1.
The Shepherd of the Hills
–
The Shepherd of the Hills is a book written in 1907 by author Harold Bell Wright and illustrated by Frank G. Cootes. It depicts a fictional story of mountain folklore and has been translated into seven languages since its release. In following his doctors advice, he acquainted with John and Anna Ross, known locally as Old Matt. The people he encountered during his eight summers spent camping on the Rosses land were the inspirations for his characters in the book, the story depicts the lives of mountain people living in the Ozarks. Howitts reclusiveness has earned him the moniker The Shepherd of The Hills, yet he befriends the Matthews clan who come to love, years earlier, Mad Howard returned home after spending time painting in the mountains, and one of his paintings became famous, as did he. That painting was of a girl, pretty, standing beside a creek. However, Mad Howard believed that his fathers pride of family, Mad Howard packed up his paintings and returned to the city, leaving Old Matts daughter with the impression that he would return. Once returning to the city, Mad Howard sent her a letter explaining that his father would not approve of their marriage. However, he never told his father about Old Matts daughter and his relations with her, meanwhile, Old Matt has sworn he will kill the man who abandoned his daughter, as well as his father, if ever he finds them. Over the years, Mad Howards love for Old Matts daughter, eventually, Mad Howard feigns suicide and leaves behind his city life. He goes to the Ozarks and learns that Old Matts daughter is dead, Mad Howard hides in the woods, living like a hermit, trying to atone for the wrongs he has done. Mad Howard is portrayed throughout the story as a person, masked and always hiding in the shadows. The Shepherd is suffering a breakdown of his own over the presumed death of his son. Though The Shepherd is a pastor, he realizes that he has no belief in the Good Shepherd he preaches to others. His doctor recommends he take a vacation, so he spends some time wandering around the country. Eventually, he changes his name and moves to the hills to connect with what his son loved most, here he finally learns of his sons secret, the subsequent death of the Matthews girl, and the identity of young Pete as his grandson. He keeps this and his identity from everyone, knowing that Old Matt has sworn vengenance. The Shepherd also hopes to do what he can to atone for his sons actions and intends to spend the rest of his life helping these people, only later in the story does The Shepherd discover that the ghostly figure is his son Mad Howard
The Shepherd of the Hills
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First edition cover
The Shepherd of the Hills
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"Shepherd of the Hills" Lutheran Church and school in
San Antonio, Texas
2.
Vigilante
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A vigilante is a civilian or organization acting in a law enforcement capacity without legal authority. Vigilante justice is often rationalized by the concept that proper legal forms of punishment are either nonexistent, insufficient. Vigilantes normally see the government as ineffective in enforcing the law, persons alleged to be escaping the law or above the law are sometimes the victims of vigilantism. Vigilante conduct involves certain degrees of violence, Vigilantes could assault targets verbally and/or physically, damage and/or vandalize property, or even kill individuals. In a number of cases, vigilantism has involved targets with mistaken identities, in Britain in the early 2000s, there were reports of vandalism, assaults, and verbal abuse towards people wrongly accused of being pedophiles, following the murder of Sarah Payne. In Guyana in 2008, Hardel Haynes was beaten to death by a mob who mistook him for a thief, Vigilantism and the vigilante ethos existed long before the word vigilante was introduced into the English language. There are conceptual and psychological parallels between the Dark Age and medieval aristocratic custom of private war or vendetta and the modern vigilante philosophy, when Jacob protested that their actions might bring trouble upon him and his family, the brothers replied Should he treat our sister as a harlot. Similarly, in 2 Samuel 13, Absalom kills Amnon after King David, their father, fails to punish Amnon for raping Tamar, recourse to personal vengeance and dueling was considered a class privilege of the sword-bearing aristocracy before the formation of the modern centralized liberal-bureaucratic nation-state. In addition, sociologists have posited a complex legal and ethical interrelationship between vigilante acts and rebellion and tyrannicide, in the Western literary and cultural tradition, characteristics of vigilantism have often been vested in folkloric heroes and legendary outlaws. Vigilantism in literature, folklore and legend is connected to the issues of dissatisfied morality, injustice, the failures of authority. Formally-defined vigilantism arose in the early American colonies and these people would assault accused thieves, rapists and murderers. When they assaulted these thieves, they would steal their gold, other than reports and newspapers, there are not many records of vigilantes. Few names or groups are known, later in the United States, vigilante groups arose in poorly governed frontier areas where criminals preyed upon the citizenry with impunity. The death of Joseph Smith, Jr. on June 27,1844, in 1851 and 1856, San Francisco Vigilance Movement sought to eliminate crime, an element of this movement focused on immigrants like the Sydney Ducks. This touched off a cycle of retaliatory battles and raids by the two sides in which some 29 people were killed. In 1858 San Luis Obispo vigilantes ended the reign of the bandit gang of Pío Linares on El Camino Real between San Luis and Santa Barbara. In October 1862 in northern Texas, several Unionist sympathizers were arrested and taken to Gainesville, seven were tried and hanged, and 14 were hanged without trial. A few weeks later, Unionist sympathizers were hanged without trial across northern Texas, known as the Great Hanging at Gainesville, it may have been the deadliest act of vigilante violence in U. S. history
Vigilante
–
The
Bald Knobbers, an 1880s vigilante group from
Missouri, wearing crude "
blackface " masks typical of the
post-Reconstruction era in the United States – as portrayed in the 1919 film, The Shepherd of the Hills.
Vigilante
–
A lynching carried out by the
San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856
Vigilante
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"Great Hanging at Gainesville", 1862
3.
Ozarks
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The Ozarks cover a significant portion of southern Missouri, extending as far northeast as the southwestern suburbs of St. Louis. In Arkansas, a portion is contained within the northwestern. Much smaller pieces of the Ozarks extend westward into northeastern Oklahoma, the Shawnee Hills of southwest Illinois, which lie near the eastern edge of this region, are commonly called the Illinois Ozarks, but are generally not considered part of the true Ozarks. Although sometimes referred to as the Ozark Mountains, the region is actually a high, geologically, the area is a broad dome around the Saint Francois Mountains. The Ozark Highlands area, covering nearly 47,000 square miles, is by far the most extensive mountainous region between the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountains, together, the Ozarks and Ouachita Mountains form an area known as the U. S. Interior Highlands, and are referred to collectively. Arkansas seems to be the French version of what the Illinois tribe called the Quapaw, eventually, the term came to refer to all Ozark Plateau drainage into the Arkansas and Missouri Rivers. An alternative origin for the name Ozark involves the French term aux arcs, in the later 17th and early 18th centuries, French cartographers mapped the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers. The large, top most arc or bend in this part of the Arkansas River was referred to as the aux arcs—the top or most northern arc in the whole of the lower Arkansas. Travelers arriving by boat would disembark at this top bend of the river to explore the Ozarks, Other possible derivations include aux arcs meaning of the arches in reference to the dozens of natural bridges formed by erosion and collapsed caves in the Ozark region. These include Clifty Hollow Natural Bridge in Missouri, and Alum Cove in the Ozark – St. Francis National Forest and it is even suggested aux arcs is an abbreviation of aux arcs-en-ciel, French for toward the rainbows which are a common sight in the mountainous regions. After the Louisiana Purchase, American travelers in the referred to various features of the upland areas using the term Ozark, such as Ozark Mountains. By the early 20th century, the Ozarks had become a generic term, Missouri is known as The Cave State with over 6000 recorded caves, the majority of these caves are found in the Ozark counties. The Ozark Plateaus aquifer system affects groundwater movement in all areas except the core of the St. Francois Mountains. Geographic features include limestone and dolomite glades, which are rocky, summits can reach elevations of just over 2,560 feet with valleys 500 to 1,550 feet deep. Turner Ward Knob is the highest named peak, located in western Newton County, Arkansas, its elevation is 2,463 feet. Nearby, five unnamed peaks have elevations at or slightly above 2,560 feet, drainage is primarily to the White River, with the exception of the Illinois River, although there also is considerable drainage from the south slopes of the Boston Mountains to the Arkansas River. Major streams of this type include Lee Creek, Frog Bayou, Mulberry River, Spadra Creek, Big Piney Creek, Little Piney Creek, Illinois Bayou, Point Remove Creek, and Cadron Creek
Ozarks
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View of the Ozarks from the
Buffalo National River,
Newton County, Arkansas
Ozarks
Ozarks
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The Saint Francois Mountains, viewed here from
Knob Lick Mountain, are the exposed geologic core of the Ozarks.
Ozarks
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Elevation map of the Ozarks.
4.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited what we now call Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
Missouri
–
A physiographic map of Missouri.
Missouri
–
Flag
Missouri
–
The
Bell Mountain Wilderness of southern Missouri's
Mark Twain National Forest
Missouri
–
External video
5.
Taney County, Missouri
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Taney County is a county located in the southwestern portion of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 51,675, Taney County includes the popular tourist destination city of Branson. It is included in the Branson, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area, with a wide range of live music shows, restaurants and shopping locations, Taney County is also the home of Table Rock, Taneycomo and Bull Shoals Lakes. The first Taney County Courthouse was built on the mouth of Bull Creek at the confluence of the White River by early pioneers in 1837 and its use as a courthouse ended after Forsyth became the county seat, it was destroyed in a tornado in 1963. The countys second courthouse, in Forsyth, was destroyed in a Civil War battle on July 22,1861, the rebuilt courthouse was destroyed by fire on December 19,1885. A third courthouse was built, it was removed in 1952 to permit the building of Bull Shoals Lake, the fourth, and present, courthouse was occupied on August 1,1952. In 1989, an addition was started and completed in 1991, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 652 square miles, of which 632 square miles is land and 19 square miles is water. The county is drained by White River and its affluents, there were 19,688 housing units at an average density of 12/km². The racial makeup of the county was 96. 22% White,0. 35% Black or African American,0. 87% Native American,0. 34% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 74% from other races, and 1. 42% from two or more races. Approximately 2. 42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among the major first ancestries reported in Taney County were 20. 8% German,18. 9% American,12. 4% Irish, and 12. 3% English. 25. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.83. In the county, the population was out with 22. 40% under the age of 18,10. 20% from 18 to 24,26. 20% from 25 to 44,25. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.40 males, the median income for a household in the county was $39,771, and the median income for a family was $47,664. Males had an income of $25,431 versus $19,655 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,663, about 9. 40% of families and 12. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 60% of those under age 18 and 8. 80% of those age 65 or over. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report, the most predominant denominations among residents in Taney County who adhere to a religion are Southern Baptists, Roman Catholics, and Presbyterians. Of adults 25 years of age and older in Taney County,81. 4% possess a school diploma or higher while 14. 9% hold a bachelors degree or higher as their highest educational attainment
Taney County, Missouri
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Taney County Courthouse in Forsyth
Taney County, Missouri
–
Location in the state of
Missouri
Taney County, Missouri
–
Seal
6.
Appalachian balds
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Why some summits are bald and some are not is a mystery, though there are several hypotheses. Two types of balds are found in the Appalachians, Grassy balds are relatively blunt summits covered by a dense sward of native grasses, two types have been identified, those completely covered by grasses and those with a scattered overstory of mixed hardwoods with a grassy herbaceous layer. Grassy balds are found at the summit of hills. Species found here include mountain oat-grass, sedges, and forbs such as three-toothed cinquefoil, heath balds are typically found along narrow ridges and mountain crests, and consist of dense evergreen shrubs. How and why a summit develops into a grassy bald is unknown, they represent an ecological enigma, with the arrival of the paleoindians and the disappearance of the megaherbivores, grazing pressure was maintained by deer and elk, and then by the grazing animals of European settlers. Some recent studies have attempted to uncover the history of some balds through analysis of the soils organic component. Grassy balds such as Gregory Bald and Andrews Bald in the Great Smokies, the mountaintop meadows called the Southern Balds form a distinctive stretch for hikers of the Appalachian Trail. Appalachian bogs Cove Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest Sods Roan Mountain Highlands TNlandforms. us, Tennessee balds — GPS data and maps
Appalachian balds
–
Grassy Ridge Bald in the
Roan Highlands
Appalachian balds
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Clear vistas make grassy balds attractive to hikers
7.
Springfield, Missouri
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Springfield is the third largest city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County. According to the 2010 census data, the population was 159,498, as of 2015, the population is 166,810. Springfields nickname is the Queen City of the Ozarks and is known as the Birthplace of Route 66 and it is also home of several universities including Missouri State University, Drury University, and Evangel University. The territory known as Missouri was included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, soon after, the Delaware Native Americans received treaty land where Springfields Sequiota Park and the antique stores of its Galloway Village stand today. To the west,500 Kickapoo Native Americans built wickiups on the prairie that still bears their name, Missouri became a state on August 10,1821, and in 1833 the legislature designated most of the southern portion as Greene County. Officially, Springfield was founded in 1830, and was incorporated in 1838, the origin of the name, Springfield is unclear, but the most common view is that the city was named for Springfield, Massachusetts. One account holds that James Wilson, who lived in the unnamed city, offered free whiskey to anyone who would vote for the name Springfield, after his home town of Springfield. In 1883, the historian R. I, but such is not a correct version. That same year, Cherokee Native Americans were forcibly removed by the U. S. government from their homelands in Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina and Georgia to the Indian Territory. Their route became known as the Trail of Tears due to the thousands of Cherokee deaths on the journey, the Trail of Tears passed through the Springfield area via what is known today as the Old Wire Road. The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail auto tour route is along Interstate 44 westward to US160, the Old Wire Road, then known as the Military Road, served until the mid-1840s as a connection between Springfield and the garrison at Fort Smith, Arkansas. By 1858, the Butterfield Overland Stage began utilizing the road offering passage to California, two years later, the regions first telegraph line was strung along the road, and it was dubbed the Telegraph or Wire Road. The road proved vital during the Civil War, and its most historic connection is to the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas, while portions of the road exist today, the most easily accessible is within Wilsons Creek National Battlefield. The 1849 charter of the Pacific Railroad, established to construct a line from St. Louis westward across central Missouri, was expanded in 1852 to include a Southwest Branch. However, after defaulting on its obligations, the state seized this branch and sold it, thus creating a new company, commercial and industrial diversification came with the railroads, and strengthened the City of Springfield and North Springfield when the two towns merged 17 years later in 1887. Today visitors can enjoy the view from the Jefferson Avenue Footbridge, with the American Civil War imminent and Missouri a border state, Springfield was divided in its sentiments. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon was killed, the first Union general to die in combat, Union troops fell back to Lebanon, then Rolla, and regrouped. When they returned to Springfield, the Confederates had withdrawn, the First Battle of Springfield, or Zagonyis Charge, occurred on October 25,1861
Springfield, Missouri
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Park Central Square in Downtown Springfield
Springfield, Missouri
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Satellite view of Springfield
Springfield, Missouri
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Lightning over downtown Springfield
Springfield, Missouri
–
Jordan Valley Park
8.
Beaver County, Oklahoma
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Beaver County is a county located in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,636, the name was given because of the presence of many beaver dams on the Beaver River, which runs through the area. It is located in the Oklahoma Panhandle, the land where Beaver County is located has been under several jurisdictions. At one time, it was part of Texas before Texas became a state of the United States, then in the Compromise of 1850, Texas ceded the land that would eventually become the Oklahoma panhandle to the United States government. The area was known as No Mans Land because it belonged to no state or territorial government, there was a period of time during which it was a separate organized territory, known as Cimarron Territory. After becoming part of the Oklahoma Territory in 1890, Beaver County covered the entire Oklahoma Panhandle, at statehood in 1907, Cimarron County was taken from the western one-third, while Texas County was taken from the middle, leaving Beaver County only in the east. Its borders are now at 100°W, 37°N,36. 5°N, and approximately 100. 8°W. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,818 square miles. It is the fifth-largest county in Oklahoma by area, just north of the town of Beaver is the Beaver Dunes State Park. The population density was 3 people per square mile, there were 2,719 housing units at an average density of 2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 71% White,0. 29% Black or African American,1. 25% Native American,0. 10% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,3. 76% from other races, and 1. 86% from two or more races. 10. 76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 2.99. In the county, the population was out with 26. 80% under the age of 18,6. 50% from 18 to 24,25. 80% from 25 to 44,24. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 102.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $36,715, and the median income for a family was $41,542. Males had an income of $31,013 versus $20,162 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,905, about 8. 80% of families and 11. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 80% of those under age 18 and 7. 80% of those age 65 or over
Beaver County, Oklahoma
–
Location in the state of
Oklahoma
9.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
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New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
–
Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
–
Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
–
Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
10.
Confederate States of America
–
The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
Confederate States of America
–
Alexander Stephens CSA Vice President; old Whig friend of Lincoln; author of 'Cornerstone Speech'
Confederate States of America
–
Flag (1861–1863)
Confederate States of America
–
William L. Yancey, Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession".
Confederate States of America
–
William Henry Gist, Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention.
11.
Bushwhacker
–
This was particularly prevalent in rural areas during the Civil War where there were sharp divisions between those favoring the Union and Confederacy in the conflict. The perpetrators of the attacks were called bushwhackers, the term bushwhacking is still in use today to describe ambushes done with the aim of attrition. Bushwhackers were generally part of the military forces on both sides. While bushwhackers conducted well-organized raids against the military, the most dire of the attacks involved ambushes of individuals or families in rural areas, in areas affected by bushwhacking, the actions were particularly inflammatory since they often amounted to fighting between neighbors, to settle personal accounts. Since the attacks were non-uniformed, the government response was complicated by trying to decide whether they were legitimate military attacks or criminal, terrorist actions. The term bushwhacker came into use during the American Civil War, it became particularly associated with the Confederate guerrillas of Missouri. Guerrilla warfare also wracked Kentucky, Tennessee, northern Georgia, Arkansas, two bands operated in California in 1864. Pro-Union guerrilla fighters in Kansas were called Jayhawkers and they were involved in cross-border raids into Missouri. In some areas, particularly the Appalachian regions of Tennessee and North Carolina, residents of southern Alabama used the name in the same manner. In most areas, irregular warfare operated as an adjunct to conventional military operations, the title adopted by the Confederate government in formally authorizing such insurgents was partisan ranger. One of them was Col. John Singleton Mosby, who carried out raids on Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley and he also raided to the north in Kentucky and Tennessee. Partisan rangers were also authorized in Arkansas, in Missouri, however, secessionist bushwhackers operated outside of the Confederate chain of command. On occasion, a prominent bushwhacker chieftain might receive formal Confederate rank, Missouri guerrillas frequently assisted Confederate recruiters in Union-held territory. For the most part, however, Missouris bushwhacker squads were self-organized groups of men, predominantly from the slave-holding counties along the Missouri. They independently organized and fought against Federal forces and their Unionist neighbors and they claimed the latter actions were in retaliation for what they considered a Federal invasion of their home state. The guerrilla conflict in Missouri was, in respects, a civil war within the Civil War. Jesse James began to fight as an insurgent in 1864, during months of often intense combat, he battled only fellow Missourians, ranging from Missouri regiments of U. S. Volunteer troops, to state militia, to unarmed Unionist civilians, in the course of the war, James mother and sister were arrested, his stepfather tortured, and his family banished temporarily from Missouri by state militiamen— all Unionist Missourians
Bushwhacker
–
Confederate bushwhacker
Bloody Bill Anderson
12.
James-Younger Gang
–
The James–Younger Gang was a notable 19th-century gang of American outlaws that included Jesse James. The gang was centered in the state of Missouri, the home of most of the members, membership fluctuated from robbery to robbery, as the outlaws raids were usually separated by many months. Contrary to frequent reports, the James brothers and Younger brothers were not related by blood, the James–Younger Gang had its origins in a group of Confederate bushwhackers who fought in the bitter partisan fighting that wracked the state of Missouri during the American Civil War. The gang dissolved in 1876, after the capture of the Younger brothers in Minnesota during the attempt to rob the Northfield First National Bank. Three years later, Jesse James organized a new gang, including Clell Millers brother Ed and the Ford brothers and this career came to an end in 1882 when Robert Ford shot James from behind, killing him. During the gangs period of activity, it robbed banks, trains, and stagecoaches in Missouri, Kentucky, Iowa, Texas, Arkansas, Kansas, from the beginning of the American Civil War, the state of Missouri officially sided with the Union. Missouri, however, had been the center of much of the agitation about slavery leading up to the outbreak of the war, by early 1862, the Unionist provisional government mobilized a state militia to fight increasingly organized and deadly Confederate partisans. This conflict raged until after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of General Robert E. Lee, costing thousands of lives, the conflict rapidly escalated into a succession of atrocities committed by both sides. Union troops often executed or tortured suspects without trial and burned the homes of suspected guerrillas, where credentials were suspect, the accused bushwhacker was often executed, as in the case of Lt. Col. Frisby McCullough after the Battle of Kirksville. Bushwhackers meanwhile, frequently went house to house, executing Unionist farmers, the James and Younger brothers belonged to slave-owning families with ties to the South. Zerelda Samuel, the mother of Frank and Jesse James, was a partisan of the South, though the Youngers father. Cole Youngers initial decision to fight as a bushwhacker, or Confederate, is attributed to the death of his father at the hands of Union forces. He and Frank James are both believed to have fought one of the most famous rebel leaders, William Clarke Quantrill. Jesse James began his career in 1864, at the age of sixteen, fighting alongside Frank under the leadership of Archie Clement. When Cole Younger returned from a mission to California, Quantrill, the James brothers, however, continued to associate with their old guerrilla comrades, who remained together under the leadership of Archie Clement. It was likely Clement who, amid the tumult of Reconstruction in Missouri, turned the guerrillas into outlaws. On February 13,1866, a group of gunmen carried out one of the earliest daylight, peacetime, armed robberies in U. S. history. The outlaws stole some $60,000 in cash and bonds, the state authorities suspected Archie Clement of leading the raid, and promptly issued a reward for his capture
James-Younger Gang
James-Younger Gang
–
Jesse and Frank James, 1872
James-Younger Gang
–
John Younger
James-Younger Gang
–
Sitting left-to-right: Bob, Jim and Cole Younger, with their sister Henrietta
13.
Reconstruction Era
–
Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states
Reconstruction Era
–
The southern economy had been ruined by the war. Charleston, South Carolina: Broad Street, 1865
Reconstruction Era
–
The ruins of
Richmond, Virginia after the
American Civil War, newly freed
African Americans voting for the first time in 1867, Office of the
Freedmen's Bureau in
Memphis, Tennessee,
Memphis Riots of 1866
Reconstruction Era
–
A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union." The caption reads (Johnson): Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever. (Lincoln): A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended.
Reconstruction Era
–
Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, organized after the war
14.
Kerchief
–
A kerchief also known as a bandana or bandanna, is a triangular or square piece of cloth tied around the head or around the neck for protective or decorative purposes. The popularity of head kerchiefs may vary by culture or religion, as among Orthodox Jewish and Christian, Amish and it is also worn as headdresses by Malay men in traditional occasions such as weddings by the grooms and the pesilat. Their headdresses are better known as tengkolok, a handkerchief or hanky primarily refers to a napkin made of cloth, used to dab away perspiration, clear the nostrils, or, in Victorian times, as a means of flirtation. A woman could intentionally drop a dainty square of lacy or embroidered fabric to give a man a chance to pick it up as an excuse to speak to her while returning it. Handkerchiefs were sometimes scented to be used like a nosegay or tussy-mussy, the popularity of the bandana and kerchief was at it highest point in the 1970s, 80s and 90s depending on ones location. After that its popularity started waning in the west, but some eastern cultures maintained its usage for a while and it is largely seen as gender neutral and can be worn by both men and women. Its usage, when wrapped up, was replaced by the headband. A bandana is a type of large, usually colorful, kerchief, bandanas are frequently printed in a paisley pattern and are most often used to hold hair back, either as a fashionable head accessory, or for practical purposes. Originated in India as bright coloured handkerchiefs of silk and cotton with spots in white on coloured grounds, chiefly red, the silk styles were made of the finest quality yarns, and were very popular. Bandana prints for clothing were first produced in Glasgow from cotton yarns, the term, at present, generally means a fabric in printed styles, whether silk, silk and cotton, or all cotton. Colors can be worn as a means of communication or identification, as with the prominent California criminal gangs, the Bloods, the Crips, the 18th Street gang, in gang subcultures, the bandana could be worn in a pocket or around the head. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, the Bloods and the Crips wore red, Handkerchief Handkerchief code Other neckwear Ascot tie Cravat Fichu Neckerchief Scarf Other headwear Do-rag Hachimaki Headband Headscarf/Hijab Tengkolok How to tie a bandanna How to wear a bandanna
Kerchief
–
A woman wearing a bandana on her head
Kerchief
Kerchief
–
Red and blue bandanas in traditional
paisley patterns
Kerchief
–
Bandanas
15.
Muslin
–
Muslin is a cotton fabric of plain weave. It is made in a range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting. It gets its name from the city of Mosul, Iraq, early muslin was handwoven of uncommonly delicate handspun yarn, especially in the region around Dhaka, Bengal. It was imported into Europe for much of the 17th and early 18th centuries, fine linen muslin was formerly known as sindon. In 2013, the art of weaving Jamdani muslin in Bangladesh was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral. Muslin from French mousseline, from Italian mussolina, from Mussolo ‘Mosul’, although this view has the fabric named after the city where Europeans first encountered it, the fabric is believed to have originated in Dhakeshwari, now Dhaka the capital of Bangladesh. In the 9th century, an Arab merchant named Sulaiman made note of the origin in Bengal. Bengali muslin was traded throughout the Muslim world, from the Middle East to Southeast Asia, in many Islamic regions, such as in Central Asia, the cloth was named Daka, after the city of Dhaka. Some believe Crusaders of the First Crusade found the cloth in the Middle East, subsequently, the word Muslin found its place in various European languages as French mousseline, Italian mussolina etc. In 1298, Marco Polo described the cloth in his book The Travels and he said it was made in Mosul, Iraq. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Mughal Bengal emerged as the foremost muslin exporter in the world, during the Roman period Khadi muslin was introduced in Europe and a vast amounts of fabrics were traded to Europe for many centuries. It became highly popular in 18th-century France and eventually spread across much of the Western world, brutality to muslin weavers was intense, William Bolts noting in 1772 that instances have been known of their cutting off their thumbs to prevent their being forced to wind silk. As a result, the quality of muslin suffered greatly and its finesse was nearly lost for two centuries, there have been various attempts at reviving the muslin industry in modern Bangladesh. At the end of the 16th century the English traveler Ralph Fitch greatly admired the muslin of Sonargaon, the Portuguese traveler Duarte Barbosa described the muslin of Bengal in the early 16th century. He mentioned a few types of fabrics, such as estrabante, mamona, fugoza, choutara, in present day, many different types of muslins are produced in many different places, including Dhaka. The word muslin is used colloquially. Under British rule, the British East India company could not compete with the local Muslin with their own export of cloth to India, Muslin production was repressed and the knowledge eradicated. Local weavers were systematically rounded up and their hands mutilated with removal of their thumbs, when sewing clothing, a dressmaker may test the fit of a garment, using an inexpensive muslin fabric before cutting pieces from expensive fabric, thereby avoiding potential costly mistakes
Muslin
–
A woman in
Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin, 18th-century
Muslin
–
Marie Antoinette in her famous "muslin" portrait, 1783
Muslin
–
Woman's muslin dress, Europe, c. 1855.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.2007.211.755.
Muslin
–
In Advantages of wearing Muslin Dresses! (1802),
James Gillray caricatured a hazard of untreated muslin: its flammability.
16.
History of the Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, also commonly called the GOP, is one of the worlds oldest extant political parties. It is the second oldest existing political party in the United States after its primary rival, the Democratic Party. The Party had almost no presence in the Southern United States, with its election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, and its success in guiding the Union to victory and abolishing slavery, the party came to dominate the national political scene until 1932. The Republican Party was based on northern white Protestants, businessmen, small business owners, professionals, factory workers, farmers and it was pro-business, supporting banks, the gold standard, railroads, and high tariffs to protect factory workers and grow industry faster. Under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, it emphasized a foreign policy. The GOP lost its majorities during the Great Depression, instead, the Democrats under Franklin D. Roosevelt formed a winning New Deal coalition, which was dominant from 1932 through 1964. That coalition collapsed in the mid-1960s, partly because of white Southern Democrats disaffection with passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Republicans won five of the six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988, with Ronald Reagan as the partys iconic conservative hero. The GOP expanded its base throughout the South after 1968, largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics. The Republican Partys transforming leader by 1980 was Reagan, whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation, lower taxes, and his influence upon the party persists, as nearly every GOP speaker still reveres him. This includes current US President Donald Trump, who utilized his own version of Reagans Make America Great Again slogan during the 2016 US Election. Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue, The Republican party, nationally, moved from right-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s, then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s. The Republican party began as a coalition of anti-slavery Conscience Whigs and Free Soil Democrats opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act and this change was viewed by Free Soil and Abolitionist Northerners as an aggressive, expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South. The Act was supported by all Southerners, by Northern Doughface Democrats, in the North, the old Whig Party was almost defunct. The opponents were motivated and began forming a new party. The new party went well beyond the issue of slavery in the territories and it envisioned modernizing the United States—emphasizing giving free western land to farmers as opposed to letting slave owners buy up the best lands, expanded banking, more railroads, and factories. They vigorously argued that free labor was superior to slavery. The Republicans absorbed the traditions of its members, most of whom had been Whigs. Many Democrats who joined were rewarded with governorships, or seats in the U. S. Senate, or House of Representatives
History of the Republican Party (United States)
–
Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican President (1861–1865).
History of the Republican Party (United States)
–
This Democratic editorial cartoon links Frémont to other radical movements including
temperance,
feminism,
Fourierism,
free love, Catholicism, and abolition.
History of the Republican Party (United States)
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"Union" ticket in 1864; party men gave these to voters to deposit in the ballot box
History of the Republican Party (United States)
–
First Colored Senator and Representatives: Sen.
Hiram Revels (R-MS), Rep.
Benjamin Turner (R-AL),
Robert DeLarge (R-SC),
Josiah Walls (R-FL),
Jefferson Long (R-GA),
Joseph Rainey and
Robert B. Elliott (R-SC), 1872
17.
Union Army
–
The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions
Union Army
–
The
21st Michigan Infantry, a company of
William Tecumseh Sherman 's army
Union Army
–
Flag of the United States from 1863 until 1865.
Union Army
–
Recruiting poster for the First Battalion, New York Mounted Rifles
Union Army
–
Noncommissioned officers of the 93rd New York Infantry
18.
History of the Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party of the United States is the oldest voter-based political party in the world, tracing its heritage back to the 1820s. During the Second Party System, from 1832 to the mid-1850s, under presidents Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, both parties worked hard to build grassroots organizations and maximize the turnout of voters, which often reached 80 percent or 90 percent. Both parties used patronage extensively to finance their operations, which included emerging big city political machines as well as networks of newspapers. The Democratic party was a proponent for farmers across the country, urban workers and it was especially attractive to Irish immigrants who increasingly controlled the party machinery in the cities. The party was less attractive to businessmen, plantation owners, Evangelical Protestants. The party advocated westward expansion, Manifest Destiny, greater equality among all white men, from the start of the Democratic party which was in 1828, 6th President John Quincy Adams was a Democratic-Republican, and he was not a slave-holder. The 7th through 15th Presidents were either Democratic or Whig and all slaveholders, finally, 16th President Abraham Lincoln was a Republican and the only non-slave-holding President, other than John and John Quincy Adams. Thus in 1860 the Civil War began between the mostly-Republican North against the mostly-Democratic, slaveholding South, the Democrats elected only two presidents to four terms of office for 72 years, Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson. The Party was split between the Bourbon Democrats, representing Eastern business interests, and the elements comprising poor farmers in the South. The agrarian element, marching behind the slogan of free silver, captured the Party in 1896, both Bryan and Wilson were leaders of the Progressive Movement, 1890s–1920s. Starting with 32nd President Franklin D. Eisenhower. S, important Democratic progressive/liberal leaders included Presidents, 33rd – Harry S Truman, and 36th – Lyndon B. Since the Presidential Election of 1976, Democrats have won five out of the last ten presidential elections, winning in the elections of 1976,1992 and 1996. The modern Democratic Party emerged in the 1830s from former factions of the Democratic-Republican Party and it was built by Martin Van Buren who assembled a cadre of politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee. The spirit of Jacksonian Democracy animated the party from the early 1830s to the 1850s, shaping the Second Party System, the new Democratic Party became a coalition of farmers, city-dwelling laborers, and Irish Catholics. Behind the party platforms, acceptance speeches of candidates, editorials, pamphlets and stump speeches, as Norton explains, The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society. They viewed the government as the enemy of individual liberty. The 1824 corrupt bargain had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics, Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power. They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative, and Jacksons political power was largely expressed in negative acts
History of the Democratic Party (United States)
–
Andrew Jackson, the first Democratic President (1829-1837).
History of the Democratic Party (United States)
–
1837 cartoon shows the Democratic Party as donkey.
History of the Democratic Party (United States)
–
To vote for Douglas in Virginia, a man deposited the ticket issued by the party in the official ballot box.
History of the Democratic Party (United States)
–
Thomas Nast 's January 1870 depiction of the Democratic donkey
19.
Forsyth, Missouri
–
Forsyth is a city in Taney County, Missouri, United States. The population was 2,255 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Taney County. The town is part of the Branson, Missouri Micropolitan Statistical Area, Forsyth is located on Lake Taneycomo on US Route 160. A post office called Forsyth has been in operation since 1837, the community has the name of John Forsyth, 13th United States Secretary of State. Forsyth is located at 36°41′12″N 93°6′46″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.25 square miles, of which,2.24 square miles is land and 0.01 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,255 people,967 households, the population density was 1,006.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,164 housing units at a density of 519.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 1% White,0. 3% African American,0. 9% Native American,0. 4% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 0% of the population. 34. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.68. The median age in the city was 51.7 years. 16. 4% of residents were under the age of 18, 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 20% were from 25 to 44,24. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 32. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 6% male and 52. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,686 people,788 households, and 487 families residing in the city. The population density was 824.9 people per square mile, there were 918 housing units at an average density of 449.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 58% White,0. 06% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 18% Asian,0. 42% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 01% of the population. 34. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 20. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.59. In the city, the population was out with 16. 9% under the age of 18,4. 7% from 18 to 24,20. 6% from 25 to 44,24. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 53 years, for every 100 females there were 84.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $31,801, and the median income for a family was $39,625
Forsyth, Missouri
–
Shadowrock Park, formerly the location of the original town of Forsyth before it was moved to its current location. Photo taken during the flood of April 2008
Forsyth, Missouri
–
Location of Forsyth, Missouri
20.
Christian County, Missouri
–
Christian County is a county located in the southwestern part of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 77,422, the county was organized in 1859 and is named after William Christian, a Kentucky soldier of the American Revolutionary War. Christian County is part of the Springfield, MO Metropolitan Statistical Area, between 2000 and 2010, it was the fastest growing county in Missouri and one of the fastest growing in the nation as the county became more suburban due to the booming growth in Springfield. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 564 square miles. The county is drained by James River and branches of the White River, the surface is undulating or hilly. The population density was 96 people per square mile, there were 21,827 housing units at an average density of 39 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 31% White,0. 27% Black or African American,0. 56% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 42% from other races, and 1. 13% from two or more races. Approximately 1. 32% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 7% were of American,21. 1% German,12. 3% English and 11. 3% Irish ancestry. 19. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was out with 27. 80% under the age of 18,8. 10% from 18 to 24,31. 70% from 25 to 44,21. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 94.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $50,200, and the median income for a family was $58,806. Males had an income of $31,929 versus $21,852 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,873, about 7. 10% of families and 9. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 20% of those under age 18 and 7. 80% of those age 65 or over. The Republican Party controls politics at the level in Christian County. The Republicans hold all of the positions in the county. On May 20,2015, Sheriff Joey Kyle plead guilty to embezzling county funds and participating in an illegal fraud scheme. As a part of an agreement, he immediately resigned as sheriff, was sentenced to one year plus one day in federal prison
Christian County, Missouri
–
Location in the state of
Missouri
21.
Douglas County, Missouri
–
Douglas County is a county located in the south-central portion of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,684, the county seat and only incorporated community is Ava. The county was organized on October 19,1857, and is named after U. S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas and later Democratic presidential candidate, previously, the county seat was located at Arno, west of Ava. Prior to that, Vera Cruz was the county seat, Vera Cruz is located on Bryant Creek, which flows through the middle of the county. The Civil War Battle of Clarks Mill took place near Vera Cruz on November 7,1862 and resulted in a Confederate victory. After the American Civil War, during a period of general chaos, later in 1871, a new town site was selected, present-day Ava, near the location of the former U. S. Civil War military Post Office, Militia Spring. The location of new town seemed to satisfy most of the residents of Douglas County to be their point of county government. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 815 square miles. The population density was 16 people per square mile, there were 5,919 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 86% White,0. 11% Black or African American,0. 95% Native American,0. 21% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 17% from other races, and 1. 69% from two or more races. Approximately 0. 84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among the major first ancestries reported in Douglas County are 31. 3% American,13. 2% English,12. 3% German, and 9. 7% Irish. 26. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.99. In the county, the population was out with 25. 80% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,24. 50% from 25 to 44,25. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $31,335, and the median income for a family was $36,648. Males had an income of $22,706 versus $17,060 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,710, about 12. 90% of families and 17. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 80% of those under age 18 and 18. 20% of those age 65 or over
Douglas County, Missouri
–
Douglas County courthouse in Ava
Douglas County, Missouri
–
Ava High School in Ava, Missouri
22.
Greene County, Missouri
–
Greene County is a county located in the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 275,174, the county was organized in 1833 and is named after American Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene. Greene County is included in the Springfield, MO Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 678 square miles, of which 675 square miles is land and 2.6 square miles is water. The population density was 356 people per square mile, there were 104,517 housing units at an average density of 155 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 54% White,2. 26% Black or African American,0. 66% Native American,1. 13% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 67% from other races, and 1. 68% from two or more races. Approximately 1. 84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,29. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was out with 22. 30% under the age of 18,13. 80% from 18 to 24,28. 60% from 25 to 44,21. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 94.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $44,185, and the median income for a family was $56,047. Males had an income of $30,672 versus $21,987 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,770, about 7. 60% of families and 12. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 60% of those under age 18 and 7. 50% of those age 65 or over. There are 190,417 registered voters in Greene County, Republic and Springfield have city fire departments. Greene County is divided into eight districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, seven of which are held by Republicans. Consists of all of the communities of Ash Grove, Bois DArc, Brookline, Republic, Willard, the district includes the northern part the city of Springfield and rural area of north-central Greene County. The district is based entirely in the city of Springfield, the district includes Battlefield and a part of the city of Springfield. The district includes part of the city of Springfield, the district exists entirely within the city of Springfield. The district includes of the city of Springfield and some rural area southeast of the city, the district includes the communities of Fair Grove, Rogersville, and Strafford
Greene County, Missouri
–
Historic Greene County Courthouse
Greene County, Missouri
–
Location in the state of
Missouri
23.
Stone County, Missouri
–
Stone County is a county located in the southwestern portion of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,202, the county was officially organized on February 10,1851, and is named after William Stone, an English pioneer and an early settler in Maryland who also served as Taney County Judge. Stone County is part of the Branson, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 511 square miles, of which 464 square miles is land and 47 square miles is water. The population density was 62 people per square mile, there were 16,241 housing units at an average density of 35 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 64% White,0. 07% Black or African American,0. 61% Native American,0. 18% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 25% from other races, and 1. 20% from two or more races. Approximately 1. 04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among the major first ancestries reported in Stone County were 24. 3% American,20. 4% German,11. 3% English, and 10. 8% Irish ancestry. 21. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.76. In the county, the population was out with 21. 40% under the age of 18,6. 20% from 18 to 24,23. 80% from 25 to 44,29. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 96.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $40,487, and the median income for a family was $46,675. Males had an income of $26,224 versus $19,190 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,813, about 8. 50% of families and 12. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 00% of those under age 18 and 8. 10% of those age 65 or over. Of adults 25 years of age and older in Stone County,80. 4% possesses a school diploma or higher while 14. 2% holds a bachelors degree or higher as their highest educational attainment. The County Commission also oversees the Planning and Zoning Department, Senior Citizens Services Board, a Law Enforcement Restitution Board, all elected Officials in Stone County serve 4 year terms. The county employed 170 full-time employees and 10 part-time employees on December 31,2014. The Government primarily operates out of the County Seat of Galena, the Stone County Sheriffs office, Judiciary, Circuit Clerk, and Jail are all in the Stone County Judicial Center on the east side of the square. The Assessor and Planning and Zoning offices are located in buildings on the side of the square. The Republican Party completely controls politics at the level in Stone County. All current office holders are members of the Republican Party, elected Officials in Stone County on average have a long tenure one elected to office
Stone County, Missouri
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Stone County Courthouse in Galena
Stone County, Missouri
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Location in the state of
Missouri
24.
Bounty hunter
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A bounty hunter is a person who captures fugitives and criminals for a monetary reward. The term bounty hunting is now not often used or liked by many in the due to its historical context. While bounty hunters may be skiptracers as well, bounty hunting is a civil matter, when undertaking arrest warrants, agents may wear bullet-resistant vests, badges and other clothing branded with BAIL ENFORCEMENT AGENT, or similar titles. Many agents also use two-way radios to communicate each other. Many agents arm themselves with firearms, or, sometimes, with lethal weapons, such as tasers, batons. In the United States, the National Association of Fugitive Recovery Agents is the association representing this industry. If the fugitive eludes bail, the bondsman, not the bounty hunter, is responsible for 100% of the bail amount. This is a way of ensuring clients arrive at trial, as of 2003, bounty hunters claimed to catch 31,500 bail jumpers per year, about 90% of people who jump bail. Bounty hunters have varying levels of authority in their duties with regard to their targets depending on which states they operate in, barring restrictions applicable state by state, a bounty hunter may enter the fugitives private property without a warrant in order to execute a re-arrest. A bounty hunter cannot, however, enter the property of other than the fugitive without a warrant or the owners permission. In some states, bounty hunters do not undergo any formal training, in other states, however, they are held to varying standards of training and license. This may have been accurate at the time the decision was reached, as of 2012 Nebraska and Maine in addition to the aforementioned Illinois, Kentucky, Oregon and Wisconsin prohibited surety bail bonds. Another three states, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, as well as the District of Columbia heavily restrict bounty hunting, some of the more advanced schools offer specialized training in the area of tactical firearms to prepare BEAs for conducting dangerous recovery operations. Illinois abolished commercial bail, so it has no bail bondsmen, Kentucky prohibits bounty hunting in any form. Only a peace officer may make an arrest on a warrant that is issued in NCIC and this is because the state does not have a system of bail bondsmen. Earlier in state history, it was allowed, louisiana requires bounty hunters to wear clothing identifying them as one. As of 2012 Maine prohibited surety bail bonds, as of 2012 Nebraska prohibited commercial bail bonds. A Nevada bounty hunter is referred to as an enforcement agent or bail enforcement solicitor
Bounty hunter
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The Afro-Brazilian bounty hunter looking for escaped slaves, 1823, by
Johann Moritz Rugendas.
25.
Independence Day (United States)
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It declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States, Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail, The second day of July,1776, I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, adamss prediction was off by two days. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2,1776, although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4,1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence, calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4,1872, so far he is the only U. S. President to have been born on Independence Day. In 1777 thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting. In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a ration of rum for his soldiers. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, in 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5, in 1781 the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy and this is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today. In 1870 the U. S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees, in 1938 Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Independence Day is a holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on day to appear at a public event to praise the nations heritage, laws, history, society. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue, many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, decorations are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag
Independence Day (United States)
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Displays of fireworks, such as these over the
Washington Monument in 1986, take place across the United States on Independence Day.
Independence Day (United States)
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American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in 1902 Puck cartoon
Independence Day (United States)
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An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration
Independence Day (United States)
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Independence Day Parade in Washington, D.C.
26.
Branson, Missouri
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Branson is a city in Stone and Taney counties in the U. S. state of Missouri. Most of the city is in Taney County, with a portion in the west extending into Stone County. Branson is in the Ozark Mountains, the community was named after Ruben Branson, postmaster and operator of a general store in the area in the 1880s. The population was 10,520 at the 2010 census, Branson has long been a popular destination for vacationers from Missouri and neighboring areas. The collection of entertainment theaters along 76 Country Boulevard, including Dolly Partons Dixie Stampede, has increased Bransons popularity as a tourist destination, Branson now draws visitors from all regions of the country, mostly by car or bus. In 1882, Reuben Branson opened a store and post office in the area. Branson was formally incorporated in 1912, and construction of the Powersite Dam nearby on the White River which would form Lake Taneycomo was completed, in 1894, William Henry Lynch bought Marble Cave and began charging visitors to tour it. Hugo and Mary Herschend leased the cave for 99 years in 1950, Harold Bell Wright published his novel about the Ozarks, The Shepherd of the Hills, in 1907. The Old Mill Theater began its first outdoor production based on the novel in 1960, the show known as The Shepherd of the Hills Outdoor Drama & Homestead continues in its 56th season for 2015. It is also the home of Inspiration Tower, the Sons of the Pioneers show, the Harold Bell Wright Museum is located within The Worlds Largest Toy Museum complex. 1959 saw the completion of Table Rock Dam on the White River, in 1959, the Baldknobbers Jamboree opened the first live music show in Branson. In 1962, Paul Henning, inspired by a Boy Scout camping trip to the Ozarks, created The Beverly Hillbillies, the first five episodes of Season 8 in 1969 are set in the Branson area when the Clampetts return to their home. Henning later donated 1,534 acres for the Ruth and Paul Henning Conservation Area near Branson and he also donated the modified 1921 Oldsmobile truck used as the vehicle in the series to the College of the Ozarks, where it is on display in the Ralph Foster Museum. The Presley family became the first to move their show to Highway 76 in 1967, eventually Branson would have more than 50 theaters, most of them located on Highway 76. It helped to launch the careers of Shoji Tabuchi and many others, in 1983, Branson began its transformation into a major tourist attraction when the Roy Clark Celebrity Theatre opened and began to bring famous country music stars to Branson. Many of the performers who have had their own theaters in Branson first discovered Branson when they performed at this venue, the Roy Clark Celebrity Theatre at the Lodge of the Ozarks has been called the birthplace of Branson celebrity theatres. Also in 1983, the 7, 500-seat Swiss Villa Amphitheatre opened in Lampe, the outdoor amphitheatre brought in acts like Def Leppard, Lynyrd Skynyrd, REO Speedwagon, Steppenwolf, and Ozzy Osbourne. Closing in the early 2000s, it reopened in 2010 as the Black Oak Mountain Amphitheatre, in 1987, Boxcar Willie became the first internationally known entertainer to purchase a theater in Branson and have a permanent performance schedule there
Branson, Missouri
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Aerial view from northwest
Branson, Missouri
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The
Titanic Museum.
Branson, Missouri
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The Duttons performing in Branson.
Branson, Missouri
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Presleys' Country Jubilee, one of Branson's shows.
27.
Harold Bell Wright
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Harold Bell Wright was a best-selling American writer of fiction, essays, and nonfiction. Between 1902 and 1942 Wright wrote 19 books, several stage plays, more than 15 movies were made or claimed to be made from Wrights stories, including Gary Coopers first major movie, The Winning of Barbara Worth and the John Wayne film The Shepherd of the Hills. Wright was born in Rome, New York to Alma Watson and his mother, on the other hand, paid close attention to the children, taught them moral principles and read to them from the Bible, Shakespeare, The Pilgrims Progress and Hiawatha. From his mother Wright learned to appreciate the beauties of nature, when a neighbor taught young Wright to draw and paint, his mother nourished his artistic talents. When Wright was eleven years old his mother died and his father abandoned the children, for the remainder of his childhood Wright lived with various relatives or strangers, mostly in Ohio. He found odd jobs here and there, frequently sleeping under bridges or in haystacks, in his late teens he found regular employment painting both works of art and houses. After two years of what Wright called pre-preparation education at Hiram College in Hiram, Ohio, Wright became a minister for the Christian Church in Pierce City, Missouri. He said, As I have told you, after that first year of my disillusionment at Hiram College, I never deliberately, with malice aforethought, I did not seek the job with the Pierce City Church, the job found me. Other churches he pastored were located in Pittsburg, Kansas, Forest Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri, Lebanon, Missouri, but before he read it to his congregation, the story was published in serial form in The Christian Century, his denominations official journal. Wright despised the magazine version so much that he hid the poor mutilated corpse in the bottom of the least used drawer of my desk, but parishioners enjoyed the story so much that they encouraged him to publish it in book form, which he did. But it was Wrights second novel, The Shepherd of the Hills, published in 1907 and set in Branson, Missouri and that book also attracted a growing stream of tourists to the little-known town of Branson, resulting in its becoming a major tourist destination. In 1905 Wright accepted the position of pastor at the Christian Church in Lebanon, Wright remained there until 1907 when he accepted another pastoral position in California. In 1911, he published his most popular book, The Winning of Barbara Worth, Wright was motivated to leave the ministry because he realized he could make more money writing fiction. In most of his novels, beginning with That Printer of Udells, he attacked the hypocrisy, to Wright, hard work, integrity and concrete efforts to aid people in need were far more important than church doctrines or sermons. The story included the town of Corinth, which was obviously that of Lebanon, several townspeople from Lebanon were highly disappointed in the novel and called it disgraceful. In 1910 Alexander Corkey wrote a novel that countered Wrights message, in The Victory of Allen Rutledge, A Tale of the Middle West, another young pastor in another midwestern town, faces moral challenges similar to those faced by Wrights hero. But in Corkeys book the pastor takes a stand for principle, reforms the church. Though Wrights book quickly sold a million copies, Corkeys remained largely unknown, Wright never responded to his critics, except to say that he never intended to create great literature, only to minister to ordinary people
Harold Bell Wright
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Harold Bell Wright
28.
Fire In The Hole (Silver Dollar City)
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Fire in the Hole is a three story steel enclosed roller coaster at Silver Dollar City in Branson, Missouri. The ride was built in-house by Silver Dollar City in 1972, the ride is often referred to as a cross between dark ride and roller coaster. A similar ride, Blazing Fury, was built at Herschend Family Entertainments other theme park, Silver Dollar City Tennessee, in 1978, Fire in the Hole is themed around the story of Marmaros, an Ozarks hill town. Marmaros was built near Marvel Cave and is the present day site of the theme park Silver Dollar City, the miners attracted to the mining of guano from the cave along with their families began to grow in number. The investors designed a town with the intentions of becoming a resort village such as Eureka Springs, Arkansas or Monte Ne, investments became substantial and the town’s population grew rapidly. Marmaros’ existence relied heavily upon the operation of Marvel Cave. The town failed to attract tourists and began to die out after mining ceased. Much of the town was destroyed by fire, and what was left moved to a location south of the cave and is now submerged below Table Rock Lake. The town was rumored to be burnt to the ground by a group of known as the Baldknobbers. Obscure facts have turned into legend which makes deciphering the story virtually impossible, some believe the burning of the village started out as a drunken fight in a local tavern. Others blame xenophobic outrage over William H. Lynch, a Canadian businessman who purchased Marvel Cave, evidence proves that the town did in fact burn, however the true story may never be established. The original concept of the ride relied heavily upon Marvel Cave itself, during the planning phases of Fire in the Hole the ride was referred to as The Devil’s Den. This was a given to the cave centuries before mining operation had started. The ride was to include volcanoes and exploding geysers, however, modifications were eventually made and the ride took on its current form. Fire in the Holes dated production values and odd subject matter have made the ride a cult favorite, with some people even developing callback lines to shout at various points during the ride. Riders pass scenes of the towns residents trying to extinguish the flames before crossing a bridge, nearly getting run-over by a steam train. In the rides finale the coaster trains are sent hurtling over a drop into a pool of water with a splash down finish, the splash has been part of the ride since its conception. Water cannons within the splash down lake can be enhanced during the months to drench riders
Fire In The Hole (Silver Dollar City)
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Fire in the Hole
Fire In The Hole (Silver Dollar City)
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A bartender rescues a dance hall girl from the town's tavern.
Fire In The Hole (Silver Dollar City)
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This Baldknobber is blasting riders with his cannon while a coyote eerily howls close by. The Baldknobber pictured was once hanging on a rope by his neck, but has changed to its current form in recent years. The cannon came from Silver Dollar City's musical production, “For the Glory.”
Fire In The Hole (Silver Dollar City)
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A section of a scene that has been removed. The scene gave the rider the illusion of broken tracks over a deep chasm. When it appeared to the riders that they would be in peril a sharp right turn away from the cliff was made.
29.
Silver Dollar City
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Silver Dollar City is a theme park in the state of Missouri. Opened on May 1,1960, the park is located between Branson and Branson West off of Missouri Route 76 on the Indian Point peninsula of Table Rock Lake, the park is an 1880s-themed experience that fits Bransons vision as a family-friendly vacation destination with down-home charm. Silver Dollar Citys operating season runs from mid-March until late December, Silver Dollar City is owned by the Herschend Family Entertainment. Silver Dollar City is situated at the site of one of the Ozarks oldest attractions, Henry T. Blow, a lead mining magnate, explored the cave with six miners. They found no lead, but were convinced that the ceiling of one room was composed of marble. The cave remained undisturbed until 1882 when a group led by T. Hodges Jones, Jones and Powell instead found huge amounts of guano and a flat wall which they also believed to be marble. Two years later Jones bought the property and formed the Marble Cave Mining and Manufacturing Company, the company planned a town, Marble City, on the rough hilltop near the cave and in 1884 recorded a plat map at the courthouse in Galena, Missouri. By 1889 much of the guano had been mined from the cave, the marble wall proved to be limestone, in 1889, William Henry Lynch, a Canadian miner and dairyman, purchased the cave and a square mile around it for $10,000. Lynch, with the aid of his family, proposed to open the cave to sightseers, the Lynches began operation of the sightseeing venture in 1894. The venture was not immediately profitable and was closed until Lynch raised additional capital to reopen the cave sometime after 1900, the cave has remained open since, making it one of the oldest continuously running tourist attractions in the Ozarks. When William Lynch died in 1927, ownership of the passed to his daughters. The Lynch family operated the cave for fifty years until a Chicago vacuum cleaner salesman, Hugo Herschend. After Hugos death his wife, Mary, took over the operations of the venture. Once the railway was in operation the Herschends felt the development of the cave was complete, Mary, Jack and Pete began building the 1880s Ozark village. Mary wanted authenticity and preservation as well as preserving the beauty of the area. The Herschends built the Ozark frontier town on the surrounding the site of the cave. Silver Dollar City originally was the site of five shops, a church, a log cabin, the name was inspired by Ozark Jubilee script writer and publicist Don Richardson after the promotional idea of giving visitors silver dollars in change. The scenic designer for much of the attraction was Andy Miller
Silver Dollar City
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Marvel Cave entrance and rubble pile viewed from within
Silver Dollar City
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Silver Dollar City
Silver Dollar City
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Wildfire
30.
Missouri in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, Missouri was a hotly contested border state populated by both Union and Confederate sympathizers. Counting minor actions and skirmishes, Missouri saw more than 1,200 distinct engagements within its boundaries, only Virginia, Missouri was initially settled by Southerners traveling up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The compromise was that Maine would enter the Union as a state to balance Missouri. Of the greatest concern for Missouri slave-holders in the years before the war was a law that decreed that if a slave physically entered a free state. The violence along the Kansas–Missouri border foreshadowed the national violence to come, and indeed continued throughout the Civil War. Against the background of Bleeding Kansas, the case of Dred Scott, citizen and therefore that African-Americans could not initiate legal action in any court, even when they clearly had what would otherwise be a valid claim. The decision calmed the skirmishes between Missouri and Kansas partisans, but its publicity enraged abolitionists nationwide and contributed to the rhetoric that led to the Civil War. In 1860, it took 25 days for a message to reach the Pacific coast from what was then the westernmost railroad terminus at St. Joseph, the firm of Russell, Majors and Waddell proposed to do it in 10 days using a relay system of horses. The resulting Pony Express began operations on April 3,1860, Ulysses S. Grants first commission in the Civil War was to protect the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, which delivered its mail. Scarcely a year after the ride from Missouri to San Francisco. By 1860, Missouris initial southern settlers had been supplanted with a more diversified non-slave-holding population, including former northerners, particularly German, the policy was first put forth in 1860 by outgoing Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart, who had Northern leanings. It was notionally reaffirmed by incoming Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, who had Southern leanings, Jackson, however, stated in his inaugural address that in case of federal coercion of southern states, Missouri should support and defend her sister southern states. A Constitutional Convention to discuss secession was convened with Sterling Price presiding, the delegates voted to stay in the Union and supported the neutrality position. At the time of the 1860 U. S. Census, Missouris total population was 1,182,012, most of the slaves lived in rural areas rather than cities. Of the 299,701 responses to Occupation,124,989 people listed Farmers and 39,396 listed Farm Laborers, the next highest categories were Laborers, Blacksmiths, and Merchants. Less than half the population was listed as native-born. Those who had migrated from other states were predominantly from Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana,906,540 people were listed as born in the United States. Of the 160,541 foreign-born residents of Missouri, most came from the German states, Ireland, England, France, in the election of 1860, Missouris newly elected governor was Claiborne Fox Jackson, a career politician and an ardent supporter of the South
Missouri in the American Civil War
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Old Courthouse in St. Louis where the Dred Scott case was argued
Missouri in the American Civil War
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Union states in the
American Civil War
Missouri in the American Civil War
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Ulysses S. Grant
Missouri in the American Civil War
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Claiborne Fox Jackson
31.
Claiborne Fox Jackson
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Claiborne Fox Jackson, also known as C. F. Jackson, was an American politician who was the 15th Governor of Missouri from January 3,1861, until his deposition on July 23,1861. In the run-up to the Civil War, he claimed to be anti-secession, in order to get elected Governor, when Union troops in St. Louis jailed the local militia, fighting broke out and Jackson declared Missouri to be a free republic. In July however, the Unionist members of the Missouri State Legislature voted to him from office. However, Jackson refused to accept the action as valid, before this could happen, Jackson died of stomach cancer at Little Rock. Claiborne Fox Jackson, son of Dempsey Carroll and Mary Orea Molly Jackson, was born in Fleming County, Kentucky, in 1826 Jackson moved with several of his older brothers to Missouri, settling in the Howard County town of Franklin. The Jackson brothers established a general mercantile store, where young Claiborne worked until 1832. Claiborne Jackson organized, and was elected captain of, a unit of Howard County volunteers for the conflict, Claiborne Jackson married Jane Breathhitt Sappington, daughter of prominent frontier physician John Sappington, in early 1831 but she died within a few months of the nuptials. Returning from the war, Jackson chose not to resume his business partnership with his brothers, in 1833 he married Louisa Catherine Sappington, sister of his late first wife. He also worked with his father-in-law in the manufacture and sale of Dr. Sappingtons Anti-Fever Pills, the pills were widely distributed and a best-seller, especially in the American south and the then-Mexican southwest due to Saline Counties proximity to the Santa Fe Trailhead. Subsequently, both men and their family became quite wealthy and influential. Tragedy struck again however in May,1838 when Louisa Jackson also died and it is possible this was due to complications of childbirth, as Claiborne and Louisas infant son Andrew Jackson died the next month in June,1838. Claiborne Jacksons next, and final, marriage was to a third Sappington sister, Eliza would survive her husband, dying in 1864. Through his family connections with Dr. Sappington, Claiborne Jackson, Jackson was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 1836, representing Saline County. He moved to the Howard County seat of Fayette, Missouri—then a center of power in the state—in 1838. This would pay great political dividends later in his career, Claiborne Jackson would serve a total of twelve years in the Missouri House, including terms as Speaker in 1844 and 1846. In 1840 Claiborne Jackson very nearly found himself involved in a duel over politics, writing anonymously to a Fayette, Missouri newspaper, Jackson made accusations that the Whig candidate for Missouri Governor that year, John B. Clark, was guilty of election fraud, more harsh words were exchanged and eventually Clark challenged Jackson to a duel before cooler heads prevailed and the matter was settled without gunplay. Later, once Clark had switched party allegiance to the Democrats, he, Claiborne Jackson was elected to the state senate in 1848
Claiborne Fox Jackson
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Claiborne F. Jackson
Claiborne Fox Jackson
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Governor Jackson's gravesite. Located in Sappington Cemetery State Historic Site near Arrow Rock, Missouri.
32.
Liberty Arsenal
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The Liberty Arsenal, known by Federal authorities as the Missouri Depot was a United States Army arsenal at Liberty, Missouri in Clay County, Missouri. The depot was seized twice by Southern partisans, once during the Kansas troubles in 1855 and it was located generally west of the junction of Missouri Route 291 and old 210 Highway. At that time the amount, expended for the Liberty Arsenal from its first establishment amounted to $26,435.96. On December 4,1855 during the Wakarusa War, a company of over 100 armed Clay County volunteers, led by Missouri Maj. Ebenezer Price, seized the arsenal. The custodian of the facility, U. S. Maj. Luther Leonard and his six employees were placed under arrest while many of the arms and equipment were removed. The arsenal at that time contained, three brass six pounder cannon,55 rifles,67 cavalry sabres,100 dragoon pistols,20 Colt revolvers, accoutrements, equipment, and ammunition. On December 10,1855, Captain William N. R. Beall of the 1st U. S. Cavalry moved to the arsenal with a company to prevent another raid. The pro-slavery forces had concluded their foray against Lawrence, Kansas, therefore, after Capt. Beall discussed the matter of the arsenal weapons with prominent local citizens, most of the material was returned. After states began seceding from the Union, the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861 voted 98-1 on March 21,1861 to stay in the Union, on April 12,1861, the Civil War officially began with the firing on Fort Sumter. Ardent secessionists in western Missouri again eyed the Liberty Arsenal, the depots caretaker, Major Nathaniel Grant, with only two employees, could do nothing but protest the forcible takeover. The event has sometimes called the Missouri Fort Sumter. This left the St. Louis Arsenal as the only other Federal military arsenal in the entire state, while substantial, this pales compared to the 37,000 muskets and rifles believed to have been kept at St. Louis. A portion of the secessionist force held the depot for a week as they removed the materials, Some was taken to Routts home near what is now William Jewell College. His ice-house was converted into an armoury for distributing weapons to Missouri Militiamen, the brass field pieces became Capt. Henry Guibors State Guard battery. The kegs of powder were hidden throughout the countryside, a portion of the arms were shipped upriver to the charge of St. Joseph mayor M. Jeff Thompson. Maj. Grant continued as custodian of the depot until it was sold in 1869 On October 6,2012, none of the buildings remain and the land is privately owned. History of Clay and Platte Counties, Missouri, borgedalen, Angie Anaya, Some hope Liberty Arsenal will someday become a park, Liberty Tribune, Oct.18,2012 Shoemaker, Floyd C. Federal Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, Sikeston Herald, April 24,1941, p.16
Liberty Arsenal
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"Old Sacramento Cannon" captured by U.S. during the
Mexican-American War in 1847 and taken to the Liberty Arsenal. The cannon was seized by pro-slavery forces in 1856 and fired during the
Sacking of Lawrence in 1856. The cannon was damaged in 1896 when it was loaded with clay and straw and fired.
33.
History of the Kansas City metropolitan area
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The history of the Kansas City metropolitan area begins in the 19th century as Frenchmen from St. Louis, Missouri moved up the Missouri River to trap for furs and trade with the Native Americans. The Kansas City metropolitan area, straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, was a point for commerce. Kansas City, Missouri was founded in 1838 and defeated its rival Westport to become the predominant city west of St. Louis, the area played a major role in the westward expansion of the United States. The Santa Fe, and Oregon trails ran through the area, in 1854, when Kansas was opened to Euro-American settlement, the Missouri-Kansas border became the first battlefield in the conflict in the American Civil War. The first documented French visitor to the Kansas City area was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, Bourgmont was on the lam from French authorities after deserting his post as commander of Fort Detroit, after being criticized for his handling of a Native American attack on the fort. He lived with a Native American wife in the Missouri village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, in these documents, he described the junction of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, being the first to refer to them by those names. French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the first reasonably accurate map of the area, the French rewarded Bourgmont by giving him their highest honors and naming him commander of the Missouri. He built the first fort in 1723 at Fort Orleans, near his Brunswick home, to celebrate the success of the venture, he took the Native American chiefs on a junket to Paris to hunt with Louis XV and see the glory of France at Versailles and Fontainebleau. Bourgmont got promoted to official status and stayed in Normandy. According to legend, the Native Americans then slaughtered everybody in the Fort Orleans garrison. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade on the river under Spanish license. Following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the Lewis and Clark Expedition left St. Louis on a mission to reach the Pacific Ocean, in 1804, Lewis and Clark camped for three days at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers in todays Kansas City, Kansas. In 1808, Fort Osage was established 20 miles from the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers near present-day Sibley, in 1812, after Louisiana officially became a state, the remaining portions of the original Louisiana Territory north of Arkansas were renamed the Missouri Territory. As part of the Missouri Compromise in 1821, Congress admitted Missouri to the union as the 24th state, since 1800, the confluence has moved about a quarter mile up the Missouri River. Missouri joined the Union in 1821 and, after the Treaty of St. Louis in 1825, in 1826, the Prophet Tenskwatawa established a village in Argentine, Kansas. During 1833, only the Black Bobs band of Shawnee resisted the relocation efforts and they settled in northeastern Kansas, near Olathe and along the Kansas River in Monticello, near Gum Springs. Tenskwatawa died in 1836 at his village in Kansas City, Kansas, the language of the first European settlement in Kansas City was French. He referred to the post as the village of the Kansa, in 1825, after Indians agreed to leave the westernmost six miles of Missouri to the confluence of the Kansas, the area was referred to as Chouteaus
History of the Kansas City metropolitan area
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Kansas City, Missouri Skyline as seen from the
Liberty Memorial.
History of the Kansas City metropolitan area
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Frank Bond's illustration of the Louisiana Purchase.
History of the Kansas City metropolitan area
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The Ox Team or the Old Oregon Trail 1852-1906 by Ezra Meeker.
History of the Kansas City metropolitan area
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Kansas City Stockyards in 1904 with the Livestock Exchange Building
34.
Camp Jackson affair
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After capturing the entire unit, Lyon marched the captives into town in order to parole them. En route, hostile secessionist crowds gathered, and after a gunshot, Lyons men fired into the mob, killing at least 28 civilians. Several days of rioting throughout St. Louis followed, pro-slavery locals were also particularly angered by the presence in Lyon’s force of many German abolitionists who had fled the failed revolutions of 1848. The violence ended only after martial law was imposed and Union regulars were dispatched to the city, Missouri was a slave state, and many of its leaders were Southern sympathizers who favored secession and joining the Confederacy when the Civil War began. However, there were few slaves and slaveowners in Missouri. Over half the population of St. Louis was composed of recent immigrants, many were Forty-Eighters who had been active in the failed revolutions of 1848-49 in the German states. Nevertheless, by early 1861, both pro- and anti-secession factions in Missouri were organizing military and paramilitary forces, secessionists organized as Minutemen, often assisted by state officials. On February 13, Brigadier General Daniel M. Frost enrolled five companies of St. Louis-area Minutemen as the new 2nd Regiment of the Missouri Volunteer Militia. That same month, a new law banned militia activity outside the framework of the state-regulated MVM, also in February, Missouri elected a Constitutional Convention to amend the state constitution and decide the issue of secession. On March 21, the Convention voted 98 to 1 against secession, on April 20, several days after the Battle of Fort Sumter, a pro-Confederate mob seized the Liberty Arsenal in Liberty, Missouri and expropriated about 1,000 rifles and muskets. This sparked fears that Confederates would also seize the much larger St. Louis Arsenal, Harney, an elderly career officer, wished to avoid open conflict with secessionist forces. On April 23, the War Department replaced Harney with Captain Nathaniel Lyon as acting commander, most of Lyons early recruits were Forty-Eighters and Wide Awakes. According to one estimate, 80% of the volunteers in the first Missouri Volunteer regiments were German-American immigrants, the anti-slavery foreign-born Germans were prejudicially targeted by pro-slavery native-born Missourians. Lyons next action, by order of the War Department, was to move the arms held in the St. Louis Arsenal out of reach of Missouri secessionists. Early in the morning of April 26, nearly 21,000 rifles were loaded on the steamer City of Alton, the remainder were held for issue to Lyons Missouri Volunteers. Missouri Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson had been elected in 1860 on the ticket of the pro-Union Douglas faction of the Democratic Party, the most significant obstacle was the St. Louis Arsenal, which was heavily fortified with thick walls. In mid-April 1861, Jackson wrote to Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his letter was carried by militia officers Colton Green and Basil Wilson Duke. Around May 1, Jackson called out part of the Missouri Volunteer Militia for maneuvers near St. Louis, the MVM set up Camp Jackson, about 4.5 miles northwest of the arsenal
Camp Jackson affair
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“Terrible Tragedy at St. Louis, Mo.” wood engraving originally published in the New York Illustrated News, 1861
Camp Jackson affair
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St. Louis Riot
Camp Jackson affair
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Monument to Nathaniel Lyon with the arsenal in the background
35.
Battle of Boonville
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The First Battle of Boonville was a minor skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on June 17,1861, near Boonville in Cooper County, Missouri. Although casualties were light, the battles strategic impact was far greater than one might assume from its limited nature. The Union victory established what would become an unbroken Federal control of the Missouri River, four battles were fought at Boonville during the Civil War, the first battle forms the main subject of this article, while the others are described below under other battles at Boonville. Claiborne F. Jackson, the governor, wanted his state to secede. An elected State convention did not pass an ordinance, as Jackson had hoped it might. However, pro-secession elements did not let this setback dissuade them and they seized the small Federal armory in Liberty, Missouri, planning to subsequently confiscate a much more sizable stock of weapons located at the St. Louis Arsenal. This plot was thwarted by an energetic young officer, Captain Nathaniel Lyon. Lyon allied himself with Missouri Congressman Frank Blair and anti-slavery German immigrants in St. Louis to secure the arsenal for the Union, when Lyon unwisely attempted to march his prisoners through the streets of St. Louis, a deadly riot erupted. The new State Guard began organizing statewide in nine decentralized military districts, attempts were made to reconcile the two sides. A semi-formal truce was negotiated between General William S. Harney Commander of the Western Department of the U. S. Army and Missouri State Guard Major General Sterling Price. They agreed to order in the parts of the state under the control of their various forces, protect the persons and property of all persons. Harney unofficially agreed to restrict Federal forces to metropolitan St. Louis, Price ordered that the mustering of Missouri State Guard volunteers in Jefferson City be halted. At the same time, however, representatives from Governor Jackson and Missouris Lt Governor and they promised Confederate President Jefferson Davis that the Missouri State Guard would cooperate with the Confederate Army to drive Federal forces from Missouri and liberate the state. Missouri Unionists felt that Harneys confidence in Governor Jackson and General Price was dangerously misplaced, in a stream of letters and cables to the Lincoln government, they demanded Harneys removal, and eventually on May 30, General Harney was superseded by Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon. Lyon, Jackson, and Price met one last time, on June 11, Jackson demanded that Federal forces remain isolated in St. Louis and that pro-Unionist Home Guard companies of Missouri Unionists around the state be disbanded. Jackson made a variety of promises, but all his position came down to the following, Federal abandonment of the state, disarmament of all Missouri Unionists. Lyon concluded by turning to the Governor and stating This means war, in an hour one of my officers will call for you and conduct you out of my lines. Governor Jackson and General Price fled toward the capital at Jefferson City and they ordered the bridges on the main rail lines burned
Battle of Boonville
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The Battle of Boonville, Missouri, sketched by Orlando C. Richardson
36.
Battle of Cole Camp (1861)
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The Battle of Cole Camp was a skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on June 19,1861, in Benton County, Missouri. The rebel victory assured an open line of march for the fleeing governor, on June 15,1861, Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon took control of the Missouri capitol in Jefferson City. Two days later, he routed the portion of the Missouri State Guard then assembling at Boonville with pro-secession Missouri Governor Claiborne F. Jackson. As the portion of the guard accompanying Governor Jackson fled to the southwest of the state, the majority of the inhabitants of Benton County were of Southern origin and sentiment, however, the German immigrants and their descendants were predominantly pro-Union and anti-slavery. These formed the core of the Benton County Home Guard, Captain Abel H. W. Cook began to form the regiment in early June and called for the volunteers to assemble northeast of Cole Camp on June 11. A secessionist force was gathering nearby at Warsaw, Captain Walter S. OKane organized the Warsaw Grays and Captain Thomas W. Murray organized the Blues. The combined force numbered about 350, with 100 of them mounted, two weeks after Cole Camp, just before the Battle of Carthage, OKane was elected lieutenant colonel of the battalion while Murray was elected major. The secessionists were aided by Benton Countys Sheriff, Bartholomew W. Keown, Keown attempted to arrest captains Cook and Mitchell at the Union Home Guard camp, but they refused to comply. The arrest apparently was a pretense for gathering intelligence, the Unionist force occupied two adjoining farms ~600 yards apart belonging to Henry Harms and John Heisterberg. The Home Guards called the location Camp Lyon, Cook had about 400 infantry muskets. While up to 900 men had gathered, as many as half were furloughed for lack of weapons or for other reasons. OKanes force marched from Warsaw toward Cole Camp on June 18 to attack the gathering Home Guard, a respected older citizen, John Tyree, had witnessed the preparations of the secessionists and reported it to the officers at Camp Lyon. As he returned from reporting this, he was captured by OKanes force, some of the men recognized him from earlier in the day, surmised what he had done, tied him to a tree and shot him. Despite Tyrees warning, Cooks preparations were inadequate, for his pickets were overrun without alerting the sleeping Home Guard, there were admissions of heavy drinking in the camp and the men were slumbering in the early morning hours of June 19 when the attack began. OKanes infantry double-quicked from the east to the Heisterberg barn where a portion of the Home Guard were, however, a company of the Home Guard under Captain Elsinger was just north of the barn. They responded with fire into the flank of the attackers, OKanes mounted force then slammed into and drove away another nearby group of Home Guard that was attempting to form to repel the infantry. Meanwhile, the remaining unengaged Union men at the Harms barn under Captains Grother and Mueller formed to join the fracas, the presence of a Union flag now in the hands of the rebels confused the men and they held their fire until they were fired upon. They withdrew without engaging and the fighting ended, Cook supposedly fled at the beginning of the fight
Battle of Cole Camp (1861)
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Pre-war
37.
Battle of Carthage (1861)
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The Battle of Carthage, also known as the Battle of Dry Fork, took place at the beginning of the American Civil War on July 5,1861, in Jasper County, Missouri. The experienced Colonel Franz Sigel commanded 1,100 Federal soldiers intent on keeping Missouri within the Union, the battle was a strategic victory by the Missouri State Guard in large part owing to new tactics introduced on the battlefield by independent partisan rangers serving with Capt. Jo Shelby. Carthage played a part in determining Missouris course during the war, johnson, formerly a United States Senator from Missouri in a letter to Missouri governor-in-exile Jackson dated October 24,1862. Political views in Missouri were divided before the Civil War, St. Louis and its surrounding counties generally sympathized with the Northern states because that region was connected economically with the North. The area also had few slaves and contained a large German immigrant population, Missouri Governor Claiborne F. Jackson was pro-Southern, and the rest of the state was very heavily divided. Publicly Jackson tried to stay neutral, but he was suspected by the Union men of secretly preparing the state militia to seize the Federal Arsenal in St. Louis. In April 1861, after the firing on Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for troops from all of the states to defeat the Confederacy, Missouri was asked to send four regiments. Instead, he called up the Missouri State Militia, possibly to seize the St. Louis Arsenal, if this was his intention, it was thwarted by the newly appointed commander of the arsenal, Captain Nathaniel Lyon of the 2nd U. S. Infantry. Lyon had previously been stationed in Kansas Territory and had developed well-known abolitionist views, arriving in February 1861, Lyon quickly became associated with the Unconditional Unionist faction in St. Louis. Beginning on April 22,1861, on the orders of President Lincoln, Lyon mustered in four regiments of Federal Missouri Volunteers, issuing them weapons drawn from the Arsenal stocks. Lincoln followed up with orders to remove most of the Arsenals remaining weapons to Illinois, the crisis grew worse when a shipment of Confederate siege artillery arrived at the state Militia encampment, Camp Jackson, on May 8–9,1861. Confronted with clear proof of treasonous plotting at Camp Jackson, Lyon marched a force of Federal regulars and his new Missouri Volunteers to the Camp to arrest the militia. He then surrounded the state militias camp, forced the troops to surrender, the action drew great protests from Missourians, and even representatives of the City of St. Louis petitioned Lincoln for Lyons dismissal. However, Lyons action was supported by most of St. Louis Unconditional Unionists, including Congressman Francis P. Blair, the Blair brothers arranged for Lyons promotion to brigadier general. Continued Unconditional Unionist concerns over the accommodation of state authorities by Gen. William S. Harney, commander of the Department of the West, the conference proved futile, with both parties making mutually unacceptable demands. After four hours, Lyon abruptly ended the meeting, and Jackson and Price retreated to Jefferson City, Lyon moved elements of his St. Louis garrison up the Missouri River by steamer to capture the state capital at Jefferson City. On June 12 he started to move his First and Second Battalions, along with five infantry companies, the Missouri State Guard in Jefferson City retreated to Boonville, where a pivotal skirmish took place on June 17. Lyon quickly took the town and chased the Missouri State Guard south, due to logistical difficulties, Lyon could not keep up with the retreating Guardsmen
Battle of Carthage (1861)
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Battle of Carthage
Battle of Carthage (1861)
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Joseph O. Shelby, commander of a band of secessionist partisan rangers.
38.
Battle of Athens (1861)
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The Battle of Athens was an American Civil War skirmish that took place in northeast Missouri in 1861 near present Revere and southeast Iowa along the Des Moines River across from Croton. The Union victory has the distinction of being the most northerly of Civil War Battles fought west of the Mississippi, at Kahoka, Missouri Mexican-American War veteran David Moore was elected colonel of the 1st Northeast Missouri Home Guard Regiment. Colonel Martin E. Green called up the 2nd Division of the Missouri State Guard to a camp on the Horseshoe Bend of the Fabius River. There he formed the 1st Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Division, Missouri State Guard, the lieutenant colonel was Joseph C. Porter and the major was Benjamin W. Shacklett. Moore was faced by a growing secessionist force and by dissension in his own command and he determined to strike local secessionists, then fall back to Athens, Missouri where he would be close to the Croton, Iowa supply depot and Iowa militia support. On July 21, with the help of a company of Illinois militia and he then fell back to Athens. Colonel Green responded by entering Edina in Knox County, Missouri on July 31—stampeding the local Home Guards and he then proceeded toward his target, Moores Unionist regiment in Athens. Meanwhile, several hundred of Moores regiment received Springfield rifled muskets, on August 4 Green bivouaced seven miles west of Athens. While Moore attempted to prepare for attack, several of his company commanders allowed men to visit home, Moore called for reinforcement from Croton and Keokuk, Iowa, but they would not cross the river in time to participate in the engagement. On 5 August 1861, Colonel Martin Greens force of about 2,000 Missouri State Guardsmen with three cannons tried to capture the town from about 500 Missouri Home Guard. Moores pickets warned of the advance at 5 AM. Between men still absent on weekend leaves and removing the sick across the river, Greens much larger force surrounded the town on three sides, with the river behind the Unionists. Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Callihan commanded the Union left flank and he found himself facing Major Shackletts cavalry and James Kniesleys three gun battery. Fortunately for them, Kniesleys guns were a motley assortment supplied with only a few solid shot, while the artillery spooked a cavalry scout, it had little other impact on the battle. The first shot from the passed over the defenders, across the river. Another passed through the Benning house and into the river, predictably, the log cannon flew apart on its first fire and played no further part in the battle. As the secessionists advanced, firing became general, other than the lack of artillery, Moores small force was much better armed with rifled muskets and bayonets versus shot guns and squirrel rifles. Greens force contained many poorly equipped, untrained and untested recruits, captain Hackneys Home Guard drove the rebels away from Stallion Branch
Battle of Athens (1861)
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Missouri Home Guard Col. David Moore
Battle of Athens (1861)
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Defeated commander Martin E. Green.
39.
St. Louis in the American Civil War
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The city of St. Louis, Missouri was a strategic location during the American Civil War which held significant value for both Union and Confederate forces. Located at the junction of the Missouri, Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, St. Louis was a major port, the population reached 160,000 in 1860 and consisted mostly of recent immigrants, especially Catholic German Americans and Irish Americans. Early Union volunteer regiments in St. Louis were comprised largely of the dominant German immigrants, the only major city west of the Mississippi River in the geographic center of the country, St. Louis had also emerged as the gateway to the new American frontier. In March 1861, Captain Nathaniel Lyon arrived in St. Louis in command of Company B of the U. S. 2nd Infantry Regiment. At the time, the state of Missouri was relatively neutral in the dispute between North and South, but newly elected Missouri Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson was a strong Southern sympathizer. Lyon was concerned that Jackson meant to seize the arsenal in St. Louis if the state seceded. He attempted to strengthen the defenses, but came into opposition with his superiors, Lyon employed his friendship with Francis P. Blair, Jr. to have himself named commander of the arsenal. When the Civil War broke out and President Abraham Lincoln called for troops to put down the Confederacy, Governor Jackson refused the request and ordered the Missouri militia to muster outside St. Louis under the stated purpose of training for home defense. Lyon allegedly disguised himself as a woman to spy on the militia camp. Upon obtaining command of the arsenal, Lyon armed the Wide Awake units under guise of night. Lyon had most of the weapons in the arsenal secretly moved across the river to Illinois, riots broke out in St. Louis after Lyon marched his prisoners through the city. The event provoked the Camp Jackson Affair of May 10,1861, in which Lyons troops opened fire on a crowd of civilians, killing 28 and injuring at least 90. The Camp Jackson Affair polarized the population of Missouri, leading many citizens to advocate secession. The division of loyalties between Union and Confederacy resulted in loss of life on May 11,1861. Union soldiers of the Fifth Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, the regiment was marching from the federal arsenal when the mob attacked it on the corner of Walnut and Broadway. Shots were exchanged and six persons were killed, the Fifth Regiment consisted primarily of loyal Germans, having been recruited from men of the Tenth Ward of St. Louis. During the Civil War, St. Louis stayed under Union control because of the military base. The largest percentage of volunteers served in the Union army, though many also went south to fight for the Confederacy, some people who stayed in the city during the war and supported the South smuggled supplies, medicine, and otherwise assisted Confederate soldiers
St. Louis in the American Civil War
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Union
40.
Battle of Dry Wood Creek
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The Battle of Dry Wood Creek was fought on September 2,1861 in Vernon County, Missouri during the American Civil War. The Missouri State Guard troops were successful in their campaign to force the Union Army to abandon southwestern Missouri, following his victory at the Battle of Wilsons Creek, Major General Sterling Pap Price and his Missouri State Guard occupied Springfield, Missouri. Price then headed northwest with 6,000 poorly trained and under-equipped guardsmen to capture Fort Scott, Kansas Jayhawker and senator Colonel James H. Lane led a 600-man battalion of Union cavalry from Fort Scott to learn the whereabouts of the rumored Missouri State Guard force. Lanes battalion soon encountered Prices men at Hogans Crossing on Big Dry Wood Creek, Lane surprised the Confederates, but the Southerners numerical superiority soon determined the encounter’s outcome. After a sharp skirmish lasting two hours, they forced the Union cavalry to retire to Fort Scott and captured their mules, Lane secured the fort, then proceeded towards Kansas City. The Missouri State Guard continued on towards Lexington, while Price recruited more guardsmen, federal losses were 5 killed and 6 wounded. Missouri State Guard losses were 4 killed and 16 wounded, all in Brigadier General James S. Rains Eighth Division, the battle site is just southeast of Deerfield, Missouri, on Highway 54 between Nevada and Fort Scott. All of the land within the boundary is privately owned. A monument commemorating the battle is located in Nevada, Missouri, national Park Service Battle Summary CWSAC Report Update U. S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union, united States Government Printing Office, 1880-1901. Series 1, Volume 3, Part 1, pages 162–165, diary of a Union cavalryman present at Dry Wood Creek
Battle of Dry Wood Creek
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Pre-war
41.
First Battle of Lexington
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This engagement should not be confused with the Second Battle of Lexington, which was fought on October 19,1864, and also resulted in a Southern victory. Hemp, tobacco, coal and cattle all contributed to the towns wealth, many residents were slaveowners, like those of adjacent counties, slaves comprised 31. 7% of the Lafayette County population. Following the battle at Boonville in June 1861, Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon ordered the 5th Regiment of the United States Reserve Corps to occupy Lexington, the regiment was composed primarily of Germans from St. Louis and it had participated in the Camp Jackson Affair. Arriving on the steamer White Cloud on July 9, they were commanded by Colonel Charles G. Stifel, Stifels second in command was Lt. Col. Robert White, who was often the primary point of contact with the local civilians. Stifel selected the defunct Masonic College as his headquarters and the soldiers began entrenching and fortifying the position, Stifels command began scouting, and securing or destroying boats that could be used to cross the river. They also collected about 200 kegs of gunpowder,33 muskets, the cannons were placed under the charge of Charles M. Pirner. Several local home guard companies were raised and placed under the command of Major Frederick W. Becker, in mid-August the 90-day enlistments of Stifels regiment were expiring and they were to return to St. Louis. Lt. Col. Robert White had been organizing a new regiment locally, during this time Major Becker had command of the post. Meanwhile, on the Southern side, self-styled Colonel Henry L. Routt of Clay County was attempting to raise a regiment in the area and had collected around a thousand men, Routt had led the force that seized the Liberty Arsenal in April. Col. Routt arrested several prominent Union men, including former Missouri governor Austin A. King and he demanded Beckers surrender but this was refused. One night, two of Beckers men, Charles and Gustave Pirner tested some rounds they had fabricated for two mortars that had come into their possession, with one of the mortars they lobbed three shells into Routts encampment, causing a panic but no real damage. Later, learning of the approach of Col. Thomas A. Marshalls 1st Illinois cavalry, Lt. Col. Robert White returned at the end of August and briefly assumed command of the post from Becker until the Illinois cavalry arrived a few days later. White resumed organization of the 14th Home Guard Regiment, on September 2, the Guard drove away Lanes Kansans in the Battle of Dry Wood Creek, sending them back beyond Fort Scott. Price then turned north along the border and toward Lexington to break Federal control of the Missouri River, as Price proceeded he collected recruits, including Col. Routt and several hundred of his men then at Index in Cass County. To prevent rebel Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson from obtaining any funds from local banks, frémont gave orders to impound their funds. On September 7, Col. Marshall removed approximately $1,000,000 from the Farmers Bank in Lexington while Col. Peabody was dispatched to Warrensburg to do the same there. On arriving in Warrensburg, Peabodys detachment found itself in Prices path, finally, on September 10, Col. James A. Mulligan arrived to command with his 23rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment known as the Irish Brigade
First Battle of Lexington
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First Battle of Lexington
First Battle of Lexington
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Anderson House, a Union hospital, was attacked by Confederates during the battle.
First Battle of Lexington
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Lafayette County, Courthouse in Lexington, with cannonball lodged in its pillar.
42.
Battle of Liberty
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The Battle of Liberty was a battle of the American Civil War that took place on 17 September 1861, in Clay County, Missouri. After his victory at Wilsons Creek in August, Price began a campaign to control of Missouri. Union troops had been guarding the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad and its terminus in St. Joseph, when these Union forces were pulled away to meet Prices army, Confederate sympathizers from northwestern Missouri seized St. Joseph and sacked the town. On 15 September, about 3,500 men of the Missouri State Guard plus a number of irregulars from St. Joseph set out for Lexington. In the evening, Price sent ex-Senator and now General David Rice Atchison from Lexington to help these men, mostly new recruits and these troops started moving to Liberty. At the same time, Union Lt. Col. John Scott led a force from guarding the railroad at Cameron towards Liberty. Heavy rain and bad roads limited his progress to only seven miles that day, on 16 September, Scott camped in Centreville, where he heard artillery fire in the distance. Lt. Col. Scott broke camp at 2,00 A. M. on 17 September and he arrived in Liberty at 7,00 A. M. and sent scouts out to find the enemy. At noon, Scott marched five miles in the direction of the firing, General Atchison, who had lived in Liberty, deployed his men in the brush on either side of the Missouri River bottom land road leading to the landing. Scotts troops encountered the State Guard pickets and were attacked from both sides, Scotts artillerymen fired two rounds of canister, inflicting heavy damage. However, a volley from the State Guards scattered or killed most of the gunners. Scott ordered his force to fall back to the bluffs in Liberty. Atchison attempted a flanking movement on the Federal right, which resulted in a sharp fight, the Union force continued to withdraw, firing as they retreated, taking with them nearly all their wounded, but abandoning their ammunition wagon and a caisson. The State Guard pursued for some distance, but Atchison did not press the attack, just before nightfall, Scotts force retired to Liberty, entering the town about an hour after sunset. Atchison and the State Guards from northern Missouri crossed the river to reinforce Price in his attack on Lexington. After sunset the Union troops returned to retrieve their dead from the field, Union troops set up a hospital on the campus of William Jewell College in Liberty and buried their dead on the campus. The fighting at Blue Mills Landing lasted for an hour and resulted in a total of 126 casualties, the Union forces suffered 56 casualties and the Missouri State Guard lost 70. Among the latter was the Missouri State Guards Theodore Duncan, who died on the day that he had been promoted from captain to colonel
Battle of Liberty
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Pre-war
43.
Sacking of Osceola
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The Sacking of Osceola was a Kansas Jayhawker initiative on September 23,1861, to push out pro-Southern elements at Osceola, Missouri. It was not authorized by Union military authorities but was the work of an group of pro-Union Kansas Jayhawkers. The town of 3,000 people was plundered and burned to the ground,200 slaves were freed, following Sterling Prices secessionist Missouri State Guard victory over General Nathaniel Lyons Union army at the Battle of Wilsons Creek. Price continued his goal of maintaining the integrity of Missouri from all outside invaders. James H. Lane, often called the leader of the Jayhawkers, Price defeated Lane in the Battle of Dry Wood Creek near Fort Scott, Kansas. Lane retreated and Price continued his offensive further into Missouri to the Siege of Lexington, while Price moved North, Lane launched an attack behind him. After crossing the Missouri border at Trading Post, Kansas on September 10, Lane began an offensive moving East on Butler, Harrisonville, Osceola and Clinton, Missouri. The climax of the campaign was on September 23,1861, at Osceola, an artillery battery under Capt. Thomas Moonlight shelled the St. Clair County courthouse. According to reports, many of the Kansans got so drunk that when it time to leave they were unable to march and had to ride in wagons. They carried off with them a tremendous load of plunder, including as Lanes personal share a piano, Lane led hundreds of slaves to Kansas and freedom. The troops moved Northwest and arrived at Kansas City, Missouri, on September 29, nine local men were rounded up, given a quick drumhead court-martial trial, and executed. All but three of the towns 800 buildings burned, the town never fully recovered, Lanes raid stirred hatred that led to Quantrills raid on Lawrence, Kansas, leading in turn to the depopulation of four counties of western Missouri under General Order No. 11. The sacking of Osceola, Missouri was not authorized by the military but was okayed by President Lincoln. No one was allowed to pass the pickets under any circumstances while the pillage was going on, on the morning of Sept 24th, Dr. John Trolinger and three others wished to cross over into town not knowing that it was already being pillaged. As they were landing they were fired upon by around 60 outlaws, the doctor received 11 buckshot wounds but none too bad which his wife later took care of under his control. A man named Summers was shot in the mouth which carried away most of his jaw and was never the same again, Lanes men were so drunk that they could not march and had to ride in the wagons. But the city of Osceola, Missouri was fearfully avenged when Lawrence, Kansas was razed to the ground, to note, Not a single woman or child was harmed in the attack
Sacking of Osceola
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Pre-war
44.
Battle of Fredericktown
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The Battle of Fredericktown was an engagement of the American Civil War. It took place on October 21,1861, in Madison County, Union victory consolidated their control of southeastern Missouri. In October 1861, Missouri State Guard Brig. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson led a 1500-man force into southeastern Missouri, on October 15, he burned the Iron Mountain Railroad bridge over the Big River in Jefferson County, capturing many of the bridge guards. Two Union columns, one under Col. Joseph B, Plummer with 1,500 men and another under Col. William P. Carlin with 3,000 men, were sent in pursuit. By October 20, Thompson had learned of the Union pursuit and that evening, however, he decided to attack the Federal advance with his infantrymen. Thompson spent the morning hours trying to determine the enemys numbers. Unable to do so, he placed his troops and artillery in ambush along the road, the bulk of the Missouri State Guard force was hidden from view on wooded high ground that formed a U overlooking the road. Forward of the body, Col. Aden Lowes infantry regiment waited in a cornfield as bait. Close behind was a supporting 12-pounder cannon as well as three 6-pounders farther to the rear and flank, about noon Plummer arrived with his column and a detachment of Col. William P. Carlins troops. Capt. Stewarts Illinois cavalry company made the initial contact, Col. Rosss 17th Illinois infantry engaged Lowes troops first with skirmishers, then the main line of the regiment. A section of Union artillery was brought into service against the Missourians 12-pounder, the 20th Illinois and 11th Missouri applied pressure to both flanks of Lowess force as more Union artillery joined the battle. Lowe, having waited too long to disengage, was killed by a shot to the head, the 1st Indiana Cavalry attempted to pursue and to capture the exposed 12-pounder, but were stopped with heavy casualties by the fire of Thompsons forces on both ridges. They called for support and the 17th Illinois surged forward to claim the now abandoned piece. As more Union infantry poured onto the field, Thompson began a withdrawal of the guardsmen. In this he succeeded, except for some routing cavalry. Thompsons Missouri State Guardsmen suffered a total of 145 casualties during the battle, including 25 dead,40 wounded and they also lost one artillery piece, an old iron 12-pounder. Union casualties were reported as 7 killed and about 60 wounded, there were a number of other casualties in skirmishes before and after the battle. Some of the Union soldiers believed that locals had assisted Thompson in the engagement and they were also angered by perceived mistreatment of Unionist citizens along the line of march
Battle of Fredericktown
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Pre-war
45.
First Battle of Springfield
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The First Battle of Springfield or Zagonyis Charge was a battle of the American Civil War that occurred on October 25,1861, in Greene County, Missouri. It was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861, having accomplished little since taking command of the Western Department with headquarters in St. Louis, Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont formulated a plan to clear Maj. Gen. Sterling Prices Confederates from the state and then, if possible, carry the war into Arkansas, leaving St. Louis on October 7,1861, Frémonts combined force eventually numbered more than 20,000. His accompanying cavalry force, numbering 5,000 men and other mounted troops, Maj. White became ill and turned his command over to Zagonyi. These two units operated in front of Frémont’s army to gather intelligence, facing Fremonts large advancing Union army, Missouri State Guard Major General Sterling Price ordered a withdrawal from Springfield, Missouri. Other MSG forces organizing nearby attempted to link up with the Prices army at Springfield, Frémont camped on the Pomme de Terre River, about 50 miles from Springfield. Zagonyis scouting column, though, continued on to Springfield, Zagonyis combined force of 326 men approached Springfield on the Mt. Vernon Road. Frazier set up an ambush along the road that Zagonyi traveled, after three charges the Confederates fled in disorder. Zagonyis men continued into town, hailed Federal sympathizers and released Union prisoners, leery of a Confederate counterattack, Zagonyi departed Springfield before night, but Frémonts army returned, in force, a few days later and set up camp in the town. Union casualties were reported as 15 killed,27 wounded, and 10 missing/captured for Fremonts Body Guard, Confederate casualties are unknown but estimated as 133. In mid-November, after Frémont was sacked and replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter, Federal troops reoccupied Springfield in early 1862 and it was a Union stronghold from then on. Banasik, Michael E. Confederate Tales of the War in the Trans-Mississippi Part One,1861,2010 Miller, Robert E. Zagonyi, Missouri Historical Review, October,1981, Vol.76, No
First Battle of Springfield
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Pre-war
46.
Battle of Belmont
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The Battle of Belmont was fought on November 7,1861 in Mississippi County, Missouri. He landed his men on the Missouri side and marched to Belmont, Grants troops overran the surprised Confederate camp and destroyed it. However, the scattered Confederate forces quickly reorganized and were reinforced from Columbus and they then counterattacked, supported by heavy artillery fire from across the river. Grant retreated to his riverboats and took his men to Paducah, the battle was relatively unimportant, but with little happening elsewhere at the time, it received considerable attention in the press. At the beginning of the war, the border state of Kentucky, with a pro-Confederate governor but a largely pro-Union legislature. Pro-Confederates Kentuckians crossed into Tennessee to enlist, but the Union men openly formed a camp inside Kentucky violating the states neutrality. In response, Confederate Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk moved Confederate forces into Kentucky on September 3,1861 and occupied Columbus, three days later Union Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant seized Paducah. Grant, commanding the District of Southeast Missouri, requested permission from theater commander Maj. Gen. John C, frémont to attack Columbus, but no orders came. For the next two months only limited demonstrations were conducted against the Confederates, frémont learned the Confederates planned to reinforce their forces in Arkansas, and on November 1 he ordered Grant to make a feint toward Columbus to keep the Confederates there. Grant sent about 3,000 men under Col. Richard Oglesby into southeastern Missouri, Grant then learned that Confederate reinforcements were moving into Missouri to intercept Oglesbys column. He sent reinforcements and also ordered Brig. Gen. Charles F. Smith to move from Paducah into southwestern Kentucky to distract the Confederates. Grant chose to attack Belmont, a landing and tiny hamlet of just three shacks, about 2,000 feet across the river from Columbus. On November 6, escorted by the gunboats USS Tyler and USS Lexington, Grants men left Cairo on the steamboats Aleck Scott, Chancellor, Keystone State, Belle Memphis, James Montgomery, Confederate Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk had about 5,000 troops guarding Columbus. When he learned of Grants movements, he assumed that Columbus was their primary objective and he ordered 2,700 under Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow to Belmont, retaining the rest to defend Columbus. When he reached Belmont, Grant found Camp Johnston, a small Confederate observation post, supported by an artillery battery. He decided to attack to keep the Confederates from reinforcing Maj. Gen. Sterling Price or Brig. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson of the Missouri State Guard, and to protect Oglesbys exposed left flank. At 8,30 a. m. on November 7, Grants force disembarked at Hunters Farm,3 miles north of Belmont and he marched his men south on the single road, clearing the obstructions of fallen timber that formed an abatis. A mile away from Belmont, they formed a line in a corn field
Battle of Belmont
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Charleston defenses, Belmont battlefield by Julius Bien & Co., Lith., N.Y.
47.
Missouri secession
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During the American Civil War, the secession of Missouri was controversial because of the disputed status of the state of Missouri. This unusual situation, which existed to some degree in the states of Kentucky. At the beginning of the war, the governor of Missouri was Claiborne Fox Jackson, at his inauguration Jackson requested the authorization of a state constitutional convention in order to consider the relationship between Missouri and the Federal government. A special referendum approved the Missouri constitutional convention and delegates were elected, contrary to Jacksons expectations, no avowed secessionist delegates were elected. In early February, United States Army Captain Nathaniel Lyon, a member of the Radical Republicans, was transferred to Missouri. The arsenal was under the command of Brevet Major Peter V. Hagner, both men were considered moderates on the issues of slavery and sectional conflict by the James Buchanan administration. Lyon by contrast had a reputation as a political radical. The St. Louis Arsenal, containing one of the largest caches of supplies in the West, was sought by both the Union and Confederate armies. Several plots to control of its arms were initiated in early 1861 by paramilitary organizations from both sides. The secessionist group was called the St. Louis Minute Men, a Radical Republican paramilitary group from the 1860 campaign known as the Wide Awakes was also enlisted with plans to take the arsenal. The Wide Awakes were organized under great secrecy by Congressman Frank Blair, Lyon was also an old political ally of Blair and secretly supported the Wide Awakes plot to seize the arsenal. After Lincoln called for Union troops in preparation for the Civil War, up until that point, the Wide Awakes had limited arms, consisting only of what they successfully smuggled into Missouri from Illinois. As of March however, Hagner still supervised the arsenal and Harney still commanded the Department of the West, neither Hagner nor Harney were supportive of Lyons plans with the Wide Awakes, and Hagner denied Lyons attempts to release the arsenals weapons to them. As soon as Lincoln was inaugurated, Lyon began exerting pressure on the president through the politically connected Blair to have named the new commander of the arsenal. After Hagner denied Lyons request, the ambitious captain threatened to pitch him in the river, Blair promptly did so and, as an added assurance, secured orders for Harney to travel to Washington for consultations with the War Department. With Lyons control of the arsenal now unimpeded, he opened its gates to several Wide Awake reinforcements around midnight on April 21. The deaths at St. Louis set off the first serious push for secession in Missouri and was condemned by the state legislature and Price. Both had previously resisted Jacksons call for secession and requests for more control over the state militia, after the massacre though, the legislature authorized Jackson to reorganize the militia into the Missouri State Guard and appointed Price as its commander
Missouri secession
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View of Neosho's town square. The building directly opposite was the site of the provisional Confederate state capitol building.
48.
John Schofield
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John McAllister Schofield was an American soldier who held major commands during the American Civil War. He later served as U. S. Secretary of War, John McAllister Schofield was born September 29,1831, in Gerry, Chautauqua County, New York, son of Rev. James Schofield and his first wife, the former Caroline Schofield. His father, a Baptist minister in Sinclairville became a missionary and moved his family to Bristol. When John was 12, they settled in Freeport, Illinois, where Rev. Schofield became the towns first Baptist minister in 1845. Then U. S. Rep. Thomas J. Turner secured John Schofield an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point and he sold land for travel expenses and reported on June 1,1849. He was dismissed from West Point, but after meeting with Illinois U. S, senator Stephen A. Douglas, appealed the decision to the Secretary of War, who referred the matter back to a Board of Inquiry at the Academy. Although Schofields eventual memoirs did not mention Thomas on the review board, Schofield graduated in 1853, ranking seventh in his class, and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the artillery. Schofield served for two years in the artillery and his first post was at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, which he later noted involved the same guns that would be used to bombard Fort Sumter in 1861. He then served at places in Florida during the armed truce with the Seminole Nation. Upon regaining his health, First Lieutenant Schofield returned to West Point as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy from 1855 to 1860 and his career seemed stalled, so he took leave, to work as professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Several of his brothers had settled in St. Louis, following the lead of his eldest brother Rev. James Van Pelt Schofield, when the Civil War broke out, Schofield helped assure Missouri did not join the Confederacy. He became a major in the 1st Missouri Infantry Regiment and served as chief of staff to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon until Lyons death during the Battle of Wilsons Creek in August 1861. Schofield acted with conspicuous gallantry during the battle, and decades later received the Medal of Honor for that action, Schofield was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on November 21,1861, and to major general on November 29,1862. From 1861 to 1863 he held commands in the Trans-Mississippi Theater. He was eventually relieved of duty in the West, at his own request, on April 17,1863, he took command of the 3rd Division in the XIV Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. He returned to Missouri as commander of the Department of Missouri in 1863 and his command in Missouri was marred by controversy after a massacre at Lawrence, Kansas, when Schofield refused to allow a posse to pursue the combatants into Missouri. In 1864, as commander of the Army of the Ohio, Schofield with his XXIII Corps and the XIV Corps then spent the month in front of Atlanta and East Point with lackluster results. Sherman resorted to a movement to defeat the Confederates under Hood
John Schofield
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John McAllister Schofield
John Schofield
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John Schofield during the
Civil War.
John Schofield
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Official U.S. Army Chiefs of Staff portrait, by
Stephen W. Shaw, 1874
John Schofield
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This article is about the United States military officer. For the football coach, see
John Schofield (football coach). For the recipient of a Victoria Cross, see
John Schofield (VC). For the jazz rock guitarist, see
John Scofield.
49.
Skirmish at Blackwater Creek
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The Skirmish at Blackwater Creek or Skirmish at Milford was an American Civil War skirmish that took place in central Missouri on December 19,1861 near present day Valley City. It was a victory for the North, following the Siege of Lexington, Missouri the secessionist Missouri State Guard withdrew to the southwest portion of Missouri. Some Southern recruiters such as Colonel Franklin S. Robertson remained, Robertson, a store owner in Saline County, Missouri born in Kentucky had been granted his commission by Major General Sterling Price at Lexington. Meanwhile, Union Brigadier General John Pope, in command of the District of Central Missouri, was determined to suppress Southern recruiting in the region and he headed Southwest from Sedalia before turning the main body north toward Warrensburg. Robertson collected his recruits at Grand Pass where they elected officers, on December 16,1861 the 750 men began their March south. The plan was to first link up with Colonel J. J, clarkson’s recruits near Warrensburg, Missouri before proceeding south to General Price. They were unable to merge with Clarkson but they were joined by Colonel Ebenezer Magoffin, Magoffin is notable as the brother of Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin. General Pope learned on the evening of December 18 that Robertson’s force would be camped at Milford, early the next morning Pope’s force marched toward Knob Noster, Missouri. Davis’s brigade to the Blackwater bridge where he was to force the bridge, simultaneously a battalion of the 2nd Missouri Cavalry moved northeast to complete the envelopment. Colonel Davis ordered three companies of the 4th U. S. Cavalry forward under Lieutenant Charles Copley Amory, Amory dismounted his men and gave two volleys to the bridge’s defenders causing them to waver. Amory ordered a charge and the defenders fled, the now mounted force pursued, encountering some casualties as they made contact with the second line. They held their positions as the infantry came up and the envelopment was completed, robertsons men recognized their predicament and requested a brief truce before surrendering. Federal casualties were light, two killed and eight wounded. ”However, this appears to be overstated as records indicate “684 guardsmen. The engagement resulted in the capture of a full, newly recruited Missouri State Guard regiment, Franklin Robertson’s military career did not recover, and he re-entered service as a captain after exchange at Vicksburg in the summer of 1862. Among the 684 known prisoners marched to Sedalia and carried by rail to St. Louis were several notables, Ebenezer Magoffin, William Goff Caples. All three would die before the close of the war, of national interest a Missouri military tribunal convicted Ebenezer Magoffin of violating his parole and sentenced him to be executed. Lincoln, sensitive to Kentucky politics, intervened on his behalf requesting a review, before any final disposition could be made, Magoffin and several dozen inmates tunneled out of Alton Prison and escaped. He was killed near the end of the war while intervening in bar fight in southern Arkansas, the other two were of more interest to Missourians
Skirmish at Blackwater Creek
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Pre-war
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