1.
Scottish baronial architecture
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Scottish Baronial architecture is a style of architecture with its origins in the sixteenth century. Castle-like, the draws on the features of Medieval castles, tower houses. Buildings of the style frequently feature towers adorned by small turrets called bartizans, roof lines are uneven, their crenelated battlements often broken by stepped gables. While small lancet windows may appear in towers and gables, large bay windows of glass were not uncommon. Porches, porticos and porte-cocheres, were given the castle treatment. An imitation portcullis on the houses would occasionally be suspended above a front door, flanked by heraldic beasts. This architectural style was employed for public buildings, such as Aberdeen Grammar School. In the 19th century it became fashionable for private houses to be built with small turrets, in fact the architecture often had little in common with tower houses, which retained their defensive functions and were deficient with respect to 19th-century ideas of comfort. The 20th-century Scottish Baronial castles have had the reputation of architectural follies, among most patrons and architects the style became disfavoured along with the Gothic revival style during the early years of the 20th century. The unique style of great houses in Scotland, later known as Scots baronial. Particularly influential was the work of William Wallace, James VIs master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631. He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618, Winton House for George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on Heriots Hospital, Edinburgh. He adopted a style that applied elements of Scottish fortification. The Gothic revival in architecture has seen as an expression of Romanticism and according to Alvin Jackson. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746 with design input from William Adam displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. Important for the adoption of the style in the nineteenth century was Abbotsford House. Re-built for him from 1816, it became a model for the revival of the baronial style
2.
River Dee, Aberdeenshire
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The River Dee is a river in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It rises in the Cairngorms and flows through South Aberdeenshire to reach the North Sea at Aberdeen, the general area is called Deeside, or in the region between Braemar and Banchory because Queen Victoria came to love the place and built Balmoral Castle there. The several other rivers of the name in Great Britain have the same origin as has the Dees near neighbour to the north. The River Dee rises at approximately 4,000 feet in elevation on the plateau of Braeriach in the Cairngorm Mountains, the highest source of any major river in the British Isles. Emerging in a number of called the Wells of Dee the young Dee then flows across the plateau to the cliff edge from where the Falls of Dee plunge into An Garbh Choire. At Linn of Dee the river passes east through a 300-metre natural rock gorge, between there and Braemar, Lui Water and Quoich Water join the growing River Dee. The River Clunie enters the Dee at Braemar, through Deeside the river passes Braemar, Balmoral Castle, Ballater, Dinnet, Aboyne and Banchory to reach the sea at Aberdeen. Near Ballater two rivers are tributaries – the River Gairn flowing from the north and the River Muick, flowing out of Loch Muick, the river is in the Cairngorms National Park until it reaches Dinnett. Water of Tanar flows through Glen Tanar before joining at Aboyne, the Falls of Feugh has its confluence with the Dee at Banchory and Coy Burn enters at Milton of Crathes. The tidal limit is just above Bridge of Dee, built about 1720, before reaching the North Sea, the river passes through Aberdeen Harbour, the principal marine centre for the energy industry in Europe, servicing the offshore oil and gas industry. An artificial channel was constructed in 1872 to straighten the rivers flow into the sea, footdee is an old fishing village at the east end of Aberdeen Harbour. Just west of Ballater the A939 Lecht Road leaves the A93 to take a tortuous climb towards the Lecht Ski Centre then on to Tomintoul and eventually Nairn. West and north from Braemar there are no paved roads into the Cairngorms except for a road which reaches Linn of Dee. Until 1966 the Deeside Railway ran from Aberdeen to Ballater and a short section. The Dee is important for conservation and the area has many designated sites. The upper catchment is within the Cairngorms National Nature Reserve and Cairngorms National Park, much of the semi-natural Caledonian pine forest in Scotland is within the Dee catchment. The area contains nationally rare examples of pine woods, birch woods, on the valley floor there are deciduous alder and mixed broadleaved woods, and meadow grasslands. Otter, Water Vole and freshwater mussel are among the species under threat
3.
Aberdeenshire
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Aberdeenshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It takes its name from the old County of Aberdeen which had different boundaries. Modern Aberdeenshire includes all of what was once Kincardineshire, as well as part of Banffshire, the old boundaries are still officially used for a few purposes, namely land registration and lieutenancy. Aberdeenshire Council is headquartered at Woodhill House, in Aberdeen, making it the only Scottish council whose headquarters are located outside its jurisdiction, Aberdeen itself forms a different council area. Aberdeenshire borders onto Angus and Perth and Kinross to the south, Highland and Moray to the west, traditionally, it has been economically dependent upon the primary sector and related processing industries. Its land represents 8% of Scotlands overall territory and it covers an area of 6,313 square kilometres. Aberdeenshire has a prehistoric and historic heritage. It is the locus of a number of Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeological sites, including Longman Hill, Kempstone Hill, Catto Long Barrow. The area was settled in the Bronze Age by the Beaker culture, in the Iron Age, hill forts were built. Around the 1st century AD, the Taexali people, who have little history, were believed to have resided along the coast. The Picts were the next documented inhabitants of the area, and were no later than 800-900 AD, the Romans also were in the area during this period, as they left signs at Kintore. Christianity influenced the early on, and there were Celtic monasteries at Old Deer. Since medieval times there have been a number of paths that crossed the Mounth through present-day Aberdeenshire from the Scottish Lowlands to the Highlands. Some of the most well known and historically important trackways are the Causey Mounth, Aberdeenshire played an important role in the fighting between the Scottish clans. Clan MacBeth and the Clan Canmore were two of the larger clans, macbeth fell at Lumphanan in 1057. During the Anglo-Norman penetration, other families such as House of Balliol, Clan Bruce. When the fighting amongst these newcomers resulted in the Scottish Wars of Independence, in 1307, Robert the Bruce was victorious near Inverurie. Along with his victory came new families, namely the Forbeses and these new families set the stage for the upcoming rivalries during the 14th and 15th centuries
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Albert, Prince Consort
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Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the husband of Queen Victoria. He was born in the Saxon duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld to a family connected to many of Europes ruling monarchs, at the age of 20, he married his first cousin, Queen Victoria, they had nine children. He was heavily involved with the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851, the Queen came to depend more and more on his support and guidance. Albert died at the young age of 42, plunging the Queen into deep mourning for the rest of her life. Upon Queen Victorias death in 1901, their eldest son succeeded as Edward VII, Albert was born at Schloss Rosenau, near Coburg, Germany, the second son of Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and his first wife, Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. Alberts future wife, Victoria, was earlier in the same year with the assistance of the same midwife. Albert was baptised into the Lutheran Evangelical Church on 19 September 1819 in the Marble Hall at Schloss Rosenau with water taken from the local river, in 1825, Alberts great-uncle, Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, died. His death led to a realignment of Saxon duchies the following year and Alberts father became the first reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg, Albert and his elder brother, Ernest, spent their youth in a close companionship marred by their parents turbulent marriage and eventual separation and divorce. After their mother was exiled from court in 1824, she married her lover, Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Polzig and she presumably never saw her children again, and died of cancer at the age of 30 in 1831. The brothers were educated privately at home by Christoph Florschütz and later studied in Brussels, like many other German princes, Albert attended the University of Bonn, where he studied law, political economics, philosophy and the history of art. He played music and excelled at sport, especially fencing and riding and his tutors at Bonn included the philosopher Fichte and the poet Schlegel. By 1836, the idea of marriage between Albert and his cousin, Victoria, had arisen in the mind of their ambitious uncle Leopold, at this time, Victoria was the heiress presumptive to the British throne. Her father, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, the son of King George III, had died when she was a baby. Her mother the Duchess of Kent, was the sister of both Alberts father—the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and King Leopold. Leopold arranged for his sister, Victorias mother, to invite the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was well aware of the matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. Alexander, on the hand, she described as very plain. Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me and he possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy
6.
Crathie
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Crathie is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It stands on the bank of the River Dee. Abergeldie Castle is a mile away and it was built around 1550 and had 19th century additions. It was garrisoned by General Hugh Mackay in 1689, Crathie is seven miles west of Ballater, but only a half a mile or so east of Balmoral Castle. It is best known for its association with the inhabitants of the castle, particularly for their patronage of Crathie Kirk. Traditionally many of the workers lived at Crathie. Crathie Bridge is one of the more obscure of Brunels iron bridges, the hills to the south contain a number of memorial cairns, commemorating Prince Albert and some of his children. John Brown, an acquaintance of Queen Victorias is also buried here. The Royal Lochnagar Distillery stands on the bank of the Dee east of the village. The only producer of a Deeside single malt, it is fed by natural springs rising on the slopes of Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire Cricket Association AA Touring Guide to Scotland grid reference NO272942 Photos and information about Crathie
7.
Ballater
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Ballater is a burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland on the River Dee, immediately east of the Cairngorm Mountains. Situated at an elevation of 213 m, Ballater is a centre for hikers and known for its spring water and it is home to more than 1500 inhabitants. Ballater railway station was closed in 1966 but remains in use as a centre with an exhibition recording the villages royal connection. Many buildings date from the Victorian era and the centre of the village is a conservation area, the old railway station/ visitor centre was substantially damaged by fire in May 2015 and is now closed. Balmoral Castle, the British Royal Familys holiday home, lies approximately 12 km west, birkhall lies about 2 km south-west of Ballater. Victoria Barracks is used by the Royal Guard for the castle, local stores had for decades Royal Warrants bestowed upon them. Five years after the passing of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, who had granted them, several shops still display the arms marking the royal warrant. A Met Office weather station collects weather data at Balmoral, just over 7 miles to the west of Ballater, like the rest of Scotland and the British Isles, Ballater experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. Its upland position means temperatures throughout the year are cooler than lower-lying areas, Ballater is a centre for tourism in Royal Deeside, with the Cairngorms and Balmoral Castle nearby. There are two bike hire shops in the village, the old Ballater station, containing Queen Victorias waiting room, is now a visitor centre with a replica royal carriage. Balmoral Castle is a 10-minute drive from the village, there are many walks from the village. For the easy going walker, there is Craigendarroch, a small, about 12 km south-west of Ballater is Loch Muick. From there experienced walkers can head up the prominent mountain, Lochnagar, Ballater is the home of many challenging walks due to the abundance of Munroes in the area. The River Dee flows through Ballater, and is famous for salmon fishing, events in the town include, The Ballater Walking Festival each May attracts many hillwalkers of all levels. Participants are guided through the hills and valleys of the eastern Cairngorms, the Ballater Boules Challenge, on alternate Sundays from November to March each year, provides an alternative sport when the weather is not cold enough for the traditional game of curling. Victoria Week, held annually in August, is a celebration of Ballaters connection with Queen Victoria, the village has its own tongue in cheek, on-line newspaper, the Ballater Bugle. Recently five Ballater residents refurbished the Automobile Associations Patrol Box at Cambus OMay, there is a bus garage located near to the village centre which provides an hourly public service to Aberdeens Union Square bus station. The bus company was granted permission to build a new site at Pannanich Road in December 2014, in April 2015 the bus station was re-opened as a Co-Operative supermarket
8.
Braemar
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Braemar /breɪˈmɑːr/ is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, around 58 miles west of Aberdeen in the Highlands. It is the closest significantly-sized settlement to the course of the River Dee sitting at an altitude of 339 metres. The Gaelic Bràigh Mhàrr properly refers to the area of upper Marr, i. e. the area of Marr to the west of Aboyne, the village itself being Castleton of Braemar. The village used to be known as Cinn Drochaid, Baile a Chaisteil referred to only the part of the village on the east bank of the river, the part on the west bank being known as Ach an Droighinn. Braemar is approached from the South on the A93 from Glen Clunie, Braemar can be approached on foot from the West through Glen Tilt, Glen Feshie, Glen Dee, and Glen Derry. Braemar is within an hour drive of Aberdeen, Dundee. The village is overlooked by Carn na Drochaide, by Creag Choinneach, by Carn na Sgliat, Braemar is the third coldest low lying place in the UK, after the villages of Dalwhinnie and Leadhills, with an annual average temperature of 6.8 °C. Braemar has twice entered the UK Weather Records with the lowest ever UK temperature of -27.2 °C, on 11 February 1895, Braemar has an average of 102 days of air frost and 153 days with 1 mm or more of rainfall. Snowfall can be heavy in winter and early spring, and often accumulates to depths of 30 cm or more, on 30 September 2015, Braemar had one of the largest recorded diurnal ranges of temperature in the UK. It also recorded the warmest and coldest temperatures for the UK for September 2015 on that day, the maximum temperature was 24.0 °C and the minimum was -1.3 °C. The very next day it was again the coldest and warmest place in the UK, the minimum temperature was -2.0 °C and the maximum was a new record for Braemar - it was 22.7 °C. Braemar recorded -5.0 °C later that month, meaning that for the month in a row. Also in 2015, temperatures reached a new record for November for Braemar of 17.7 °C set on the 2nd, historically the village is situated in the upper end of the historical Earldom of Mar or literally the Braes o Mar. In Scottish Gaelic, Bràigh Mhàrr referred to the general locality rather than the village itself, the use of Braemar to specifically refer to the village dates to around 1870. The names Auchendryne and Castleton are clearly marked on the current Ordnance Survey maps below the larger and bolder Braemar, the name Kindrochit is the source of the name Castleton being Bail Chasteil. On 6 September 1715, John Erskine, Earl of Mar raised the Jacobite standard at Braemar, instigating the 1715 rising against the Hanoverian Succession. In 1795, a Roman Catholic chapel was built on the high-ground to the west of Auchendryne giving the name to Chapel Brae which, according to Wyness, was being used as a school. Into the 20th century, the village was almost completely owned and divided by the estates of Mar, Auchendryne and Invercauld on one side
9.
British royal family
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The British royal family comprises the monarch of the United Kingdom and her close relations. There is no legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the British royal family. Different terms may be applied to the same or similar group of relatives of the monarch in his or her role as sovereign of any of the other Commonwealth realms, for example, in Canada, the family is known as the Canadian royal family. Some members of the family have official residences named as the places from which announcements are made in the Court Circular about official engagements they have carried out. The state duties and staff of some members of the family are funded from a parliamentary annuity. Since 1917, when King George V changed the name of the house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, members of the royal family belong, either by birth or by marriage. In 2014, the family were regarded as British cultural icons. Today, they often perform ceremonial and social duties throughout the United Kingdom, in the other countries of the Commonwealth royalty do not serve as Counsellors of State, although they may perform ceremonial and social duties on behalf of individual states or the organisation. Wives of the said enjoy their husbands precedence, and husbands of princesses are unofficially but habitually placed with their wives as well and she did not alter the relative precedence of other born-princesses, such as the daughters of her younger sons. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy and they Serve the Queen, A New and Authoritative Account of the Royal Household. The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England, symbol and Privilege, The Ritual Context of British Royalty. Britains Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy, Royal Family is a celebrated and reverential BBC documentary made by Richard Cawston to accompany the investiture of the current Prince of Wales. The documentary is frequently responsible for the greater press intrusion into the royal familys private life since its first broadcast. Official website of the royal family Official YouTube Channel House of Windsor Family Tree, archived from the original on 2010-12-02
10.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
11.
The Crown
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The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions, although the term is not only a metonym for the State. The Crown is a sole that represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative. These monarchies are united by the union of their monarch. The concept of the Crown developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the crown and property of the nation state from the person. The concept spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the lexicon of the other 15 independent realms. In this context it should not be confused with any physical crown, the concept of the Crown took form under the feudal system. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights, land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage—owners of land held as socage held it only to the Crown. The Crown as ultimate owner of all property also owns any property which has become bona vacantia, the monarch is the living embodiment of the Crown and, as such, is regarded as the personification of the state. He office cannot exist without the office-holder, the Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crowns legal personality is usually regarded as a sole, it can, at least for some purposes. Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible, two judgments—Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta and Ex parte Quark —challenged that view. The Crown in each of the Commonwealth realms is a similar, because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each Canadian province and each Australian state. The Succession to the Crown Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the Perth Agreement in Jersey law, as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey. Legislation in the Isle of Man also defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The reserve powers of the Crown for each territory are no longer considered to be exercisable on the advice of the UK government, often cases are brought by the Crown according to the complaint of a claimant. The title of the case follows the pattern of R v Y. Thus R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, where Miller is Gina Miller, in Scotland, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the Lord Advocate in the name of the Crown
12.
Historic Scotland
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Historic Scotland was an executive agency of the Scottish Government from 1991 to 2015, responsible for safeguarding Scotlands built heritage, and promoting its understanding and enjoyment. Under the terms of a Bill of the Scottish Parliament published on 3 March 2014, Historic Scotland was dissolved, HES also took over the functions of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Historic Scotland was an organisation to the Ancient Monuments Division of the Ministry of Works. It was created as an agency in 1991 and was attached to the Scottish Executive Education Department, as part of the Scottish Government, Historic Scotland was directly accountable to the Scottish Ministers. In 2002, proposals to restore Castle Tioram in the West Highlands, by putting a roof back on, were blocked by Historic Scotland and this position was supported in an extensive local Public Inquiry at which the arguments for both sides were heard. It has been implied that this dispute has led to a review of the operations of the organisation, after widespread consultation, Historic Scotland published a comprehensive series of Scottish Historic Environment Policy papers, consolidated into a single volume in October 2008. The agencys Framework Document set out the responsibilities of the Scottish Ministers and its Corporate Plan sets out its targets and performance against them. Historic Scotland had direct responsibility for maintaining and running over 360 monuments in its care, about a quarter of which are manned and these properties have additional features such as guidebooks, books and other resources. Historic Scotland sought to increase the number of run at its sites. Similarly, new museums and visitor centres were opened, notably at Arbroath Abbey, there was also a hospitality section, which makes some properties available for wedding receptions and other functions. Lifetime memberships were also available, and all received a quarterly magazine Historic Scotland. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland Scottish Ten Official website
13.
Category A listed
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
14.
Red grouse
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The red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scotica, is a medium-sized bird of the grouse family which is found in heather moorland in Great Britain and Ireland. It is usually classified as a subspecies of the willow ptarmigan but is considered to be a separate species. It is also known as the moorcock, moorfowl or moorbird, Lagopus is derived from Ancient Greek lagos, meaning hare, + pous, foot, in reference to the feathered feet and toes typical of this cold-adapted genus, and scoticus is of Scotland. The red grouse is differentiated from the willow ptarmigan and rock ptarmigan by its plumage being reddish brown, the tail is black and the legs are white. There are white stripes on the underwing and red combs over the eye, females are less reddish than the males and have less conspicuous combs. Young birds are duller and lack the red combs, Birds in Ireland are sometimes thought to belong to a separate subspecies L. l. hibernica. They are slightly paler than those in Britain and the females have plumage with more finely barred underparts. This may be an adaptation to them in moorland with higher grass and sedge content. It is identified by its chut. chut. chut. chut. chut. chuttt, call, or the Goback, goback, goback vocalisation. The wings make a sound when the bird is disturbed from a resting place. Grouse populations display periodic cycling, where the population builds up to high densities only to crash a few years later. The main driver of this pattern is thought to be the parasitic nematode worm Trichostrongylus tenuis. However, in his book, V. C, the red grouse is endemic to the British Isles, it has developed in isolation from other subspecies of the willow ptarmigan which are widespread in northern parts of Eurasia and North America. It is found across most parts of Scotland, including Orkney, Shetland and they are only absent from urban areas, such as the Central Belt, the flatter areas of the north-east and around Fife. In Wales there are populations in places but their range has retracted. They are now absent from the far south, their main strongholds being Snowdonia, the Brecon Beacons. There are reports of Welsh birds crossing the Bristol Channel to Exmoor, there is an isolated introduced population on Dartmoor, and overspill Welsh birds visit the Shropshire Hills such as Long Mynd, where they breed. The Exmoor population would now appear to be extinct, with the last birds sighted as recently as 2005, an introduced population in Suffolk died out by the early 20th century, though a population on Cannock Chase in Staffordshire lasted longer
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Highland cattle
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Highland cattle are a Scottish cattle breed. They have long horns and long wavy coats that are coloured black, brindle, red, yellow, white, silver or dun and they originated in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland and were first mentioned in the 6th century AD. The first herd book described two types of Highland cattle but, due to crossbreeding between the two, only one type now exists and is registered. They have since been exported worldwide and they are a hardy breed due to their native environment, the Highlands of Scotland. This results in hair, giving the breed its ability to overwinter. Bulls can weigh up to 800 kilograms and cows up to 500 kilograms and they have an unusual double coat of hair. On the outside is the oily outer hair—the longest of any cattle breed—covering a downy undercoat and this makes them well suited to conditions in the Highlands, which have a high annual rainfall and sometimes very strong winds. Their skill in foraging for food allows them to survive in steep areas where they both graze and eat plants that many other cattle avoid. They can dig through the snow with their horns to find buried plants, mature bulls can weigh up to 800 kilograms and cows can weigh up to 500 kilograms. Cows typically have a height of 90–106 centimeters, and bulls are typically in the range of 106–120 centimeters, mating occurs throughout the year with a gestation period of approximately 277–290 days. Most commonly a single calf is born, but twins are not unknown, sexual maturity is reached at about eighteen months. Highland cattle also have an expected lifespan than most other breeds of cattle. The hair color of Highland cattle can vary from black, brindled, red, yellow, the coat colors are caused by alleles at the MC1R gene and the PMEL or SILV gene. They have a temperament and the milk has a high butterfat content. They are generally good-natured animals but very protective of their young, all European cattle cope relatively well with low temperatures but Highland cattle have been described as. almost as cold-tolerant as the arctic-dwelling caribou and reindeer. Conversely due to their thick coats they are less tolerant of heat than zebu cattle. Highland cattle have been established in countries where winters are substantially colder than Scotland such as Norway. A fold of semi-wild Highland cattle was studied, over a period of 4 years and it was found that the cattle have a clear structure and hierarchy of dominance, which reduced aggression
16.
Robert Gordon (diplomat)
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Sir Robert Gordon GCB GCH PC was a British diplomat. Gordon was a son of George Gordon, Lord Haddo. He was educated at St Johns College, Cambridge, from 1826 to 1828, he was Envoy Extraordinary to Brazil, to the Ottoman Empire from 1828 to 1831 and to Austria from 1841 to 1847. In 1830, he acquired a lease of Balmoral Castle and entertained Queen Victoria and Albert. Albert later bought the estate from his trustees a year later as a gift for his wife
17.
Robert II of Scotland
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Robert II reigned as King of Scots from 1371 to his death as the first monarch of the House of Stewart. Marjorie by this time had died in a riding accident – probably in 1317. Parliament decreed her infant son, Robert Stewart, as heir presumptive, in 1329 King Robert I died and the six-year-old David succeeded to the throne with Sir Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray appointed Guardian of Scotland. Robert fought at Halidon, where his uncle and former guardian, following this battle, Roberts lands in the west were given by Balliol to his supporter David Strathbogie, the titular Earl of Atholl. Robert took refuge in the fortress of Dumbarton Castle in the Clyde estuary to join his uncle, in May 1334 David escaped to France leaving Robert and John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray as joint Guardians of the kingdom. Robert succeeded in regaining his lands but following Randolphs capture by the English in July 1335, his possessions were again targeted by the forces of Balliol. This may have persuaded Robert to submit to Balliol and the English king, the Guardianship transferred to Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell but following his death in 1338 Robert was re-appointed and retained the office until King David returned from France in June 1341. Robert accompanied David into battle at Nevilles Cross on 17 October 1346 but he and Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March escaped or fled the field, in October 1357, the king was ransomed for 100,000 marks to be paid in installments over ten years. Robert married Elizabeth Mure around 1348, legitimising his four sons and his subsequent marriage to Euphemia de Ross in 1355 produced two sons and two surviving daughters and provided the basis of a future dispute regarding the line of succession. Robert joined a rebellion against David in 1363 but submitted to him following a threat to his right of succession. In 1364, David presented a proposal to Parliament that would cancel the remaining ransom debt if it was agreed that a Plantagenet heir would inherit the Scottish throne should he die without issue. This was rejected and Robert succeeded to the throne at the age of 55 following Davids unexpected death in 1371, Robert II died in Dundonald Castle in 1390 and was buried at Scone Abbey. Robert Stewart, born in 1316, was the child of Walter Stewart, High Steward of Scotland and King Robert Is daughter Marjorie Bruce. He had the upbringing of a Gaelic noble on the Stewart lands in Bute, Clydeside, in 1315 parliament removed Marjories right as heir to her father in favour of her uncle, Edward Bruce. This reinstatement of his status was accompanied by the gift of lands in Argyll, Roxburghshire, the first war of independence began in the reign of King John Balliol. His short reign was bedeviled by Edward Is insistence on his overlordship of Scotland, John Balliol submitted to Edward and resigned the throne to him before being sent to London as a prisoner. Despite this, resistance to the English led by William Wallace, on their deaths, Robert the Bruce continued to resist the English and eventually succeeded in defeating the forces of Edward II of England and gained the Scottish throne for himself. David Bruce, aged five, became king on 7 June 1329 on the death of his father Robert, Davids accession kindled the second independence war which threatened Roberts position as heir
18.
Hunting
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Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping animals, or pursuing or tracking them with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to predators that are dangerous to humans or domestic animals. Lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals, Hunting can also be a means of pest control. However, hunting has also contributed to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals. The pursuit, capture and release, or capture for food of fish is called fishing, the practice of foraging or gathering materials from plants and mushrooms is also considered separate from hunting. The word hunt serves as both a noun and a verb, the noun has been dated to the early 12th century, act of chasing game, from the verb hunt. The meaning of a body of persons associated for the purpose of hunting with a pack of hounds is first recorded in the 1570s, meaning the act of searching for someone or something is from about 1600. The verb, Old English huntian to chase game, perhaps developed from hunta hunter, is related to hentan to seize, from Proto-Germanic huntojan, the general sense of search diligently is first recorded c. Hunting has a history and may well pre-date the rise of the species Homo sapiens. Evidence from western Kenya suggests that hunting has been occurring for more two million years. Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have one of the multiple environmental factors leading to the Holocene extinction of megafauna. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, however, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation. The closest surviving relatives of the species are the two species of Pan, the common chimpanzee and bonobos. Common chimpanzees have a diet that includes troop hunting behaviour based on beta males being led by an alpha male. Bonobos have also observed to occasionally engage in group hunting. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as such as dance. Hunting was a component of hunter-gatherer societies before the domestication of livestock
19.
Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly
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Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Huntly, who adopted the family name of Gordon from about 1457, was a powerful 15th-century Scottish magnate. He was knighted in 1439/1440 and was Lord of Badenoch, Gordon, Strathbogie and he was the son of Alexander Seton, Lord Gordon, by his spouse Elizabeth Gordon, daughter and heiress of Sir Adam Gordon of that Ilk. In 1435 he accompanied the princess Margaret to France to marry the 9th Dauphin of France, in a charter dated 23 February 1439–40, he is styled Sir Alexander Seton of Tullibody, heir of Elizabeth Gordon. The charter confirmed an earlier exchange of lands between Sir William Keith and Margaret Fraser and William Lindsay, Lord of Byres exchanging lands for that of Dunottar and he succeeded his father as Lord Gordon before April 1441. He was embroiled in struggles against the Douglases, against the Lords of the Isles, and against the Lindsay earls of Crawford while being closely aligned with William Crichton, the Chancellor. On 28 April 1451 he received a charter from the king of the lordship of Badenoch, Gordon fought on the Kings side against the Douglases during The Douglas Rebellion and soundly defeated the Crawfords at the Battle of Brechin 18 May 1452. Huntly adopted the name of Gordon about 1457. He died on 15 July 1470 at Huntly Castle and was buried in Elgin Cathedral, Alexander Gordon married first, c. 8 January 1426 Egidia Hay, daughter and heir of John Hay of Tullibody. Together they had a son, Alexander Seton, ancestor of the Setons of Touch and he obtained an annulment to this marriage in 1438 in order to marry Elizabeth Crichton, daughter of William Crichton, the Chancellor of Scotland. They were, Janet, married to James Innes of Innes Margaret, married in 1484 to Hew Rose, 6th Lord of Kilravock
20.
Tower houses in Britain and Ireland
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The tower house appeared in Britain and Ireland starting from the High Middle Ages. Such buildings were constructed in the parts of Britain and Ireland, particularly in Scotland. The remains of structures are dotted around the Irish and Scottish countryside, with a particular concentration in the Scottish Borders where they include peel towers. Some are still intact and even inhabited today, while others stand as ruined shells, tower houses are often called castles, and despite their characteristic compact footprint size, they are formidable habitations and there is no clear distinction between a castle and a tower house. In Scotland a classification system has been widely accepted based on plan, such as the L Plan Castle style. In Ireland, there are well over 2,000 tower houses extant, the construction of the majority of tower houses is thought to have commenced in the early 15th century AD and lasted until the mid-seventeenth century. After 1580 many lords built fortified houses and stronghouses although tower houses continued to be built until the guns of the Cromwellians rendered such private defenses more or less obsolete. Recent studies, however, have undermined the significance of this grant, demonstrating that there were many similar grants at different times, tower houses in Ireland were built mainly by the Catholic Anglo-Irish but also by the Gaelic Irish and more recent Protestant and Presbyterian settlers. County Kilkenny has several examples of this arrangement such as Ballyshawnmore, many had a defensive wall around the building, known as a bawn
21.
Inverey
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Inverey is a hamlet on Mar Lodge Estate, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The hamlet straddles the Ey Burn close to its confluence with the River Dee, Inverey comprises two communities separated by the Ey Burn - Muckle Inverey on the east bank and Little Inverey on the west. The ruins of John Farquharsons old castle are visible a short distance to the north of the road through Inverey. In 1798, Inverey was added to Mar Estate by James Duff, during the Jacobite rising of John Graham of Claverhouse following the arrival, in November 1688, of William and Mary in Britain - John Farquharson was commissioned as colonel by John Graham. Due to his complexion, John Farquharson is usually referred to as the Black Colonel. The Black Colonel participated in this rising, and after preventing a Government force of 100 men from occupying Braemar Castle he burnt it preventing its use by Government troops. The final clash of the rising came on 17 July 1689 at the battle of Killiecrankie - where John Graham was killed, after this battle John Farquharson returned to the Braemar area - frequently staying at his home in Inverey Castle. During at least one visit by the ‘red-coats’ led him to hide-out in Glen Ey on the shelf of rock known as The Colonels Bed. The ‘red-coats’ made do with plundering and burning the castle - the Black Colonels loyal retainers ensuring he died of old-age about 1698, John Lamont was a highly regarded astronomer was born at Corriemulzie near Inverey the son of Robert Lamont and his wife Elizabeth Ewan. In 1934 the Deeside Field Club erected a memorial to John Lamont in Inverey, the gray granite memorial stands on the south side of the road about the middle of Muckle Inverey. Wyness, Fenton, Royal Valley, The Story Of The Aberdeenshire Dee, Alex P. Reid & Son, Aberdeen Places, place names, and structures on Mar Lodge Estate
22.
Jacobitism
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The movement took its name from Jacobus, the Renaissance Latin form of Iacomus, the original Latin form of James. Adherents rebelled against the British government on several occasions between 1688 and 1746, the strongholds of Jacobitism were parts of the Scottish Highlands and the lowland north-east of Scotland, Ireland, and parts of Northern England. Significant support also existed in Wales and South-West England, the Jacobites believed that parliamentary interference with the line of succession to the English and Scottish thrones was illegal. Catholics also hoped the Stuarts would end recusancy, in Scotland, the Jacobite cause became intertwined with the clan system. The emblem of the Jacobites is the White Cockade, White Rose Day is celebrated on 10 June, the anniversary of the birth of the Old Pretender in 1688. From the second half of the 17th century onwards, a time of political, the Commonwealth ended with the Restoration of Charles II. During his reign the Church of England was re-established, and episcopal government was restored in Scotland. The authorities attempted some accommodation with Presbyterian dissidents, introducing official Indulgences in 1669 and 1672 and this was particularly true of the followers of the Reverend Richard Cameron, soon to be known as the Cameronians. The government increasingly resorted to force in its attempts to out the Cameronians. The reigns of the last three Stuart Kings – Charles I, Charles II and James II and VII – were marked by growing Royal resistance to this developing consensual model of government. In part the Kings were inspired by the development of Royal Absolutism in contemporary Europe, exemplified particularly strongly by their neighbour and contemporary, Louis XIV of France. In part, however, the apologists of royal authority based their claims on a just assessment of the powers claimed by England, in 1685, Charles II was succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, James II and VII. In addition to sharing his familys absolutist views of government, James attempted to introduce religious toleration of Roman Catholics, in Seventeenth-century Europe, being a religious outsider meant being a political and social outsider as well. James tried to encourage the participation in life of Roman Catholics, Protestant Dissenters. Such attempts to broaden his basis of support succeeded in antagonising members of the Anglican establishment, in England and Scotland, James attempted to impose religious toleration, which helped the Catholic minority but alarmed the religious and political establishment. Then in 1688 Jamess second wife had a boy, bringing the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, on 4 November 1688 William arrived at Torbay, England. When he landed the next day, at Brixham, James fled to France, in February 1689, the Glorious Revolution formally changed Englands monarch, but many Catholics, Episcopalians and Tory royalists still supported James as the constitutionally legitimate monarch. Forces of Cameronians as well as Clan Campbell Highlanders led by the Earl of Argyll had come to bolster Williams support, the convention set out its terms and William and Mary were proclaimed at Edinburgh on 11 April 1689, then had their coronation in London in May
23.
Jacobite risings
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The series of conflicts takes its name Jacobitism, from Jacobus, the Latin form of James. The major Jacobite risings were called the Jacobite rebellions by the ruling governments, the first Jacobite rebellion and second Jacobite rebellion were also known respectively as the Fifteen and the Forty-five, after the years in which they occurred. Although each Jacobite rising had unique features, they were part of a series of military campaigns by Jacobites attempting to restore the Stuart kings to the thrones of Scotland and England. James II was deposed in 1688 and the thrones were claimed by his daughter Mary II jointly with her husband, after the House of Hanover succeeded to the British throne in 1714, the risings continued and intensified. They continued until the last Jacobite rebellion, led by Charles Edward Stuart, was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. This ended any hope of a Stuart restoration. During the 17th century, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland suffered political, the Commonwealth ended with the Restoration of Charles II, re-establishment of the Church of England and the imposition of an Episcopalian church government. In 1685, Charles II was succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, James saw Covenanters as troublemakers and initially tried to end their influence in Scotland. Jamess half-hearted attempts to woo the Presbyterians seemingly did not win him popularity among that section of society either. They remembered his earlier suppression of them and did not believe him to be sincere in his recognition of Presbyterianism. Although these actions were unpopular, at first the majority of his subjects tolerated these acts because James was in his 50s. It seemed that Jamess reign would be short and the throne would soon return to Protestant hands, in 1688, however, Jamess young second wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a boy, Prince James, who was promptly baptized a Roman Catholic. Due to English and Scottish succession laws, Prince James immediately supplanted his older sisters as heir to the throne. Now the prospect of a Catholic dynasty on the English, Scottish and Irish thrones seemed all, the Immortal Seven invited Jamess daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to depose James and jointly rule in his place. On 4 November 1688, William arrived at Torbay, England, after he landed, James fled London, returned and finally left for France on 23 December. In February 1689, the Glorious Revolution formally changed Englands monarch, Scotland was slow to accept William, who summoned a Convention of the Estates which met on 14 March 1689 in Edinburgh. It reviewed a conciliatory letter from William and a haughty one from James, on Jamess side, a modest force of 50 horsemen gathered by John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee was in town. Graham attended the convention at the start but withdrew four days later when its support for William became evident, the convention set out its terms and William and Mary were proclaimed monarchs at Edinburgh on 11 April 1689
24.
Battle of Falkirk Muir
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During the Jacobite rising of 1745, the Battle of Falkirk Muir on 17 January 1746 was the last noteworthy Jacobite success. The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment Act 2011, lieutenant General Henry Hawley led his troops from Edinburgh to relieve Blakeney. The Jacobite army was 8,000 strong, the largest assembled throughout the Rising and they were pitched against a regular Hanoverian army. The battle itself was a hectic and scrambling affair, fought in a storm of wind and torrential rain, the Jacobite army left Glasgow on 3 January in two columns. One column of six Highland battalions, led by Lord George Murray marched towards Falkirk, via Cumbernauld, instead he turned north before reaching Falkirk and moved just outside Stirling in Bannockburn. Murray stationed Lord Elcho at Linlithgow with a detachment of cavalry to patrol the road to Edinburgh, Charles Edward Stuart moved another column to Bannockburn via Kilsyth. There he set his headquarters and resided at Bannockburn House as the guest of Sir Hugh Paterson, Lord John Drummond set forth from Perth with four thousand men and heavy artillery. Now boasting a force of 8,000 men the Jacobites sent a drummer to Stirling on 5 January demanding the surrender of the town, a garrison of 500 militiamen responded by shooting at the drummer who then ran for his life. Three days later the council agreed to surrender. Yet, Stirling Castle itself was held by a garrison of trained militiamen and troops under the command of Major General William Blakeney. Thereupon Charles Stuart ordered the castle to be besieged and he entrusted this task to a French artillery expert of Scottish descent, Monsieur Mirabel de Gordon. Gordon chose a location in digging trenches for the Jacobite cannons, lower. Following the victory at Falkirk the cannon would be destroyed after firing a single shot, because of the mans demonstrated incapacity, the Scots afterward referred to Mirabel as Mr. Admirable. At the same time, dissension arose as the Highland chiefs resented Charles Stuarts decision to not hold councils, also causing concern was Charless continued drinking. As this went on, General Hawley brought an army of 13,000 from Newcastle upon Tyne to Edinburgh, Lord Elcho fell back to Falkirk where he met Lord George Murray. Hawley advanced with his army of 6,000 on 15 January, intending to relieve Stirling Castle, whereupon Murray. The Jacobites planned for battle on 15 January at Plean Muir and they were expecting an attack from Hawleys forces, but it never came. Hawley was encamped at Falkirk, and showed no signs of moving, thus, on the morning of 17 January, the Jacobites planned an offensive
25.
James Duff, 2nd Earl Fife
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James Duff, 2nd Earl Fife was a Scottish Earl, Baron and Minister of Parliament. James Duff was second son of William Duff, 1st Earl Fife and his father, son of William Duff of Dipple, co. In 1754 he became Member of Parliament for Banffshire, and was re-elected in 1761,1768,1774, and 1780 and he gave the Banff town of Macduff its name, having changed it from Doune in 1783. He extended the town and built a harbour at a cost of £5,000 ensuring economic prosperity, Duff was one of the most powerful and influential men in Aberdeenshire, Banffshire and Morayshire due to his massive estate. Due to his commitments in Westminster, the running of the Estate was largely left to his factors - in particular William Rose of Ballivant. For his service to Duff, Rose was awarded many political favours, first, Duff gave Rose a vote in three different constituencies, he appointed him the first Provost of Macduff, and latterly the Sheriff Clerk of Banffshire. He was created a British peer by the title of Baron Fife,19 February 1790 and he held the appointment of lord-lieutenant of county Banff. He was twice awarded the medal of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures. In 1782 and 1783, when all crops failed, he allowed his tenants a reduction of twenty per cent. On their rents, and disposed of grain to the poor considerably below the price, importing several cargoes from England. In 1787 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, james Duff married on 5 June 1759, Lady Dorothea Sinclair, only child of Alexander, ninth earl of Caithness, but he had no issue, and his British peerage became extinct on his death. He was succeeded in his Irish earldom by his brother, Alexander. However he had three children by his mothers maid, Margaret Adam of Keith, all of whom were born before his marriage to Sinclair. He died at his house in Whitehall, London,24 January 1809, editors of the Gazetteer for Scotland. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Vian. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp.128,129, endnotes, Douglas and Woods Peerage of Scotland, i.578 Scots Magazine lxxi
26.
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
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The Aberdeen ministry was filled with powerful and talented politicians, whom Aberdeen was largely unable to control and direct. Despite trying to avoid this happening, it took Britain into the Crimean War, aberdeens career was dominated by foreign policy, but his experience did not prevent the slide towards the Crimean War. His personal life was marked by the loss of parents by the time he was eleven, and of his first wife after only seven years of a happy marriage. His daughters died young, and his relations with his sons were difficult, before his marriage he travelled extensively in Europe, including Greece, and he had a serious interest in the classical civilisations and their archaeology. On his return to Britain in 1805 he devoted much time, after the death of his wife in 1812 he became a diplomat, almost immediately being given the important embassy to Vienna while still in his twenties. After holding the position for two years, followed by another role, by 1841 his experience led to his appointment as Foreign Secretary again under Robert Peel for a longer term. This was despite his being a bad speaker, which mattered far less in the House of Lords. Nonetheless his Peelite colleague, later himself Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, I have loved others, but never like him. Born in Edinburgh on 28 January 1784, he was the eldest son of George Gordon, Lord Haddo, son of George Gordon and his mother was Charlotte, youngest daughter of William Baird of Newbyth. He lost his father in 1791 and his mother in 1795 and was brought up by Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville and he was educated at Harrow, and St Johns College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1804. Before this, however, he had become Earl of Aberdeen on his grandfathers death in 1801, on his return to England, he founded the Athenian Society. In 1805, he married Lady Catherine Elizabeth, daughter of John Hamilton, in December 1805 Lord Aberdeen took his seat as a Tory Scottish representative peer in the House of Lords. In 1808, he was created a Knight of the Thistle, following the death of his wife from tuberculosis in 1812 he joined the Foreign Service. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria, in the company of the Austrian Emperor, Francis II he was an observer at the decisive Coalition victory of the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, he had met Napoleon in his earlier travels. Aberdeen was greatly affected by the aftermath of war which he witnessed at first hand and he wrote home, The near approach of war and its effects are horrible beyond what you can conceive. The whole road from Prague to was covered with full of wounded, dead. The shock and disgust and pity produced by such scenes are beyond what I could have supposed possible. the scenes of distress, I have been quite haunted by them. Returning home he was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Viscount Gordon, of Aberdeen in the County of Aberdeen, and made a member of the Privy Council
27.
John Smith (architect)
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John Smith was a Scottish architect. His career started in 1805 and he was appointed as the city architect of Aberdeen in 1807. Smith was the son of a builder and architect and his own son, William. After completing his training in London, Smith quickly became established throughout the north-east of Scotland. Towards the middle of his career around the 1830s, as his individuality developed, he gained the nickname of Tudor Johnny, Smith was born in Aberdeen in 1781. His father was William Sink-em Smith, also a successful builder, the younger Smith attended Aberdeen Grammar School before serving an apprenticeship as a stonemason in his fathers building firm. He undertook further architectural design training in London, possibly under the tutelage of James Playfair, but as Playfair died in 1794, by the end of 1804, Smith returned to Aberdeen, where construction and development was rapidly evolving. One of Smiths first major commissions was to design a house for the merchant Patrick Milne in 1805. Sited on Union Street, Aberdeen, Crimonmogate was a two-storey Greek inspired country house with a five windowed frontage and he is next credited with the design of Footdee, an area within Aberdeen. Consisting of 56 but and ben one storey thatched houses arranged in two squares, the plans quickly received Council approval and construction was completed by 1809, Smith was appointed as the official architect for Aberdeen in 1807. Both firms were successful despite uncertainties due to the War and their careers were described by Miller as destined to run remarkably parallel. Although at times rivals, Smith often collaborated with Simpson and between two men their buildings became the nucleus of establishing the style of the heart of the Aberdeen city centre. As the buildings were constructed from granite, the city gained the name of the Silver City or alternatively the Granite City. Smith became known as Tudor Johnny as his later designs around the 1830s, particularly for mansions and churches, however, his civic designs in Aberdeen city remained in a neo-classical style. Sited on the corner of Queen Street and King Street the design gained approval from the Town Council in September 1828, the church opened in June 1831 but it was years later before sufficient funding was available to install clocks. A Greek Revival style was used in the construction of the 120 feet by 62 feet rectangular building with a pepper pot tower set upon a two-stage box tower. It was the tallest building in Aberdeen until its height was surpassed by the spire of the Triple Kirk designed by Simpson, suitable to seat 1600 at services, congregation numbers declined and the church closed in 1954. It was used as the Aberdeen Arts Centre from the early 1960s, subsequently he was involved with drawing up the initial plans for the new castle, by this time owned by Queen Victoria and Price Albert after meeting Price Albert on Friday 11 September 1848
28.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
29.
Taymouth Castle
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Taymouth Castle is situated to the north-east of the village of Kenmore, Perth and Kinross in the Highlands of Scotland, in an estate which encompasses 450 acres. It lies on the bank of the River Tay, about a mile from Loch Tay. Taymouth is bordered on two sides by mountain ranges, by Loch Tay on the third and by the confluence of the rivers Lyon, Taymouth Castle stands on the site of the much older Balloch Castle, which was built in 1552, as the seat of the Campbell clan. In the early 19th century, Balloch Castle was demolished by the Campbells of Breadalbane, so that the new, the new castles blue-grey stone was taken from the quarry at Bolfracks. Built in a style and on a lavish scale, Taymouth Castle is regarded as the most important Scottish castle in private ownership. Its public rooms are outstanding examples of the workmanship of the finest craftsmen of the 19th century, No expense was spared on the castles interior, which was decorated with extravagant carvings, plasterwork and murals. Panels of medieval stained glass and Renaissance woodwork were incorporated into the scheme, much of this decor still survives. Francis Bernasconi, acknowledged as the greatest designer of fine plasterwork of the era, created the magnificent central staircase, many of the ceilings were painted by Cornelius Dixon. Historic Environment Scotland have graded the castle as outstanding in all of the categories, Work of Art, Historical, Architectural. They also acknowledged that due to the remnants of its pinetum and it is said that some of the first larches brought to Scotland from the Tyrol were planted on the estate. Twelve of Taymouth Castles buildings/structures are currently recorded on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland, due to its severely deteriorating condition, Taymouth Castle has been empty since approximately 1982. However, its new owners are restoring and redeveloping the castle. The castle is open as an events centre for weddings, conferences. The refurbished castle is due to open as a fully functioning hotel in the summer of 2018. As of April 2017, the course is currently closed until further notice. Among the landmarks that survive on the 450 acre estate are, A ruined 19th-century circular tower. This is a building, built around 1830, with a two-stage circular Gothic folly. It was originally habitable, despite being built to appear as a ruin, a derelict temple, known as Apollos Temple
30.
Perthshire
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Perthshire, officially the County of Perth, is a registration county in central Scotland. It extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west and it was a local government county from 1890 to 1930. Perthshire is known as the big county and has a variety of landscapes, from the rich agricultural straths in the east. Perthshire was an administrative county between 1890 and 1975, governed by a county council and this Local Government council was superseded in 1930, when a joint Local Government council was formed with the neighbouring small county of Kinross-shire, linking the two. The parish of Muckhart and Glendevon was made part of Clackmannan District Council, longforgan was included in the City of Dundee District, in Tayside Region Council. The remainder of the council was combined with the council of Kinross, the two-tier system introduced in 1975 was superseded by a system of unitary authorities in 1996. The area of the council is now divided between the Local Government council areas of Clackmannanshire, Perth and Kinross and Stirling. The area included in Dundee in 1975 was transferred to Perth, the coat of arms of the County of Perth appears to have been granted for use on the colours and standards of the volunteer and militia units of the county raised at the end of the eighteenth century. The grant document was discovered in the Lyon Office in 1890, the shield is very similar to the Scottish royal arms, reflecting that Perthshire was the home county of the House of Dunkeld and contains the former royal capital, Scone. Further royal references are made on the canton, which shows Scone Palace surmounted by the Crown of Scotland, the crest is a Highland soldier, reflecting that the famous Black Watch were formed in the county. The supporters are an eagle and a warhorse, the former from the arms of the city of Perth, of the twelve burghs in Perthshire, only Perth was made a large burgh. There were ten small burghs, Blairgowrie and Rattray being united into a single burgh, in 1947 Pitlochry was created a small burgh. In 1894 parish councils were established for the parishes, replacing the previous parochial boards. The parish councils were in turn replaced by district councils in 1930, the Royal Burgh of Perth originally formed part of the Perth burghs constituency along with burghs in Fife and Forfarshire. The Representation of the People Act 1832 made Perth a separate burgh constituency, the remainder of the county returned a single member as the parliamentary county of Perthshire. The parishes of Tulliallan, Culross, Muckhart, and the Perthshire portions of the parishes of Logie and Fossaway were annexed to constituency of Clackmannanshire, in 1885 seats in the House of Commons were redistributed, Perthshire received three seats. Perthshire Eastern Perthshire Western In 1918 there was a further redistribution, in 1950 it was renamed Perth and East Perthshire. These boundaries continued in use until 1983, when new constituencies were formed based on the Local Government regions and districts created in 1975
31.
John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane
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John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane KT, PC, FRS, styled Lord Glenorchy until 1831 and as Earl of Ormelie from 1831 to 1834, was a Scottish nobleman and Liberal politician. Born at Dundee, Angus, Breadalbane was the son of Lieutenant-General John Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane, Breadalbane sat as Member of Parliament for Okehampton from 1820 to 1826 and for Perthshire from 1832 to 1834. The latter year he succeeded his father as second Marquess of Breadalbane, in 1848 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Lord Chamberlain of the Household by Lord John Russell, a post he held until the government fell in 1852. He held the office under Lord Aberdeen between 1853 and 1855 and under Lord Palmerston between 1855 and 1858. A freemason, Breadalbane was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland between 1824 and 1826 and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1834 and made a Knight of the Thistle in 1838. The following year he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire, a post he held until his death, in 1842 he entertained Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort at Taymouth Castle. He was a supporter of the Free Church of Scotland during the disruption in the 1840s, in 1861 he was sent on a special diplomatic mission to Berlin for the investiture of King William I in the Order of the Garter. He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle of Prussia at the same time, Lord Breadalbane married Lady Elizabeth, daughter of George Baillie and sister of George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington, in 1821. She was a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria and she died in Mayfair, London, on 28 August 1861, aged 58. Lord Breadalbane survived her by just over a year and died at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 8 November 1862, on his death the barony of Breadalbane, earldom of Ormelie and marquessate of Breadalbane became extinct. He was succeeded in the lordship of Glenorchy, viscountcy of Tay and Paintland and earldom of Breadalbane and Holland by his distant relative and namesake, the marquessate was revived in favour of the latters son in 1885. The record containing the facts discovered can be found at https, //www. ucl. ac. uk/lbs/person/view/19525, and the National Archive, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by John Campbell, Earl of Ormelie
32.
Blair Castle
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Blair Castle stands in its grounds near the village of Blair Atholl in Perthshire in Scotland. It is the home of the Clan Murray, and was historically the seat of their chief. The castle stands in Glen Garry, and commands a position on the main route through the central Scottish Highlands. The castle is a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens. Upon his return, the Earl complained about the interloper to King Alexander III, won back his land, David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl, forfeited the titles and estates after rebelling against Robert the Bruce in 1322. The earldom was granted to a number of individuals until 1457 when James II granted it to his half-brother John Stewart, John Murray, son of the second Earl of Tullibardine, was created Earl of Atholl in 1629, and the title has since remained in the Murray family. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of the 17th century, the Murrays supported the Royalist cause, the restored Charles II created the title Marquess of Atholl for John Murray, 2nd Earl of Atholl. The title Duke of Atholl was granted to the 2nd Marquess in 1703, when Viscount Dundee launched the first Jacobite Uprising in April 1689, Atholl decided to remain loyal to the Government. Atholl’s factor, Patrick Stewart of Ballechin, held Blair Castle for King James, in July Ballechin refused entry to Atholl’s whiggish son and heir, Lord John Murray. Murray laid siege to the castle, and General Mackay was approaching to join him, Viscount Dundee relieved the castle, and the crucial Battle of Killiecrankie was fought because Dundee did not want to retreat and surrender the castle to Mackay. Dundee and his officers and clan chiefs held a Council of War at the castle on the eve of the battle, the next day, the Jacobites won the battle but Dundee was killed. After the battle, Blair Castle remained in Jacobite hands for some time and it continued to play an important role, for example, the Jacobite Highland chiefs swore a bond there together in August, to continue the rising. However, the Jacobites then unwisely abandoned it and Government forces and they held Blair Castle against the Jacobites, who laid siege to the castle during the last stages of the rising, in March 1746. They were besieged to near starvation until the Jacobite forces withdrew to fight the British Government forces at the Battle of Culloden, in 1844 Queen Victoria and her consort, Prince Albert visited and stayed at Blair Castle. It was after this she gave permission to establish the Atholl Highlanders, on the night of 10 March 2011 a fire broke out at the clock tower of castle, causing the towers roof and second floor to collapse into the first floor. The clock tower was restored in 2012, with work on the clock mechanisms performed by Smith of Derby Group. The oldest part of the castle is the six-storey Cummings or Comyns Tower, the extensions which now form the central part of the castle were first added in the 16th century. The apartments to the south were added in the century to designs by architects John Douglas
33.
Sir James Clark, 1st Baronet
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Sir James Clark, 1st Baronet, KCB was a British physician who was Physician-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria between 1837 and 1860. He was born in Cullen, Banffshire, Scotland, and was educated at Fordyce school and he studied at Aberdeen University, where he took an arts degree with the intention of studying law, and graduated with an M. A. before discovering a preference for medicine. He then went to Edinburgh University, and in 1809 became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and he then entered the medical service of the Royal Navy. He served at the Royal Hospital Haslar, in Hampshire, until July 1810, following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, he continued his studies in Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1817 with an MD. In 1818, he travelled to the south of France and Switzerland with a gentleman suffering from phthisis and he began collecting meteorological and other data, and noted the effects of changes in climate on the disease. He settled in Rome in 1819, and developed a practice there, with steadily increasing reputation. One of his patients was the poet John Keats, who arrived in Rome in November 1820, Clark thought that mental exertions and application were the sources of his complaints, which he believed were situated in his Stomach. When he finally diagnosed consumption, he put Keats on a diet of an anchovy. He also regularly drew blood from him, and took away Keats supply of laudanum for fear that he would take a deliberate overdose and it has been suggested in recent years that Clarks treatment of Keats contributed to the poets agonising death from tuberculosis in February 1821. He also made contact with members of the European royal families and aristocracy, among them Prince Leopold, later King of the Belgians, at Carlsbad, Prince Leopold found Clark examining the waters, and was struck with the desire to learn their uses. On his return to England, he appointed Clark as his physician, Clark returned to London in 1826, and was admitted as a Licentiate of the College of Physicians and appointed physician to St Georges Infirmary. The book established his reputation in London and with the members of his own profession and he promoted the use of mineral waters to treat disease, and became both famous and popular for the care he took in his prescriptions. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1832, in 1834, King Leopold recommended Clark as court physician to his widowed sister, the Duchess of Kent, and her daughter, Princess Victoria. This appointment led to a increase in his business and reputation. On 11 November 1837, sixth months after Victorias accession to the throne, Clark was appointed the Queens Physician-in-Ordinary and his popularity was undermined by scandal when, in January 1839, he was asked to diagnose an abdominal swelling suffered by the unmarried Lady Flora Hastings. Clark said that he could not diagnose her condition without an examination and it was assumed by the public at the time that Clark had given support to a slander against ’s character by sharing suspicions which his medical knowledge should have dissipated. When Flora finally consented to an examination, it was discovered that she was not pregnant but had an advanced, cancerous liver tumour, in 1840 Clark was also appointed physician to Prince Albert, and he became a trusted advisor to the royal family on all medical matters. Reportedly, he became most unwittingly a power in the State
34.
George Hayter
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Sir George Hayter was a notable English painter, specialising in portraits and large works involving in some cases several hundred individual portraits. Queen Victoria appreciated his merits and appointed Hayter her Principal Painter in Ordinary and his father secured his release, and they came to an agreement that Hayter should assist him while pursuing his own studies. In 1809 he secretly married Sarah Milton, a lodger at his fathers house, together they had three children Georgiana, Leopold and Henry. At the Royal Academy Schools he studied under Fuseli, and in 1815 was appointed Painter of Miniatures, Hayter was awarded the British Institution’s premium for history painting for the Prophet Ezra, purchased by Richard Payne Knight. Around 1816 his wife left him, for reasons which are not apparent and he subsequently began a relationship with Louisa Cauty, daughter of Sir William Cauty, with whom he lived openly for the next decade and who bore him two children, Angelo and Louisa. Encouraged by his patron, John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford, there he met Canova, whose studio he attended while painting his portrait, where he absorbed Canova’s classical style. He is also believed to have learned sculpture from Canova at this time, Hayter thereby became the Academys youngest ever member. Returning to London in 1818, Hayter practised as a painter in oils. Dubbed ‘The Phoenix’ by William Beckford, Hayter showed a pomposity that irritated his fellow artists and his unconventional domestic life set him apart from official Academy circles, he was never elected to the Royal Academy. Hayter was most productive and innovative during the 1820s, in the Trial of William, Lord Russell, in the Old Bailey in 1683 Hayter celebrated John Russell’s ancestry, in a work reminiscent of fashionable tableaux vivants of the country-house set. In 1826 Hayter settled in Italy, in 1827 his mistress, Louisa Cauty, died after poisoning herself with arsenic. Although it was apparently an accident, in a bid for attention, it was assumed that he had driven her to suicide. By late 1828 he was in Paris, where his portraits of English society members were stylistically akin to the work of recent French portrait painters such as François Gérard, in 1831 Hayter returned to England. Hayter was an ardent supporter of the movement and this painting was not commissioned but to all intents. It occupied him for ten years with no guarantee of financial reward and this is one of the last images executed of the interior of the old House of Commons before its destruction in the fire of 1834. The painting was purchased by the government for the nation in 1854,20 years after it was started. Having painted the young Princess Victoria, Hayter was not a choice as the new Queen’s Portrait. He painted several royal ceremonies including Queen Victoria’s coronation of 1838 and marriage of 1840 and he also painted several royal portraits including his most well known work the State Portrait of the new Queen Victoria
35.
Thuringia
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The Free State of Thuringia is a federal state in central Germany. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area, most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe. Thuringia has been known as the heart of Germany from the late 19th century. It is home to the Rennsteig, Germanys most well-known hiking trail, half of Germanys 136 Winter Olympic gold medals have been won by Thuringian athletes. Johann Sebastian Bach spent the first part of his life and important further stages of his career in Thuringia, goethe and Schiller lived in Weimar and both worked at the University of Jena, which today hosts Thuringias most important science centre. Other Universities in this state are the Ilmenau University of Technology, the University of Erfurt. The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, an older theory claims that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns, came to central Europe together with them, publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around 400, during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses. The Thuringian Realm existed until after 531, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, after the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, the Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945. The coat of arms of Thuringia shows the lion of the Ludowingian Landgraves of 12th-century origin, the eight stars around it represent the eight former states which formed Thuringia. The flag of Thuringia is a bicolor, derived from the white. The coat of arms and flag of Hesse are quite similar to the Thuringian ones, symbols of Thuringia in popular culture are the Bratwurst and the Forest, because a large amount of the territory is forested. Named after the Thuringii tribe who occupied it around AD300, Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, in Mühlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Müntzer, a leader of some groups of this sect, was active in this city. Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, in 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia, only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia, the coat of arms of this new state was simpler than those of its predecessors
36.
James Giles (painter)
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James William Giles was a famous Scottish landscape painter. Several of his landscapes were commissioned and purchased by Queen Victoria and he was a member of the Royal Scottish Academy. At thirteen he maintained himself, his mother and sister by painting, shortly afterwards he made a tour through Scotland and visited the continent, and on his return home he was introduced to the Earl of Aberdeen, with whom he became very intimate. He was an angler, and fond of painting the result of a successful days fishing. These pictures were his best works and he also exhibited frequently at the British Institution in London, and occasionally at the Royal Academy and the Society of British Artists. His last work was a painting of himself, his wife, and youngest son, in the middle of his life he lived in Edinburgh. In the 1830s he is recorded as living at 153 High Street in the centre of the Royal Mile and he died at his residence in Bon Accord Street, Aberdeen, after a lingering illness, on 6 October 1870. He was twice married, and by his first wife had a son, who gave great promise as an artist, but died of consumption at the early age of twenty-one. This is due in part to the fact that he spent most of his life in Aberdeen – unlike his contemporaries who left the north-east to find fame in London. Giles’s spiritual home was Italy, where he spent three years from 1823 to 1826, there he followed the well-trodden pathways of the 18th century Grand Tour to the many points of historic interest. The bright Italian light fascinated Giles, and all his sketches are enlivened with an impression of this Mediterranean atmosphere, the sights that he saw and recorded in Italy were to remain with him for the rest of his life. His watercolour sketches often provided materials for the oils he painted and exhibited on his return to Scotland, National Portrait Gallery National Gallery of Scotland Ferguson, O. Aspects of Landscape - A Bicentenary Celebration of James Giles RSA, Aberdeen Art Gallery. Paintings by Giles Study of a Panther Windsor Forest Aqua Claudia near Tivoli
37.
Corrugated iron
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Corrugated galvanised iron or steel is a building material composed of sheets of hot-dip galvanised mild steel, cold-rolled to produce a linear corrugated pattern in them. The corrugations increase the strength of the sheet in the direction perpendicular to the corrugations. Normally each sheet is manufactured longer in its strong direction, CGI is lightweight and easily transported. It was and still is used especially in rural and military buildings such as sheds. Its unique properties were used in the development of countries like Australia from the 1840s, corrugated iron is equivalent to tin roof. CGI was invented in the 1820s in Britain by Henry Robinson Palmer, architect and it was originally made from wrought iron. It proved to be light, strong, corrosion-resistant, and easily transported, in Australia and New Zealand particularly it has become part of the cultural identity, and fashionable architectural use has become common. For roofing purposes, the sheets are laid somewhat like tiles, with an overlap of one and half corrugations. CGI is also a construction material for industrial buildings throughout the world. Wrought iron CGI was gradually replaced by mild steel from around the 1890s, galvanized sheets with simple corrugations are also being gradually displaced by 55% Al-Zn coated steel or coil-painted sheets with complex profiles. Today the corrugation process is carried out using the process of roll forming and this modern process is highly automated to achieve high productivity and low costs associated with labour. In the corrugation process sheet metal is pulled off huge rolls, after the sheet metal passes through the rollers it is automatically sheared off at a desired length. The standard shape of corrugated material is the round wavy style, many materials today undergo the corrugation process. The most common materials are ferrous alloys but may also span to stainless steels, copper and aluminium are also used. Regular ferrous alloys are the most common due to price and availability, common sizes of corrugated material can range from a very thin 30 gauge to a relatively thick 6 gauge. Thicker or thinner gauges may also be produced, other materials such as plastic and fibreglass are also given the corrugated look. Many applications are available for products including using them with metal sheets to allow light to penetrate below. The corrugations are described in terms of pitch and depth and it is important for the pitch and depth to be quite uniform, in order for the sheets to be easily stackable for transport, and to overlap neatly when joining two sheets
38.
The Great Exhibition
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It was the first in a series of Worlds Fairs, exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century, and it was a much anticipated event. The Great Exhibition was organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, husband of the reigning monarch, Queen Victoria. It was arguably a response to the highly successful French Industrial Exposition of 1844, indeed, Queen Victoria and her family visited three times. Although the Great Exhibition was a platform on which countries from around the world could display their achievements, Britain sought to prove its own superiority. The British exhibits at the Great Exhibition held the lead in almost every field where strength, durability, utility and quality were concerned, whether in iron and steel, Britain also sought to provide the world with the hope of a better future. Europe had just struggled through two decades of political and social upheaval, and now Britain hoped to show that technology. Technology and moving machinery were popular, especially working exhibits and she also notes that visitors could watch the entire process of cotton production from spinning to finished cloth. Scientific instruments were found in class X, and included electric telegraphs, microscopes, air pumps and barometers, a special building, nicknamed The Crystal Palace, or The Great Shalimar, was built to house the show. The building was architecturally adventurous, drawing on Paxtons experience designing greenhouses for the sixth Duke of Devonshire. It took the form of a glass house,1851 feet long by 454 feet wide and was constructed from cast iron-frame components and glass made almost exclusively in Birmingham. From the interior, the large size was emphasized with trees and statues, this served, not only to add beauty to the spectacle. The Crystal Palace was an success, considered an architectural marvel. The building was moved and re-erected in 1854 in enlarged form at Sydenham Hill in south London. It was destroyed by fire on 30 November 1936, six million people—equivalent to a third of the entire population of Britain at the time—visited the Great Exhibition. The average daily attendance was 42,831 with an attendance of 109,915 on 7 October. The event made a surplus of £186,000, which was used to found the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Science Museum and they were all built in the area to the south of the exhibition, nicknamed Albertopolis, alongside the Imperial Institute. The remaining surplus was used to set up an educational trust to provide grants and scholarships for industrial research, the Exhibition caused controversy as its opening approached. Some conservatives feared that the mass of visitors might become a revolutionary mob, must shock every honest and well-meaning Englishman
39.
Birkhall
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Birkhall is a 53,000 acre estate on Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is located alongside the River Muick to the southwest of Ballater, the property was built in 1715. The property was acquired from the Gordon family who had acquired it from the Farquharsone family, Birkhall was acquired by Prince Albert, consort to Queen Victoria, as part of the Balmoral estate in 1849 and given to his eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales. Victoria bought Birkhall back to provide accommodation for her staff and extended family in 1884, Birkhall was occupied by Dighton Probyn, Keeper of the Privy Purse to Edward VII and Comptroller to Queen Alexandra in the late 19th century. King George V lent Birkhall in the 1930s to the Duke and Duchess of York who holidayed here with their children, Princess Elizabeth, the house was redecorated by the Yorks who also replanted the gardens. Birkhall was inherited by Charles, Prince of Wales in 2002 and he also spent his second honeymoon here in 2005 with the Duchess of Cornwall. In 2011, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, a fine wire suspension bridge erected in 1880 by John Harper crosses the River Muick here
40.
Abergeldie Castle
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Abergeldie Castle is a four-floor tower house located in Crathie and Braemar parish, SW Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It stands at an altitude of 840 feet, on the bank of the River Dee,5 miles west of Ballater. Behind it rises Creag nam Ban, a granite hill about 527 metres high. It is protected as a category A listed building, the castle is the home of Baron Abergeldie. The name derives from the Pictish language, and means the Confluence of Geldie and it also has one of the longest unbroken records of ownership, being in the hands of the Gordon family for 600 years. It was most likely built around 1550 by Sir Alexander Gordon of Midmar, son of the first Earl of Huntly, the interior has been returned to its original state, restored by a descendant of the builder. During the course of the first Jacobite rising in 1689-90, the castle was besieged by Jacobite forces and it figured again in the 1715 Jacobite Rising, being garrisoned by government troops, and again in the short 1719 Rising, when it was briefly garrisoned by Spanish troops. In 1848 Prince Albert, Victorias Consort, purchased the lease of the Abergeldie estate for 40 years, birkhall, with an estate of 6,500 acres was bought from the Gordons by Albert the Queen’s Consort about the same time. Albert loaned the property to his son Albert Edward, then the Prince of Wales, however, Queen Victoria claimed it back in 1885, possibly because of Edwards penchant for leading a dissolute life. After his marriage in 1863, he stayed every year at Abergeldie, indulging his twin passions of shooting by day, according to an entry in W. E. Gladstones 1871 diary, Albert Edward one night asked Gladstone to drive over from Balmoral to dine. Gladstone was charmed by his manner, but not his gaming morals, after the accession of King Edward VII in 1901, it was used by his son the Prince of Wales in 1902. Other members of the family who stayed at Abergeldie included the daughters of Edward VII, Princesses Louise, Victoria. Birkhall remains in the familys possession. Charles, the current Prince of Wales and heir, spends time there with his consort, Camilla, Abergeldie Castle is at present is occupied by the 21st Laird, John Seton Howard Gordon, Baron of Abergeldie, who has been living there since 1972. For a time, authorities were uncertain if the castle could be saved if the flooding continued, a few days later, structural engineers were confident that shoring efforts would prevent imminent collapse. The walls are 4 feet thick, as was common for the nature of the times. Tradition suggests that the castle was surrounded by a moat. In the 18th century a wing was added to the 16th century structure, in the early 19th century an ogee-roofed belfry was built at the top of the stair tower, and a Venetian window inserted in the south façade
41.
Keep
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A keep is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. The Anglo-Normans and French rulers began to stone keeps during the 10th and 11th centuries, these included Norman keeps, with a square or rectangular design. Stone keeps carried considerable political as well as military importance and could take up to a decade to build, during the 12th century, new designs began to be introduced – in France, quatrefoil-shaped keeps were introduced, while in England polygonal towers were built. In Spain, keeps were increasingly incorporated into both Christian and Islamic castles, although in Germany tall towers called Bergfriede were preferred to keeps in the western fashion, in the second half of the 14th century, there was a resurgence in the building of keeps. In France, the keep at Vincennes began a fashion for tall, heavily machicolated designs, meanwhile, tower keeps in England became popular amongst the most wealthy nobles, these large keeps, each uniquely designed, formed part of the grandest castles built during the period. By the 16th century, however, keeps were slowly falling out of fashion as fortifications, many were destroyed in civil wars between the 17th and 18th centuries, or incorporated into gardens as an alternative to follies. During the 19th century, keeps became fashionable once again and in England, despite further damage to many French and Spanish keeps during the wars of the 20th century, keeps now form an important part of the tourist and heritage industry in Europe. Since the 16th century, the English word keep has commonly referred to large towers in castles. The word originates from around 1375 to 1376, coming from the Middle English term kype, meaning basket or cask, the term came to be used for other shell keeps by the 15th century. By the 17th century, the word keep lost its reference to baskets or casks. Early on, the use of the keep became associated with the idea of a tower in a castle that would serve both as a fortified, high-status private residence and a refuge of last resort. By the 19th century, Victorian historians incorrectly concluded that the etymology of the keep and tenazza were linked. As a result of evolution in meaning, the use of the term keep in historical analysis today can be problematic. Contemporary medieval writers used various terms for the buildings we would today call keeps, in Latin, they are variously described as turris, turris castri or magna turris – a tower, a castle tower, or a great tower. The 12th-century French came to them a donjon, from the Latin dominarium lordship, linking the keep. Similarly, medieval Spanish writers called the buildings torre del homenaje, in England, donjon turned into dungeon, which initially referred to a keep, rather than to a place of imprisonment. This ambiguity over terminology has made historical analysis of the use of keeps problematic, while the term remains in common academic use, some academics prefer to use the term donjon, and most modern historians warn against using the term keep simplistically. The fortifications that we would today call keeps certainly did not necessarily part of a unified medieval style
42.
Craigievar Castle
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Craigievar Castle is a pinkish harled castle six miles south of Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was the seat of Clan Sempill and the Forbes family resided here for 350 years until 1963, the setting is among scenic rolling foothills of the Grampian Mountains. The contrast of its lower storey structure to the finely sculpted multiple turrets, gargoyles. Forbes purchased the partially completed structure from the impoverished Mortimer family in the year 1610, Forbes nickname was Danzig Willy, a reference to his shrewd international trading success with the Baltic states. Williams son became a Baronet of Nova Scotia by Charles I, the Forbes Baronetcy, of Craigievar in the County of Aberdeen, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 20 April 1630 for William Forbes. He was also a descendant of Hon. Patrick Forbes, third son of the second Lord Forbes, the fourth Baronet represented Aberdeenshire in the House of Commons. The 5th Baronet married the Hon, sarah Sempill, eldest daughter of Hugh Sempill, 12th Lord Sempill. Their grandson, the eighth Baronet, succeeded as seventeenth Lord Sempill in 1884, the titles remained united until the death of his grandson, the 19th Lord and tenth Baronet, in 1965. Designed in the L plan, as was Muchalls Castle, which is located in the same region, craigevar, Muchalls Castle and Glamis Castle are generally considered to have the three finest ceilings in Scotland. The Clan Forbes family was friends of the Clan Burnett of Leys. The ceilings feature plaster figures of the Nine Worthies and other family emblems, by the early 19th-century, the tower had fallen into decay. Roof repairs were undertaken and involved the re-construction of almost the top floor. The windows, external harling and pointing were replaced and it is likely Smith also designed the gardeners cottage, the castle originally had more defensive elements including a walled courtyard with four round towers, only one of the round towers remains today. In the arched door to that tower are preserved the carved initials of Sir Thomas Forbes. There is also a massive iron portcullis or gate covering the door which is named a yett. There is a collection of Forbes family portraits inside as well as a quantity of Forbes furnishings dating to the 17th and 18th centuries. The castle also houses two original Henry Raeburn portraits complete with original receipts, the Forbes family also owned a large granite house at Fintray near Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. This became the main residence for a number of years until the Second World War
43.
Turret
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In architecture, a turret is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle. Turrets were used to provide a defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification. As their military use faded, turrets were used for decorative purposes, a turret can have a circular top with crenellations as seen in the picture at right, a pointed roof, or other kind of apex. The size of a turret is therefore limited by technology, since it puts additional stresses on the structure of the building and it would traditionally be supported by a corbel. Bartizan, an overhanging, wall-mounted turret found particularly on French and they returned to prominence in the 19th century with their popularity in Scottish baronial style
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Estate houses in Scotland
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Estate houses in Scotland or Scottish country houses, are large houses usually on landed estates in Scotland. They were built from the century, after defensive castles began to be replaced by more comfortable residences for royalty, nobility. In the twentieth century the building of houses declined as the influence of the aristocracy waned. After the Reformation, and the departure of the Scottish court in 1603, artists and artisans looked to secular patronage and estate houses became repositories of art, estate houses were adorned with paintings, wood carvings and plasterwork. The Grand Tour encouraged the collection of art and the adoption of classical styles for new works that were incorporated into the Adam Style. The Baronial revival resulted a synthesised Victorian style that combined elements of the Renaissance, symbols of landed power, from the late sixteenth century, many estate houses were surrounded by gardens influenced by Italian Renaissance gardens. From the late seventeenth century the gardens at Versailles and Dutch gardens were important models. In the eighteenth century less formal and symmetrical layouts became common with the development of the jardin anglais, in the nineteenth century there was a return of the formal garden near to the house. The development of the Palladian country house in the seventeenth century separated the family of the householder from the servants, gentry families spent much of their time visiting family, friends or neighbours and hospitality was an important part of life. Major activities included hunting, cards, chess and music, large and sumptuous meals were an important part of social life. In the eighteenth century, estate houses were designed as centres of public display and these works have been seen as directly reflecting the influence of Renaissance styles. Linlithgow was first constructed under James I, under the direction of master of work John de Waltoun and was referred to as a palace, apparently the first use of term in the country. There is evidence of Italian masons working for James IV, in whose reign Linlithgow was completed, work from his reign largely disregarded the insular style adopted in England under Henry VIII and adopted forms that were recognisably European. This was followed by re-buildings at Holyrood, Falkland, Stirling and Edinburgh, rather than slavishly copying continental forms, most Scottish architecture incorporated elements of these styles into traditional local patterns, adapting them to Scottish idioms and materials. Similar themes can be seen in the houses of aristocrats, as in Mars Wark, Stirling and Crichton Castle. The unique style of great houses in Scotland, later known as Scots baronial. It drew on the houses and peel towers, hundreds of which had been built by local lords since the fourteenth century. These abandoned defensible curtain walls in favour of a refuge, designed to outlast a raid
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Aberdeen
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Nicknames include the Granite City, the Grey City and the Silver City with the Golden Sands. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeens buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, other nicknames have been the Oil Capital of the World or the Energy Capital of the World. The area around Aberdeen has been settled since at least 8,000 years ago, the city has a long, sandy coastline and a marine climate, the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters. Aberdeen received Royal Burgh status from David I of Scotland, transforming the city economically, the traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeens seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world, in 2015, Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world, as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain. In 2012, HSBC named Aberdeen as a business hub and one of eight super cities spearheading the UKs economy. The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs, Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don, and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, the earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning, granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the citys Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended, the city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of 1644–1647 the city was plundered by both sides, in 1644, it was taken and ransacked by Royalist troops after the Battle of Aberdeen and two years later it was stormed by a Royalist force under the command of Marquis of Huntly. In 1647 an outbreak of plague killed a quarter of the population. In the 18th century, a new Town Hall was built and the first social services appeared with the Infirmary at Woolmanhill in 1742 and the Lunatic Asylum in 1779. The council began major road improvements at the end of the 18th century with the main thoroughfares of George Street, King Street, gas street lighting arrived in 1824 and an enhanced water supply appeared in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a reservoir in Union Place. An underground sewer system replaced open sewers in 1865, the city was incorporated in 1891. Although Old Aberdeen has a history and still holds its ancient charter. It is an part of the city, as is Woodside. Old Aberdeen is the location of Aberdon, the first settlement of Aberdeen
"Balmoral Castle". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
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