1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Stock Exchange of Thailand
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The Stock Exchange of Thailand is the national stock exchange of Thailand. As of 31 January 2015, the Stock Exchange of Thailand had 584 listed companies with a market capitalization of 15,030 billion baht or 460 billion USD. The indices of the exchange are the SET Index, SET50 Index. The indexs all-time high was 1,789 in January 1994, the modern Thai capital market developed in two phases. The privately owned Bangkok Stock Exchange operated from 1962 to the early 1970s, the Second National Economic and Social Development Plan established the Securities Exchange of Thailand to mobilize funds to support industrialization and economic development. This was the countrys first officially sanctioned, supervised, and regulated securities market, the Thai stock market began in July 1962 when a private group established an organized stock exchange as a limited partnership. The group later became a company and changed its name to the Bangkok Stock Exchange Co. Ltd. in 1963. Despite its well-intended foundation, the BSE was insufficiently active, annual turnover was only 160 million baht in 1968, and 114 million baht in 1969. Trading volumes continued to fall sharply thereafter, to 46 million baht in 1970 and 28 million baht in 1971, the turnover in debentures reached 87 million baht in 1972, but stocks continued to perform poorly, with turnover hitting an all-time low of only 26 million baht. The BSE finally ceased operations in the early 1970s and it is thought that the BSE failed because of a lack of official government support and a limited investor understanding of the equity market. Despite the failure of the BSE, the concept of an orderly, officially supported securities market in Thailand attracted considerable attention. The Second National Economic and Social Development Plan proposed, for the first time a plan for the establishment of such a market, with appropriate facilities and procedures for securities trading. In 1969, as recommended by the World Bank, the government acquired the services of Professor Sidney M. Robbins from Columbia University to study the development channels of the Thai capital market, Professor Robbins had previously served as chief economist at the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. A year later, in 1970, Professor Robbins produced a report entitled A Capital Market in Thailand. This report became the plan for the future development of the Thai capital market. The changes extended government control and regulation over the operations of finance and securities companies, following these amendments, in May 1974, long-awaited legislation establishing the Securities Exchange of Thailand was enacted. This was followed by revisions to the code at the end of the year. By 1975, the legislative framework was in place and on 30 April 1975
4.
Khlong Toei District
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Khlong Toei is a district in central Bangkok, long known for its slum. It is bordered by the Chao Phraya River and contains major port facilities and it is also the site of a major market, the Khlong Toei Market. Neighboring districts are, Watthana, Phra Khanong, Amphoe Phra Pradaeng of Samut Prakan Province, Yan Nawa, Sathon, and Pathum Wan. The area has a history dating back to the century as a port to cities upstream along the Chao Phraya River. Khlong Thanon Trong was a khlong and a road built by King Mongkut around 1857. Later, different sections of the canal known as Khlong Toei. Khlong Toei means the canal of pandan, as the plant grew along the bank of the canal. The road was renamed Rama IV Road by King Vajiravudh in 1919, in 1947, a large portion of Khlong Toei canal was filled to expand the Rama IV Road surface. The area was part of the Phra Khanong District. Originally Khlong Toei consisted of six sub-districts, three of which formed the new Watthana District. The district is divided into three sub-districts, from west to east, these are, Khlong Toei is both the name of a sub-district and the district in which it lies. Phra Khanong is both a sub-district of Khlong Toei and a district on its own, with only sub-district Bang Chak, furthermore, all three sub-districts listed above have counterparts with the addition of nuea in Watthana District. Khlong Toei Port, also known as Bangkok Port, was Thailands only major port for sea transportation of cargo and its construction began in 1938 and finished after World War II. The port is on the Chao Phraya River, not far from the Gulf of Thailand, due to its limited capacity and traffic problems caused by semi-trailer trucks, much of its shipping operation has moved to Laem Chabang Port in Chonburi Province since it was opened in July 1981. Places of interest include, Bangkok Planetarium Science Centre for Education Tamnak Plai Noen, stock Exchange of Thailand Building The Emporium, a luxury shopping center. Nana Plaza, a center for prostitution with go-go and hostess bars. Queen Sirikit National Convention Center, served by the Bangkok Metro station of the same name, benjakitti Park, a public park next to the convention center. It includes a lake and is on land that was occupied by the Tobacco Monopoly
5.
Bangkok
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Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, over 14 million people live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailands other urban centres in terms of importance. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam—later renamed Thailand—during the late 19th century, the city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailands politics, economy, education, media and modern society. The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance and business. It is a hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a regional centre for the arts, fashion. The city is known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the scenes of Khaosan Road. Bangkok is among the top tourist destinations. It is named the most visited city in MasterCards Global Destination Cities Index, Bangkoks rapid growth amidst little urban planning and regulation has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure systems. The city has turned to public transport in an attempt to solve this major problem. Five rapid transit lines are now in operation, with more systems under construction or planned by the national government and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river, and became the site of a siege in 1688 in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese Empire in 1767, the newly declared King Taksin established his capital at the town, in 1782, King Phutthayotfa Chulalok succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern banks Rattanakosin Island, thus founding the Rattanakosin Kingdom. The City Pillar was erected on 21 April, which is regarded as the date of foundation of the present city, Bangkoks economy gradually expanded through busy international trade, first with China, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century. As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siams modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late 19th century, Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in 1932
6.
Thailand
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Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately 513,000 km2, Thailand is the worlds 51st-largest country and it is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades, the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order. Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok and its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The Thai economy is the worlds 20th largest by GDP at PPP and it became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy and it is considered a middle power in the region and around the world. The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens, by outsiders prior to 1949, it was usually known by the exonym Siam. The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma, the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned, another theory is the name derives from Chinese, Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late fourteenth century. The Chinese called this region Xian, which the Portuguese converted into Siam, the signature of King Mongkut reads SPPM Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name Siam official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it reverted to Thailand. According to George Cœdès, the word Thai means free man in the Thai language, ratcha Anachak Thai means kingdom of Thailand or kingdom of Thai. Etymologically, its components are, ratcha, -ana- -chak, the Thai National Anthem, written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as, prathet Thai. The first line of the anthem is, prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai, Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh. There is evidence of habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire. The Menam Basin was originally populated by the Mons, and the location of Dvaravati in the 7th century, the History of the Yuan mentions an embassy from the kingdom of Sukhothai in 1282
7.
Thai baht
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The baht is the currency of Thailand. It is subdivided into 100 satang, the issuance of currency is the responsibility of the Bank of Thailand. According to SWIFT, as of October 2014, the Thai baht ranked as the tenth most frequently used world payment currency, the Thai baht, like the pound, originated from a traditional unit of mass. These were pieces of solid silver cast to various weights corresponding to a system of units related by simple fractions and multiples. However, coins denominated in the old units were issued until 1910, until 27 November 1902, the baht was fixed on a purely silver basis, with 15 grams of silver to the baht. This caused the value of the currency to vary relative to currencies on a gold standard, in 1857, the values of certain foreign silver coins were fixed in law, with the one baht =0.6 Straits dollar and five baht = seven Indian rupees. Before 1880 the exchange rate was fixed at eight baht per pound sterling, falling to 10 to the pound during the 1880s. In 1902, the government began to increase the value of the baht by following all increases in the value of silver against gold but not reducing it when the silver price fell. Beginning at 21.75 baht = one pound sterling, the rose in value until, in 1908. This was revised to 12 baht in 1919 and then, after a period of instability, during World War II, the baht was fixed at a value of one Japanese yen. From 1956 until 1973, the baht was pegged to the U. S. dollar at a rate of 20.8 baht = one dollar. A strengthening US economy caused Thailand to re-peg its currency at 25 to the dollar from 1984 until 2 July 1997, the baht was floated and halved in value, reaching its lowest rate of 56 to the dollar in January 1998. It has since risen to about 30 per dollar, the baht was originally known to foreigners by the term tical, which was used in English language text on banknotes until 1925. Rama III was the first king to consider the use of a flat coin and he did so not for the convenience of traders, but because he was disturbed that the creatures living in the cowrie shells were killed. When he learned of the use of copper coins in Singapore in 1835, he contacted a Scottish trader. The name of the put on these first coins was Muang Thai. Cowrie shells from the Mekong River had been used as currency for small amounts since the Sukhothai period,1860, Thailand did not produce coins using modern methods. Instead, a so-called bullet coinage was used, consisting of bars of metal, thicker in the middle,1 gold baht was generally worth 16 silver baht
8.
The Bangkok Recorder
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The Bangkok Recorder was the first Thai-language newspaper, first published monthly, and later bi-weekly, in Bangkok, Siam between 1844–1845, and 1865-1867. It was written and published by Dr. Dan Beach Bradley, Bradley published both English- and Thai-language editions of The Bangkok Recorder. The Thai edition measured 6 x 9 inches, and the English edition 12 x 18 inches, the newspaper had a two-column layout. One-time subscribers of The Bangkok Recorder included King Mongkut and various Thai nobles, the newspaper eventually closed due to unprofitability. Bradley wrote in the paper urging subscribers to pay their fees, lack of payment may have been the result of disapproval of Bradleys subject matter. In addition to local and foreign news, Bradley wrote on topics, including science. His writings on Christianity and Buddhism may have perceived as critical of the dominant religion. Bangkok, Office of His Majestys Principal Private Secretary
