1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Salmon Bay
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Salmon Bay is a portion of the Lake Washington Ship Canal—a canal which passes through the city of Seattle, linking Lake Washington to Puget Sound—that lies west of the Fremont Cut. It is the westernmost section of the canal, and empties into Puget Sounds Shilshole Bay, because of the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the smaller, western half of the bay is salt water, and the eastern half is fresh water. Before construction of the Ship Canal, Salmon Bay was entirely salt water, east of the locks, Salmon Bay is spanned by the Ballard Bridge, a bascule bridge that carries 15th Avenue traffic between Ballard and Interbay. West of the locks, it is spanned by the Salmon Bay Bridge that carries the BNSF Railway railroad tracks between Ballard and Magnolia
3.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
4.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
5.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
6.
Ballard, Seattle
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Ballard is a neighborhood located in the northwestern part of Seattle, Washington. To the north it is bounded by Crown Hill, to the east by Greenwood, Phinney Ridge and Fremont, to the south by the Lake Washington Ship Canal, and to the west by Puget Sound’s Shilshole Bay. The neighborhood’s landmarks include the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Shilshole Bay Marina, the neighborhoods main thoroughfares running north-south are Seaview, 32nd, 24th, Leary, 15th, and 8th Avenues N. W. East-west traffic is carried by N. W. Leary Way, 85th, 80th, 65th, and Market Streets. The Ballard Bridge carries 15th Avenue over Salmon Bay to the Interbay neighborhood, before the settling of Seattle, the land surrounding Shilshole Bay was inhabited by the Shilshole Tribe who lived off the plentiful salmon and clams in the region. The first European resident, homesteader Ira Wilcox Utter, moved to his claim in 1853, Utter hoped to see a rapid expansion of population but that did not happen, so he sold the land to Thomas Burke, a judge. Thirty-six years later, Judge Burke, together with John Leary, the partners also built a spur from Fremont’s main line of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway. Today three miles of line, running along Salmon Bay from N. W. 40th Street to the BNSF Railway mainline at N. W. 67th, are operated as the Ballard Terminal Railroad, during the late 19th century Captain William Rankin Ballard, owner of land adjoining Judge Burkes holdings, joined the partnership with Burke, Leary, and Gilman. Then, in 1887 the partnership was dissolved and the assets divided, capt. Ballard lost the coin-toss and ended up with the undesirable 160-acre tract. The railroad to Seattle ended at Salmon Bay because the company was unwilling to build a trestle to cross the bay. From the stop at Ballard Junction, passengers could walk across the wagon bridge, ability to ship products spurred the growth of mills of many types. Ballard’s first mill, built in 1888 by Mr. J Sinclair was a lumber mill, with the rapid population growth the residents realized that there might soon be a need for laws to keep order, a process that would require a formal government. In the late summer of 1889 the community discussed incorporating as a town, the issue pressed, however, so several months later, on November 4,1889, the residents again voted on the question and this time they voted to incorporate. The first mayor of Ballard was Charles F. Treat, by 1900, Ballards population had grown to 4,568 making it the seventh largest city in Washington, and the town was faced with many of the problems common to small towns. The city also faced problems with loose livestock, so the Cow Ordinance of 1903 made allowing cows to graze south of present-day 65th St. a punishable offense. The city faced more problems, however, with two of the most difficult being the lack of both a proper water supply and a sewer system. The one weakness of the location on Salmon Bay was the lack of freshwater springs
7.
Interbay, Seattle
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The Ballard Bridge crosses the ship canal from Interbay to Ballard. Much of Interbay is taken up by BNSF Railways Balmer Yard, Interbay is also home to Fishermens Terminal on Salmon Bay and the Port of Seattles Piers 86,90, and 91 on Smith Cove. Its main thoroughfares are Elliott Avenue W. and 15th Avenue W, although Interbay fell within the traditional geographic range of the Duwamish, early ethnographers did not record contact-era or earlier Native American villages in the area. Nonetheless, University of Washington ethnologist T. T. Waterman lists several native place names at or near Smith Cove, the Denny Party saw Interbays development potential when they explored the area in 1852, but chose to settle farther south. Their settlement became the core of Seattle, meanwhile, most of Interbay came to be owned by Ohio-born physician and poet Henry A. Smith, after whom Smiths Cove is now named. Smith and his wife, mother, and sister began with a claim on Salmon Bay near the present-day Ballard, in particular, the Smiths bought when so many other were selling during the 1855–56 Indian War. Smith established a settlement known as Boulevard roughly halfway between Smith Cove and Salmon Bay, along a street he called Grand Boulevard and he farmed, practiced medicine, and wrote. In 1884 the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway purchased all but 50 acres of Smiths 9,600 acres in Interbay, the train stopped on Grand Boulevard near Gilman and Thorndyke Avenues, spurring further commercial development and the rise of a blue-collar village. In 1891, Seattle annexed Magnolia and Interbay, including Boulevard, by 1894, the post office name had been changed from Boulevard to Interbay, the name that has continued to this day. The railway route through Interbay eventually came under the control of James J. Hill, Hill established a major depot and port at the cove, including Piers 38 and 39, which were located east of present-day Piers 90 and 91. In 1896 Nippon Yusen Kaisha established the first regular service between Asia and the Pacific Coast of North America, with Smith Cove as its American port. During the 1911–1916 construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal along Salmon Bay and these developments at either end of Interbay led to the increasing industrialization of the area. This maritime trade spurred the rise of companies in Interbay including rope factory Portland Cordage, Rudd Paint Manufacturing, Berquists Vinegar Works, finns, Poles, Russians, Germans, Austrians, and Scots figured prominently among those who settled and worked in the neighborhood. The Asian trade out of Smith Cove continued until 1934, when the violence there accompanying the Maritime Strike of 1934 led to a diversion of trade to the Port of Los Angeles. During the Great Depression, Interbay was the site of one of Seattles Hoovervilles, from 1941 into the early 1970s, Smith Cove served as a depot for the United States Navy, before returning to use as a civilian port. The southern part of Interbay was originally the Smith Cove tideflats, all of Interbay was divided from the 1880s onward by an increasing number of north-south railway lines. This motivated numerous bridges and trestles running east-west across the neighborhood, the first of these was at Grand Boulevard. Around 1900 there was both a roadway and a trestle at Grand Boulevard for the Seattle-Fort Lawton street trolley line, the first of several bridges across Smith Cove at Garfield Street Bridge was built some time between 1910 and 1912
8.
Fremont Bridge (Seattle)
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The Fremont Bridge is a double-leaf bascule bridge that spans the Fremont Cut in Seattle, Washington. The bridge, which connects Fremont Avenue North and 4th Avenue North, connects the neighborhoods of Fremont, the Fremont Bridge was opened on Friday June 15,1917, at a cost of $410,000. The first traffic over the bridge was to owl cars, the last run of the trolleys, the Lake Washington Ship Canal was dedicated on July 4,1917, which has caused confusion about the opening date, for this bridge crosses the canal. The Fremont Bridge is the first of four city bascules to cross the canal, the others being Ballard Bridge, University Bridge, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and is also a designated city landmark, ID #110347. Federal law gives marine traffic the right-of-way over vehicular traffic, however the Fremont Bridge is closed to most water traffic during rush hours, the bridges blue and orange color was chosen by voters at a 1985 street fair. The approaches were completed in May 2007 and testing lasted through the Spring of 2008, in 2014 the city began repainting the bridge. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections, contains details about the location, list of materials and their estimated cost of the Fremont Bridge
9.
Lake Washington Ship Canal
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The Lake Washington Ship Canal, which runs through the city of Seattle, connects the fresh water body of Lake Washington with the salt water inland sea of Puget Sound. The Hiram M. Chittenden Locks accommodate the approximately 20-foot difference in level between Lake Washington and the sound. The canal runs east–west and connects Union Bay, Lake Union, the Montlake Cut, Portage Bay, the Fremont Cut, Salmon Bay, and Shilshole Bay, with the sound, the ship canal project began in 1911 and was officially completed in 1934. As early as 1854, there was discussion of building a connection between Lake Washington and Puget Sound for the purpose of transporting logs, milled lumber. Thirteen years later, the United States Navy endorsed a canal project, in 1891 the US Army Corps of Engineers started planning the project. Some preliminary work was begun in 1906, and work began in earnest five years later, the delays in canal planning and construction resulted in the U. S. Navy building the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, which is located across the Sound from Seattle. For centuries, people had been dragging boats between the lakes, giving names like carry a canoe sxWátSadweehL to the crossing points, Lake Union was chosen to suggest the future canals merging the waters, and Lake Washington for George Washington. In 1860 local landowner Harvey L, pike tried to dig a ditch by himself with pick and shovel at Montlake to transport logs between Portage Bay and Union Bay, in the hopes of increasing the value of his property along the route. Giving up on digging the first Portage Canal himself, in 1871 he joined Thomas Burke and Daniel Gilman in incorporating the Lake Washington Canal Company, instead of finishing the canal, the company instead built a tramway to carry coal brought by barge across Lake Washington. A report by Lieutenant Thomas H. Hardy of October 13,1871, as to connecting Lake Union to Shilshole Bay — the route ultimately chosen — Gen. The estimated cost for the project was $4.7 million, Lieutenant Colonel William H. Heuer, Captain William C. Langfitt and Lieutenant Robert P. Johnson met August,1902 in Seattle and they examined the route of the Lake Washington Waterway Company, via Shilshole Bay, as well as a route from Lake Union to Smith Cove, the Montlake coal tramway, and Thomas Mercers farm. In November 1902, a meeting was called in the Chamber of Commerce hall. Moore secured Congressional approval for his project, granting him rights to build, in April of the same year, Hiram M. Chittenden came to Seattle as the new Army District Engineer. Chittenden favored the same route to Shilshole Bay as Moore, but found the plan too modest, instead, Chittenden proposed a double concrete lock with steel gates, allowing small craft to pass with less waste. A single set of locks on the end of Salmon Bay would be used in place of the small wooden lock near Fremont Avenue. Having a single lock between Puget Sound and the lakes would reduce the risk of flooding and reduce overall cost of the project. Before he could move forward, Chittenden had to sway local leaders away from supporting Moores project, after enthusiasm for his canal eroded and funding dried up, Moore transferred his rights to a public-private entity, the Lake Washington Canal Association, in 1907
10.
Lake Washington
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Lake Washington is a large freshwater lake adjacent to the city of Seattle. It is the largest lake in King County and the second largest natural lake in the state of Washington and it borders the cities of Seattle on the west, Bellevue and Kirkland on the east, Renton on the south and Kenmore on the north, and encloses Mercer Island. The lake is fed by the Sammamish River at its north end, Lake Washington received its present name in 1854 after Thomas Mercer suggested it be named after George Washington, as the new Washington Territory had been named the year before. Prior names for Lake Washington have included the Duwamish name Xacuabš, as well as Lake Geneva, Lake Duwamish, the lake provides great sport fishing opportunities. Some species found in this lake are Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Rainbow Trout, Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Yellow Perch, a ribbon lake, Lake Washington is long, narrow and finger-like. Ribbon lakes are excavated by glaciers, as the Puget lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet flowed south near the end of the Late Pleistocene, it met bands of harder and softer rock. Erosion of the rock was faster and a linear depression was created in the flow direction. When the glacier melted, the lake filled with the meltwater, a dam can also be created by the bands of harder rock either side of the softer rock. The main inflowing rivers are the Sammamish and Cedar Rivers, prior to the construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916, the Sammamish was the primary source of water for Lake Washington. The creation of the ship lowered the water level of Lake Washington by 8 feet. As part of the canal project, the Cedar River was diverted into Lake Washington. When the canal was opened the level of the lake dropped nearly nine feet, the canal to the Puget Sound became the lakes sole outlet, causing the Black River to dry up and disappear. The bridges consist of hollow concrete pontoons that float atop the lake, anchored with cables to each other, the roadway is constructed atop these concrete pontoons. The East Channel Bridge carries Interstate 90 from Mercer Island to Bellevue, the Evergreen Point, Lacey V. Murrow, and Third Lake Washington bridges are the longest, second longest, and fifth longest floating bridges in the world, respectively. Many questioned the wisdom of concrete floating bridge technology after the sinking of a portion of the Lacey V. Murrow bridge on November 25,1990, concrete floating bridges continue to remain a viable means for the conveyance of vehicle traffic over Lake Washington. In 1950, approximately one year after the tolls were removed from the Murrow bridge, the inland ferry system on the lake came to an end, having operated since the 1880s. The cities and towns bordering the lake, going clockwise from the west, are Seattle, Lake Forest Park, Kenmore, Kirkland, Yarrow Point, Hunts Point, Medina, Bellevue, Beaux Arts Village, and Renton. The city of Mercer Island occupies the island of the same name, Kenmore Air operates passenger seaplane service at Kenmore Air Harbor at the northern end of the lake
11.
Puget Sound
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Puget Sound /ˈpjuːdʒɪt/ is a sound along the northwestern coast of the U. S. state of Washington, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea. Flow through Deception Pass is approximately equal to 2% of the tidal exchange between Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Puget Sound extends approximately 100 miles from Deception Pass in the north to Olympia and its average depth is 450 feet and its maximum depth, off Point Jefferson between Indianola and Kingston, is 930 feet. The depth of the basin, between the southern tip of Whidbey Island and Tacoma, Washington, is approximately 600 feet. Since 2009, the term Salish Sea has been established by the United States Board on Geographic Names as the waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Sometimes the terms Puget Sound and Puget Sound and adjacent waters are used for not only Puget Sound proper but also for waters to the north, such as Bellingham Bay and the San Juan Islands region. The term Puget Sound is used not just for the body of water, major cities on the sound include Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, and Everett, Washington. Puget Sound is also the second largest estuary in the United States, in 1792 George Vancouver gave the name Pugets Sound to the waters south of the Tacoma Narrows, in honor of Peter Puget, a Huguenot lieutenant accompanying him on the Vancouver Expedition. This name later came to be used for the north of Tacoma Narrows as well. The USGS defines Puget Sound as all the south of three entrances from the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The main entrance at Admiralty Inlet is defined as a line between Point Wilson on the Olympic Peninsula, and Point Partridge on Whidbey Island. The second entrance is at Deception Pass along a line from West Point on Whidbey Island, to Deception Island, the third entrance is at the south end of the Swinomish Channel, which connects Skagit Bay and Padilla Bay. Under this definition, Puget Sound includes the waters of Hood Canal, Admiralty Inlet, Possession Sound, Saratoga Passage and it does not include Bellingham Bay, Padilla Bay, the waters of the San Juan Islands or anything farther north. Another definition, given by NOAA, subdivides Puget Sound into five basins or regions, four of these correspond to areas within the USGS definition, but the fifth one, called Northern Puget Sound includes a large additional region. It is defined as bounded to the north by the boundary with Canada. Kruckeberg uses the term Puget Sound and adjacent waters, continental ice sheets have repeatedly advanced and retreated from the Puget Sound region. The most recent glacial period, called the Fraser Glaciation, had three phases, or stades. S. Since each new advance and retreat of ice erodes away much of the evidence of ice ages
12.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
13.
The Seattle Times
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The Seattle Times is a newspaper serving Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the daily newspaper in the state of Washington and has the largest Sunday circulation in the Pacific Northwest. It has been Seattles only major daily print newspaper since the demise of the version of the rival Seattle Post-Intelligencer in 2009. The Seattle Times originated as the Seattle Press-Times, a newspaper founded in 1891 with a daily circulation of 3,500. Renamed the Seattle Daily Times, it doubled its circulation within half a year, by 1915, circulation stood at 70,000. The newspaper moved to the Times Square Building at 5th Avenue and it built a new headquarters, the Seattle Times Building, north of Denny Way in 1930. The paper moved to its current headquarters at 1000 Denny Way in 2011, the Seattle Times switched from afternoon delivery to mornings on March 6,2000, citing that the move would help them avoid the fate of other defunct afternoon newspapers. This placed the Times in direct competition with its JOA partner, nine years later, the P-I became an online-only publication. The Times is one of the few remaining major city dailies in the United States independently operated and owned by a local family. The Seattle Times Company, while owning and operating the Times, the McClatchy Company owns 49.5 percent of voting common stock in the Seattle Times Company, formerly held by Knight Ridder until 2006. The Times reporting has received 10 Pulitzer Prizes, most recently for its news coverage of the 2014 landslide that killed 43 people in Oso. It has a reputation for its investigative journalism, in particular. In February 2002, The Seattle Times ran a subheadline American outshines Kwan, many Asian Americans felt insulted by the Times actions even after the newspaper apologized, because Michelle Kwan is also American. The newspapers management said the ads were aimed at demonstrating how effective advertising with The Times can be, the advertisements in favor of McKenna represent an $80,000 independent expenditure, making the newspaper the third largest contributor to his campaign. More than 100 staffers signed a letter of protest sent to Seattle Times Publisher Frank Blethen, the two papers maintained their own identities with separate news and editorial departments. The Times announced its intention to cancel the Joint Operating Agreement in 2003, hearst sued, arguing that a force majeure clause prevented the Times from claiming losses as reason to end the JOA when they result from extraordinary events. While a district judge ruled in Hearsts favor, the Times won on appeal, hearst continued to argue that the Times fabricated its loss in 2002. The two papers announced an end to their dispute on April 16,2007 and this arrangement JOA was terminated when the Post-Intelligencer ceased publication, its final printed edition was March 17,2009
14.
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
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The Seattle Post-Intelligencer is an online newspaper and former print newspaper covering Seattle, Washington, United States, and the surrounding metropolitan area. The newspaper was founded in 1863 as the weekly Seattle Gazette and it was long one of the citys two daily newspapers, along with The Seattle Times, until it became an online-only publication on March 18,2009. J. R. Watson founded the P-I, Seattles first newspaper, on December 10,1863, the paper failed after a few years and was renamed the Weekly Intelligencer in 1867 by the new owner, Sam Maxwell. In 1878, after publishing the Intelligencer as a morning daily, Hanford also acquired the daily Puget Sound Dispatch and the weekly Pacific Tribune and folded both papers into the Intelligencer. In 1881, the Intelligencer merged with the Seattle Post, the names were combined to form the present-day name. In 1886, Indiana businessman Leigh S. J. Hunt came to Seattle and purchased the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, circulation stood at 31,000 in 1911. In 1912, editor Eric W. Allen left the paper to found the University of Oregon School of Journalism, William Randolph Hearst took over the paper in 1921, and the Hearst Corporation owns the P-I to this day. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt had a relationship with the P-I. In 1936,35 P-I writers and members of The Newspaper Guild went on strike against arbitrary dismissals and assignment changes. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters joined the strike in solidarity, Roger Simpson and William Ames co-wrote their book Unionism or Hearst, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer Strike of 1936 on the topic. Also in 1936, their son-in-law Clarence John Boettiger took over as publisher and he brought his wife Anna, the Roosevelts daughter, to also work at the paper. Anna became editor of the womens page, Boettiger left Seattle to enter the U. S. Army in April 1943, while Anna stayed at the paper to help keep a liberal voice in the running of the paper. After Boettigers absence, the paper increasingly turned conservative with Hearsts new acting publisher, Anna left Seattle in December 1943 to live in the White House with her youngest child, Johnny. This effectively ended the Roosevelt-Boettiger ties with the P-I, on December 15,2006, no copies were printed as a result of a power outage caused by the December 2006 Pacific Northwest storms. It was the first time in 70 years that publication had been suspended, on January 9,2009, the Hearst Corporation announced that after losing money on it every year since 2000, Hearst was putting the P-I up for sale. Analysts did not expect a buyer to be found, in view of declining circulation in the U. S. newspaper industry and other newspapers on the market going unsold. Five days before the 60-day deadline, the P-I reported that the Hearst Corporation had given several P-I reporters provisional job offers for an edition of the P-I. On March 16,2009, the posted a headline on its front page, followed shortly after by a short news story
15.
Alaskan Way Viaduct
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The Alaskan Way Viaduct is an elevated highway in Seattle, Washington built in three phases from 1949 through 1953 and opened on April 4,1953. It features an elevated section of State Route 99 that runs along the Elliott Bay waterfront in the industrial district. It is the smaller of the two major traffic corridors through Seattle, carrying up to 110,000 vehicles per day. The viaduct was damaged in the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, the initial phase of demolition and removal of the southern viaduct began on October 21,2011. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake destroyed the similarly designed Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland, the 2001 Nisqually earthquake damaged the viaduct and its supporting Alaskan Way Seawall and required the Washington State Department of Transportation to invest US$14.5 million in emergency repairs. Experts give a 1-in-20 chance that the viaduct could be shut down by an earthquake within the next decade, since the Nisqually earthquake occurred, semi-annual inspections have discovered continuing settlement damage. Due to damage from continuing settlement, a group of researchers, the tunnel would have a south portal in SoDo, near CenturyLink Field, and a north portal near Thomas Street, north of the Battery Street Tunnel. The project is estimated to cost $4.25 billion, with the state, city, the announcement did little to quell the long and heated debate over the viaducts replacement, with several factions expressing their criticism over the tunnel decision. Boring of the tunnel by the boring machine Bertha began on July 30,2013. Tunneling stopped on December 6,2013, after the boring machine struck a steel pipe, boring resumed briefly on January 28–29,2014, stopping again due to damage to the seal system which protects the machines main bearing and damage to several of the butting blades. This caused a delay as it was necessary to dig a 120-foot vertical shaft recovery pit from the surface in order to access and lift the cutterhead for repair. Work was initially expected to resume by March 2015, it was December 2015 before tunnelling recommenced,23 days later boring was halted again after a sinkhole developed on the ground in front of the machine, but resumed a month later. The tunnel is not expected to be completed until 2019, four years behind schedule, in 2016, a citywide ballot measure attempted to build an elevated park along the waterfront after the demolition of the viaduct, utilizing a portion of the existing structure. The attempt failed, with more than 80 percent of voters in Seattle rejecting the measure, heading northbound on State Route 99, the viaduct begins about a mile north of the First Avenue South Bridge, passing over the west end of the Industrial District. Then, at approximately Pike Street, the bridge reverts to an alignment for about ½ mile until the viaducts north end at the entrance to the Battery Street Tunnel. Although the structure of the building only a few inches into the viaduct, it is nonetheless unusual to see part of a building in the road. Embarcadero Freeway, an elevated freeway along the waterfront in San Francisco that was demolished. Gardiner Expressway, a freeway in Toronto with similar future plans
16.
Cowen Park Bridge
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The Cowen Park Bridge is a reinforced concrete arch bridge in Seattle, Washington. The bridge has a length of 358 ft and carries 15th Avenue NE across a ravine in the Cowen Park, the bridge, which spans from NE 62nd Street to Cowen Place NE, connects the northern Roosevelt/Ravenna neighborhood with the beginning of the University District. The Cowen Park Bridge is one of two bridges span the Ravenna Park ravine but is the only one open to vehicular traffic. The bridge was built in 1936 under the authority of the Works Progress Administration, the bridge engineer was Clark Eldridge. The structure is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the bridge has been praised for the 12-foot Art Deco light standards along its sides
17.
East Channel Bridge
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The original bridge was opened November 10,1923, and was the first bridge to reach the island. George Lightfoot, known as the father of the bridge on Mercer Island. In 1940, it was demolished and replaced, currently, two parallel bridges carry I-90 traffic at this location. A steel box girder bridge, built in 1981, carries westbound I-90 traffic, another steel box girder bridge, built in 1988, carries eastbound I-90 traffic. This bridge is featured in World in Conflict in the map, during the course of the single player campaign, the bridge must be held against invading Soviet forces. It is later destroyed to hinder the Soviet advance from Seattle, Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge, which carry I-90 over Lake Washington to Seattle. East Channel Bridge, first bridge to Mercer Island, opens on November 10,1923, aerial of East Channel Bridge from north, Mercer Island, September 11,1938. University of Washington Libraries, Digital Collections
18.
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge
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The bridges total length was approximately 4,750 meters. Its 2,310 meters floating section was the longest floating bridge in the world until April 11,2016, the bridge was named for Evergreen Point, the westernmost of the three small Eastside peninsulas that SR520 crosses. In 1988, it was renamed for the states 15th governor, Albert D. Rosellini and this findings may have accelerated plans to finally replace it. In response to these hazards and the need to expand the current infrastructure, construction on a replacement began in 2012, the original bridge was closed to traffic on April 22,2016. The bridge was opened for traffic on August 28,1963. It was built as a toll bridge to provide easy access from Seattle to Eastside communities such as Bellevue, Kirkland. The total cost of the bridge, in 1961 dollars, was $21 million, to make up for this cost, commuters paid a 35-cent toll in each direction until 1979. The toll booths were then converted into bus stops, the bridge affected many communities on the Eastside. Redmonds population saw an increase, jumping from less than 1,500 in 1960 to 11,000 in 1970. The bridge was built with a drawspan in the center that could open for boats too tall to go under the bridge, the bridge opened by raising two 100-foot-long steel grids about 7 feet and moving an adjacent pontoon beneath them. In 1989, a fault caused the drawspan to open during rush hour, causing one death. In 2000, a barge struck the bridge, closing it for eleven days. Just five years after the bridge opened, a commissioned by the state legislature was completed to figure out how to provide for the great demand for cross-lake transportation. That study evaluated bridge and tunnel crossings north and south of the bridge, to help provide the political lubrication needed for any plan to go forward, the Trans-Lake Study was commissioned by the State of Washington. The study brought together 47 representatives of public agencies, neighborhoods, businesses, in 1997, Myint Lwin, WSDOTs chief bridge engineer at that time, said that even with repairs, the bridge could be expected to last only about twenty more years. The bridge needed to be closed to traffic in high winds, because of the weight of various reinforcements over the years, the bridge deck currently rides about 1 foot lower in the water than it did originally. Additionally, vibrations induced by storm surges and strong winds may compromise the aging drawspan, anchor cables, even if the storms are below the maximum threshold for failure to occur, Washington State Department of Transportation will still close the floating bridge to traffic. The original bridge carried two lanes of traffic in each direction, but did not include shoulders or a pedestrian
19.
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (2016)
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The 7, 710-foot-long floating span is the longest floating bridge in the world, as well as the worlds widest measuring 116 feet at its midpoint. The bridge opened in April 2016 and replaced another floating bridge of the name at the site. The original Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, also named for state governor Albert D. Rosellini, opened on August 28,1963, the 7, 578-foot-long floating span consisted of 33 pontoons and cost $24. The original bridge would close to traffic during sustained wind gusts of 50 miles per hour or higher for more than 15 minutes. Due to increased traffic to and from the rapidly growing Eastside area, bridge replacement was explored as early as 1969, the Eastside is also served by the Interstate 90 floating bridges completed in 1940 and 1989, carrying traffic through Mercer Island towards Bellevue. Additionally, vibrations induced by storm surges and strong winds may compromise the aging drawspan, anchor cables, even if the storms are below the maximum threshold for failure to occur, Washington State Department of Transportation will still close the floating bridge to traffic. Although the original bridge carried two lanes of traffic in each direction, it did not include shoulders or a pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure. The lack of a shoulder led to congestion in the event of an accident. Planning of the replacement bridge started in 1997 with a study conducted by the state Department of Transportation. The final environmental impact statement for the project was issued in 2011, funding was allocated to major phases of the project at different times. The western portions of the project, in the City of Seattle, were the last to be funded, the $4.5 billion in funding comes largely from the state gas tax earmarked for highways, tolling, and Federal highway funds. In 2014, the budget for the project was increased by $250 million to cover cost overruns, the pontoons were floated to the bridge on Lake Washington via the Lake Washington Ship Canal. Pontoon assembly and fastening, to form the floating bridges deck, began in 2014, a floating, 660-short-ton cofferdam was launched in November 2013 to assist in repairs of the pontoons, functioning as a portable drydock that wrapped around parts of the pontoons. The repairs were made by contractors from December 2013 to June 2014 and cost a total of approximately $208 million, as a result of the pontoon issues, the estimated opening of the bridge was pushed back from December 2014 into 2016. Construction of the deck, beginning with the eastern approach in Medina. The bridge deck was lifted into place in August 2015, the new bridge was designed to be more stable in stronger winds and raised the bridge deck much higher above the surface of the lake than the old bridge. This design now includes shoulders and a pedestrian and bicycle path across the viaduct. The bridge features advanced monitoring devices and new maintenance facilities, beneath the bridge is a three-story high brick building used to control and monitor various life support and utility systems on the bridge
20.
First Avenue South Bridge
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The northbound span was built in 1956 to connect the industrial areas northeast of the Duwamish to the residential neighborhoods to the south and southwest. Between 1996 and 1998, the drawspan was retrofitted and the approaches completely demolished, the southbound span opened in 1996 and carried traffic in both directions for two years while the northbound span was rebuilt. In 2001, the span was damaged by the Nisqually earthquake, knocking its piers 3 inches out of alignment. From the original construction to February 1995 when the retrofit began, the First Avenue South Bridge project. — memoirs of an engineer working for the WSDOT on the First Avenue South Bridge
21.
Aurora Bridge
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The Aurora Bridge is a cantilever and truss bridge that carries State Route 99 over the west end of Seattles Lake Union and connects Queen Anne and Fremont. The bridge is located just east of the Fremont Cut, which itself is spanned by the Fremont Bridge. The bridge is 2,945 ft long,70 ft wide, and 167 ft above the water, the bridge was opened to traffic on February 22,1932. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, in 1998, a bus driver was shot and killed while driving over the bridge, causing his bus to crash and resulting in the death of one of the passengers. In 2015, five people were killed and fifty were injured when a duck tour vehicle crashed into a charter bus on the bridge in an accident that also involved two smaller vehicles. The bridge is 2,945 ft long,70 ft wide,167 ft above the water and is owned and operated by the Washington State Department of Transportation, some 828 timber piles were driven for the foundation of the south anchor and 684 piles for the north. They range in size from 110 to 120 feet and rest 50 to 55 feet below the surface of the water, together, the anchors support a load of 8,000 tons. Their construction required a driver that was specially designed to work underwater. A150 ft long Warren truss suspended span connects the two cantilevers in the middle, the bridges main span is 475 ft long. At either end of the bridge there are additional Warren truss spans which connect the cantilevered spans to the highway. Construction on the piers began in 1929, with construction of the bridge following shortly afterwards in 1931, with its dedication held on February 22,1932. It opened to traffic the same day, the bridge was the final link in what was then called the Pacific Highway, which ran from Canada to Mexico. The bridge crosses the Lake Union section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and, unlike earlier bridges across the canal, the Seattle City Council voted to build connecting portions of the highway through the Woodland Park Zoo, a decision which generated considerable controversy at the time. It was designed by the Seattle architectural firm Jacobs & Ober, Ober died in August 1931, of a brain hemorrhage while the bridge was still under construction. Federal funding programs were not yet available, so the bridge was funded by Seattle, King County, and it was accepted to the National Register on July 16,1982. A local landmark, the Fremont Troll—a large cement sculpture of a troll clutching a real-life Volkswagen Beetle—was installed under the north end in 1990. Up to half of the $40,000 cost for the artwork was donated from Seattles Neighborhood Matching Fund, the sculpture was heavily vandalized in the year following its construction and large floodlights were installed on the bridge to discourage further damage. The bridge had earlier been certified as structurally sound with no serious deficiencies detected, in 2007, the Federal Highway Administration National Bridge Inventory found the bridge to be functionally obsolete
22.
Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge
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The Third Lake Washington Bridge, officially the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge, is one of the Interstate 90 floating bridges. It is the fifth-longest floating bridge in the world, at 5,811 feet and it carries the westbound and reversible lanes of Interstate 90 across Lake Washington between Mercer Island, Washington, and Seattle, Washington. The bridge was built in 1989 and is named for Homer More Hadley, who designed the bridges companion span, Hadley also designed the McMillin Bridge in Pierce County. Currently, Sound Transit and the Washington State Department of Transportation are relocating HOV lanes from the express lanes to the eastbound and westbound lanes of Interstate 90. This move is necessary to accommodate the East Link light-rail line from downtown Seattle to Bellevue and Redmond, East Link, scheduled for full completion in 2020, will be the first time that a light-rail line will operate on a floating bridge. The bridge includes two reversible lanes, which normally carry westbound traffic on weekday mornings and eastbound traffic at other times, use of the reversible express lanes is restricted to HOV traffic, except for vehicles traveling to and from Mercer Island. With a total of five lanes and three full-sized shoulders, the Third Lake Washington Bridge is the widest floating bridge in the world. Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge List of Seattle bridges Bridge Camera, includes some weather information
23.
Jose Rizal Bridge
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The Jose Rizal Bridge carries 12th Avenue South over South Dearborn Street and Interstate 90 in Seattle, connecting the International District to Beacon Hill. Built in 1911, and originally called the 12th Avenue South Bridge or the Dearborn Street Bridge and it was renamed in honor of the Filipino patriot José Rizal in 1974, though the official name is not well known by Seattleites. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, as a result of Paul Schells attempt to light several bridges for the Seattle Millennium Project, the bridge is illuminated by floodlights. In 2002, an informant was found murdered near a homeless encampment under the bridge. List of Seattle bridges National Register of Historic Places listings in Seattle Media related to Jose P. Rizal Bridge at Wikimedia Commons
24.
Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge
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The Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge is one of the Interstate 90 floating bridges that carries the eastbound lanes of Interstate 90 across Lake Washington from Seattle to Mercer Island, Washington. Westbound traffic is carried by the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge running parallel to it, the third-longest is the Hood Canal Bridge, also in Washington State, about 30 miles to the northwest of the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge. Along with the east portals of the Mount Baker Ridge Tunnel, the bridge was the brainchild of engineer Homer Hadley, who had made the first proposal in 1921. The bridge came about after intensive lobbying, particularly by George Lightfoot, Lightfoot began campaigning for the bridge in 1930, enlisting the support of Miller Freeman. Construction began January 1,1939 and was completed in 1940, the construction cost for the project, including approaches, was approximately $9,000,000. It was partially financed by an issue of $4,184,000. The bridge sank in a storm on November 25,1990 while it was undergoing refurbishing, the current bridge was built in 1993. The eponymous Lacey V. Murrow was the director of the Washington State Highway Department. He was the oldest brother of CBS commentator Edward R. Murrow, formerly known as the Lake Washington Floating Bridge, the original bridge was built under a 1 1/2-year contract awarded to the Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company in the amount of $3,254,000. It included a span that could be retracted into a pocket in the center of the fixed span to permit large boats to pass. This design resulted in a bulge that required vehicles to swerve twice across polished steel joints as they passed the bulge. There were many serious collisions on the bridge, the problems grew worse as the traffic load increased over the years and far outstripped the designed capacity. Renovation or replacement was essential and a bridge, the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge, was completed in 1989. The bridge opened just one day after the ill-fated Tacoma Narrows Bridge, in 1990, while under re-construction, the original bridge sank because of a series of human errors and decisions. The Washington State Department of Transportation decided to use hydrodemolition to remove unwanted material, water from this hydrodemolition was considered contaminated under environmental law and could not be allowed to flow into Lake Washington. Engineers then analyzed the pontoons of the bridge, and realized that they were over-engineered, the watertight doors for the pontoons were therefore removed. A large storm on November 22–24,1990 filled some of the pontoons with rain, on November 24, workers noticed that the bridge was about to sink, and started pumping out some of the pontoons. However, on November 25,2,790 ft of the bridge sank, the bridge sank when one pontoon filled and dragged the rest down because they were cabled together and there was no way to separate the sections under load
25.
Magnolia Bridge
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The Magnolia Bridge, built in 1930, connects the Seattle neighborhoods of Magnolia and Interbay over the filled-in tidelands of Smith Cove. It is one of three road connections from Magnolia to the rest of Seattle. It carries W. Garfield Street from Magnolia Way W. in the west to the intersection of Elliott, having been damaged in the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, it is currently scheduled for replacement. By 1912 a wooden trestle had been built, the wooden trestle was replaced by a concrete structure in 1930 and improved in 1957 to provide a grade separation from Elliott Avenue West. In 1960 the bridge was renamed from the Garfield Street Bridge to the Magnolia Bridge as a result of community efforts by Magnolia residents, list of Seattle bridges Media related to Magnolia Bridge at Wikimedia Commons City of Seattle Replacement project
26.
Montlake Bridge
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The Montlake Bridge is a double-leaf bascule bridge that carries State Route 513 over Seattles Montlake Cut—part of the Lake Washington Ship Canal—connecting Montlake and the University District. It is the easternmost bridge spanning the canal, the bridge is 344 ft long, and was designed by Carl F. Gould, one of the original architects of the University of Washington campus. The bridge and its towers were designed in conjunction with the universitys Collegiate Gothic style. It provides a clearance of 46 ft and is reported as providing 48 ft of clearance above the mean regulated level of Lake Washington for the central 100 ft of the bascule span. It is one of four original bascule-type drawbridges over the Ship Canal, the others being the Ballard, Fremont and it was the last one to be completed, has the highest clearance of the four, and is the only one that is part of the state highway system. Piers and abutments for a permanent bridge were built in 1914 as part of construction for the Ship Canal, but a serious proposal for a bridge at Montlake didnt come until 1916. The first bridge in its place was a walkway made from a series of barges. The temporary bridge was so heavily traveled, it demonstrated the need for a permanent structure, in addition to the vehicular traffic, the bridge conveys pedestrians and bicyclists across the canal by way of sidewalks on each side of the roadway. The bridge does not open during morning and evening rush hours and it opens at designated times during the hours just prior to and after rush periods, and on demand at other times. The bridge openings last for an average of four minutes from when traffic stops to when it resumes again, most of the openings are for sailboats, as most of the tugs that operate this far east are able to pass under the bridge in its closed position. The bridge creates a bottleneck for traffic heading to and from State Route 520, traffic can become backed up for more than a mile when the bridge is open, as can be seen in aerial photographs. Plans to replace SR-520 include adding a second bridge across the Montlake Cut next to the current Montlake Bridge. The Montlake Bridge is celebrated as the site of boating seasons opening day festivities the first Saturday in May and it is owned and operated by the Washington State Department of Transportation. Washington State Department of Transportation, Montlake Bridge Montlake Bridge at HistoryLink
27.
North Queen Anne Drive Bridge
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The North Queen Anne Drive Bridge is a deck arch bridge that spans Seattles Wolf Creek. The 238-foot long steel and concrete structure was built in 1936 to replace the previous wood-constructed crossing and it serves as a connection between the Queen Anne neighborhood and the George Washington Memorial Bridge that carries State Route 99. The arch is high and uses a minimal amount of supporting members. It was designated a city landmark on December 28,1981, an expansion joint suffered cracking and spalling during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake. The bridge has been retrofitted to make it more earthquake-resistant
28.
Schmitz Park Bridge
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The Schmitz Park Bridge is a 175-foot concrete-box bridge that spans a ravine in Seattles Schmitz Park. Built in 1936, the structure is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and is a designated city landmark. The bridge was designed by city engineer Clark Eldridge and it replaced a timber-truss span that had been erected in 1916. The funds were provided by the federal Public Works Administration and by local gas-tax, the rigid frame created by the concrete box cells made the structure 60 percent longer than any such bridge previously constructed. The graffiti artwork underneath the bridge has received praise in C-Monsters art blog and from a critic with the Seattle Post-Intelligencer
29.
Ship Canal Bridge
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The Ship Canal Bridge is a double-deck steel truss bridge that carries Interstate 5 over Seattles Portage Bay between Capitol Hill and the University District. The canal below connects Lake Union with Lake Washington, construction was completed in 1961 and the bridge opened to traffic on December 18,1962. It is 4,429 ft long, stands 182 feet above the canal and is 119 feet wide at the upper deck and it was the largest bridge of its kind in the Northwest when it first opened. The bridge is double-decked, with the upper deck carrying traffic in both directions and the lower deck carrying traffic southbound in the morning and northbound in the afternoon, other nearby bridges include University Bridge, Montlake Bridge, and George Washington Memorial Bridge. Bridges portal Washington portal Seattle portal
30.
South Park Bridge
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The South Park Bridge is a Scherzer rolling lift double-leaf bascule bridge in Seattle, Washington, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, the original bridge was constructed in 1929–31. Prior to its 2010 closure for rebuilding, about 20,000 vehicles used the bridge daily, due to safety concerns, the bridge was closed to traffic on June 30,2010, and its bascule draw-span leaves were removed in August 2010. County officials secured funds for replacement of the span. The bridge reopened to traffic on June 30,2014, retaining much of its original structure, the original bridge was already in poor condition when it was further damaged by the Nisqually earthquake of 2001. In 2002, King County inspectors gave the bridge a score of 6 out of a possible 100, per Federal Highway Administration criteria, and this compares to a score of 50 for the I-35W Mississippi River bridge, which collapsed in August 2007. Due to lack of county, state and federal funding for a replacement project. Although plans to build a new bridge were ready, the failed to receive a $99 million federal TIGER I grant in early 2010. The bridge was finally closed June 30,2010, at 7,00 p. m, earlier that month, King County secured $10 million toward the replacement of bridge. Dismantling of the began in late August 2010, with removal of the lift span sections. In August 2010, the County submitted a grant application for $36.2 million in funds from the second round of federal Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery grants. On October 15,2010, it was announced that the South Park Bridge had been awarded $34 million in TIGER II financing, filling the funding gap and allowing work to replace the bridge to move forward. A ceremonial grand opening event was held for the newly completed South Park Bridge on June 29,2014, and it officially opened to traffic the following day, June 30,2014
31.
Spokane Street Bridge
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The Spokane Street Bridge, also known as the West Seattle Low-Level Bridge, is a concrete double-leaf swing bridge in Seattle, Washington. It carries Southwest Spokane Street over the Duwamish River, connecting Harbor Island to West Seattle and it has two separate end-to-end swing-span sections, each 480 feet long. Its construction was finished in 1991, replacing a bridge destroyed by a collision. It is named after Spokane Street, which itself is named after Spokane, Washington, each 7, 500-short-ton leaf of the bridge floats on a 100-inch steel barrel in hydraulic oil, situated in center piers at each side of the river. As the bridge intersects the river at an angle, both leaves rotate only 45 degrees to clear the shipping channel instead of the 90-degree turn of most swing spans. The bridge was featured in a 2007 episode of Really Big Things shown on the Discovery Channel, the original bridge at this location was a 1924 bascule bridge. This bridge was constructed to replace it after a drawn out process to secure funding. Its construction was as part of the construction of the larger West Seattle Bridge next to it, media related to Spokane Street Bridge at Wikimedia Commons
32.
20th Avenue NE Bridge
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The 20th Avenue NE Bridge is a three-hinged, steel, lattice-arched bridge that spans a ravine in Seattles Ravenna Park. It was designed by Frank M. Johnson under the direction of city engineer Arthur Dimock, built in 1913, the structure is both listed in the National Register of Historic Places and is a designated city landmark. The structure is 354 feet long and it has a 250-foot arch that rises 41 feet over the ravine. It supports an 18-foot reinforced concrete roadway, the road has been closed to vehicular traffic since 1975, but it is accessible by pedestrians
33.
University Bridge (Seattle)
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Built in 1919, it has an opening span of 66 meters. The bridge was remodeled in 1933 and was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. On May 2,2007, a 24-inch water main broke near the end of the University Bridge. The sinkhole also swallowed two unoccupied parked cars, the water main break compromised water quality and pressure in a large part of the Eastlake neighborhood, making tap water brown and unpotable. Many restaurants and other businesses were forced to close, there was concern for the integrity of a 40-inch main adjacent to the smaller one that broke. With the bridge closed, surface traffic between Seattles University District and Downtown areas was heavily impacted and it was reopened on May 3,2007, after city workers poured about 40 cubic yards of stabilizing concrete-sand slurry around the southern base of the bridge. On November 17,2011, the University Bridge was shut down by demonstrators for about an hour, the demonstrators included Occupy Seattle protesters, students, union workers, and church leaders. The protests were part of a national Day of Action against cuts to infrastructure, health care, Seattle Department of Transportation, University Bridge
34.
West Seattle Bridge
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It was built between 1981 and 1984 after the previous bascule bridge was deemed inoperable as a result of being struck by the freighter Antonio Chavez in 1978. The bridge spans the east and west channels that form the mouth of the Duwamish River at Elliott Bay and its main approaches are Fauntleroy Way S. W. from the west and the Spokane Street Viaduct from the east. The viaduct continues east to Interstate 5 at Columbian Way, forming a three-mile arterial between West Seattle and I-5, the navigational clearance height of the high-level West Seattle Bridge is 140 feet. The low-level Spokane Street Bridge of swing-span design spans the west channel of the Duwamish River immediately north of the high-level bridge, the low-level bridge carries the surface-level Spokane Street and has a navigational clearance of 45 feet. The original bridge was a bascule bridge constructed in 1924. By the 1970s, it was one of Seattles worst bottlenecks, due to the number of ships in Duwamish Waterway. City leaders began planning a bridge, without a drawbridge. Planning for the bridge was hampered by difficulties in receiving funding, in large part, this is because the bridge was not a designated highway. A1968 Forward Thrust ballot measure included $16.7 million in funding for the bridge, other funding sources included a state program for funding urban streets and money from a maintenance fund. After a long process, three companies eventually bid to design the bridge for $1.5 million. However, the city chose a fourth company that was financially connected to the speaker of the state house. The price from this company was triple the cost of the other three. This was a result of a series of bribes involving the head of the House Transportation Committee, despite the 68 percent support in the 1968 ballot measure, the state withdrew its urban streets money due to the scandal. In 1976 and 1977, the conspirators were placed on trial, after the scandal, the project was considered dead. Norbert Tiemann, a federal highway regulator, stated there would essentially be no chance of the project receiving federal funds for completion. Tiemann also quipped, Short of a tug knocking it down, and you certainly wouldnt want to go that route. In 1978, a ship actually did strike the bridge, which left the 1924 bridge stuck open, because of this, the project qualified for funds from the federal Office of Special Bridge Replacement. However, with other damaged bridges to replace, this program alone did not have sufficient funding
35.
Salmon Bay Bridge
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The Salmon Bay Bridge, also known as Bridge No. 4, is a bascule bridge spanning across Salmon Bay and connecting Magnolia/Interbay to Ballard in Seattle. The bridge is located just west of Commodore Park and it carries the main line of the BNSF Railway on its way north to Everett and south to King Street Station and Seattles Industrial District. The Salmon Bay Bridge, which is located west of the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, is the last bridge to span the Lake Washington Ship Canal before it becomes Puget Sound. Built in 1914 by the Great Northern Railway, it has a span of 61 meters and has two tracks. Essay on the bridge by Greg Pierce
36.
Wilburton Trestle
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The Wilburton Trestle is an historic wooden railway trestle in Bellevue, Washington. Measuring 102 feet high and 975 feet long, it is the longest wooden trestle in the Pacific Northwest, the trestle carries a single track of the BNSF Railways Woodinville Subdivision line over a valley that used to be an extension of Lake Washington. The line runs approximately 40 miles from Renton in the south to Snohomish in the north, before the abandonment of the rail line by BNSF, freight trains ran six days a week, including those carrying Boeings aircraft fuselages to its assembly plant in Renton. It was also used daily by the popular Spirit of Washington Dinner Train, the trestle was originally completed in 1904 as part of the Northern Pacific Railways Lake Washington Belt Line from Black River Junction to Woodinville. It was subsequently rebuilt four times, in 1913,1924,1934. In 1974, a road, the Lake Hills Connector, was cut through the trestle, replacing a section with a concrete. Wilburton Trestle saw its last regularly scheduled trains in July 1922. Several Casey Jones excursion trains crossed the trestle in the 1950s and 1960s, the trestle is a distinctive landmark noticed by travelers on Interstate 405 through Bellevue. Wilburton Trestle should not be confused with Wilburton Tunnel, which was a tunnel for the lanes of I-405 under the railroad. The tunnel was located about a mile south of the trestle prior to its demolition on August 16,2008 for freeway improvement. Virtual Tour of Wilburton Trestle at VR Seattle
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Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel
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The Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel is a bored road tunnel that is under construction in the city of Seattle in the U. S. state of Washington. The 2-mile tunnel will carry State Route 99 under Downtown Seattle from the SoDo neighborhood to South Lake Union in the north, since 2001, the proposed replacement of the Alaskan Way Viaduct has been the source of much political consternation demonstrating the Seattle process. The current plan emerged in 2009 when government officials agreed to a deep-bore tunnel, boring of the tunnel with the worlds largest-diameter tunnel-boring machine Bertha began on July 30,2013. The project, which was scheduled for completion in December 2015, was halted on December 6,2013 after an unknown stoppage approximately 1,083 feet into the planned 9. Over the next two years, a pit was dug from the surface in order to access and lift the machines cutterhead for repair. Bertha resumed tunnel boring on December 22,2015, as of July 2016, WSDOT estimated that the tunnel would be completed and open to traffic in early 2019. On January 18,2016, Governor Inslee stopped tunneling due to a sinkhole above Bertha near the launch pit, tunneling resumed on February 23,2016 and broke through to the exit pit on April 4,2017. It is the smaller of the two major traffic corridors through Seattle, carrying up to 110,000 vehicles per day. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake destroyed the similarly designed Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland, the 2001 Nisqually earthquake damaged the viaduct and its supporting Alaskan Way Seawall and required the Washington State Department of Transportation to invest US$14.5 million in emergency repairs. Experts gave a 1-in-20 chance that the viaduct could be shut down by an earthquake within the following decade, after the Nisqually earthquake, the viaduct has been closed semi-annually for WSDOT to conduct inspections of the structure. Those inspections have discovered continuing settlement damage, in 2005, a group of researchers and faculty from the University of Washington urged political officials to close the viaduct within a two-year timeframe. Many Seattle leaders, including then-Mayor Greg Nickels and state and city transportation officials, plans for a six-lane, cut-and-cover double-decker tunnel were developed. While future development of the Alaskan Way real estate corridor may provide tax revenue for the city, one criticism compared the plan to Bostons Big Dig project, which was said to illustrate the schedule and budget challenges of a large cut-and-cover tunnel. Proponents responded that the Seattle proposal was significantly smaller in scale than the Big Dig, another proposal aimed to replace the current viaduct with another elevated structure with updated seismic standards. This new viaduct would be larger, 12-foot wide lanes with new shoulders on both sides, compared to the structure it would replace, which had no shoulders and lanes as narrow as 10 feet in places. The on and off ramps at the northern and southern portion of the viaduct would remain the same with a full intersection at South Atlantic Street. The First Street off ramp would be removed, the plan included a complete replacement of the sea wall. It was estimated to cost $2.8 billion and take 10–12 years to construct, many prominent leaders and organizations opposed the elevated structure and believed this was a unique opportunity to remove the viaduct and connect downtown Seattle to the waterfront
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Washington State Route 99
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A 2-mile gap divides the highway into two segments, between the interchanges of SR518 and SR599 in Tukwila. The southern segment of SR99 travels north from Fife through the cities of Federal Way, Des Moines, Kent, the northern segment of SR99 continues north from Tukwila through Seattle, Shoreline, Edmonds, Lynnwood, to the Broadway Interchange in Everett. SR99 originates at Interstate 5 in Fife, near its own intersection with 54th Avenue E, from there, it heads eastward to Federal Way where it becomes Pacific Highway South and intersects SR18 just west of its interchange with I-5. It then begins to travel north, through Des Moines, overlapping SR509 for a few miles, the route becomes a little difficult to identify for several miles, as there are no reassurance signs until entering SeaTac. Once there, it becomes International Boulevard and forms the boundary of the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport until crossing SR518. The northern division begins where the freeway carrying SR599 northward passes over International Boulevard South, SR599 terminates at that point, north of there, it becomes SR99. SR99 continues north to an interchange with SR509 and West Marginal Way at the end of the First Avenue South Bridge. SR99 crosses over the bridge and onto East Marginal Way, near Spokane Street and the eastern end of the West Seattle Bridge, SR99 again becomes a freeway. A portion travels on the surface before the route rises onto the Alaskan Way Viaduct, the viaduct terminates at the Battery Street Tunnel. The Battery Street Tunnel runs for 3,140 feet underneath Battery Street, the tunnel carries SR99 underneath the Belltown neighborhood of Seattle and onto Aurora Avenue North. The tunnel was built in 1952 using the cut-and-cover method and it carries two traffic lanes in each direction, and connects the Alaskan Way Viaduct to Aurora Avenue N. providing continuity for State Route 99. There are no sidewalks or other provisions for pedestrians or bicyclists in the Tunnel, when an incident blocking traffic takes place within the tunnel, warning lights advise motorists to exit SR-99 at Western Avenue and Denny Way. Emergency exits are placed behind sliding doors, with stairways leading up to Battery Street on the surface, the tunnel is scheduled to be replaced by the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel, which is under construction, in 2017. The tunnel will be closed and filled in after the replacement tunnel opens, Aurora Avenue at this point is lined with businesses, residences, side streets and sidewalks. There is a barrier, so cross traffic and left turns are not available. There are also several pedestrian overpasses and underpasses along this route, as Aurora Avenue nears and passes along the east flank of Queen Anne Hill, the median barrier ends, although access remains RIRO. Aurora Avenue then crosses the Lake Washington Ship Canal on the George Washington Memorial Bridge, at the interchange for Bridge Way, a very low median barrier begins, rising to a higher wall a bit north of North 38th Street. The barrier lowers again just beyond North 49th Street, Aurora Avenue then bisects Woodland Park, with the barrier replaced by paint stripes until the next side street, North 59th
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Washington State Convention Center
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The Washington State Convention Center is a convention center in Seattle, Washington. The convention center notably is built bridging over Interstate 5, the convention center is planning a $1. It is the most expensive and largest project underway amidst Seattle’s historic construction boom, AAI Immunology Annual Meeting 2016 Emerald City ComiCon 2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014. Penny Arcade Expo 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016. Sakura-Con 2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016, WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 NECA Show 2009 Phi Theta Kappa Convention 2011 International Conference on Robotics and Automation in 2015 Official website
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Freeway Park
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Freeway Park in Seattle, Washington, United States, extends from Downtown Seattle, where it adjoins the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, to First Hill. The park bridges over Interstate 5 and a large city-owned parking lot, an unusual mixture of brutalist architecture and greenery, the 5. 2-acre park, designed by Lawrence Halprins office under the supervision of Angela Danadjieva, opened to the public July 4,1976. A later addition to the park winds several blocks up First Hill, with a staircase, a series of crimes, notably a January 18,2002 murder, briefly gave the park a reputation as a haven for crime and led to calls for a radical redesign. Many at first attributed the dangers to the design of the park, the strategy, only partly implemented as of summer 2005, seems to be succeeding, according to David Brewster of the FPNA, crime in the park is down 90% compared to that of 2002. The park is also a significant cultural landscape as a masterwork of a modernist master, Freeway Park Association website Seattle Parks Official site, accessed 3 Sept 2005 Three 1988 images of the park. Virtual Reality Tour of Freeway Park, requires QuickTime
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Mount Baker Tunnel
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The Mount Baker Tunnel or Mount Baker Ridge Tunnel carries Interstate 90 under the Mount Baker neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. It is actually a group of three tunnels that carry eight lanes of traffic, plus a separate path for bicycles. The two originals are twin tunnel bores completed in 1940 and rehabilitated in 1993, the newest tunnel was built north of the original tunnels and opened in June 1989. The tunnel has a roadway with the bicycle/pedestrian path above the traffic lanes. The entire tunnel is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the east portals of the tunnel, with murals designed by artist James FitzGerald, along with the Lacey V. Murrow Bridge, are an official City of Seattle landmark. The eastern end of the links to the I-90 floating bridge on Lake Washington. At 63 feet in diameter, it is the worlds largest diameter soft earth tunnel, when completed in 1940, the twin tunnels connected the I-90 floating bridge on Lake Washington and Rainier Avenue South in Seattle. The bridge and tunnels were part of US Highway 10, which used surface streets between the tunnels and downtown Seattle, US10 was a four-lane, undivided highway. Each tunnel held two traffic lanes, the north tunnel normally carried two westbound lanes. The south tunnel normally carried two eastbound lanes, in the 1960s, a lane-use signal system was added to improve peak commute traffic. During peak commute times, the signals were used to make the two lanes reversible. In the mornings, three lanes flowed west and one lane flowed east, in the evenings, three lanes flowed east and one lane flowed west. During morning and evening commutes, one tunnel carried two lanes of traffic in the direction while the other tunnel carried opposing traffic separated by only dashed yellow lines. The highway would become part of Interstate 90, be expanded. The freeway expansion and upgrade was completed in 1993, upon completion of the I-90 expansion, the freeway capacity increased to three general-purpose lanes in each direction and two reversible HOV lanes. Eastbound traffic uses the original tunnels, westbound traffic uses the upper deck of the northern new tunnel. A two-lane reversible roadway uses the lower deck, the reversible roadway serves as express lanes for transit buses and carpools during peak commute periods. The express lanes flow westbound on weekday mornings and eastbound on weekday afternoons, on weekends, the express lanes are open, traffic direction is variable depending on anticipated traffic volumes
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Beacon Hill tunnel (Seattle)
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Beacon Hill tunnel is a public transit tunnel in Seattle, Washington, carrying the Central Link light rail line under Seattles Beacon Hill between Rainier Valley and SoDo just east of Interstate 5. The Beacon Hill Link Light Rail station is approximately 165 feet underground near the midpoint of the tunnel, construction of the station began in March 2005 and was completed in July 2009. Obayashi Corporation was the general contractor, the twin running tunnels were excavated with a tunnel boring machine built by Mitsubishi, named the Emerald Mole. The station and crossover tunnels were constructed using the sequential excavation method, several workers were injured and one was killed during construction of the tunnel. The tunnel was completed at a cost of million, versus Obayashis bid of $280 million
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Great Northern Tunnel
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At the time it was built, it was the tallest and widest tunnel in the United States at 28 feet high and 30 feet wide. The southern portal is just north of King Street Station, the northern in Victor Steinbrueck Park, below the Alaskan Way Viaduct, the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel passes four feet below the Great Northern Tunnel. Freight and passenger trains use the tunnel, including Amtrak to Chicago and Vancouver, B. C. seattles Great Northern Tunnel Turns 110 Years Old
44.
Northgate Link extension
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Northgate Link extension is a Link Light Rail extension in Seattle, Washington that will connect the University District to Northgate. The extension was approved in 2008 by voters in the Sound Transit 2 package, began construction in 2012 and this project is known as the Lynnwood Link extension project. Construction on the Northgate Link extension began in 2012 and is scheduled to open for service in 2021, once the extension is opened, the line will be named the Red Line. Each 3. 4-mile tunnel is dug southbound, starting from the Maple Leaf Portal, brenda was previously used on the University Link Tunnel from 2011 to 2012, digging both tunnels between Capitol Hill station and the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel. TBM #1 began excavation of the tunnel on July 9,2014. TBM #1 was disassembled and removed from the University of Washington station, due to damage sustained by TBM #2, TBM #1 was refurbished and excavated the last tunnel segment between June and September 2016. TBM #2 began excavation of the tunnel on November 20,2014. Repairs were made and the segment was completed on March 24,2016, Sound Transits page on Northgate Link extension
45.
University Link tunnel
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The University Link tunnel is a 3. 15-mile light rail tunnel in Seattle, Washington. The 21 ft-wide tunnels are lined with precast gasketed concrete segments connected with steel bolts and was excavated using three tunnel-boring machines in 2011 and 2012, light rail service began on March 19,2016. Construction of light rail was originally proposed in the 1996 Sound Move measure, in 1999, Sound Transit chose their preferred route for the light rail system, including a 4. Due to many missteps, Sound Transit shortened the line in 2001 from the original 21 miles to 14 miles, in November 2005, the line received the FTAs best rating of High. After years of negotiations, Sound Transit reached an agreement on disruption and construction with the University of Washington in 2007. A groundbreaking ceremony for the project was held on March 6,2009, at the site of University of Washington station. The project used three tunnel-boring machines, all sporting a 21-foot cutterhead, during construction May 2011 to May 2012, light rail service on the University Link Extension began on March 19,2016. The extension opened six months earlier than scheduled, by using unused float time, cellular service in the tunnel began in August 2016 for T-Mobile customers, provided by an agreement with Mobilitie to install a distributed antenna system during the tunnels construction. The tunnel heads northeast along Pine Street in a tunnel for two blocks until the tunnel-bored segment begins at Boren Avenue underneath Interstate 5. The tunnel passes 15 feet under the Montlake Cut while climbing a 4. 5% grade to end at University of Washington station near Husky Stadium. Sound Transit originally estimated that the trip between Westlake and the University of Washington would take 8 minutes, but later refined it to a scheduled 6 minutes. Trains run 20 hours a day on weekdays in the tunnel, arriving every 6 to 10 minutes during rush hour and midday, media related to University Link Tunnel at Wikimedia Commons
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Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel
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The tunnel was used only by buses from its opening in 1990 until 2005, and since 2009 it has been shared by buses and light rail. All five of its stations are served by buses from King County Metro and Sound Transit Express that leave the tunnel north via Interstate 5, south via the SODO Busway. The DSTT is the busiest section of the Link light rail network and it is owned by King County Metro and shared with Sound Transit, having signed a joint-operating agreement after ownership was transferred back to King County in 2002. The Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel is one of two tunnels in the United States, alongside the Mount Washington Transit Tunnel in Pittsburgh. However, the DSTT is the only tunnel in the United States with stations. Though proposals for a rapid transit tunnel under 3rd Avenue date back to the 1910s and 1920s, planning for the modern bus, the King County Metro Council approved the bus tunnel proposal in November 1983, but construction did not begin until March 1987. The tunnel between Convention Place and Westlake stations was built using the method, closing Pine Street for 19 months. The segment from Westlake to the International District was bored with two tunnel-boring machines, heading north from Union Station and finishing within a month of each other. Tests of normal buses and the Breda dual-mode buses built specifically for tunnel routes began in March 1989, with tunnel construction declared complete in June 1990, at a cost of $455 million. Light rail tracks were installed in anticipation of rapid transit service through the tunnel, later found to be poorly insulated. The tunnel was closed on September 24,2005 for modification to accommodate both buses and Sound Transits Central Link light rail trains on shared tracks and platforms, the roadway was lowered to 8 inches and other improvements were made to prepare for light rail service. New hybrid electric buses were moved into the tunnel to replace the Breda fleet, the tunnel reopened on September 24,2007, and light rail service began on July 18,2009. Entrances at the three stations are built into nearby buildings and with variable-message signs over the stairs and elevators leading to the mezzanines. There are a total of 11 wheelchair-accessible elevators to the stations, as mandated by the Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act. All tunnel stations, excluding Convention Place, are 60 feet below street level, Convention Place is the only bus-exclusive station in the tunnel and consists of four sheltered platform in a sunken, open-air layover space below street level. The DSTT enters Westlake station under Pine Street between 3rd and 6th avenues, located between the Westlake Center shopping mall and Westlake Park. The area around the station is known as the Westlake Hub, with connections to the South Lake Union Streetcar and Seattle Center Monorail in addition to King County Metro and Sound Transit buses. Leaving Westlake Station, the tunnel turns south under Century Square to follow 3rd Avenue and its transit mall through the business district
47.
Ballard Locks
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The Locks are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the American Society of Civil Engineers Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks. As early as 1854, there was discussion of building a connection between Lake Washington and Puget Sound for the purpose of transporting logs, milled lumber. Thirteen years later, the United States Navy endorsed a canal project, in 1891 the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers started planning the project. Some preliminary work was begun in 1906, and work began in earnest five years later under the command of Hiram M. Chittenden. The delays in planning and construction resulted in the US Navy building the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington. In early 1909, the Washington State Legislature appropriated $250,000, placed under the control of the Corps of Engineers, for excavation of the canal between Lake Union and Lake Washington. In June 1910, the US Congress gave its approval for the lock, construction was then delayed by legal challenges, mainly by mill owners in Ballard who feared property damage and loss of waterfront in Salmon Bay, and by Lake Washington property owners. In July 1912, the Locks gates were closed for the first time, the first ship passed through the Locks on August 3,1916. On August 25,1916, the dam at Montlake was breached. The Locks officially opened for traffic on May 8,1917. The total cost of the project to that point was $3.5 million, with $2.5 million having come from the Federal government and the rest from local governments. To allow for the boat traffic, three bridges were removed along the ship canal route, at Latona Avenue, Fremont, Stone Way. The Ballard and Fremont Bridges were completed in 1917, followed by the University Bridge in 1919, the University Bridge was improved in 1932, and in 1934 the Lake Washington Ship Canal project was declared complete. To prevent the mixing of sea water from Puget Sound with the water of the lakes. To move boats from the level of the lakes to the water level of Puget Sound. The complex includes two locks,30 ft ×150 ft and 80 ft ×825 ft, the complex also includes a 235 ft spillway with six 32 ft ×12 ft gates to assist in water-level control. A fish ladder is integrated into the locks for migration of anadromous fish, the grounds feature a visitors center, as well as the Carl S. English Jr. Botanical Gardens. Operated by the US Army Corps of Engineers, the locks were opened on July 4,1917
