbáns. A few days later, Connel had the male residents rounded up. Around 80 men were kept in two Sibley tents unfed overnight, in addition, Connel had the mens bolos and the stored rice for their tables confiscated. A few days before the attack, Valeriano Abanador, the police chief. Abanador also brought in a group of tax evaders to bolster their numbers, much palm wine, locally called tuba, was brought in to ensure that the American soldiers would be drunk the day after the fiesta. Hours before the attack, women and children were sent away to safety, to mask the disappearance of the women from the dawn service in the church,34 men from Barrio Lawaan cross-dressed as women worshippers. These women, carrying small coffins, were challenged by Sergeant Scharer of the sentry post about the plaza near the church
2.
Calbayog
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Calbayog, officially the City of Calbayog and often referred to as Calbayog City, is a 1st class city in the province of Samar, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 183,851 people and it lies along the coastal region of the province stretching about 60 miles from the northern tip of the island and 180 miles from southern boundaries. It is the third largest city in terms of land and water areas in the Philippines, the first crowned city of Samar and the nineteenth city of the Philippines. Calbayog is one of the trade centers in Eastern Visayas. Calbayog is subdivided into three districts, Calbayog, Tinambacan and Oquendo. Calbayogs early history has been associated with the introduction and spread of Catholicism in the country, Calbayog started as one of the small settlements in the Island of Samar, an area assigned to the Jesuit missionaries. Jesuit chroniclers, as early as the 17th century, notably Fr, ignacio Alcina, wrote many accounts about it and its people. Jesuit records and reports referred to the settlement initially as Ibatan, in the annual report of 1739 the name Calbayog appeared for the first time. Fr. de Huerta, a 19th-century Franciscan writer, noted in his work Estado Geografico that in earlier times, then it was transferred due to a flood to the shore of the Hibatang River, whose name it took. Then again the settlers transferred to the place that they permanently occupied, Hibatang had already been a small settlement at the beginning of the 17th century. It slowly occupied a prominent place among the small settlements. It became a visita of Capul under the jurisdiction of the Parish priest of that town, the church of Calbayog were built from a scree formation near Malajog, shortest distance is now the Malabungto bridge. After the expulsion of the Jesuit missionaries from the Philippines in the 18th century, Calbayog as a town and parish during the Spanish period was composed of several villages, the most populated of which are called visitas. Calbayog grew from visita size and became a pueblo and it was created a separate parish in 1785. Separated from the jurisdiction of the parish priest of Capul, it was later given its own minister. Its parish priests cared for the needs of the people living in what are now Calbayog City. By the late 19th century a number of visitas became the poblaciones when new towns were created from Calbayog, in 1878, Calbayog was hit by a cholera epidemic, killing almost one half of the total population. Sebastian Cordova was forced to leave to save himself from the disease, in Manila, Biktoy was a working student, serving the convent without sacrificing his studies
3.
Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)
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The fort had been established in 1867 to protect workers for the Union Pacific Railroad. It was named in honor of David Allen Russell, a Civil War general killed at the Battle of Opequon, in 1930, the forts name was changed to Fort Francis E. Warren. In 1949, it became Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, over the years, the base served as home for numerous influential American military leaders such as Carl Spaatz, Black Jack Pershing, Billy Mitchell, Walter Reed, and Mark Clark. Units of the 30th Infantry under Colonel John D. Stevenson began building the fort, in September the first cavalry arrived, Company H of 2nd Cavalry In 1884, it became a permanent base. It was the home to three Black regiments, the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th Infantry for much of the late 19th century. By the turn of the 20th century, Fort D. A. Russell was one of the largest cavalry bases in the United States, in 1919, the airfield became active and soon served as the home field for over 100 military aircraft. The last cavalry units on the post were deactivated in 1927, in 1930, the base was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren. Warren was a Medal of Honor recipient who served as Governor of Wyoming, during World War II, Fort Francis E. Warren served as a training facility for the US Army Quartermaster Corps. A prisoner of war camp was constructed on the site. In 1949, the base was redesignated the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, the base became the headquarters for the 90th Strategic Missile Wing in 1963. The wing controlled over 200 ICBMs during the Cold War, the base was the only missile wing to have Peacekeeper missiles which were deactivated in October 2005. On October 1,1993, the Twentieth Air Force, which all of Americas ICBM wings. The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 15,1975, the majority of the structures in the historic district have been maintained. At least 88 housing units have been abated for lead and asbestos materials, three buildings were renovated in accordance with standards of the U. S. Secretary of the Interior. The Air Force was tasked to restore the two porches on many buildings in the district
4.
F. E. Warren Air Force Base
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See Francis E. Warren at the link. Francis E. Warren Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located approximately 3 miles west of Cheyenne and it is one of three strategic missile bases in the U. S. It was named in honor of Francis E. Warren in 1930, Warren AFB is home of the 90th Missile Wing, assigned to the Twentieth Air Force, Air Force Global Strike Command. The 90 MW operates the LGM-30G Minuteman III ICBM, with facilities in Southeast Wyoming, Western Nebraska. It is also the home of Twentieth Air Force, which commands all U. S. Air Force ICBMs, Warren AFB is the oldest continuously active military installation within the Air Force, established in 1867 by the United States Army as Fort David Allen Russell. The facility came under United States Army Air Forces control on 1 June 1947, the 90th Missile Wing is commanded by Colonel Stephen Kravitsky. Twentieth Air Force, co-located at Warren AFB, has been under the command of Major General Anthony Cotton since 2015, Warren AFB is a census-designated place and had a resident population of 3,072 at the 2010 census. Unlike most Air Force Bases, Warren AFB has no runway for fixed-wing aircraft, the only conventional airfield ever located at F. E. Warren AFB was a single dirt strip. This field, never used by pilots, was made famous by World War I ace Captain Eddie Rickenbacker who crashed his plane on the field. The airfield was used in 1919 by the Western Flying Circus, due to extensive soil and groundwater contamination, the Warren AFB has been a superfund site listed on the National Priorities List since February 21,1990. As of 2014, the DOD has spent $15, a Restoration Advisory Board is established. The extent of the underground TCE plume is unknown, data analysis due to be completed 2015 will inform about its size, Atlas missile site No.3 was acquired in the late 70s and used as a car salvage yard. It was not until 2001 when the Corps began investigating Cheyenne missile sites for TCE contamination, that a 1. 5-mile-long contamination plume at the site, the clean up is expected to cost $175 million. In August 15, the Corps stated that it wants to more data before recommending a remedy. The history of the dates back to the Railroad Act of 1862. This included an installation on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in the Wyoming Territory. On 4 July 1867, the railroad established its mountain region headquarters at Crow Creek Crossing, a few weeks later, the U. S. Cavalry moved from temporary headquarters in Cheyenne to a point 3 miles west and established Fort D. A. Russell. Thus,1867 was the beginning of a city and a fort, detachments of the 30th Infantry formed the first garrison, under the command of Colonel John D. Stevenson
5.
Sackets Harbor, New York
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Sackets Harbor is a village in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The population was 1,450 at the 2010 census, the village was named after land developer and owner Augustus Sackett, who founded it in the early 19th century. The Village of Sackets Harbor is within the part of the Town of Hounsfield and is west of Watertown. To support the War of 1812, the US Navy built a major shipyard, within a short period, more than 3,000 men worked at the shipyard. The Army constructed earthworks, forts, barracks and supporting infrastructure to defend the village and navy shipyard, the thousands of military personnel made it seem like a city. By the fall of 1814, this was the third-largest population center in the state, after Albany. With its strategic protected harbor on Lake Ontario and military installations, soon after the war, the Army strengthened its defenses on the northern frontier by constructing Madison Barracks. The village also developed a shipyard and many business connections to communities around the Great Lakes. Its businessmen were also connected to bases in the markets of Louisville, Kentucky. In 1817 a consortium of local businessmen supported construction of the 240-ton Ontario, in July 1834, the commercial schooner Illinois from Sackets Harbor was the first to enter the harbor of the new settlement of Chicago. Sackets Harbor Battlefield State Historic Site commemorates a battle during the War of 1812, prior to the American Revolutionary War, this area had been inhabited for thousands of years by differing cultures of indigenous peoples. The historic tribes were the Iroquoian-speaking Onondaga, part of the Haudenosaunee, long trading with the French and English, most of the Six Nations allied with the British during the Revolution, hoping to dislodge the American colonists. Following the war, they were forced to make major cessions of most of their land in New York to the United States, most of the Iroquois went to Canada and settled on land granted by Great Britain. In the large-scale sales of 5 million acres of lands in the postwar period, Sackets Harbor was founded in 1801 by Augustus Sackett. He and others had high hopes for trade across Lake Ontario with Kingston, Sackets Harbor was the most significant community in the area until the founding of the City of Watertown. The area attracted migrants from New England, as well as immigrants from Great Britain, the latter were fleeing the turmoil of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. They cleared heavy forest and gradually constructed houses for a village center, Edmund Luff, a young English immigrant, constructed a non-denominational meetinghouse, where all Christians met until they built their own churches in later decades. By the 1810 census, there were 943 qualified voters in the village, during the War of 1812, Sackets Harbor incorporated as a village in 1814
6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
7.
Camp Red Cloud
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Camp Red Cloud is a United States Army camp located in the city of Uijeongbu, between Seoul and the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The installation was renamed after Medal of Honor recipient Corporal Mitchell Red Cloud, Camp Red Cloud covers over 164 acres of land in the northwestern edge of the city of Uijeongbu and serves as the Headquarters of 2nd Infantry Division. D-company, HQ-company, and the 122d Signal Battalion were retired in 2005, and it is a support battalion made up of A CO, and B CO, HHSC, and 2X. The 2nd Infantry Division Band was deactivated in August 2015, in the summer of 1998, the region of South Korea where CRC lies was subjected to severe rains that caused deadly flooding and damage to CRC. Although no US service members lost their lives during the floods, many Korean nationals, a large portion of the hill behind CRC washed away. A massive mudslide devastated the southern half of CRC, for weeks, Camp Red Cloud went without a main PX as it was destroyed by the floods. Several barracks were leveled in the destruction along with the golf Pro Shop located adjacent to the helipad, the 2ID museum also suffered severe damage in the torrent of mud and water. Camp Red Cloud has been the site of protests and demonstrations against the US presence in Korea. The largest such protest was in 2002 when Korean protesters tossed molotov cocktails and this demonstration was in reaction to the Yangju highway incident in which a US military vehicle had run over two school girls. Fences around the post have since replaced with concrete walls. Current commander is COL Mike Haefner, list of United States Army installations in South Korea Official website facebook. com, Camp Red Cloud & Area I Facebook page Camp Red Cloud, US Army Garrison Red Cloud entry at GlobalSecurity. org
8.
History of the Philippines
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The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested. Negrito tribes first inhabited the isles, groups of Austronesians later migrated to the islands. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium and these kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states, the first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted Samar Island on March 16,1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan, Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpis expedition on February 13,1565 from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu, much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the code of law, the Philippines was ruled under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain until Mexican independence. After which, the colony was governed by Spain. Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spains defeat in the Spanish–American War, the Philippines then became a territory of the United States. The Philippine–American War ensued, with damage and death. The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines, in 1907, the elected Philippine Assembly was convened as the lower house of a bicameral legislature and in 1916 the U. S. Federal Government formally promised independence in the Jones Act. The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence, before independence, World War II began and Japan occupied the Philippines. After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established an independent Philippine Republic, in 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law. There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos, F. Landa Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally. The Austronesian Expansion Theory states that Malayo-Polynesians coming from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC, the Negritos were early settlers, but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated. During this neolithic period, a culture is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC. The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is found in many other areas in insular. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies, the Sa Huyun culture showed evidence of an extensive trade network
9.
Prehistory of the Philippines
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The prehistory of the Philippines covers the events prior to the written history of what is now the Philippines. Filipino anthropologist F. Landa Jocano refers to the earliest noticeable stage in the development of societies as the Formative Phase. By about 30,000 BC, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of todays aboriginal Filipinos, no evidence has survived which would indicate details of ancient Filipino life such as their crops, culture, and architecture. Historian William Henry Scott noted any theory which describes such details for the period must be pure hypothesis, the earliest known human remains in the Philippines are the fossilised remains discovered in 2007 in the Callao Caves in Cagayan. The 67, 000-year-old find predates the 47, 000-year-old Tabon Man, the find consisted of a single 61 millimeter metatarsal which, when dated using uranium series ablation, was found to be its current age. If definitively proven to be remains of Homo sapiens, it would also be one of the oldest human remains in the Asia-Pacific, fossilized fragments of a skull and jawbone of three individuals had been discovered on May 28,1962 by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American anthropologist of the National Museum and these fragments are collectively called Tabon Man after the place where they were found on the west coast of Palawan. Tabon Cave appears to be a kind of a Stone Age factory, charcoal left from three assemblages of cooking fires there has been Carbon-14 dated to roughly 7,000,20,000, and 22,000 BC. It is indicated that half of the 3,000 specimens recovered from the cave are discarded cores of a material which had to be transported from some distance. The Tabon man fossils are considered to have come from the group of inhabitants who inhabited the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BC. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates from 45 or 50 thousand years ago. Physical anthropologists who have examined the Tabon Man skullcap have agreed that it belonged to a modern man and this indicates that Tabon Man was Pre-Mongoloid. Two experts have given the opinion that the mandible is Australian in physical type, nothing can be concluded about Tabon mans physical appearance from the recovered skull fragments except that he was not a Negrito. The custom of Jar Burial, which ranges from Sri Lanka, to the Plain of Jars, in Laos, to Japan, secondary burial was practiced across all the islands of the Philippines during this period, with the bones reburied, some in the burial jars. Seventy-eight earthenware vessels were recovered from the Manunggul cave, Palawan, There have been many models of early human migration to the Philippines. Since H. Otley Beyer first proposed his wave theory, numerous scholars have approached the question of how. The question of whether the first humans arrived from the south or from the north has been a subject of heated debate for decades, as new discoveries come to light, past hypotheses are reevaluated and new theories constructed. The first, and most widely known theory of the peopling of the Philippines is that of H. Otley Beyer, founder of the Anthropology Department of the University of the Philippines
10.
Paleolithic
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It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools, probably by Homo habilis initially,2.6 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BP. The Paleolithic era is followed by the Mesolithic, the date of the Paleolithic–Mesolithic boundary may vary by locality as much as several thousand years. During the Paleolithic period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, the Paleolithic is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including leather and vegetable fibers, however, due to their nature, surviving artifacts of the Paleolithic era are known as paleoliths. About 50,000 years ago, there was a increase in the diversity of artifacts. For the first time in Africa, bone artifacts and the first art appear in the archaeological record, the first evidence of human fishing is also noted, from artifacts in places such as Blombos cave in South Africa. The new technology generated an explosion of modern humans which is believed to have led to the extinction of the Neanderthals. Humankind gradually evolved from members of the genus Homo—such as Homo habilis. The climate during the Paleolithic consisted of a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures, by c. 50,000 – c. 40,000 BP, the first humans set foot in Australia. By c. 45,000 BP, humans lived at 61°N latitude in Europe, by c. 30,000 BP, Japan was reached, and by c. 27,000 BP humans were present in Siberia, above the Arctic Circle. At the end of the Upper Paleolithic, a group of humans crossed Beringia, the term Paleolithic was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It derives from Greek, παλαιός, palaios, old, and λίθος, lithos, stone, human evolution is the part of biological evolution concerning the emergence of anatomically modern humans as a distinct species. The Paleolithic Period coincides almost exactly with the Pleistocene epoch of geologic time and this epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies. During the preceding Pliocene, continents had continued to drift from possibly as far as 250 km from their present locations to positions only 70 km from their current location. South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama, most of Central America formed during the Pliocene to connect the continents of North and South America, allowing fauna from these continents to leave their native habitats and colonize new areas. Africas collision with Asia created the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean, climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates. The formation of an Arctic ice cap around 3 million years ago is signaled by a shift in oxygen isotope ratios and ice-rafted cobbles in the North Atlantic. Mid-latitude glaciation probably began before the end of the epoch, the global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance of forests and the spread of grasslands and savannas
