1.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
2.
Santa Monica, California
–
Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
3.
Frank Fay (American actor)
–
Frank Fay was an American vaudeville comedian and film and stage actor. For a time a known and influential star, he later fell into obscurity, in part because of his abrasive personality. He is considered an important pioneer in stand up comedy and he played the role of Elwood P. Dowd in the Broadway play Harvey by the American playwright Mary Coyle Chase. He is best known as actress Barbara Stanwycks first husband and their troubled marriage is thought by some to be the basis of the 1937 film A Star is Born, in which the previously unknown wife shoots to stardom while her husbands career goes into sharp decline. Born as Francis Anthony Donner in San Francisco, California, to Irish Catholic parents and he enjoyed considerable success as a variety artist starting around 1918, telling jokes and stories in a carefully planned off the cuff manner that was very original for the time. Jack Benny stated that he modeled his early stage character on Fay, during the 1920s, Fay was vaudevilles highest-paid headliner, earning $17,500 a week. When talkies arrived, Warner Bros. studio was eager to put him under contract along with a host of famous stage personalities. Fay was cast as master of ceremonies in Warner Bros. most expensive production of 1929, based on the success of that film, Fay was quickly signed up for an all-Technicolor musical comedy entitled Under a Texas Moon, in which he also displayed his singing abilities. The movie was a box office success and made a hit of the theme song, Fay sang the theme song several times throughout the picture. Another expensive picture, Bright Lights, an extravagant all-Technicolor musical, Fay also starred in The Matrimonial Bed, a Pre-Code comedy in which he sang the song Fleur dAmour twice. Fay quickly found himself associated with films, and this led to a decline in his popularity when the public became sick of musicals late in 1930. In his next film, Gods Gift to Women, the sequences were cut for the American release. Fay failed to get the reviews he had previously enjoyed. He attempted to produce his own picture in 1932 and struck a deal with Warner Bros. to have them release his film and this film was titled A Fools Advice and proved to be only moderately successful. Fay married Barbara Stanwyck in 1928, when she was relatively unknown and he helped her jump-start her career in films, and she was given a contract by Warner Bros. late in 1930. Their only film together was a brief skit in the short film The Stolen Jools. They adopted a son, Dion, on December 5,1932, the marriage reportedly soured when Fays career was eclipsed by Stanwycks success, and they divorced in 1935. Fays Broadway talent and early success in talkies with his pre-Code risque humor did not bode well with the conservative movement ushered in by the Great Depression
4.
Robert Taylor (actor)
–
Robert Taylor was an American film and television actor who was one of the most popular leading men of his time. Taylor began his career in films in 1934 when he signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and he won his first leading role the following year in Magnificent Obsession. His popularity increased during the late 1930s and 1940s with appearances in A Yank at Oxford, Waterloo Bridge, during World War II, he served in the United States Naval Air Corps, where he worked as a flight instructor and appeared in instructional films. From 1959 to 1962, he starred in the ABC series The Detectives Starring Robert Taylor, in 1966, he took over hosting duties from his friend Ronald Reagan on the series Death Valley Days. Taylor was married to actress Barbara Stanwyck from 1939 to 1951 and he married actress Ursula Thiess in 1954, and they had two children. A chain smoker, Taylor was diagnosed with cancer in October 1968. He died of the disease in June 1969 at the age of 57, born Spangler Arlington Brugh in Filley, Nebraska, he was the only child of Ruth Adaline and Spangler Andrew Brugh, a farmer turned doctor. During his early life, the family moved several times, living in Muskogee, Oklahoma, Kirksville, Missouri, by September 1917, the Brughs had moved to Beatrice, Nebraska, where they remained for 16 years. As a teenager, Taylor was a star and played the cello in his high school orchestra. Upon graduation, he enrolled at Doane College in Crete, Nebraska, while at Doane, he took cello lessons from Professor Herbert E. Gray, whom he admired and idolized. After Professor Gray announced he was accepting a new position at Pomona College in Los Angeles, Brugh moved to California and he joined the campus theater group and was eventually spotted by an MGM talent scout in 1932 after production of Journeys End. He signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with an initial salary of $35 a week. The studio changed his name to Robert Taylor and he made his film debut in the 1934 comedy Handy Andy, starring Will Rogers. His first leading role was in an MGM short subject called Buried Loot, irene Dunne requested him for her leading man in Magnificent Obsession. This was followed by Camille opposite Greta Garbo, in 1940, he reteamed with Leigh in Mervyn LeRoys drama Waterloo Bridge. After being given the nickname The Man with the Perfect Profile, Taylor began breaking away from his leading man image. That year he portrayed Billy Bonney in Billy the Kid, the next year, he played the title role in the film noir Johnny Eager opposite Lana Turner. After playing a sergeant in Bataan in 1943, Taylor contributed to the war effort by becoming a flying instructor in the U. S. Naval Air Corps
5.
Cecil B. DeMille
–
Cecil Blount DeMille was an American filmmaker. Between 1913 and 1956, he made a total of 70 features and he is acknowledged as a founding father of the cinema of the United States and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their scale and by his cinematic showmanship. He made silent films of every genre, social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, DeMille began his career as a stage actor in 1900. He later moved to writing and directing stage productions, some with Jesse Lasky, DeMilles first film, The Squaw Man, was also the first feature film shot in Hollywood. Its interracial love story made it a hit and it put Hollywood on the map. The continued success of his productions led to the founding of Paramount Pictures with Lasky and his first biblical epic, The Ten Commandments, was both a critical and financial success, it held the Paramount revenue record for twenty-five years. In 1927 he directed The King of Kings, a biography of Jesus of Nazareth, the Sign of the Cross was the first sound film to integrate all aspects of cinematic technique. Cleopatra was his first film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, after more than thirty years in film production, DeMille reached the pinnacle of his career with Samson and Delilah, a biblical epic which did an all-time record business. Along with biblical and historical narratives, he directed films oriented toward neo-naturalism. He went on to receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for his circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth and his last and most famous film, The Ten Commandments, is currently the sixth-highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. He was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B, DeMille Award, which was later named in his honor. There are several variants of DeMilles surname and his familys Dutch surname was originally spelled de Mil and then became de Mille. As an adult, he adopted the spelling DeMille for professional purposes, the family name de Mille was used by his children Cecilia, John, Richard, and Katherine. DeMilles brother William and his daughters, Margaret and Agnes, as well as DeMilles granddaughter, Cecilia de Mille Presley, Cecil Blount DeMille was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, while his parents were vacationing there, and grew up in Washington, North Carolina. His father, Henry Churchill de Mille, was a North Carolina-born dramatist and lay reader in the Episcopal Church and his mother was Matilda Beatrice DeMille, whose parents were both of German Jewish heritage. She emigrated from England with her parents in 1871 when she was 18, Beatrice grew up in a middle-class English household. DeMilles mother was related to British politician Herbert Louis Samuel, DeMilles parents met as members of a music and literary society in New York
6.
Fritz Lang
–
Friedrich Christian Anton Fritz Lang was an Austrian-German filmmaker, screenwriter, and occasional film producer and actor. One of the best-known émigrés from Germanys school of Expressionism, he was dubbed the Master of Darkness by the British Film Institute. His most famous include the groundbreaking futuristic Metropolis and the also influential M. Lang was born in Vienna as the son of Anton Lang, an architect and construction company manager. He was baptized on December 28,1890, at the Schottenkirche in Vienna, Langs parents were of Moravian descent and practicing Roman Catholics. His parents took their religion seriously and were dedicated to raising Fritz as a Catholic, Lang frequently had Catholic-influenced themes in his films. Late in life, he described himself as born Catholic, after finishing school, Lang briefly attended the Technical University of Vienna, where he studied civil engineering and eventually switched to art. In 1910 he left Vienna to see the world, traveling throughout Europe and Africa and later Asia, in 1913, he studied painting in Paris, France. At the outbreak of World War I, Lang returned to Vienna and volunteered for service in the Austrian army and fought in Russia and Romania. While recovering from his injuries and shell shock in 1916, he wrote some scenarios, Langs writing stint was brief, as he soon started to work as a director at the German film studio Ufa, and later Nero-Film, just as the Expressionist movement was building. In 1920, he met his wife, the writer. Considered by many scholars to be his masterpiece, M is a disturbing story of a child murderer who is hunted down. M remains a work, it was remade in 1951 by Joseph Losey, but this version had little impact on audiences. During the climactic scene in M, Lang allegedly threw Peter Lorre down a flight of stairs in order to give more authenticity to Lorres battered look. Lang, who was known for being hard to work with, epitomized the stereotype of the tyrannical German film director and his wearing a monocle added to the stereotype. At the end of 1932, Lang started filming The Testament of Dr. Mabuse, adolf Hitler came to power in January 1933, and by March 30, the new regime banned it as an incitement to public disorder. Testament is sometimes deemed an anti-Nazi film as Lang had put phrases used by the Nazis into the mouth of the title character. Lang had stated that it was during this meeting that he had decided to leave for Paris –, Lang has stated that he fled that very evening
7.
Frank Capra
–
Frank Russell Capra was an Italian-American film director, producer and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, during World War II, Capra served in the U. S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series. After World War II, Capras career declined as his films such as Its a Wonderful Life. In succeeding decades, however, these films have been favorably reassessed, outside of directing, Capra was active in the film industry, engaging in various political and social issues. He served as President of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Screenwriters Guild, Capra was born Francesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, Sicily, a village near Palermo. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a grower. The name Capra, notes Capras biographer Joseph McBride, represents his familys closeness to the land, and means goat. For Capra, the journey, which took 13 days, remained in his mind for the rest of his life as one of his worst experiences, very few people have trunks or anything that takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag, theres no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. Its the most degrading place you could ever be, Capra remembers the ships arrival in New York Harbor, where he saw a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we were about to enter. He recalls his fathers exclamation at the sight, Ciccio, look, thats the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem. The family settled in Los Angeless East Side which Capra described in his autobiography as an Italian ghetto, Capras father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for 10 years, until he graduated from high school. Instead of working after graduating, as his parents wanted, he enrolled in college and he studied chemical engineering and graduated in the spring of 1918. Capra later wrote that his education had changed his whole viewpoint on life from the viewpoint of an alley rat to the viewpoint of a cultured person. Soon after graduating college, Capra was commissioned in the US Army as a second lieutenant, in the Army, he taught mathematics to artillerymen at Fort Point, San Francisco. His father died during the war in an accident, in the Army, Capra contracted Spanish flu and was medically discharged to return home to live with his mother. He became a naturalized U. S. citizen in 1920, living at home with his siblings and mother, Capra was the only family member with a college education, yet he was the only one who remained chronically unemployed. After recovering at home, Capra moved out and spent the few years living in flophouses in San Francisco and hopping freight trains
8.
Cinema of the United States
–
The cinema of the United States, often metonymously referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is Classical Hollywood Cinema, which developed from 1917-1960, while the French Lumière Brothers are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, it is American cinema that soon became the most dominant force in an emerging industry. Since the 1920s, the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country, in 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the worlds first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City, the United States was in the forefront of sound film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U. S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles, director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar. Orson Welless Citizen Kane is frequently cited in critics polls as the greatest film of all time. T, the Extra-Terrestrial, Jurassic Park, Titanic, Avatar, The Avengers, Furious 7, Jurassic World, and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. Today, American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year, muybridges accomplishment led inventors everywhere to attempt to make similar devices that would capture such motion. In the United States, Thomas Edison was among the first to produce such a device, the history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where, at one time, Fort Lee, New Jersey was the motion picture capital of America. The industry got its start at the end of the 19th century with the construction of Thomas Edisons Black Maria, in 1909, a forerunner of Universal Studios, the Champion Film Company, built the first studio. They were quickly followed by others who either built new studios or who leased facilities in Fort Lee, such notables as Mary Pickford got their start at Biograph Studios. In New York, the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, was built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers, the Edison Studios were located in the Bronx. Chelsea, Manhattan was also frequently used, other major centers of film production also included Chicago, Florida, Texas, California, and Cuba. The film patents wars of the early 20th century led to the spread of film companies across the U. S and they started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles. While there, the decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood. Griffith then filmed the first movie shot in Hollywood, In Old California, a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York, after hearing about Griffiths success in Hollywood, in 1913, many movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Thomas Edison, who owned patents on the movie-making process. Nestor Studios of Bayonne, New Jersey, built the first studio in Hollywood in 1911, Californias more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the 1930s. In Los Angeles, the studios and Hollywood grew, before World War I, movies were made in several U. S. cities, but filmmakers gravitated to southern California as the industry developed
9.
Academy Award for Best Actress
–
The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
10.
Stella Dallas (1937 film)
–
Stella Dallas is a 1937 American film based on the Olive Higgins Prouty novel of the same name. It was directed by King Vidor, and stars Barbara Stanwyck, John Boles, Stanwyck was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and Shirley for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. A1925 silent film version is Stella Dallas, starring Ronald Colman, a 1990 version is Stella, with Bette Midler and Stephen Collins. Stella Martin, the daughter of a worker in a post-World War I Massachusetts factory town, is determined to better herself. She sets her sights on mill executive Stephen Dallas and catches him at a vulnerable time. Stephens father killed himself after losing his fortune, penniless, Stephen disappeared from high society, intending to marry his fiancée Helen once he was financially able to support her. However, just as he reaches his goal, he reads in the newspaper the announcement of her wedding, a year later, their daughter Laurel is born. To Stellas great surprise, she discovers she has a maternal instinct. Even when she is out dancing and partying, she cannot help, as Laurel grows up, Stellas ambition and scheming to rise socially is redirected to her daughter. Stephen dotes on Laurel as well, but she is the bond between husband and wife. He tries to help Stella become more refined, but without success and he also strongly disapproves of her continuing friendship with the vulgar Ed Munn. Finally, when Stephen receives a promotion that requires him to move to New York, Stella tells him he can go without her or Laurel, they separate, Laurel stays with her mother, but visits her father periodically. Years later, Stephen runs into Helen, now a widow with three sons. Laurel is invited to stay at Helens mansion, she gets along well with Helen. Stephen asks Stella for a divorce, but she turns him down, Stella takes Laurel to a fancy resort, where Laurel and Richard Grosvenor III fall in love. However, when Stella makes her first appearance after recovering from an illness, she becomes the target of derision for her vulgarity, embarrassed for her mother, Laurel insists they leave at once without telling her why. On the train back, Stella overhears the truth, Stella goes to talk with Helen. After learning that Helen and Stephen would marry if they could, she agrees to a divorce, Helen realizes the reason for the request and agrees
11.
Ball of Fire
–
Ball of Fire is a 1941 American screwball comedy film directed by Howard Hawks and starring Gary Cooper and Barbara Stanwyck. This Samuel Goldwyn Productions film concerns a group of professors laboring to write an encyclopedia, the supporting cast includes Oskar Homolka, S. Z. Sakall, Henry Travers, Richard Haydn, Dana Andrews, and Dan Duryea. In 1948, the plot was recycled for a film, A Song Is Born. The film is known as The Professor and the Burlesque Queen. In 2016, the film was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, a group of bachelor professors have lived together for some years in a New York City residence, compiling an encyclopedia of all human knowledge. The youngest, Professor Bertram Potts, is a grammarian who is researching modern American slang, the professors are accustomed to working in relative seclusion at a leisurely pace with a prim housekeeper named Miss Bragg keeping watch over them. Their impatient financial backer Miss Totten suddenly demands that they finish their work soon, venturing out to do some independent research, Bertram becomes interested in the slang vocabulary of saucy nightclub performer Sugarpuss OShea. She is reluctant to assist him in his research until she needs a place to hide from the police, Sugarpuss takes refuge in the house where the professors live and work, despite Bertrams objections and their housekeepers threat to leave because of her. In the meantime, Lilac decides to marry her, but only because as his wife she would not be able to testify against him, the professors soon become enamored of her femininity, and she begins to grow fond of them. She teaches them to conga and demonstrates to Bertram the meaning of the phrase yum yum and she becomes attracted to Bertram, who reciprocates with a vengeance by proposing marriage to her. She avoids giving an answer to the proposal, and agrees to Lilacs plan to have the professors drive her to New Jersey to marry Lilac. Bertram, meanwhile, unaware of Sugarpuss love for him, prepares to resume his research, sadder but wiser, the professors eventually outwit Lilac and his henchmen and rescue Sugarpuss. She decides she is not good enough for Bertram, but his application of yum yum convinces her to change her mind. Martha Tilton provided Barbara Stanwycks singing voice for the song Drum Boogie, drummer and bandleader Gene Krupa performed the song onscreen with his band. In an unusual twist, he played it on a matchbox with matches for drumsticks. Krupa band member and historically significant trumpeter Roy Eldridge received a brief on-camera spot during Drum Boogie, at one point the professors also perform an a cappella version of the 1869 song Sweet Genevieve. The script was written by Charles Brackett, Thomas Monroe, and Billy Wilder from a story written by Wilder while he was still in Europe. The professors themselves were based on the dwarfs from Walt Disneys animated film Snow White, Hawks was happy to let Wilder study his directing on the set and Wilder thereafter directed his own films
12.
Double Indemnity (film)
–
Double Indemnity is a 1944 film noir directed by Billy Wilder, co-written by Wilder and Raymond Chandler, and produced by Buddy DeSylva and Joseph Sistrom. The screenplay was based on James M. Cains 1943 novella of the same name, the term double indemnity refers to a clause in certain life insurance policies that doubles the payout in rare cases when death is caused accidentally, such as while riding a railway. Praised by many critics when first released, Double Indemnity was nominated for seven Academy Awards, widely regarded as a classic, it is often cited as a paradigmatic film noir and as having set the standard for the films that followed in that genre. Deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the U. S, library of Congress in 1992, Double Indemnity was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1998, it was ranked #38 on the American Film Institutes list of the 100 best American films of all time, Walter Neff, a successful insurance salesman, returns to his office building in downtown Los Angeles late one night. Visibly in pain and sporting a gunshot wound on his shoulder, he begins dictating a confession into a Dictaphone for his friend and colleague, Barton Keyes, the story, told primarily in flashback, ensues. Neff first meets the alluring Phyllis Dietrichson during a house call to remind her husband that his automobile insurance policy is up for renewal. They flirt, until Phyllis asks how she could take out an accident policy on her husbands life without his knowledge, Neff deduces she is contemplating murder, and makes it clear he wants no part of it. However, he cannot get her out of his mind, after Dietrichson breaks his leg, Phyllis drives him to the train station for his trip to Palo Alto for a college reunion. Neff is hiding in the backseat and kills Dietrichson when Phyllis turns onto a side street. Then, Neff boards the train posing as Dietrichson and using his crutches and he makes his way to the last car, the observation car, and steps outside to the open platform to supposedly smoke a cigarette. A complication ensues when he meets a passenger named Jackson there, Neff then throws the crutches on the railway tracks, jumps off at a prearranged meeting spot with Phyllis, and drags Dietrichsons body onto the tracks by his crutches. Mr. Keyes does not suspect foul play at first, but his instincts, to which he refers as the man, pointing to his stomach. He wonders why Dietrichson did not file a claim for his broken leg, Keyes tells Neff of his theory outside Neffs apartment, while Phyllis hides behind the door. Keyes soon concludes that Phyllis and some unknown accomplice murdered Dietrichson for the insurance money, Keyes, however, is not Neffs only worry. The victims daughter, Lola, comes to him, convinced that stepmother Phyllis is behind her fathers death, lolas mother also died under suspicious circumstances, when Phyllis was her nurse. Neff begins seeing Lola, at first to keep her going to the police with her suspicions and then because he is plagued by guilt. Keyes brings Jackson to Los Angeles, suspecting that the man aboard the train had not been Dietrichson, after examining photographs of Dietrichson, Jackson is sure the man he met was not that old, but at least 10 years younger
13.
Sorry, Wrong Number
–
Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot, the film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studios library, Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day, while listening to what seems to be a telephone connection. The call cuts off without Leona learning very much other than it is scheduled for 11,15 and she calls the telephone company and the police, but with few concrete details, they can do nothing. Complicating matters, her husband Henry is overdue and their servants have the night off, as she makes a number of phone calls trying to locate Henry, Leona inadvertently begins to piece together the mystery. The story is mostly in flashbacks. When Leona reaches Henrys secretary, Elizabeth Jennings, she learns that he took an attractive Mrs. Lord to lunch, Mrs. Lord turns out to be the former Sally Hunt. Leona stole then-drug store employee Henry from Sally, and married him against her fathers wishes, Sally is now the wife of Fred Lord, a lawyer in the district attorneys office. From overheard conversations, she learned that her husband was close to resolving an investigation that involves Henry somehow, Sally became so concerned that she followed her husband and two associates to a mysterious meeting in a seemingly abandoned house on Staten Island. The house, according to a no trespassing sign, belongs to a W. Evans, Sally arranged to meet Henry for lunch, but before she could warn him, he left the table and did not return. Later, Sally calls Leona with more news, the house on Staten Island has burned down, and three men, including someone named Morano, have been arrested. Leona then receives a message from Henry stating he has out of town on business he had forgotten about. Leona next gets in touch with Dr. Alexander, a specialist she had come to New York to see regarding her lifelong heart troubles, Alexander reveals that he gave Henry her prognosis 10 days before, something that Henry kept from her. Henry had married Leona without being aware of her health problems and he first found out when she had a heart attack after they quarreled about his attempt to get a job on his own, rather than being a do-nothing vice president in his father-in-laws business. Her attacks became more and more frequent, until she took to her bed about a year ago. Alexander, however, diagnosed Leonas problems as purely psychosomatic, nothing is wrong with her physically, Leona has got into hysterics and phones a hospital, asking to hire a nurse for the night. The receptionist tells her that they are staffed and she can only have a nurse if the doctor feels it isnt an emergency
14.
Emmy Award
–
An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
15.
The Barbara Stanwyck Show
–
The Barbara Stanwyck Show is an American anthology drama television series which ran on NBC from September 1960 to September 1961. Barbara Stanwyck served as hostess, and starred in all but four of the half-hour productions, the four in which she did not star were actually pilot episodes of potential series programs which never materialized. Stanwyck won the Emmy Award in 1961 for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series, the series, produced at Desilu Studios, was directed by Stuart Rosenberg. The Barbara Stanwyck Show lasted one season and it aired at 10 p. m. Eastern on Mondays opposite Jackie Coopers military sitcom Hennesey on CBS and the second half of Gardner McKays Adventures in Paradise on ABC. E1 Entertainment, formerly known as Koch Vision, and The Archive of American Television released Volume 1 of the series on DVD in the United States on Oc2tober 13,2009, there is also a second 2 DVD disk set ISBN1417232900
16.
The Big Valley
–
The show was created by A. I. Bezzerides and Louis F. Edelman and produced by Levy-Gardner-Laven for Four Star Television, the TV series was based loosely on the Hill Ranch, which was located at the western edge of Calaveras County, not far from Stockton. One episode placed the Barkley Ranch a few hours ride from town, the Hill Ranch existed from 1855 until 1931, included almost 30,000 acres, and the Mokelumne River ran through it. The source is from an episode in which Heath is on trial in a ghost town with another man, lawson Hill ran the ranch until he was murdered in 1861. His wife Euphemia then became the matriarch, during their marriage they had four children, one daughter and three sons. Today, the location of the ranch is covered by the waters of Lake Camanche, a California state historical marker standing at Camanche South Shore Park mentions the historic ranch. The set used to film the exterior of the Barkley Mansion stood on the backlot of Republic Studios from 1947 until 1975, at the beginning of the same episode, Jarrod Barkley and the other actor on the train indirectly say that the year is 1876. However, in episode, a newly dug grave has a marker with the year 1878. In the episode They Called Her Delilah, the telegram Jarrod received from Julia is dated April 27,1878, Victoria Barkley, portrayed by Barbara Stanwyck, was the widow of Thomas Barkley. She was the head of the wealthy, influential Barkley family who lived in 19th century Stockton in Californias Central Valley and she was the main character of the series. Victoria Barkley was the owner and head of the Barkley ranch, in fact, Stanwycks refusal to portray Barkley as fragile was controversial at the time. Barkleys husband Tom had been killed six years prior to the beginning of the series, Victoria Barkley loved and was proud of all her children, including her late husbands illegitimate son, Heath, whom she would refer to as my son. Stanwyck, who went from the refined, elegant lady of the manor to a jean-clad cowgirl as tough as any cowboy, Jarrod Thomas Barkley, the eldest son, was a respected attorney. Richard Long played the role of the educated, refined and calmer of the Barkley sons who handled all of the familys legal, while Jarrod preferred the law to settle disputes, he was known to resort to frontier justice and violence when necessary. He was briefly married in one only to see his new wife murdered with a bullet intended for him. An enraged Jarrod lost his calm and genteel mannerisms, then tracked down the killer. He was in the midst of killing him with his hands before he was stopped by Nick. Long appeared in 96 of the 112 episodes, nicholas Nick Jonathan Barkley, the hot-tempered younger son, was portrayed by Peter Breck
17.
Golden Globe Award
–
Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
18.
54th Academy Awards
–
The 54th Academy Awards were presented March 29,1982 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson, Chariots of Fire was the surprise winner of the Best Picture Oscar. It was the first time in 13 years that a British film won the Academys top honor, next years winner, Gandhi, was also a British production. Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar this year, as Best Actor for On Golden Pond, at 76 years of age, Fonda became the oldest winner in the Best Actor category in Academy history. The only other nomination he received in his career was Best Actor for his performance in The Grapes of Wrath 41 years earlier – a record gap between acting nominations. His co-star, Katharine Hepburn, won her fourth Best Actress award and this years nominations also marked the second time that three different films were nominated for the Top Five Academy Awards, Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress and Screenplay. The three films were On Golden Pond, Atlantic City and Reds, however, none of them won the Best Picture prize, losing to Chariots of Fire. This also marked the first year that the award for Best Makeup was presented and this was the last year until the 2005 Oscars where all five Best Picture nominations were also nominated for Best Director. Reds was the last film to gain nominations in all four acting categories until Silver Linings Playbook matched that feat at the 85th Academy Awards ceremony in 2013 and this is also the most recent ceremony for which the four acting award winners are all now deceased. Chariots of Fire became the last film to win Best Picture, winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, blast from the Past, The Oscars of 1982, a January 2007 Entertainment Weekly article looking back at the 54th Academy Awards ceremony
19.
Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award
–
DeMille Award is an honorary Golden Globe Award bestowed by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment. It was first presented on February 21,1952 at the 9th Annual Golden Globe Awards ceremony and is named in honor of its first recipient, honorees are selected by the HFPA board of directors and are presented annually. The first African-American to receive the honor was Sidney Poitier in 1982, *The 2008 awards ceremony was cancelled due to the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike, the HFPA deferred the award to the 2009 ceremony. **Woody Allens Award was accepted by Diane Keaton
20.
American Film Institute
–
The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
21.
Screen Actors Guild
–
The Screen Actors Guild was an American labor union which represented over 100,000 film and television principal and background performers worldwide. On March 30,2012, the leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the American Federation of Television. The Screen Actors Guild was associated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, AAAA is affiliated with the AFL–CIO. Internationally, the SAG was affiliated with the International Federation of Actors. C, since 1995, the guild annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards. This award is continued by SAG-AFTRA, in 1925, the Masquers Club was formed by actors discontent with the grueling work hours at the Hollywood studios. This was one of the concerns which led to the creation of the Screen Actors Guild in 1933. A meeting in March 1933 of six led to the guilds foundation. Aubrey Smith, Charles Starrett, Richard Tucker, Arthur Vinton, Morgan Wallace, many high-profile actors refused to join SAG initially. This changed when the producers made an agreement amongst themselves not to bid competitively for talent, a pivotal meeting, at the home of Frank Morgan, was what gave SAG its critical mass. Cantors participation was critical, particularly because of his friendship with the recently elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after several years and the passage of the National Labor Relations Act, the producers agreed to negotiate with SAG in 1937. Robinson, Edwin Stanley, Gloria Stuart, Lyle Talbot, Franchot Tone, Warren William, Ten of those summoned, dubbed the Hollywood Ten, refused to cooperate and were charged with contempt of Congress and sentenced to prison. The president of SAG – future United States President Ronald Reagan – also known to the FBI as Confidential Informant T-10, testified before the committee but never publicly named names. He felt that lacking a definite stand on the part of the government, subsequently, a climate of fear, enhanced by the threat of detention under the provisions of the McCarran Internal Security Act, permeated the film industry. On November 17,1947, the Screen Actors Guild voted to force its officers to take a non-communist pledge, none of those blacklisted were proven to advocate overthrowing the government – most simply had Marxist or socialist views. The Waldorf Statement marked the beginning of the Hollywood blacklist that saw hundreds of people prevented from working in the film industry, unfortunately, there are no credits to restore, nor any other belated recognition that we can offer our members who were blacklisted. They could not work under assumed names or employ surrogates to front for them, an actors work and his or her identity are inseparable. The Screen Actors Guild Ethnic Minorities Committee was co-founded in 1972 by actors Henry Darrow, Edith Diaz, Ricardo Montalban, the Screen Actors Guild Womens Committee was founded in 1972. In 1998, Naomi Marquez filed suit against SAG and Lakeside Productions claiming they had breached their duty of fair representation, the claim was denied by the Supreme Court
22.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
23.
AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars
–
Part of the AFI100 Years. Series, AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars is a list of the top 50 greatest screen legends in American film history, which included 25 male and 25 female stars. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute on June 15,1999, in a CBS special hosted by Shirley Temple, the top stars of their respective sexes are Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. They starred together in the adventure film The African Queen. All actors and actresses are from the Golden era of Hollywood film production, as of 2017, only Kirk Douglas, Sidney Poitier, and Sophia Loren are still living. AFI Recognizes the 50 Greatest American Screen Legends, archived from the original on January 13,2013. List of the 500 nominated star legends List of the 50 winning legends
24.
Gloucester, Massachusetts
–
Gloucester /ˈɡlɒstər/ is a city on Cape Ann in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. It is part of Massachusetts North Shore, the population was 28,789 at the 2010 U. S. Census. The boundaries of Gloucester originally included the town of Rockport, in an area dubbed Sandy Bay and that village separated formally on February 27,1840. In 1873, Gloucester was reincorporated as a city, Gloucester was founded at Cape Ann by an expedition called the Dorchester Company of men from Dorchester chartered by James I in 1623. It was one of the first English settlements in what would become the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first company of pioneers made landing at Half Moon Beach and settled nearby, setting up fishing stages in a field in what is now Stage Fort Park. This settlements existence is proclaimed today by a tablet, affixed to a 50-foot boulder in that park. Life in this first settlement was harsh and it was short-lived, around 1626 the place was abandoned, and the people removed themselves to Naumkeag, where more fertile soil for planting was to be found. The meetinghouse was even disassembled and relocated to the new place of settlement, at some point in the following years – though no record exists – the area was slowly resettled. The town was incorporated in 1642. It is at time that the name Gloucester first appears on tax rolls. This new permanent settlement focused on the Town Green area, an inlet in the marshes at a bend in the Annisquam River and this area is now the site of Grant Circle, a large traffic rotary at which Massachusetts Route 128 mingles with a major city street. Here the first permanent settlers built a house and therefore focused the nexus of their settlement on the Island for nearly 100 years. Unlike other early coastal towns in New England, development in Gloucester was not focused around the harbor as it is today and this is evidenced by the placement of the Town Green nearly two miles from the harbor-front. The Town Green is also where the built the first school. By Massachusetts Bay Colony Law, any town boasting 100 families or more had to provide a public schoolhouse and this requirement was met in 1698, with Thomas Riggs standing as the towns first schoolmaster. The White-Ellery House was erected in 1710 upon the Town Green and it was built at the edge of a marsh for Gloucester’s first settled minister, the Reverend John White. Early industry included subsistence farming and logging, because of the poor soil and rocky hills, Cape Ann was not well suited for farming on a large scale. Small family farms and livestock provided the bulk of the sustenance to the population, Fishing, for which the town is known today, was limited to close-to-shore, with families subsisting on small catches as opposed to the great bounties yielded in later years
25.
Sydney, Nova Scotia
–
Sydney is a population centre and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada. Situated on Cape Breton Islands east coast, it belongs administratively to the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Sydney was founded in 1785 by the British, it was incorporated as a city in 1904, and dissolved on 1 August 1995, when it was amalgamated into the regional municipality. It served as the Cape Breton Island colonys capital, until 1820, when the merged with Nova Scotia. A rapid population expansion occurred just after the turn of the 20th century, during both the First and Second World Wars, it was a major staging area for England-bound convoys. The citys population steadily decreased since the early 1970s due to the plants fortunes, today, the main industries are in customer support call centres and tourism. Together with Sydney Mines, North Sydney, New Waterford and Glace Bay Sydney forms the Industrial Cape Breton region, prior to a permanent settlement being established, there was significant activity along the shore. A few years into the war there was also an engagement between French ships and a British convoy off Sydney, Nova Scotia, near Spanish River. The French were recoaling their ships and defeated a British convoy, six French sailors were killed and 17 British, with many more wounded. Lord Sydney appointed Col. DesBarres lieutenant-governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island, in November 1784 the 600-ton ship Blenheim landed a group that consisted primarily of English citizens and disbanded soldiers. A group of Loyalists from the state of New York, fleeing the aftermath of the American Revolution, were added to the immigrants upon their arrival in the colony of Nova Scotia. DesBarres arrived at Sydney on 7 January 1785 and he held the first meeting of his executive council on 21 February 1785, where he was proclaimed lieutenant-governor in a formal manner and the first minutes of the new colony were taken. The site DesBarres chose for the new settlement was along the Southwest Arm of Sydney Harbour, a valley of the Sydney River. Between 1784 and 1820, Sydney was the capital of the British colony of Cape Breton Island, in 1826, the leases were transferred to the General Mining Association and industrial development around Sydney began to take shape. By the early 20th century Sydney became home to one of the worlds largest steel plants, fed by the coal mines in the area under the ownership of the Dominion Steel. The economic boom brought about by industrialization saw the community incorporate as a city in 1903, the growth continued until the 1930s, with the Great Depression causing a slow down in production and growth. World War Two brought prosperity again for the plant, and the coal mines, Sydney Harbour played an important role during World War II once a Royal Canadian Navy base, HMCS Protector, was established to stage supply convoys bound for Europe. These convoys tended to be slower and had the prefix SC for Slow Convoy, Sydney Harbour was one of the hotspots of the Battle of the St. Lawrence. Sydneys coal shipping and steel manufacturing made a significant contribution to the Allied war effort, however federal Minister of Industry, howe favoured Central Canadas steel industry given its proximity to a larger workforce and less exposure to coastal attack
26.
Panama Canal
–
The Panama Canal is an artificial 48-mile waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for maritime trade. The original locks are 33.5 metres wide, a third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began operation on June 26,2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, Post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo, France began work on the canal in 1881 but stopped due to engineering problems and a high worker mortality rate. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15,1914, Colombia, France, and later the United States controlled the territory surrounding the canal during construction. The U. S. continued to control the canal and surrounding Panama Canal Zone until the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties provided for handover to Panama. After a period of joint American–Panamanian control, in 1999 the canal was taken over by the Panamanian government and is now managed and operated by the government-owned Panama Canal Authority. Annual traffic has risen from about 1,000 ships in 1914, by 2012, more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal. It takes six to eight hours to pass through the Panama Canal, the American Society of Civil Engineers has called the Panama Canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world. Such a route would have given the Spanish a military advantage over the Portuguese, during an expedition from 1788 to 1793, Alessandro Malaspina outlined plans for its construction. Given the strategic location of Panama and the potential offered by its narrow isthmus separating two great oceans, other links in the area were attempted over the years. The ill-fated Darien scheme was launched by the Kingdom of Scotland in 1698 to set up a trade route. Generally inhospitable conditions thwarted the effort, and it was abandoned in April 1700, another effort was made in 1843. They referred to it as the Atlantic and Pacific Canal and it was a wholly British endeavor and it was expected to be completed in five years, but the plan was never carried out. At nearly the same time, other ideas were floated, including a canal across Mexicos Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Nothing came of that plan either. )In 1846 the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty, negotiated between the U. S. and New Granada, granted the United States transit rights and the right to intervene militarily in the isthmus. In 1849, the discovery of gold in California created great interest in a crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Panama Railway was built by the United States to cross the isthmus and opened in 1855
27.
John Cort (impresario)
–
John Cort was an American impresario, his Cort Circuit was one of the first national theater circuits. While Considine and Pantages focused mainly on vaudeville, Cort focused on legitimate theater, at one time, he owned more legitimate theaters than anyone else in the United States, and he eventually became part of the New York theatrical establishment. As of 2016, his Cort Theatre remains a fixture of Broadway, the New York City-born Cort started his career as a stage actor of little distinction and as part of a comedy duo, Cort and Murphy. He first became a manager in Cairo, Illinois, then headed west to take over the Standard Theater, a Seattle box house. This was Seattles first theater with electric lighting, more modern than the gas-lit Fryes Opera House, the Great Seattle Fire burned this new Standard and nearly all of Seattles other places of entertainment. Cort reopened two weeks later in a tent, and by November he had erected a replacement for the Standard. Like John Considine, Cort left Seattle during the depression followed the Panic of 1893. Geographically he had crossed north of the Deadline, Yesler Way, artistically, he had crossed from variety entertainment into legitimate theater. With Considine, he played a role in one of the countrys rising fraternal organizations. A third founder, H. L. Leavitt, soon bolted to found the Loyal Order of Moose, by 1903, Corts Northwestern Theatrical Association controlled 37 theaters in the American West, allowing him to compete with some success against the Eastern entertainment establishment. He signed an agreement with Marcus Klaw and Abraham Erlanger, then the countrys leading booking agents of dramatic talent, at this point, he was Seattles leading theatrical impresario. However, Klaw and Erlanger were more focused on box-office potential than artistic merit, if people were being offered badly produced plays, they would skip legitimate theater entirely and go see a vaudeville. In 1910, Cort helped organize the Independent National Theatre Owners Association, allied with the independent Shubert Organization, these added up to 1200 theaters nationally. They eventually forced Klaw and Erlanger to allow theaters to book both Klaw/Erlanger productions and others, still, while the fight was on, Klaw and Erlanger had backed construction of Seattles new Metropolitan Theatre in the prestigious Metropolitan Tract. Cort, in turn, headed for New York, where he became a producer and manager. In the summers of 1916-1918, Ruby Stevens, travelled with the show, Corts Grand Opera House suffered several fires, one of these, in 1917, gutted it, and the building has been a parking garage since 1923. The Moore Theatre, Corts last Seattle flagship, is going strong as of 2007. John Cort at the Internet Broadway Database
28.
Pearl White
–
Pearl Fay White was an American stage and film actress. White began her career on the stage at the age of six, dubbed the Queen of the Serials, White was noted for doing the majority of her own stunts in several film serials, most notably in The Perils of Pauline. White was born in Green Ridge, Missouri to Edgar White, a farmer and she had four brothers and sisters. The family later moved to Springfield, Missouri, at age 6, she made her stage debut as Little Eva in Uncle Toms Cabin. When she was 13 years old, White worked as a rider for the circus. She began performing with the Diemer Theater Company, located on Commercial Street and she was soon able to join the company full-time, touring through the American Midwest. White played minor roles for years, when she was spotted by the Powers Film Company in New York. She claimed she had performed in Cuba for a time under the name Miss Mazee. Her travels as a singer took her to South America, where she performed in casinos, in 1910, White had trouble with her throat, and her voice began to fail from the nightly theatrical performances. She made her debut in films that year, starring in a series of one-reel dramas and it was at Powers Films that White honed her skills at physical comedy and stunt work. She became a player with the company and caught the attention of Pathé Frères. In 1910, White was offered a role by Pathé Frères in The Girl From Arizona, White then took a vacation in Europe. Upon her return, she signed with Eclectic Film Company, a subsidiary of Pathé in 1914, Pathé director Louis J. Gasnier offered her the starring role in film serial The Perils of Pauline, based on a story by playwright Charles W. Goddard. The film features the character of Pauline in a story involving considerable action. The Perils of Pauline consisted of twenty, two-reel episodes that were released weekly, the serial proved to be a hit with audiences and made White a major celebrity, and she was soon earning $1,750 a week. She followed this with a bigger box office hit, The Exploits of Elaine. In these serials, White flew airplanes, raced cars, swam across rivers and she did much of her own stunt work until Pathé decided that they could not risk injuring one of their most popular stars. A male stunt double wearing a wig would perform the majority of the dangerous stunts in Whites later films
29.
Erasmus Hall High School
–
Erasmus Hall High School was a four-year public high school located at 899-925 Flatbush Avenue between Church and Snyder Avenues in the Flatbush neighborhood of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It was founded in 1786 as Erasmus Hall Academy, an institution of higher learning named for the scholar Desiderius Erasmus. The school was the first secondary school chartered by the New York State Regents, the clapboard-sided, Georgian-Federal-style building, constructed on land donated by the Flatbush Reformed Dutch Church, was turned over to the public school system in 1896. In 1904, the Board of Education began a new building campaign to meet the needs of the student population. The original Academy building, which stands in the courtyard of the current school. Now a designated New York City Landmark and listed in the National Register of Historic Places, a statue of Erasmus, cast from the 1622 original in Rotterdam by Hendrick de Keyser and donated by Richard Young, an alumnus of the school, stands in the school’s courtyard. Due to poor scores, the city closed Erasmus Hall High School in 1994, turning the building into Erasmus Hall Educational Campus. The wood-framed, clapboard-sided, Georgian and Federal style school building, through the years, various wings were added to the Academy building and later removed. Erasmus Hall Academy began accepting students in 1801, and in 1803 it incorporated the village school of Flatbush. The village evolved into a city, and started a school system that competed with Erasmus for its student body. As a result, there was a decline in its enrollment until in 1896 enrollment was reduced to 150 boys and girls. Following the agreement with the Erasmus Hall Board of Trustees, the Board of Education of the City of Brooklyn requested proposals for a design for a new school building, twenty architects responded with plans, several of which were published in contemporary architectural periodicals. It soon became clear that none of these plans could be erected for less than a million dollars, and since that was considered too expensive, the project was dropped. With the consolidation of the City of New York in 1898, at the same time, New York City was experiencing a huge influx of immigrants, and the schools were expected to help Americanize these new students. They also used classrooms in other schools, such as P. S, the modern high school was designed in the Collegiate Gothic style that Snyder used on many of his buildings. On August 17,1904, the New York City School Board’s Committee on Buildings presented its plans for a new campus for Erasmus Hall High School. It was designed to be constructed around the existing, centrally-located buildings, the plan called for a full quadrangle of buildings along the perimeter of the large lot. It was constructed during four periods, 1905-1906, 1909-1911, 1924-1925, the first buildings would be constructed along Flatbush Avenue, with others added over time, as the need became clear and funds became available
30.
Vogue (magazine)
–
Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
31.
Nightclub
–
A nightclub is an entertainment venue and bar which serves alcoholic beverages that usually operates late into the night. Another distinction is that whereas many pubs and sports bars aim at a market, nightclubs typically aim at a niche market of music and dancing enthusiasts. The upmarket nature of nightclubs can be seen in the inclusion of VIP areas in some nightclubs, for celebrities, nightclubs are much more likely than pubs or sports bars to use bouncers to screen prospective clubgoers for entry. Some nightclub bouncers do not admit people with ripped jeans or other clothing or gang apparel as part of a dress code. The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday night, most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as house music or gothic rock. A nightclub may also be called a discothèque, disco, or dance club, from about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans would gather at honky tonks or juke joints to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. Webster Hall is credited as the first modern nightclub, being built in 1886 and starting off as a hall, originally functioning as a home for dance. During Prohibition in the United States, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars, with Webster Hall staying open, with rumors circulating of Al Capones involvement and police bribery. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New Yorks 21 Club, Copacabana, El Morocco, in Germany, possibly the first discothèque was Scotch-Club. These discothèques were also patronized by anti-Vichy youth called zazous, there were also underground discothèques in Nazi Germany patronized by anti-Nazi youth called the swing kids. In Harlem, Connies Inn and the Cotton Club were popular venues for white audiences, before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the elements of the modern post World War II discothèque-style nightclub. At the end of the 1950s, several of the bars in Soho introduced afternoon dancing. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, Annabels, in Berkeley Square, in 1962, the Peppermint Lounge in New York City became popular and is the place where go-go dancing originated. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, disco has its roots in the underground club scene. It brought together people from all walks of life and backgrounds and these clubs acted as safe havens for homosexual partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny. Disco allowed patrons to explore sexuality and push the envelope on the dance floor, disco clubs acted as an escape from such depressing environments and acted as the fantasy marginalized peoples could escape to forget oppression and racism. Disco clubs originally functioned as liberated party spaces and were seen as places of political statement, a smooth mix of long single records to keep people dancing all night long
32.
Strand Theatre (Manhattan)
–
The Strand Theatre was an early movie palace located at 1579 Broadway, at the northwest corner of 47th Street and Broadway in Times Square, New York City. Opened in 1914, the theater was known as the Mark Strand Theatre, the Warner Theatre. It closed as the RKO Warner Twin Theatre, and was demolished in 1987, the Strand Theatre was built in 1914 as part of the chain of movie theaters owned by the Mark Brothers, Mitchel and Moe. It cost $1 million to build and may have been the first lavish movie palace built only to motion pictures. It was designed by Thomas W. Lamb and served as a model for other similar theaters built at the time. The New York Times favorably reviewed the opening of the Strand, to manage the theater, Mitchel Mark personally hired Samuel Roxy Rothafel. Rothafel developed his luxurious style of presenting films at the Strand which he later perfected at the Capitol and Roxy Theatres, in 1928 the Mark Strand became the Warner Strand when Warner Bros acquired the theatre to showcase its films on Times Square. It was eventually renamed the Warner Theatre in 1951, after closing for renovation in 1952, the theater reopened as the Warner Cinerama Theatre in 1953 with the widescreen film This Is Cinerama. In 1968 the theater was converted into three separate cinemas by RKO Stanley Warner Theatres, the 1,000 seat Warner Cinerama now occupied the original theaters main floor. The 1,200 seat Penthouse Theatre occupied the former balcony, the Cinerama and Penthouse were renamed again in the 1980s as the RKO Warner Twin. The entire building closed February 8,1987 and was demolished to make way for the Morgan Stanley Building, memorable films that had their New York premieres at the Strand include Captain Blood starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. Bloom, Ken Strand Theater Broadway, an Encyclopedia,504 Bush, W. Stephen Opening of the Strand The Moving Picture World Vol.20 No.3,371 Forsher, James Chapter 6, Roxy The Community of Cinema, 39f. Melnick, Ross, and Fuchs, Andreas Chapter 2, Birth of the Palaces, 1913-1919 Cinema Treasures,12,225 The Strand Theatre in New York The Theatre Vol.23 No.184,369. Article on how Rothapfel runs the theater Strand Theatre at CinemaTreasures. org Strand Theatre, New York City, Strand Theatre, New York City, New York - November 14,1915. Museum of the City of New York photographs, Lobby Stage Stage Boxes Exterior sign Balcony View from stage New York Public Library photograph, Night view
33.
Times Square
–
It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade
34.
Ziegfeld Follies
–
The Ziegfeld Follies was a series of elaborate theatrical revue productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. They became a program in 1932 and 1936 as The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air. Inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris, the Ziegfeld Follies were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld, reportedly at the suggestion of his then-wife, the shows producers were turn-of-the-twentieth-century producing titans Klaw & Erlanger. The Follies were a series of revues, something between later Broadway shows and the more elaborate high class Vaudeville variety show. The first Follies was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre Jardin de Paris, during the Follies era, many of the top entertainers, including W. C. They usually wore elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon, the Tableau vivants were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the designer for the Follies shows starting in 1915. After Ziegfelds death his widow, Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the Follies. The name was used by other promoters in New York City, Philadelphia. Featuring numbers by Ray Bolger, Dennis Morgan, Virginia Bruce, and Harriet Hoctor, the MGM blockbusters show-stopper was the Irving Berlin-composed, A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody, which, by itself, cost more to produce than one of Ziegfelds entire stage shows. In 1941 MGM released Ziegfeld Girl, starring Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr, James Stewart, celebrated numbers from Ziegfeld Revues were recreated, including the famed Wedding Cake set which had been used for Metros earlier film, The Great Ziegfeld. According to modern sources, Turners character was modeled after Ziegfeld Girl Lillian Lorraine, Brice appeared in the Follies for more than ten years. The 1964 musical, Funny Girl, starring Barbra Streisand as Fanny Brice, the 1968 Columbia film of the musical also starred Barbra Streisand as Brice and Walter Pidgeon as Florenz Ziegfeld. Esthers Follies The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies Alfred Cheney Johnston The Passing Show Joseph Urban Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld on Musicals101. com Ziegfeld Follies at Internet Broadway Database
35.
New Amsterdam Theatre
–
The New Amsterdam Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 214 West 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues in the Theater District of Manhattan, New York City, off of Times Square. The remainder of the building was utilized for offices, from 1913 to 1927, the theatre was the home of the Ziegfeld Follies, whose producer, Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. maintained an office in the building, and operated a nightclub on the roof. George Whites Scandals and Eva LeGalliennes Civic Repertory Theatre were subsequent tenants, both the Beaux-Arts exterior and the Art Nouveau interior of the building are New York City landmarks, having been designated in 1979. In addition, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, along with the Hudson and Lyceum Theatres, also built in 1903, the New Amsterdam is one of the oldest surviving Broadway venues. L. Erlanger and Marcus Klaw, and was designed by architects Herts & Tallant, at the time of construction, it was the largest theatre in New York, with a seating capacity of 1,702. The theatre opened October 23,1903 with a production of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, for many years, it hosted the Ziegfeld Follies, showcasing such talents as Fanny Brice, Eaton siblings and silent film star Olive Thomas whose ghost supposedly haunts the theatre. A racier sister show of the Follies, the Midnight Frolics, but the theatre also hosted serious productions, and in June 1927 Basil Rathbone appeared there as Cassius in Julius Caesar. The premiere of Jerome Kerns Roberta with Bob Hope opened at the New Amsterdam in November 1933, the Great Depression did great damage to the live theatre business, and in 1936 the New Amsterdam closed. It reopened on a basis in 1937 but was soon converted to a movie theatre. The Nederlander Organization purchased the property in 1982, but it would not begin rehabilitation for another eight years. In 1990, after a battle, the State and City of New York assumed ownership of the New Amsterdam. Disney Theatrical Productions signed a 49-year revenue based lease for the property in May 1995, the roof garden remained closed when it was discovered that it could not meet modern building codes. The New Amsterdam was officially reopened on April 2,1997, in November 1997, after the premiere of the film Hercules and a limited engagement of a concert version of King David, Disneys stage version of The Lion King opened. On June 4,2006, The Lion King closed in The New Amsterdam Theatre, Mary Poppins began previews at the New Amsterdam Theatre on October 16,2006 and opened on November 16,2006, where it continued to run until March 3,2013. The theatre was renovated to accommodate Disneys Aladdin, which was mounted in the theatre in 2014, Aladdin broke the house record at the New Amsterdam Theatre for the week ending August 10,2014, with a gross of $1,602,785.00. The previous record of $1,587,992.50 was set by Mary Poppins for the week ending December 30,2007. The New Amsterdam has also hosted events benefitting Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, including the annual Easter Bonnet Competition, the New Amsterdam is now home to BC/EFAs annual Gypsy of the Year Competition, the fall/winter sister event to the Easter Bonnet. In recent years, the honored guest has been centenarian Doris Eaton Travis
36.
Texas Guinan
–
Mary Louise Cecilia Texas Guinan was an American actress, producer, and entrepreneur. Guinan was one of seven siblings born in Waco, Texas, to Irish-Canadian immigrants Michael and she attended parochial school at the Loretta Convent in Waco. When she was 16 years old, her moved to Denver, Colorado. Guinan married John Moynahan, a cartoonist for the Rocky Mountain News, moynahans career took them to Chicago, where Guinan studied music before divorcing him and starting her career as a professional singer. She toured regional vaudeville with some success, but became known less for her singing than for her entertaining Wild West-related patter. In 1906, she moved to New York City, where she found work as a girl before making a career for herself in national vaudeville. In 1917, Texas Guinan made her debut in a silent film called The Wildcat. She became the United Statess first movie cowgirl, nicknamed The Queen of the West and she claimed she had a sojourn in France, entertaining the troops during World War I. She was one of the first female emcees, upon the introduction of Prohibition, she opened a speakeasy called the 300 Club at 151 W. 54th Street in New York City. The club became famous for its troupe of 40 scantily clad fan dancers and for Guinans distinctive aplomb, Guinan maintained that she had never sold an alcoholic drink in her life. Ruby Keeler and George Raft were discovered as dancers at the club by Broadway, walter Winchell credited Guinan with opening the insider Broadway scene and cafe society to him when he was starting as a gossip columnist. Guinan capitalized on her notoriety, earning $700,000 in ten months in 1926, Guinan has been credited with coining a number of phrases. She was also friends with legendary illustrator J. C. They shared a building in the basement of which she had a speakeasy called Club Intime, the middle floor was Leyendeckers studio, and the top floor was where she hid the bar. Together, they held lavish parties which the elite of society would attend, during the Great Depression, she took her show on the road. She made a sally towards Europe, but her reputation preceded her and she turned this to her advantage by launching a satirical revue, Too Hot For Paris. Bandleader Paul Whiteman was a pallbearer along with two of her lawyers and writer Heywood Broun. She was survived by both of her parents and her mother died at age 101 in 1959 and her father was 79 years old at his death in 1935
37.
Speakeasy
–
A speakeasy, also called a blind pig or blind tiger, is an illicit establishment that sells alcoholic beverages. Such establishments came into prominence in the United States during the Prohibition era, during that time, the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages was illegal throughout the United States. Speakeasies largely disappeared after Prohibition was ended in 1933, and the term is now used to describe some retro style bars, according to an 1889 newspaper, Unlicensed saloons in Pennsylvania are known as speak-easies. They were so called because of the practice of speaking quietly about such a place in public, or when inside it, the phrase, speak softly shop, meaning a smugglers house, appeared in a British slang dictionary published in 1823. Many years later, in Prohibition-era America, the became a common name to describe a place to get a drink. Different names for speakeasies were created, the terms blind pig and blind tiger originated in the United States in the 19th century. These terms were applied to lower-class establishments that sold alcoholic beverages illegally, the operator of an establishment would charge customers to see an attraction and then serve a complimentary alcoholic beverage, thus circumventing the law. In desperate cases it has to betake itself to the exhibition of Greenland pigs and other animals, charging 25 cents for a sight of the pig. Are in a place called a blind tiger, drinking the very bad whiskey for which Prohibition is indirectly responsible. Blind tiger also referred to illegal drinking establishment in which the identity was concealed. A drawer runs into a wall of what appears to be a billiard saloon. You pull out the drawer, drop in your change, shove the drawer back, call for what you want and then out the drawer again and there it is. Nobody is heard or seen, and the tiger, apparently without any keeper. Speakeasies, though illegal, were numerous and popular during the Prohibition years, some were operated by people who were part of organized crime. Even though police and agents of the Bureau of Prohibition would often raid them and arrest their owners and patrons, the speakeasy soon became one of the biggest parts of American culture during this time. Several changes happened as speakeasies formed, one was with integration, with black and tans, people of all races, black or white, would gather together and even mingle. People would mix together and have few or no problems, another change that occurred was more participation from women. Many businesses would set up their speakeasies to attract women to get more profits, women also began to insert themselves into the business of speakeasies
38.
Oscar Levant
–
Oscar Levant was an American pianist, composer, author, comedian, and actor. He was as famous for his mordant character and witticisms, on the radio and in movies and television, as for his music. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, in 1906, to an Orthodox Jewish family from Russia, Levant moved to New York in 1922, following the death of his father and he began studying under Zygmunt Stojowski, a well-established piano pedagogue. In 1924, aged 18, he appeared with Ben Bernie in a film, Ben Bernie and All the Lads. In 1928, Levant traveled to Hollywood, where his career took a turn for the better, during his stay, he met and befriended George Gershwin. From 1929 to 1948 he composed the music for more than twenty movies, during this period, he also wrote or co-wrote numerous popular songs that made the Hit Parade, the most noteworthy being Blame It on My Youth, now considered a standard. Around 1932, Levant began composing seriously and he studied under Arnold Schoenberg and impressed him sufficiently to be offered an assistantship. His formal studies led to a request by Aaron Copland to play at the Yaddo Festival of contemporary American music on April 30 of that year, successful, Levant began composing a new orchestral work, a sinfonietta. At this time, Levant was perhaps best known to American audiences as one of the panelists on the radio quiz show Information Please. Mr. Levant, as he was called, was often challenged with musical questions. Kieran praised Levant as having a genius for making offhand cutting remarks that couldnt have been sharper if hed honed them a week in his mind. Oscar was always good for a bright response edged with acid. Examples include I knew Doris Day before she was a virgin, I think a lot of Bernstein — but not as much as he does, from the 1930s through the mid-1950s, Levant appeared in a number of feature films, often playing a pianist or composer. From 1947 to 1949, Levant regularly appeared on NBC radios Kraft Music Hall and he not only accompanied singer Jolson on the piano with classical and popular songs, but often joked and ad-libbed with Jolson and his guests. The pairing of the two entertainers was inspired and their individual ties to George Gershwin—Jolson introduced Gershwins Swanee—undoubtedly had much to do with their rapport. Both Levant and Jolson appeared as themselves in the Gershwin biopic Rhapsody in Blue, in the early 1950s, Levant was an occasional panelist on the NBC game show Who Said That. in which celebrities would try to determine the speaker of quotations taken from recent news reports. Between 1958 and 1960, Levant hosted a talk show on KCOP-TV in Los Angeles, The Oscar Levant Show. It featured his piano playing along with monologues and interviews with guests such as Fred Astaire
39.
Willard Mack
–
Willard Mack was a Canadian-born actor, director, and playwright. He was born Charles Willard McLaughlin in Morrisburg, Ontario, at an early age his family moved to Brooklyn, New York. After two years, they moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where McLaughlin finished high school and his parents returned to Canada, but he went on to study at Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. where he became involved in student plays. Adopting the stage name Willard Mack, after graduation he took acting jobs for a few years. Throughout his life, Mack frequently returned to Canada, some of his other plays, including Tiger Rose and The Scarlet Fox, were set in northern Alberta. In 1914 he made his debut on Broadway in a play he had written. Over the next fourteen years, he would write a further twenty-two Broadway productions, acting in ten of them, for a time, Willard Mack operated a stock company with actress Maude Leone. In the mid 1920s, he met an aspiring actress named Ruby Stevens hired as a chorus girl for his new play. Mack coached Stevenss acting and rewrote parts of the play to expand her role, during his time on Broadway, Mack began writing for motion pictures, and although he performed in fifteen films and directed four, he was primarily a writer. At first he remained on the east coast but later moved to Los Angeles, a number of his plays were made into motion pictures, and between 1916 and 1953 he was involved with the writing of more than seventy film scripts. Starting out in silent film, he made his debut as actor, director. In 1933 he directed What Price Innocence and he then wrote and directed Broadway to Hollywood, a backstage musical that spanned nearly five decades recounting the struggles of a vaudeville family. In 1913, he married actress Marjorie Rambeau, divorced in 1917, he immediately married actress/dancer Pauline Frederick, whom he had met a year earlier while appearing in a film with her. That marriage was short-lived, ending in divorce in 1919 and his writing success made him a wealthy man. He died in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California in 1934, nanette of the Wilds The Noose Willard Mack at the Internet Broadway Database Willard Mack at the Internet Movie Database
40.
Rex Cherryman
–
Rexford Raymond Rex Cherryman was an American actor of the stage and screen whose career was most prolific during the 1920s. Born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Rex Cherryman attended Colgate University and he transferred to the University of Michigan in 1916. There he met fellow student Esther Louise Lamb, Esther and Rex were married February 9,1918. They had one son, Rexford Raymond Cherryman, Jr. born October 10,1925, Rexford, Jr. married Beatrice Wishard in 1950. They had two daughters, Ann Elizabeth Cherryman and Constance Lamb Cherryman, Cherryman began his film career appearing in the 1919 comedic film In For Thirty Days as Count Dronsky, opposite popular leading lady of the silent film era, May Allison. The following year, Cherryman was chosen by the notable screen diva Alla Nazimova to appear opposite her as Thorne, the film was an enormous critical and public success, placing Cherryman directly in the public consciousness. The film also starred Rudolph Valentino, Nazimova, and Patsy Ruth Miller, Cherryman also appeared in the 1923 film Sunshine Trail in the role of Willis Duckworth. Cherrymans last film performance was a role in the 1928 film Two Masters. He made several appearances on the stage. Among them were the musical comedy Topsy and Eva which ran from 1924 through 1925, The Valley of Content in 1925, and the Willard Mack penned drama The Noose, while performing in the The Noose, Cherryman had an affair with fellow cast member Stanwyck. The Noose would subsequently become one of the biggest hits of the season, cherrymans last stint on Broadway was a starring role in the 1927 dramatic production of The Trial of Mary Dugan opposite actor Robert Cummings at the National Theatre. In August 1928, while sailing to France to read for a play in Paris, Cherryman contracted septic poisoning and died in Le Havre and his body was returned to Hollywood. His cremated remains are at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, esthers remains are in the same vault. Madame Peacock Camille Time Magazine, October 3,1927, New Plays in Manhattan, Time Magazine, August 10,1928, Milestones. Barbara Stanwyck Tribute Rex Cherryman at the Internet Movie Database Rex Cherryman at the Internet Broadway Database
41.
Wilfred Lucas
–
Wilfred Lucas was a Canadian-born American stage actor who found success in film as an actor, director, and screenwriter. Wilfred Van Norman Lucas was born in Norfolk County, Ontario on January 30,1871 and he was the youngest of three sons to be raised by Daniel Lucas and the former E. Adeline Reynolds, in Townsend and later Montreal, Quebec. Lucas attended Montreal High School and McGill University before immigrating to America in the late 1880s and his early career there was that of a baritone singer performing at church functions and at small venues. Wilfred Lucas eventually made a name for performing in light and grand opera in America. He made his Broadway debut on April 4,1904, at the Savoy Theater playing in both the curtain raiser The Blue Grass Handicap and The Superstition of Sue in which he played Sue’s brother, Percy Flage. Following his 1906 role in the successful play The Chorus Lady. At the time, the business was still looked down upon by many members of the theatrical community. In her 1925 book titled When the Movies Were Young, Griffiths wife, actress Linda Arvidson, in it, she referred to Lucas as the first real grand actor, democratic enough to work in Biograph movies. In 1908 Lucas made his motion picture debut in Griffiths The Greasers Gauntlet, in 1910 while still acting, he wrote the script for Griffiths film Sunshine Sue, which was followed by many more scripts by 1924. Lucas also began directing in 1912 with Griffith on An Outcast Among Outcasts, later in 1916 he appeared in D. W. Griffith’s film Intolerance. Part of the group of Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood, Lucas became friends and sometimes starred with Mary Pickford, Sam De Grasse, Canadian-born director Mack Sennett hired him to both direct and act in a large number of films at his Keystone Studios. Wilfred Lucas made the transition from silent film to sound. While working in Hollywood, in 1926 he returned to the stage and he later appeared as a foil for Laurel and Hardy in their feature films Pardon Us and A Chump at Oxford. During his long career, Wilfred Lucas appeared in more than 375 films, although for a time he was cast in leading roles, he became very successful as secondary and minor characters, making a good living in the film industry for more than three decades. On October 10,1898, Lucas, by then a member of a company headed by actor James Durkin, wed fellow cast member Louise Perine at Elmira. The couple went on to have two sons, Wilfred Irving Lucas, Kirke LaShelle Lucas and one daughter, Alice Van Norman Lucas, five years after he married Louise, Lucas became an American citizen at a ceremony held in San Bernardino, California. While working at Biograph Studios, Wilfred Lucas met and ultimately married actress/screenwriter Bess Meredyth with whom he had a son, john Meredyth Lucas became a successful writer and director including a number of episodes of Mannix and Star Trek
42.
Broadway theatre
–
Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
43.
David Belasco
–
David Belasco was an American theatrical producer, impresario, director and playwright. He was the first writer to adapt the short story Madame Butterfly for the stage, Belasco pioneered many innovative new forms of stage lighting and special effects in order to create realism and naturalism. He began working in a San Francisco theatre doing a variety of jobs, such as call boy. He received his first experience as a stage manager while on the road and he said, We used to play in any place we could hire or get into—a hall, a big dining room, an empty barn, any place that would take us. He said that there, seeing people die under such peculiar circumstances made him all the more particular in regard to the psychology of dying on the stage. I think I was one of the first to bring naturalness to bear in death scenes, later I was to go deeper into such studies. By March 1874, he was back at work in San Francisco and his recollections of that time were published in Hearsts Magazine in 1914. He eventually was given the opportunity to act and serve as a stage manager, a gifted playwright, Belasco went to New York City in 1882 where he worked as stage manager for the Madison Square Theatre, and then the old Lyceum Theatre while writing plays. By 1895, he was so successful that he set himself up as an independent producer and he also helped establish careers for dozens of notable stage performers, many of whom went on to work in films. Among them were Leslie Carter, dubbed The American Sarah Bernhardt, whose association with Belasco skyrocketed her to fame after her roles in Zaza. Ina Claires lead in Polly with a Past and The Gold Diggers, Belasco wrote a lead part for 18-year-old Maude Adams, in his new play, Men and Women, which ran for 200 performances. Other stars whose careers he helped launch included Jeanne Eagels, who would achieve immortality as Sadie Thompson in Rain. Belasco discovered and managed the careers of Lenore Ulric and David Warfield and he launched the career of Barbara Stanwyck, which included changing her name. More than forty motion pictures have been made from the plays he authored. Many prominent performers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought the opportunity to work with Belasco, among them were D. W. Griffith, Helen Hayes, Lillian Gish, Mary Pickford and Cecil B. DeMilles father had close friends with Belasco, and after DeMille graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. DeMilles later methods of handling actors, using lighting and directing films, was modeled after Belascos staging techniques. Pickford appeared in his plays The Warrens of Virginia at the first Belasco Theatre in 1907, the two remained in touch after Pickford began working in Hollywood, Belasco appeared with her in the 1914 film adaptation of A Good Little Devil
44.
Barbara Frietchie
–
Barbara Frietchie, The Frederick Girl is a play in four acts by Clyde Fitch and based on the heroine of John Greenleaf Whittiers poem Barbara Frietchie. Fitch takes a bit of artistic liberty and intertwines her story with that of his own grandparents love story. Barbara Stanwyck took her name from the name of the play. An illustrated version of the poem is contained in James Thurbers Fables for Our Time, the play met with mixed reviews in 1899 because of the romance he added to the tale, but it would be successfully revived a number of times. Fritchie, a figure in the history of Frederick, Maryland, has a stop in the towns walking tour at her home. When Winston Churchill passed through Frederick in 1943, he stopped at the house, at 90 years of age she waved the Union flag out of her window despite opposition from Stonewall Jacksons troops, who were passing through Frederick. This event is the subject of the 1864 poem, Shoot, if you must, this old gray head, But spare your countrys flag, she said. A shade of sadness, a blush of shame, Over the face of the leader came, The nobler nature within him stirred To life at that womans deed and word and her name was Barbara Hauer Frietchie July,1899 at the Y. M. C. A. Auditorium in Mansfield, Ohio October 23, 1899–January 1900—Criterion Theatre, Manhattan February 1900—Polis Theatre, Naugatuck, Connecticut March 19–March 24, 1900—National Theatre, Washington, D. C
