1.
Kenya Colony
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The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was part of the British Empire in Africa from 1920 until 1963. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British Crown colony in 1920, technically, the Colony of Kenya referred to the interior lands, while a 16-kilometre coastal strip was the Protectorate of Kenya but the two were controlled as a single administrative unit. The colony came to an end in 1963 when a majority government was elected for the first time. The Colony of Kenya was established on 11 June 1920 when the territories of the former East Africa Protectorate were annexed by Britain. The Kenya Protectorate was established on 13 August 1920 when the territories of the former East Africa Protectorate which were not annexed by Britain were established as a British Protectorate. The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895, in summary, the Colony of Kenya referred to the interior lands. The Protectorate of Kenya was a 16 km coastal strip together with certain islands which remained under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar until the independence of Kenya, in the 1920s Indians objected to the reservation of the Highlands for Europeans, especially British war veterans. Bitterness grew between the Indians and the Europeans, the population in 1921 was estimated at 2,376,000, of whom 9,651 were Europeans,22,822 Indians, and 10,102 Arabs. Mombasa, the largest city in 1921, had a population of 32,000 at that time, the Colony and the Protectorate each came to an end on 12 December 1963. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 which established the Dominion of Kenya, mzee Jomo Kenyatta was the first prime minister. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name Republic of Kenya, class and economic change in Kenya, The making of an African petite bourgeoisie 1905-1970 Lonsdale, John, and Bruce Berman. Coping with the contradictions, the development of the state in Kenya. Journal of African History 20#04, 487-505, British rule in Kenya, 1895-1912 Ochieng, William Robert. A history of Kenya Ochieng, William Robert, and Robert M. Maxon, an economic history of Kenya Wolff, Richard D. Britain and Kenya, 1870-1930, The Economics of Colonialism The British Empire — Kenya Media related to War Office Archive – British East Africa at Wikimedia Commons
2.
Nairobi
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Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. It is famous for having the Nairobi National Park, the only game reserve found within a major city. The city and its surrounding area also form Nairobi County, whose current governor is Evans Kidero, the name Nairobi comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to cool water. The phrase is also the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, however, it is popularly known as the Green City in the Sun, and is surrounded by several expanding villa suburbs. Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the authorities in British East Africa. The town quickly grew to replace Machakos as the capital of Kenya in 1907, after independence in 1963, Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya. During Kenyas colonial period, the city became a centre for the coffee, tea. The city lies on the River Athi in the part of the country. With a population of 3.36 million in 2011, Nairobi is the second-largest city by population in the African Great Lakes region after Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. According to the 2009 census, in the area of Nairobi,3,138,295 inhabitants lived within 696 km2. Nairobi is the 14th-largest city in Africa, including the population of its suburbs, the Nairobi Securities Exchange is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africas fourth-largest exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day, Nairobi is found within the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region, which consists of 4 out of 47 counties in Kenya, which generates about 60% of the entire nations wealth. The city was named after a water hole known in Maasai as Enkare Nairobi and it was completely rebuilt in the early 1900s after an outbreak of plague and the burning of the original town. The location of the Nairobi railway camp was due to its central position between Mombasa and Kampala. It was also chosen because its network of rivers could supply the camp with water, however, malaria was a serious problem, leading to at least one attempt to have the town moved. In 1905, Nairobi replaced Mombasa as capital of the British protectorate, as the British occupiers started to explore the region, they started using Nairobi as their first port of call. This prompted the government to build several spectacular grand hotels in the city. The main occupants were British game hunters, Nairobi continued to grow under the British and many British subjects settled within the citys suburbs
3.
Kenya
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Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi and it is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2, and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017, Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya. Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea, in the West are Nyanza and Western regions, there is an equatorial, hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested areas in the neighbouring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes, Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby. The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period, by the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nations residents, European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony, Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, the capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East, agriculture is a major employer, the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also an economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc, the Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa, if so, then the British may not so much have mispronounced it, as misspelled it. In the 19th century, the German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf was staying with the Bantu Kamba people when he first spotted the mountain. On asking for the name of the mountain, he was told Kĩ-Nyaa or Kĩĩma- Kĩĩnyaa probably because the pattern of black rock, the Agikuyu, who inhabit the slopes of Mt. Kenya, call it Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga in Kikuyu, which is quite similar to the Kamba name. Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version, others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/
4.
University of Hawaii at Manoa
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The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa is a public co-educational research university as well as the flagship campus of the University of Hawaiʻi system. The campus occupies the half of the mouth of Mānoa Valley. The John A. Burns School of Medicine, part of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, is located in Kakaako and this university campus also houses the main offices of the entire University of Hawaiʻi system. The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa was founded in 1907 as a land-grant college of agriculture, a bill by Maui Representative William Coelho introduced into the Territorial Legislature March 1,1907 and signed into law March 23rd by the Governor enabled construction to begin. In 1912 it was renamed the College of Hawaii and moved to its present location, William Kwai Fong Yap petitioned the Hawaii Territorial Legislature six years later for university status which led to another renaming finally to the University of Hawaii in 1920. This is also the year of the College of Arts. In 1931 the Territorial Normal and Training School was absorbed into the University, today, the primary facet of the university consists of the four Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Languages, Literatures and Linguistics, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences. The college of agriculture and mechanical arts is now the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, UH Mānoa is home to two of the states most prominent professional schools. The William S. Richardson School of Law and the School of Medicine are the only law and it is also home to the Shidler College of Business which has the only AACSB accredited graduate business program in the state. It also has the only Doctor of Architecture program in the country, the Center for Hawaiian Studies provides excellence in the pursuit of knowledge concerning the Native people of Hawaii. Total enrollment in 2012 was 20,429 students,14,402 of which are undergraduates, there are approximately sixteen students per instructor. With extramural grants and contracts of $436 million in 2012, research at UH-Mānoa relates to Hawaiis physical landscape, its people, the geography facilitates advances in marine biology, oceanography, underwater robotic technology, astronomy, geology and geophysics, agriculture, aquaculture and tropical medicine. Extramural funding increased from $368 million in FY2008 to nearly $436 million in FY2012, Research grants increased from $278 million in FY2008 to $317 million in FY2012. Nonresearch awards totaled $119 million in FY2012, overall, extramural funding increased by 18%. The National Science Foundation ranked UH Manoa 45th among 395 public universities for Research and Development expenditures in fiscal year 2014. For the period of July 1,2012 to June 20,2013, local funding comes from Hawaii government agencies, non-profit organizations, health organizations and business and other interests. The $150-million medical complex in Kaka‘ako opened in the spring of 2005, Research is expected of every faculty member at UH Mānoa. Also, according to the Carnegie Foundation, UH Mānoa is an RU/VH level research university, in 2013, UH Mānoa was elected to membership in the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, the leading consortium of research universities for the region
5.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
6.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
7.
Ann Dunham
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Stanley Ann Dunham was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia. She was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, Dunham was known as Stanley Ann Dunham through high school, then as Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro, and finally as Ann Dunham. Born in Wichita, Kansas, Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas, her years in Mercer Island, Washington. Dunham studied at the East–West Center and at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu and she also attended University of Washington at Seattle in 1961–1962. Interested in craftsmanship, weaving and the role of women in cottage industries, Dunhams research focused on work on the island of Java. To address the problem of poverty in rural villages, she created microcredit programs while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development, Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and she consulted with the Asian Development Bank in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Towards the latter part of her life, she worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Janny Scott, an author and former New York Times reporter, published a biography about Ann Dunhams life titled A Singular Woman in 2011. In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as the dominant figure in my formative years, the values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics. Stanley Ann Dunham was born on November 29,1942 at Saint Francis Hospital in Wichita, Kansas and she was of predominantly English ancestry, with some German, Swiss, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh ancestry. Wild Bill Hickok is her cousin, five times removed. Her parents were born in Kansas and met in Wichita, where they married on May 5,1940, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, her father joined the United States Army and her mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita. As a child and teenager she was known as Stanley, other children teased her about her name but she used it through high school, apologizing for it each time she introduced herself in a new town. By the time Dunham began attending college, she was known by her name, Ann. After World War II, Dunhams family moved from Wichita to California while her father attended the University of California, in 1948, they moved to Ponca City, Oklahoma, and from there to Vernon, Texas, and then to El Dorado, Kansas. In 1955, the moved to Seattle, Washington, where her father was employed as a furniture salesman. They lived in an apartment complex in the Wedgwood neighborhood where she attended Nathan Eckstein Junior High School, in 1956, Dunhams family moved to Mercer Island, an Eastside suburb of Seattle. Dunhams parents wanted their 13-year-old daughter to attend the newly opened Mercer Island High School and we were liberals before we knew what liberals were. Another called her the original feminist, on August 21,1959, Hawaii became the 50th state to be admitted into the Union
8.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
9.
Family of Barack Obama
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Their immediate family was the First Family of the United States from 2009 to 2017. The Obamas are the first First Family of African-American descent, Michelle Obama, née Robinson, the wife of Barack Obama, was born on January 17,1964, in Chicago, Illinois. She is a lawyer and was a University of Chicago Hospital vice-president and she was the First Lady of the United States. Barack and Michelle Obama have two daughters, Malia Ann, born July 4,1998, and Natasha, born on June 10,2001 and they were both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha is the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961, in 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014 by Time magazine. While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported, soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano, in July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series Access Hollywood. Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included, the Obama girls began classes there on January 5,2009, Malia graduated in 2016. Before the family moved to Washington in 2009, both attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory School. In his victory speech on the night of his election, President Obama repeated his promise to Sasha and Malia to get a puppy to take with them to the White House. On April 12,2009, it was reported that the Obamas had adopted a six-month-old Portuguese Water Dog given to them as a gift by Senator Ted Kennedy, Malia, the White House refers to Bo as the First Dog. In 2013, the adopted a second Portuguese Water Dog named Sunny. As a high student, Malia Obama spent a portion of the summer in 2014 and 2015 working in television studios in New York. In May 2016, the White House announced that following her graduation from Sidwell Friends, Malia will take a gap year and she spent the summer of 2016 working as an intern in the U. S. Embassy in Madrid, Spain. They met with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first elected head of state in Africa. They arrived in Spain where Michelle delivered a message about the initiative, in August 2016, Sasha started working at Nancys, a seafood restaurant in Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts. In the fall of 2016, Malia went on an 83-day trip to Bolivia, Malia has secured an internship with Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein that started in February 2017. Marian Robinson, Michelle Obamas mother, resided in the White House, Barack Obama was raised by his mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, called Ann, and maternal grandparents Madelyn and Stanley Dunham. He often referred to his family during his candidacy and term as President, Obamas maternal heritage consists mostly of English ancestry, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Swiss, and French ancestry
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Dreams from My Father
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Dreams from My Father, A Story of Race and Inheritance is a memoir by Barack Obama, who was elected as U. S. President in 2008. It explores events of his early years up until his entry into law school in 1988, Obama published the memoir in July 1995, when he was starting his political campaign for Illinois Senate. He had been elected as the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review in 1990, according to The New York Times, Obama modeled Dreams from My Father on Ralph Ellisons novel Invisible Man. After Obama won the U. S. Senate Democratic primary victory in Illinois in 2004 and he gave the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention and won the Illinois Senate seat in the fall. Obama launched his presidential campaign three years later, the 2004 edition includes a new preface by Obama and his DNC keynote address. Obama recounts his life up to his enrollment in Harvard Law School and he was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Barack Obama, Sr. of Kenya, and Ann Dunham of Wichita, Kansas, who had met as students at the University of Hawaii. Obamas parents separated in 1963 and divorced in 1964, when he was two, obama’s father went to Harvard to pursue his Ph. D. in economics. After that, he returned to Kenya to fulfill his promise to his nation, Obama formed an image of his absent father from stories told by his mother and her parents. He saw his father one more time, in 1971, when Obama Sr. came to Hawaii for a months visit, the elder Obama, who had remarried, died in a car accident in Kenya in 1982. After her divorce, Ann Dunham married Lolo Soetoro, a Javanese surveyor from Indonesia who was a student in Hawaii. When Obama was ten, he returned to Hawaii under the care of his grandparents for the better educational opportunities available there. He was enrolled in the grade at Punahou School, a private college-preparatory school. Obama attended Punahou School from the 5th grade until his graduation from school in 1979. Obama writes, For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, there he met Ray, who was two years older and also multi-racial. He introduced Obama to the African-American community, upon finishing high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles for studies at Occidental College. He describes having lived a party lifestyle of drug and alcohol use, after two years at Occidental, he transferred to Columbia College at Columbia University, in New York City, where he majored in political science. Upon graduation, Obama worked for a year in business and he moved to Chicago, where he worked for a non-profit doing community organizing in the Altgeld Gardens housing project on the citys mostly black South Side. Obama recounts the difficulty of the experience, as his program faced resistance from entrenched community leaders, during this period, Obama first visited Chicagos Trinity United Church of Christ, which became the center of his spiritual life
12.
University of Hawaii
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All schools of the University of Hawaii system are accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. The U. H. systems main administrative offices are located on the property of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in Honolulu CDP, the second-largest institution is the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, with over 3,000 students. The smaller University of Hawaiʻi-West Oʻahu in Kapolei primarily serves students who reside on Honolulus western, the University of Hawaiʻi Community College system comprises four community colleges island campuses on Oahu and one each on Maui, Kauaʻi, and Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaiʻi education centers are located in remote areas of the State and its several islands. Inouye College of Pharmacy School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology John A. Burns School of Medicine William S. M, the Board oversees all aspects of governance for the university system, including its internal structure and management. The board also appoints, evaluates, and if necessary removes the President of the University of Hawaiʻi, the Universitys governing board includes a current student appointed by the Governor of Hawaiʻi to serve a two-year term as a full voting regent. The practice of appointing a student to the Board was approved by the Hawaiʻi State Legislature in 1997, alumni of the University of Hawaiʻi system include many notable persons in various walks of life. Senator Daniel Inouye and Tammy Duckworth both are veterans of the US military who were injured during in the line of duty then later entered government service, bette Midler and Georgia Engel are successful entertainers on the national stage. President Barack Obamas parents, Barack Obama, Sr. and S, ann Dunham, and half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng, also earned degrees from the Mānoa campus, where his parents met in a Russian language class. His mother earned three degrees from the University of Hawaiʻi including a Ph. D. in anthropology, the University of Hawaiʻi system has had many faculty members of note. Many were visiting faculty or came after they won awards like Nobel Laureate Dr. Georg von Békésy. Dr. Ryuzo Yanagimachi, principal investigator of the group that developed a method of cloning from adult animal cells, is still on the faculty. University of Hawaii Marching Band Robert, Kamins, mālamalama, A History of the University of Hawaiʻi. The Politics of Higher Education In Hawaiʻi, 1985-1992, official website University of Hawaiʻi Athletics
13.
Ruth Beatrice Baker
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Their immediate family was the First Family of the United States from 2009 to 2017. The Obamas are the first First Family of African-American descent, Michelle Obama, née Robinson, the wife of Barack Obama, was born on January 17,1964, in Chicago, Illinois. She is a lawyer and was a University of Chicago Hospital vice-president and she was the First Lady of the United States. Barack and Michelle Obama have two daughters, Malia Ann, born July 4,1998, and Natasha, born on June 10,2001 and they were both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha is the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961, in 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014 by Time magazine. While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported, soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano, in July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series Access Hollywood. Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included, the Obama girls began classes there on January 5,2009, Malia graduated in 2016. Before the family moved to Washington in 2009, both attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory School. In his victory speech on the night of his election, President Obama repeated his promise to Sasha and Malia to get a puppy to take with them to the White House. On April 12,2009, it was reported that the Obamas had adopted a six-month-old Portuguese Water Dog given to them as a gift by Senator Ted Kennedy, Malia, the White House refers to Bo as the First Dog. In 2013, the adopted a second Portuguese Water Dog named Sunny. As a high student, Malia Obama spent a portion of the summer in 2014 and 2015 working in television studios in New York. In May 2016, the White House announced that following her graduation from Sidwell Friends, Malia will take a gap year and she spent the summer of 2016 working as an intern in the U. S. Embassy in Madrid, Spain. They met with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first elected head of state in Africa. They arrived in Spain where Michelle delivered a message about the initiative, in August 2016, Sasha started working at Nancys, a seafood restaurant in Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts. In the fall of 2016, Malia went on an 83-day trip to Bolivia, Malia has secured an internship with Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein that started in February 2017. Marian Robinson, Michelle Obamas mother, resided in the White House, Barack Obama was raised by his mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, called Ann, and maternal grandparents Madelyn and Stanley Dunham. He often referred to his family during his candidacy and term as President, Obamas maternal heritage consists mostly of English ancestry, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Swiss, and French ancestry
14.
American Jews
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American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans, are Americans who are Jews, either by religion, ethnicity, or nationality. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their US-born descendants, Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term and this constitutes between 1. 7% and 2. 6% of the total U. S. population. Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America since the mid-17th century, however, they were small in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. The majority were Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry, until after 1720 when Ashkenazi Jews from Central, after passage of the Plantation Act of 1740, Jews were specifically permitted to become British citizens and immigrate to the colonies. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America and they primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution, many Jews also emigrated from Romania. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration, most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the worlds major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, in addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture,500,000 American Jews fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage, more recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields. Scholars debate whether the historical experience for Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate American exceptionalism. Korelitz shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the ‘’Menorah Journal’’ between 1915 and 1925, siporin uses the family folklore of ethnic Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed, many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the more in charge of his life
15.
Tom Mboya
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Thomas Joseph Odhiambo Tom Mboya was a Kenyan trade unionist, educationist, Pan Africanist, author, independence activist, Cabinet Minister and one of the founding fathers of the Republic of Kenya. He laid the foundation for Kenyas capitalist and mixed economy policies at the height of the Cold War, Mboyas intelligence, charm, leadership and oratory skills won him admiration from all over the world. In 1958, at the age of 28, Mboya was elected Conference Chairman at the All-African Peoples Conference convened by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and he helped build the Trade Union Movement in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania and across Africa. At one time, he served as the Africa Representative to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, in May 1959, Mboya called a conference in Lagos, Nigeria to form the first All-Africa ICFTU labour organisation. One of the beneficiaries of this airlift was Wangari Maathai, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1960, Mboya was the first Kenyan to be featured on the cover of Time Magazine of the United States, thomas Joseph Odhiambo Tom Mboya was born in Kilima Mbogo in Central Kenya, to Leonardus Ndiege and Marcella Awour, who were low income sisal farmers. He was educated at Catholic mission schools and sat for a Cambridge School Certificate in 1946 at Holy Ghost College and he attended Royal Sanitary Institutes Medical Training School for Sanitary Inspectors at Nairobi, qualifying as an inspector in 1950. Mboya started working for the city of Nairobi and became involved with the trade union, while still working as a trade union official, Tom Mboya enrolled for a Matriculation Exemption Certificate with the Efficiency Correspondence College of South Africa, majoring in Economics. In 1955 he went to Ruskin College, Oxford to study Industrial Management, while employed by the Nairobi City Council as a sanitary inspector, Mboya was elected as chairman of the African Staff Association. He developed it into a union, which became known as The Kenya Local Government Workers Union. When the colonial government refused to recognize the union, Mboya sued for recognition and won, in 1953 during the Mau Mau War for Independence, Jomo Kenyatta and other leaders of the independence party, Kenya African Union, were arrested. They asked Mboya to take up leadership of the KAU and continue the struggle, however, the government banned the KAU. Mboya turned to using the unions as a platform to fight for independence. He was elected as Secretary General of the Kenya Federation of Labour, in that role, Mboya gave speeches in London and Washington against British atrocities in Kenya, he also organized several strikes seeking better working conditions for African workers. At that point, the colonial government nearly closed down the movement in the effort to suppress his activities. Mboya reached out to labour leaders across the world, more so in the ICFTU. Philip Randolph, with whom he was close, Mboya raised funds to build a headquarters for the KFL. In 1956, after Mboya had returned from the United Kingdom, Tom Mboya was elected from Nairobi
16.
President of Kenya
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The President of the Republic of Kenya is the head of state and head of government of Kenya. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Kenya and is the commander-in-chief of the Kenya Defence Forces, the official residence of the president is at State House, Nairobi. The wife of the President is referred to as the First Lady of Kenya, politics of Kenya List of colonial governors of Kenya List of heads of state of Kenya Prime Minister of Kenya Lists of Incumbents
17.
Jomo Kenyatta
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Jomo Kenyatta was a Kenyan politician who governed the Republic of Kenya as Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as President from 1964 to 1978. He was the first person to hold that latter post and he led the Kenya African National Union party. Kenyatta was born to Kikuyu parents in Kiambu, then part of British East Africa, in youth he worked as a carpenter, and later became politically engaged through the Kikuyu Central Association. In 1929 he travelled to London to lobby for Kikuyu tribal land affairs, in 1933-34 he studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow before returning to London and studying at University College London and the London School of Economics. He remained in England during the Second World War, working as a farm labourer, in 1946 he returned to East Africa and became a teacher. In 1947 he was elected President of the Kenya African Union, in 1952, he was among the Kapenguria Six arrested and charged with involvement in the Mau Mau Uprising against the British. He then led the KANU delegation at the negotiations which secured Kenyas independence, in the 1963 general election, Kenyatta led KANU to victory. As Prime Minister, he supported the government in transforming Kenya into a republic, centralising power in his party, he prohibited KANUs only rival, Kenya Peoples Union, from competing in elections, Kenya thus became a de facto one-party state. His regime faced border conflicts with Somalia and a mutiny in Nairobi. His economic policies were conservative and capitalist, and he espoused a pro-Western, following Kenyattas death, he was succeeded by Daniel arap Moi. Kenyatta is considered the father of the Kenyan nation. Kenyatta was an intellectual who authored several books, and is remembered as a Pan-Africanist. He was criticised as authoritarian and for overseeing a growth in corruption, many places have been named after him. He is also the father of Kenyas fourth and current President, Jomo Kenyatta was born in Kiambu to parents Muigai wa Kungu and Wambui in the village of Gatundu, in British East Africa, a member of the Kikuyu. His date of birth, sometime in the early to mid-1890s, was even to him. However, at least one biography gives his date of birth as 20 October 1891, a date so precise as to likely be apocryphal. His father died while Kamau was very young, after which, as was the custom, he was adopted by his uncle Ngengi, who also inherited his mother, to become Kamau wa Ngengi. When his mother died during childbirth, young Kamau moved from Ngenda to Muthiga to live with his medicine man grandfather Kũngũ wa Magana, to whom he became very close
18.
Lake Victoria
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Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke, Speke accomplished this in 1858, while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton to locate the source of the Nile River. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the ninth largest continental lake. Lake Victoria receives its water primarily from rainfall and thousands of small streams. The Kagera River is the largest river flowing into this lake, Lake Victoria is drained solely by the Nile River near Jinja, Uganda, on the lakes northern shore. Lake Victoria occupies a depression in Africa. The lake has a depth of 84 metres and an average depth of 40 metres. Its catchment area covers 184,000 square kilometres, geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young – about 400,000 years old – and it formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block. During its geological history, Lake Victoria went through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, geological cores taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed. These drying cycles are probably related to past ice ages, which were times when precipitation declined globally, Lake Victoria last dried out about 17,300 years ago, and it refilled 14,700 years ago. Lake Victoria receives 80 percent of its water from direct rainfall, average evaporation on the lake is between 2.0 and 2.2 metres per year, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas. In the Kenya sector, the main influent rivers are the Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, combined, these rivers contribute far more water to the lake than does the largest single river entering the lake from the west, the Kagera River. The only outflow from Lake Victoria is the Nile River, which exits the lake near Jinja, in terms of contributed water, this makes Lake Victoria the principal source of the longest branch of the Nile. The uppermost section of the Nile is generally known as the Victoria Nile until it reaches Lake Albert, in 1990–1991, oxygen concentrations in the mixed layer were higher than in 1960–1961, with nearly continuous oxygen supersaturation in surface waters. The changes in oxygenation are considered consistent with measurements of higher algal biomass, the extinction of cichlids in the genus Haplochromis has also been blamed on the lakes eutrophication. The fertility of tropical waters depends on the rate at which nutrients can be brought into solution, the influent rivers of Lake Victoria provide few nutrients to the lake in relation to its size. Because of this, most of Lake Victorias nutrients are thought to be locked up in lake-bottom deposits, by itself, this vegetative matter decays slowly. Animal flesh decays considerably faster, however, so the fertility of the lake is dependent on the rate at which nutrients can be taken up by fish
19.
Kendu Bay
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Kendu Bay is a bay and town in Kenya. The area is the part of Rachuonyo North District in Homa Bay County and it is located on the shore of Lake Victoria along Katito-Homa-Bay road. It is the headquarters of the district, Kendu Bay is also linked by a road to Homa Bay, located 30 kilometres southwest. Kendu Bay forms a council with a population of 29,638. Kendu Bay town council has four wards, Gendia/Awach, Gumba/Jieri, Rambira, all of them are located within Karachuonyo Constituency. Kendu Bay is also headquarters of East Karachuonyo division of Rachuonyo District, the area is the birthplace of Barack Obama, Sr. the father of U. S. President Barack Obama, and his parents Hussein Onyango Obama and Habiba Akumu Nyanjoga. Obama, Sr. was raised in Alego, for many years Kendu Bay was known as the entertainment capital of Nyanza, with its famed Kendu Show, which attracted musicians and bands from all over Kenya. However, the show has waned and disappeared over the years, today the show-ground is a mere relic of its illustrious past, as is the Old pier that used to be an important port of call for steamers and ships from as far as Uganda and Tanzania
20.
British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
21.
Siaya County
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Siaya County is one of the counties in the former Nyanza Province in the southwest part of Kenya. It is bordered by Busia County to the north, Kakamega County and Vihiga Countys to the northeast and it shares a water border with Homa Bay County which is located south of Siaya County. The total area of the county is approximately 2,496.1 km², the county lies between latitude 0° 26’ to 0° 18’ north and longitude 33° 58’ east and 34° 33’ west. Siaya has been split up into six new districts, under the new constitution, the role of districts are still unclear as much of administrative authority is being transferred to the county. The capital is Siaya, even though the largest town is Bondo, the population in the year 2009 was 842,304. In the 2007 elections the county, then district, had three constituencies, Alego Constituency, Gem, and Ugenya, as of 2013, Siaya County was made up of six constituencies namely Alego, Bondo, Gem, Rarienda, Ugenya, and Ugunja. At the 2007 parliamentary elections all three seats were won by Orange Democratic Movement, majority of the population consist of members of the Luo tribe. bushdrums. com Map of Siaya District
22.
Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania
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The Luo are an ethnic group in western Kenya, northern Uganda, and in Mara Region in northern Tanzania. The Luo are the fourth largest ethnic group in Kenya, after the Kikuyu, the Kalenjin, the Luo and the Kikuyu inherited the bulk of political power in the first years following Kenyas independence in 1963. The Luo population in Kenya was estimated to be 2,185,000 in 1994 and 3.4 million in 2010 according to Govt census. However the figure was disputed by many Luos as not scientific since a significant portion of people considered as Luo were now counted as Suba people. The Subas eventually numbered 300,000 but most are completely assimilated Luos by culture, name, language, sample census conducted by experts estimate the total Kenyan Luo population to be currently at around 5 million. The Tanzanian Luo population was estimated at 1.1 million in 2001 and 1.9 million in 2010, the main Luo livelihoods are fishing, farming and pastoral herding. Outside Luoland, the Luo comprise a significant fraction of East Africas intellectual, others members work in eastern Africa as tenant fishermen, small scale farmers, and urban workers. They speak the Dholuo language, which belongs to the Western Nilotic branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family spoken by other Luo-speaking peoples, such as the Lango, Acholi, Adhola, the four waves of Luo migration were chiefly from the four Luo-speaking groups, especially Acholi and Padhola. Dholuo, spoken in Kenya, is considered to be proper and it is estimated that Dholuo has 90% lexical similarity with Lep Alur, 83% with Lep Achol, 81% with Lango language, 93% with Dhopadhola, 74% with Anuak, and 69% with Jurchol & Dhi-Pari. The Luo are the originators of a number of styles, such as Benga, Ohangla, Dodo, Nyatiti, Orutu. The Luo of Kenya descend from early fishing, agricultural and herding communities from western Kenyas early pre-colonial history, the Luo people and dialects of their language have historic roots across the Lake Victoria region. The Luo had many ethnic neighbours with whom they frequently inter-related, including the Nandi, Luhya, Kipsigis, as a result, treaties and intermarriages were accomplished, resulting in a mixture of inter-cultural ideals and practices. The Luo probably originated at Wau in South Sudan, near the confluence of the Meride, the Kenya Luo migrated into western Kenya via todays eastern Uganda, the first wave arriving sometime around 1500 AD. JoWaswetta, JoMfangano, JoKaksingri, JoKaswanga, JoGwassi, JoWakula, JoMuhuru, early British contact with the Luo was indirect and sporadic. Relations intensified only when the completion of the Uganda Railway had confirmed British intentions, in 1896 a punitive expedition was mounted in support of the Wanga ruler Mumia in Ugenya against the Umira Kager clan led by Gero. Over 200 were quickly killed by a Maxim gun,300 people in Uyoma resistance were killed by an expedition led by Sir Charles Horbley when they were confiscating Luo cattle to help feed the Coolies who were building the Uganda railway. By 1900, the Luo chief Odera was providing 1,500 porters for a British expedition against the Nandi, in 1915, the Colonial Government sent Odera Akango, the ruoth of Gem, to Kampala, Uganda. He was impressed by the British settlement there and upon his home he initiated a forced process of adopting western styles of schooling, dress
23.
Sarah Onyango Obama
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Sarah Onyango Obama is a Kenyan educator and philanthropist. She is the wife of the paternal grandfather of U. S. president Barack Obama. She is known for short as Sarah Obama, she is referred to as Sarah Ogwel, Sarah Hussein Obama. She lives in Nyangoma Kogelo village,30 miles west of western Kenyas main town, Kisumu, although she is not a blood relation, Barack Obama calls her Granny Sarah. Sarah, who speaks Luo and only a few words of English, on July 4,2008, Sarah Obama attended the United States Independence Day celebrations in Nairobi, hosted by Michael Ranneberger, the U. S. ambassador in Kenya. Sarah Obama is a believer of the Islamic faith, in her words. In November 2014, Sarah Obama received an award from the United Nations for the work of a foundation that she heads
24.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
25.
Presidencies and provinces of British India
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Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent. Collectively, they were called British India, in one form or other they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods. During 1612–1757, the East India Company set up factories in several locations, mostly in coastal India and its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Holland and France. By the mid-18th century, three Presidency towns, Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta had grown in size, during the period of Company rule in India, 1757–1858, the Company gradually acquired sovereignty over large parts of India, now called Presidencies. However, it increasingly came under British government oversight, in effect sharing sovereignty with the Crown. At the same time it gradually lost its mercantile privileges, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Companys remaining powers were transferred to the Crown. In the new British Raj, sovereignty extended to a few new regions, increasingly, however, unwieldy presidencies were broken up into Provinces. In 1608, the English East India Company established a settlement at Surat, and it was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal. Company rule in Bengal, however, ended with the Government of India Act 1858 following the events of the Bengal Rebellion of 1857 and these rulers were allowed a measure of internal autonomy in exchange for British suzerainty. British India constituted a significant portion of India both in area and population, in 1910, for example, it covered approximately 54% of the area, in addition, there were Portuguese and French exclaves in India. Independence from British rule was achieved in 1947 with the formation of two nations, the Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter also including East Bengal, present-day Bangladesh. The term British India also applied to Burma for a time period, starting in 1824, a small part of Burma. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma commenced being administered as a separate British colony, British India did not apply to other countries in the region, such as Sri Lanka, which was a British Crown colony, or the Maldive Islands, which were a British protectorate. It also included the Colony of Aden in the Arabian Peninsula, the original seat of government was at Allahabad, then at Agra from 1834 to 1868. Bombay Presidency, East India Companys headquarters moved from Surat to Bombay in 1687, the East India Company, which was incorporated on 31 December 1600, established trade relations with Indian rulers in Masulipatam on the east coast in 1611 and Surat on the west coast in 1612. The company rented a trading outpost in Madras in 1639, meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640. Almost a half-century later, after Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly, by the mid-18th century the three principal trading settlements, now called the Madras Presidency, the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency were each administered by a Governor. After Robert Clives victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, in 1772, the Company also obtained the Nizāmat of Bengal and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded Bengal Presidency
26.
Zanzibar
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Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania in East Africa. It is composed of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres off the coast of the mainland, the capital is Zanzibar City, located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre is Stone Town, which is a World Heritage Site, the name Zanzibar is apparently derived from the Persian zang-bâr signifying black coast. Zanzibars main industries are spices, raffia, and tourism, in particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. For this reason, the islands, together with Tanzanias Mafia Island, are called the Spice Islands. Zanzibar is the home of the endemic Zanzibar red colobus monkey, the Zanzibar servaline genet, the word Zanzibar came from Arabic Zanjibār, which is in turn from Persian Zang-bār, a compound of Zang + bār. The presence of microlithic tools suggest that it has been home to humans for at least 20,000 years, a Greco-Roman text between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias, which is probably Unguja. Little is known about the history of Zanzibar between the time of the Periplus and the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, from that point forward, wars in Asia and increasing trade motivated Persians, Arabs, and Indians to visit or migrate to Zanzibar. Persian traders used Zanzibar as a base for voyages between the Middle East, India, and Africa and they established garrisons on the islands and built the first Zoroastrian fire temples and mosques in the Southern Hemisphere. The impact of these traders and immigrants on the Swahili culture is uncertain, during the Middle Ages, Zanzibar and other settlements on the Swahili Coast were advanced. The littoral contained a number of autonomous trade cities and these towns grew in wealth as the Bantu Swahili people served as intermediaries and facilitators to local, Arab, Persian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Indian, and Chinese merchants. This interaction contributed in part to the evolution of the Swahili culture, although a Bantu language, Swahili as a consequence today includes some elements that were borrowed from other civilizations, particularly Arabic loanwords. With the wealth that they had acquired through trade, some of the Arab traders also became rulers of the coastal cities, vasco da Gamas visit in 1498 marked the beginning of European influence. In 1503 or 1504, Zanzibar became part of the Portuguese Empire when Captain Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques landed and demanded and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace, Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. It initially became part of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor general, around 1571, Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from Mozambique. It appears, however, that the Portuguese did not closely administer Zanzibar, the first English ship to visit Unguja, the Edward Bonaventure in 1591, found that there was no Portuguese fort or garrison. The extent of their occupation was a depot where produce was purchased and collected for shipment to Mozambique. In other respects, the affairs of the island were managed by the local king and this hands-off approach ended when Portugal established a fort on Pemba around 1635 in response to the Sultan of Mombasas slaughter of Portuguese residents several years earlier
27.
Roman Catholicism
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
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Islam
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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the word of God. Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered, certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders, most Muslims are of one of two denominations, Sunni or Shia. Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, sizable Muslim communities are also found in Horn of Africa, Europe, China, Russia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Northern Borneo, Caucasus and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world, Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means voluntary submission to God, Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means submission or surrender. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the verb form. The word sometimes has connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as a state, Whomsoever God desires to guide. Other verses connect Islām and dīn, Today, I have perfected your religion for you, I have completed My blessing upon you, still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān, Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies. This term has fallen out of use and is said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims religion
29.
Cook (profession)
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A cook is a person who prepares food for consumption. A cook is sometimes referred to as a chef, although in the professional kitchen, the terms are not interchangeable. The term cook within a restaurant kitchen usually refers to a person with little to no influence on a menu and little to no command over others within the kitchen. These are usually all members of a restaurant kitchen that are underneath the sous chef in the brigade de cuisine. Other establishments may have a relatively constant menu, often only having people that can prepare food quickly and consistently, the kitchens in these particular restaurants would thus be entirely run by cooks intimately acquainted with the menu. This example would not include the short order cook, however, since they are capable, when used as a residential staff, the word cook may refer to the head of the kitchen in a great house or to a cook-housekeeper, responsible for cleaning as well. Professional cooks were used in Sardinia during the Nuragic Age, as proved by the sculptures of the Bronze Age. The first Olympic champion listed in the records was a cook, Coroebus of Elis, who won the sprint race in 776 BC. Lawrence of Rome, traditionally a patron saint of cooks and roasters, is reported to have said as he was being burned at the stake in the third century, if you want me well done, its time to turn me over. Chef Chief cook Cook Domestic worker Cooking List of cooking techniques Personal chef
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Missionary
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A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development. The word mission originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin missionem, meaning act of sending or mittere, meaning to send. The word was used in light of its usage, in the Latin translation of the Bible. The term is most commonly used for Christian missions, but can be used for any creed or ideology, a Christian missionary can be defined as one who is to witness across cultures. The Lausanne Congress of 1974, defined the term, related to Christian mission as, Missionaries can be found in many countries around the world. Jesus instructed the apostles to make disciples of all nations and this verse is referred to by Christian missionaries as the Great Commission and inspires missionary work. The New Testament-era missionary outreach of the Christian church from the time of St Paul expanded throughout the Roman Empire and beyond to Persia, in 596, Pope Gregory the Great sent the Gregorian Mission into England. In their turn, Christians from Ireland and from Britain became prominent in converting the inhabitants of central Europe, about the same time, missionaries such as Francis Xavier as well as other Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominicans started moving into Asia and the Far East. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa and these are some of the most well-known missions in history. While some missions accompanied imperialism and oppression, others were relatively peaceful, contemporary Christian missionaries argue that working for justice forms a constitutive part of preaching the Gospel, and observe the principles of inculturation in their missionary work. Over time, the Vatican gradually established a church structure in the mission areas, often starting with special jurisdictions known as apostolic prefectures. The two 9th-century saints Cyril and Methodius had extensive success in central Europe. The Byzantines expanded their work in Ukraine after a mass baptism in Kiev in 988. The Serbian Orthodox Church had its origins in the conversion by Byzantine missionaries of the Serb tribes when they arrived in the Balkans in the 7th century, Orthodox missionaries also worked successfully among the Estonians from the 10th to the 12th centuries, founding the Estonian Orthodox Church. The Russian St. Nicholas of Japan took Eastern Orthodoxy to Japan in the 19th century, the Russian Orthodox Church also sent missionaries to Alaska beginning in the 18th century, including Saint Herman of Alaska, to minister to the Native Americans. Quaker publishers of truth visited Boston and other mid-17th century colonies, the Danish government began the first organized Protestant mission work through its College of Missions, established in 1714. This funded and directed Lutheran missionaries such as Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg in Tranquebar, India and he also got to know a slave from the Danish colony in the West Indies. Within thirty years, Moravian missionaries had become active on every continent, and they are famous for their selfless work, living as slaves among the slaves and together with the Native Americans, the Delaware and Cherokee Indian tribes
31.
Herbalist
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Herbalism is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, modern medicine recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative medicine, as the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence gathered using the scientific method. Modern medicine makes use of many plant-derived compounds as the basis for evidence-based pharmaceutical drugs, the scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. General practices include ancient methods of traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda, practitioners of herbalism or phytotherapy are referred to as herbalists or phytotherapists. Products used in herbalism may be called herbal medicines, botanicals, natural products, herbal remedies, herbal supplements. Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of plants dates back to the Paleolithic age. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,000 years, to the Sumerians, a number of ancient cultures wrote about plants and their medical uses in books called herbals. In ancient Egypt, herbs are mentioned in Egyptian medical papyri, depicted in tomb illustrations, or on rare occasions found in medical jars containing trace amounts of herbs. Among the oldest, lengthiest, and most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt, the Ebers Papyrus dates from about 1550 BC, the earliest known Greek herbals come from Theophrastus of Eresos who in the 4th c. B. C. wrote in Greek Historia Plantarum, from Diocles of Carystus who wrote during the 3rd century B. C, only a few fragments of these works have survived intact, but from what remains scholars have noted a large amount of overlap with the Egyptian herbals. Seeds likely used for herbalism have been found in sites of Bronze Age China dating from the Shang Dynasty. Over a hundred of the 224 drugs mentioned in the Huangdi Neijing, herbs also commonly featured in the medicine of ancient India, where the principal treatment for diseases was diet. The World Health Organization estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of health care. Pharmaceuticals are prohibitively expensive for most of the population, half of whom lived on less than $2 U. S. per day in 2002. In comparison, herbal medicines can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost, many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies, including opium, aspirin, digitalis, and quinine. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 25% of modern drugs used in the United States have been derived from plants, at least 7,000 medical compounds in the modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants. In a 2010 global survey of the most common 1000 plant-derived compounds, preclinical studies were reported for about one-half of the plant products, while 12% of the plants, although available in the Western market, had no substantial studies of their properties. Strong evidence was found that 5 were toxic or allergenic, so that their use ought to be discouraged or forbidden, according to Cancer Research UK, there is currently no strong evidence from studies in people that herbal remedies can treat, prevent or cure cancer
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History of Kenya
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A part of Eastern Africa, the territory of what is now Kenya has seen human habitation since the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic. The Bantu expansion from a West African centre of dispersal reached the area by the 1st millennium AD, with the borders of the modern state at the crossroads of the Bantu, Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic ethno-linguistic areas of Africa, Kenya is a truly multi-ethnic state. The European and Arab presence in Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, the British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, from 1920 known as the Kenya Colony. The independent Republic of Kenya was formed in 1964 and it was ruled as a de facto one-party state by the Kenya African National Union, it was an alliance led by Jomo Kenyatta during 1963 to 1978. Kenyatta was succeeded by Daniel arap Moi, who ruled until 2002, Moi came under pressure, notably by US ambassador Smith Hempstone, to restore a multi-party system, which he did by 1991. Moi won elections in 1992 and 1997, which were overshadowed by political killings on both sides, during the 1990s, evidence of Mois involvement in human rights abuses and corruption was uncovered. He was constitutionally barred from running in the 2002 election, which was won by Mwai Kibaki, widely reported electoral fraud on Kibakis side in the 2007 elections resulted in the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis. After that Kenya was succeeded by Uhuru Kenyatta in the 2013 elections, subsequently many species of early hominid have been discovered in Kenya. Maxim Stromeier is the oldest was found by Martin Pickford in the year 2000 and is the 6 million years old Orrorin tugenensis and it is the second oldest fossil hominid in the world after Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1995 Meave Leakey named a new species of hominid Australopithecus anamensis following a series of discoveries near Lake Turkana in 1965,1987 and 1994. In 20113.2 million year old stone tools were discovered at Lake Turkana - these are the oldest stone tools found anywhere in the world and pre-date the emergence of Homo. The oldest Acheulean tools ever discovered anywhere in the world are from West Turkana, the first inhabitants of present-day Kenya were hunter-gatherer groups, akin to the modern Khoisan speakers. For the most part, these communities were assimilated into various food producing societies that began moving into Kenya from the 3rd millennium BC and they kept domestic stock, most likely sheep and goats, and possibly also had a knowledge of agriculture. By 1000 BC and even earlier, the Southern Cushities had spread into central Kenya, in present times the descendants of the Southern Cushitic speakers are located in north central Tanzania near Lake Eyasi. Their past distribution, as determined by the presence of loanwords in other languages, encompasses the distribution of the Highland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic culture. The arrival of the Southern Nilotes in Kenya occurred shortly before the introduction of iron to East Africa, the past distribution of the Southern Nilotic speakers, as inferred from place names, loan words and oral traditions includes the known distribution of Elmenteitan sites. The Bantu expansion is thought to have reached western Kenya around 1000 BC, later migrations through Tanzania led to settlement on the Kenyan coast where these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders leading to the development of the Swahili culture. Kenya is an interesting country that is located in East Africa Arab traders began frequenting the Kenya coast around the 1st century AD
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Anglican Church of Kenya
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The Anglican Church of Kenya is a province of the Anglican Communion, and it is composed by 33 dioceses. The current Primate and Archbishop of Kenya is Jackson Ole Sapit, the church became part of the Province of East Africa in 1960, but Kenya and Tanzania were divided into separate provinces in 1970. The first Africans were ordained to the priesthood in 1885, in 1898, the diocese was split into two, with the new diocese of Mombasa governing Kenya and northern Tanzania, northern Tanzania was separated from the diocese in 1927. Mass conversions of Africans began as early as 1910, in 1955, the dioceses first African bishops, Festo Olang and Obadiah Kariuki, were consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, in Uganda. In 1960, the province of East Africa, comprising Kenya, the province was divided into two, with Festo Olang being the first African archbishop of the new province of Kenya in 1970. Manasses Kuria was the Archbishop of Kenya from 1980 to 1994, the current archbishop is Joseph Ole Sapit, who is in office since 2016. The Anglican Church of Kenya has been active throughout its history. As the official church of the power, the Anglican missions enjoyed a privileged position. A number of Kikuyu loyalists who rejected Mau Mau were active church members, when President Daniel arap Moi moved to consolidate his power by suppressing free speech and limiting political opposition, Anglican leaders spoke out in defense of civil rights. Bishop David Gitari famously denounced election controls in a 1987 sermon that received criticism from Moi supporters. In 1990, Bishops Henry Okullu and Alexander Muge criticized the investigation of the murder of moderate foreign minister Robert Ouko. Bishop Muge was killed in an automobile accident later in the year after receiving open threats from a government official. His death spurred Bishops Gitari, Okullu, and other Anglican leaders to take a more active public role. Gitari became archbishop in 1995 and continued the active engagement around civil rights, using his position to promote constitutional changes such as term limits. Today, there are at least 4,500,000 Anglicans out of a population of 43,000,000. The Primate of the Church is the Archbishop of All Kenya, the See is fixed at Nairobi. He was previously styled Archbishop of Kenya and Bishop of Nairobi, the Bishop of Nairobi has the geographically larger diocese, whilst there is a separate Diocese of All Saints, based around All Saints Cathedral. The Primates title is now Primate and Archbishop of All Kenya, the current Archbishop is the sixth since the Province of East Africa was divided into the Provinces of Kenya and Tanzania
34.
Maseno School
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Maseno School is the oldest formal education school in Kenya. It was established in 1906 by the Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society as a school for the children of African chiefs, the first administrator of the school was Rev. James Jamieson Willis fondly remembered as J. J Willis. In 1905, Willis was sent to explore the Kavirondo or lake region of Kenya as a place for the establishment of a mission. After touring the area Willis pitched tent under a Hickory tree known in the languages as oseno and omseno. That particular place was proposed to be the site of the new mission and in 1906, a chapel, the place became known as Maseno and in 1906 the Missionaries established Maseno School. The first students were six sons of African chiefs, the establishment of the school in the area attracted youthful boys from all over Western Kenya. Besides reading and writing, students were taught skills such as carpentry, tailoring, printing, building, telegraphy. Teacher training was introduced in 1920 to train teachers who would in turn teach new students and those who studied at the school were tested at the end of their courses and awarded certificates. The school routinely has a showing in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education nationwide and is consistently ranked highly in its category of schools with large enrolment. Canon Stansfield, a doctor and clergyman, Stansfield implemented various reforms which included variation of diet and helped construct a swimming pool at the mission. The swimming pool which has disappeared, was the only one of its kind in East Africa. It was situated near a grove by two streams flowing down Bunyore hills, edward Carey Francis, came to Kenya as a missionary and teacher from Cambridge UK and the colonial office helped secure him a job as headmaster at Maseno School in December 1927. His illustrious administration of Maseno School attracted other teachers from Cambridge, Francis headed Maseno School from 1928–1940. Maseno Mission continued to support the school, a veterinary school, teacher training college and a nursing school were set up at Maseno. The veterinary school was established in 1935, while the school was established in 1935 to train nursing assistants. The teachers training college named Siriba Teachers Training College was established in 1940, first aid / Emergency Preparedness Simulation Kenya Secondary Schools St. Johns Ambulance Cadets National Champions. Drama and Arts – Kenya Music festival Swahili Solo-verse National Champions, 2nd position nationally in the National French language Solo-verse, Science Congress / Science fair 3rd Overall Best School. Annual inter-house competitions are held, from which the schools representatives selected, the school always fields competitive teams in soccer, athletics, Cross country running, basketball, Swimming, hockey, karate, handball and volleyball
35.
Maui
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The island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727.2 square miles and is the 17th-largest island in the United States. Maui is part of the State of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui Countys four islands, bigger than Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, in 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444, third-highest of the Hawaiian Islands, behind that of Oʻahu and Hawaiʻi Island. Kahului is the largest census-designated place on the island with a population of 26,337 as of 2010 and is the commercial and financial hub of the island, Wailuku is the seat of Maui County and is the third-largest CDP as of 2010. Other significant places include Kīhei, Lahaina, Makawao, Pukalani, Pāʻia, Kula, Haʻikū, native Hawaiian tradition gives the origin of the islands name in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. According to that legend, Hawaiʻiloa named the island of Maui after his son, the earlier name of Maui was ʻIhikapalaumaewa. The Island of Maui is also called the Valley Isle for the isthmus between its northwestern and southeastern volcanoes and the numerous large valleys carved into both mountains. Mauis diverse landscapes are the result of a combination of geology, topography. Each volcanic cone in the chain of the Hawaiian Islands is built of dark, iron-rich/quartz-poor rocks, several of the volcanoes were close enough to each other that lava flows on their flanks overlapped one another, merging into a single island. Maui is such a volcanic doublet, formed from two shield volcanoes that overlapped one another to form an isthmus between them, the older, western volcano has been eroded considerably and is cut by numerous drainages, forming the peaks of the West Maui Mountains. Puʻu Kukui is the highest of the peaks at 5,788 feet. The larger, younger volcano to the east, Haleakalā, rises to more than 10,000 feet above sea level, the eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to the rocky, windswept shoreline. The valley-like Isthmus of Maui that separates the two volcanic masses was formed by sandy erosional deposits, although considered to be dormant by volcanologists, Haleakalā is certainly capable of further eruptions. Maui is part of a larger unit, Maui Nui, that includes the islands of Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Molokaʻi. During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 20,000 years ago and this, and the extreme insularity of the Hawaiian Islands account for the strong marine influence on Mauis climate. Gross weather patterns are determined by elevation and orientation towards the Trade winds. Mauis rugged, irregular topography produces marked variations in conditions, air swept inland on the Trade winds is shunted one way or another by the mountains, valleys, and vast open slopes. This complex three-dimensional flow of air results in striking variations in speed, cloud formation. Maui displays a unique and diverse set of conditions, each of which is specific to a loosely defined sub-region of the island
36.
Harry Belafonte
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Harry Belafonte is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and social activist. One of the most successful CARIBBEAN AMERICAN pop stars in history and his breakthrough album Calypso is the first million-selling LP by a single artist. Belafonte is perhaps best known for singing The Banana Boat Song and he has recorded in many genres, including blues, folk, gospel, show tunes, and American standards. He has also starred in films, most notably in Otto Premingers hit musical Carmen Jones, Island in the Sun. Belafonte was a supporter of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Throughout his career, he has been an advocate for political and humanitarian causes, such as the anti-apartheid movement, since 1987, he has been a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In recent years, he has been a critic of the policies of both the George W. Bush and Barack Obama presidential administrations. Harry Belafonte now acts as the American Civil Liberties Union celebrity ambassador for juvenile justice issues, Belafonte has won three Grammy Awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, an Emmy Award, and a Tony Award. In 1989, he received the Kennedy Center Honors and he was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1994. In 2014, he received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the Academys 6th Annual Governors Awards, in March 2014, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music in Boston. His mother was born in Jamaica, the child of a Scottish white mother and his father also was born in Jamaica, the child of a black mother and Dutch Jewish father of Sephardi origins. This is all Harry says about his Jewish grandfather, whom he never met, “a white Dutch Jew who drifted over to the islands after chasing gold and diamonds, from 1932 to 1940, he lived with one of his grandmothers in her native country of Jamaica. When he returned to New York City, he attended George Washington High School after which he joined the Navy and served during World War II. In the 1940s, he was working as a assistant in NYC when a tenant gave him, as a gratuity. He fell in love with the art form and also met Sidney Poitier, the financially struggling pair regularly purchased a single seat to local plays, trading places in between acts, after informing the other about the progression of the play. He subsequently received a Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue John Murray Andersons Almanac, Belafonte started his career in music as a club singer in New York to pay for his acting classes. The first time he appeared in front of an audience, he was backed by the Charlie Parker band, with guitarist and friend Millard Thomas, Belafonte soon made his debut at the legendary jazz club The Village Vanguard. In 1952, he received a contract with RCA Victor and his first widely released single, which went on to become his signature song with audience participation in virtually all his live performances, was Matilda, recorded April 27,1953
37.
Sidney Poitier
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Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE, is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author and diplomat. In 1964, Poitier became the first Bahamian and first African-American to win an Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role in Lilies of the Field. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Poitier among the Greatest Male Stars of classic Hollywood cinema, from 1997 to 2007, he served as the non-resident Bahamian ambassador to Japan. On August 12,2009, Poitier was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016, he was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship for outstanding lifetime achievement in film. Sidney Poitiers parents were Evelyn and Reginald James Poitier, Bahamian farmers who owned a farm on Cat Island and traveled to Miami to sell tomatoes, Reginald worked as a cab driver in Nassau, Bahamas. Poitier was born in Miami while his parents were visiting and his birth was two months premature and he was not expected to survive, but his parents remained in Miami for three months to nurse him to health. Poitier grew up in the Bahamas, then a British Crown colony, because of his birth in the United States, he automatically received American citizenship. He mentions that the surname Poitier is a French name, Poitier lived with his family on Cat Island until he was 10, when they moved to Nassau. He was raised a Roman Catholic but, later became an agnostic with views closer to deism, at the age of 15, he was sent to Miami to live with his brother. At the age of 16, he moved to New York City, a waiter sat with him every night for several weeks helping him learn to read the newspaper. He lied about his age and enlisted in the Army during World War II in 1943, Poitier joined the North American Negro Theatre, but was rejected by audiences. Contrary to what was expected of African American actors at the time, determined to refine his acting skills and rid himself of his noticeable Bahamian accent, he spent the next six months dedicating himself to achieving theatrical success. By the end of 1949, he had to choose between leading roles on stage and an offer to work for Darryl F. Zanuck in the film No Way Out, Poitiers breakout role was as a member of an incorrigible high school class in Blackboard Jungle. Poitier was the first male actor of African descent to be nominated for a competitive Academy Award and he was also the first actor of African descent to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. Poitier worked relatively little over the year, he remained the only major actor of African descent. He acted in the first production of A Raisin in the Sun on Broadway in 1959 and he also gave memorable performances in The Bedford Incident, and A Patch of Blue co-starring Elizabeth Hartman and Shelley Winters. In 1967, he was the most successful draw at the box office, Poitier was aware of this pattern himself, but was conflicted on the matter. For instance, in 1966, he turned down an opportunity to play the lead in an NBC production of Othello with that spirit in mind, in 2002, Poitier received the 2001 Honorary Academy Award for his overall contribution to American cinema
38.
Jackie Robinson
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Jack Roosevelt Jackie Robinson was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era. Robinson broke the color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15,1947. The Dodgers, by signing Robinson, heralded the end of segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962, Robinson had an exceptional 10-year baseball career. Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers 1955 World Series championship, in 1997, MLB universally retired his uniform number,42, across all major league teams, he was the first pro athlete in any sport to be so honored. MLB also adopted a new tradition, Jackie Robinson Day, for the first time on April 15,2004. Robinsons character, his use of nonviolence, and his unquestionable talent challenged the basis of segregation which then marked many other aspects of American life. He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement, Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB, and the first black vice president of a major American corporation, Chock full oNuts. In the 1960s, he helped establish the Freedom National Bank, in recognition of his achievements on and off the field, Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom. Robinson was born on January 31,1919, into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo and he was the youngest of five children born to Mallie and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew, and Willa Mae. His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt, after Robinsons father left the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California. The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena, Robinsons mother worked various odd jobs to support the family. Growing up in poverty in an otherwise affluent community, Robinson. As a result, Robinson joined a gang, but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it. In 1935, Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School, recognizing his athletic talents, Robinsons older brothers Mack and Frank inspired Jackie to pursue his interest in sports. At Muir Tech, Robinson played several sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them, football, basketball, track and he played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, quarterback on the football team, and guard on the basketball team. With the track and field squad, he won awards in the broad jump and he was also a member of the tennis team. In late January 1937, the Pasadena Star-News newspaper reported that Robinson for two years has been the athlete at Muir, starring in football, basketball, track, baseball
39.
Helen M. Roberts
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Helen Marguerite Roberts was an American writer, photographer, and multilingual educator. From 1958 to 1975, she battled illiteracy in Africa, teaching reading, writing, health, Helen Marguerite Emery was born in Toronto, Canada, as the daughter of Dr. William John Hunter Emery and his wife, Ethel Margaret. In 1911, she moved with her family to Porterville, California, in September 1912, Helen attended University of Southern California, studying pre-med. She became a Student Volunteer, which meant that she pledged herself for missionary service – as a medical missionary, by the end of her second year at USC, family financial struggles resulted in terminating further classwork. In 1916, she married Jewell Roberts, from 1916 to 1927, they lived in Porterville, Bakersfield, Sacramento, Oregon, and Fresno, and during this time had four children, Howard, Kenneth, Muriel, and Donald. While living in Fresno, Helen entered Fresno State University to resume her college education and she practiced teaching in the adult education program, helping Mexican women to read, write and speak English, through practical situations. She graduated and received an Elementary and Jr, by 1952, her four children were married, and had graduated from Stanford University. Jewell died February 2, leaving Helen a widow at 56 years old, in 1935 she and her family moved to Berkeley for two years and then to Palo Alto. For the next 23 years, Helen actively wrote and produced more than 60 childrens plays for the Palo Alto Childrens Theater and she averaged 3 plays per year, while in some years produced as many as 13. She also pursued photography and had her own room for her enlargements. She wrote several articles and illustrated them with her photographs in Peninsula Life, in the mid-1940s she became interested in the California Missions. In 1948 to usher in the centennial of Californias Gold Rush, Stanford University Press published Mission Tales in 21 small booklets, later Mission Tales were republished in 7 volumes with three of the small books in each volume. Helens daughter Muriel provided the more than 250 illustrations for the stories, in 1953, she began her pursuit of battling illiteracy, which resulted in an assignment to help in the Migrant Ministry in California. For the next few years, Helen applied herself as a volunteer to help Santa Clara Valley migrant camp adults and she held worship services, and taught the children and the mothers who werent working by holding classes on sewing, crafts, reading and writing. Helen wrote, photographed and recorded a filmstrip which the migrant ministry used as training in other places, in 1957, Helen met Dr. Frank C. Laubach, who at the time was nicknamed the Apostle of Literacy, Dr. Laubach was a Methodist teacher and writer, who developed a method of teaching people of remote cultures how to read and write in their own language. The program was called Each One, Teach One, which has influenced a worldwide literacy movement over many decades and her meeting with Dr. Laubach ultimately resulted in her assignment to a new 2 year Laubach Literacy program in Africa. 1958 was to be the first of 17 years that Helen spent in Kenya, Africa at that time was a country where eight of every ten adults could not read or write
40.
Palo Alto, California
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Palo Alto is a charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States. The city shares its borders with East Palo Alto, Mountain View, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Stanford, Portola Valley and it is named after a coast redwood tree called El Palo Alto. Palo Alto was established by Leland Stanford Sr. when he founded Stanford University, following the death of his son and it has also served as an incubator to several other high-technology companies such as Google, Facebook, Logitech, Intuit, Pinterest, and PayPal. As of the 2010 census, the total resident population is 64,403. Palo Alto is one of the most expensive cities in the United States, the recorded history of Palo Alto dates back to 1769, when Gaspar de Portolá noted an Ohlone settlement. This remains an area of known Indian mounds, a plaque at Middlefield Road and Embarcadero Road commemorates the area. The city got its name from a tall coast redwood tree, named El Palo Alto, a plaque there recounts the story of the Portolà expedition, a 63-man, 200-horse expedition from San Diego to Monterey from November 7–11,1769. The group overshot Monterey in the fog and when they reached modern-day Pacifica, they ascended Sweeney Ridge, thinking the bay was too wide to cross, the group retraced their journey to Monterey, never becoming aware of the Golden Gate entrance to the Bay. Located south of the San Francisquito Creek, west of todays I-280, in 1835, Rafael Soto and family settled near the San Francisquito Creek near Newell and Middlefield, selling goods to travelers. Rafael Soto died in 1839, but his wife, Maria Antonia Mesa, was granted Rancho Rinconada del Arroyo de San Francisquito in 1841, in 1839, their daughter María Luisa Soto married John Coppinger, who was the grantee of Rancho Cañada de Raymundo. Rancho Cañada de Raymundo was West of San Francisquito Creek, and began at Alambique Creek, the border of Rancho Corte de Madera. Bear Gulch Creek flowed on his land in Portola Valley, the rancho also abutted Buelnas grant near Skyline Boulevard and Matadero Creek. Upon Coppingers death, Maria inherited it and later married a visiting boat captain, Greer owned a home on the site that is now Town & Country Village on Embarcadero and El Camino Real. Greer Avenue and Court are named for him, to the west of Rafael Soto, near El Camino and following the Creek, was Rancho San Francisquito granted in 1839 to Antonio Buelna and wife Maria Concepcion. To the south of the Sotos, the brothers Secundino and Teodoro Robles in 1849 bought Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito from José Peña, where the Joness house was, then east down Arastradero Rd. to the north property line of Alta Mesa Memorial Park and Terman Park. The property then went along the bay to the Embarcadero, a boundary in the day, then up to the Stanford University gates, up Galvez. The grant was bounded on the south by Mariano Castros Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas grant across San Antonio Road, thats the Robles Rancho, about 80% of Palo Alto and Stanford University. It was whittled down by 1863 through courts to 6,981 acres, stories say their grand hacienda was built on the former meager adobe of José Peña near Ferne off San Antonio Road, midway between Middlefield and Alma Street
41.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
