1.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
–
State Street, 1801
Boston
–
View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
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Scollay Square in the 1880s
2.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
Massachusetts
–
A portion of the north-central
Pioneer Valley in
Sunderland
Massachusetts
–
Flag
Massachusetts
–
Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the
piping plover
Massachusetts
–
The
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by
William Halsall (1882). The
Pilgrims were a group of
Puritans who founded
Plymouth in 1620.
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Today (U.S. TV program)
–
Today, also called The Today Show, is an American news and talk morning television show that airs on NBC. The program debuted on January 14,1952 and it was the first of its genre on American television and in the world, and is the fifth-longest-running American television series. Originally a two-hour program on weekdays, it expanded to Sundays in 1987, the weekday broadcast expanded to three hours in 2000, and to four hours in 2007. Todays dominance was virtually unchallenged by the other networks until the late 1980s, Today has maintained its No.2 status since the summer of 2012 each year behind GMA. In 2002, Today was ranked No.17 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the shows first broadcast aired on January 14,1952. It was the brainchild of Sylvester B, Pat Weaver, Jr. who was then vice president of NBC. Weaver was president of the company from 1953 to 1955, during which time Todays late-night companion The Tonight Show premiered, in pre-production, the shows proposed title was The Rise and Shine Revue. Today was the first program of its genre when it premiered with original host Dave Garroway, the program blended national news headlines, interviews with newsmakers, lifestyle features, other light news and gimmicks, and local news updates from the networks stations. It has spawned several other shows of a type, including ABCs Good Morning America. In other countries, the format was copied – most notably in the United Kingdom with the BBCs Breakfast Time and TV-ams Good Morning Britain, and in Canada with Canada AM on CTV. When Today debuted, it was seen only in the Eastern and Central time zones. Since 1958, Today has been tape-delayed for the five other U. S. time zones, partly to accommodate host Dave Garroways declining health, the program ceased live broadcasts in the summer of 1958, opting instead to broadcast an edition taped the previous afternoon. The experiment, which drew criticism from many sides, ended when John Chancellor replaced Garroway in July 1961, a fourth hour was eventually added on September 10,2007. NBC stations in some markets air the third and fourth hours of Today on tape delay, WHDH in Boston, Massachusetts was an NBC station that would follow this practice to accommodate an hour of local news at 9,00 am. On January 1,2017, the NBC affiliation in Boston moved to a new owned-and-operated station, WBTS, which airs the third and fourth hours of Today at its regular 9,00 am and 10,00 am timeslots. Generally, the program live in the Eastern Time Zone. When breaking news stories warrant, Today will broadcast a live West Coast edition, the live updates typically do not last longer than the 7,00 a. m. hour and once completed, will return to the taped East Coast feed. When the anchors welcome the viewers to the show, they note the current time as being Pacific Time
Today (U.S. TV program)
–
Dave Garroway, the program's first host, on the air
Today (U.S. TV program)
–
Today
Today (U.S. TV program)
–
Mascot J. Fred Muggs and companion with Garroway, 1954
Today (U.S. TV program)
–
The set in January 1952
5.
ABC World News
–
ABC World News Tonight is the flagship daily evening television news program of ABC News, the news division of the American Broadcasting Company television network in the United States. Since 2014, the weekday broadcasts have been anchored by David Muir. Cecilia Vega and Tom Llamas rotated as anchors of the Saturday editions, the program has been anchored at various times by a number of other presenters since its debut in 1953. It also has used various titles, including ABC Evening News from 1970 to 1978, World News Tonight from 1978 to 2006, World News from 2006 to 2009 and it is the second-most watched network newscast in the United States, trailing behind NBC Nightly News in the ratings. ABC began a nightly newscast in the summer of 1948, when H. R. Baukhage and this was succeeded by After The Deadlines in 1951 and All Star News in 1952. In the fall of 1953, John Charles Daly began anchoring the then-15-minute John Charles Daly, Daly, who had served as host of the CBS game show Whats My Line. Contemporaneously, anchored the newscast until 1960, with hosts and formats succeeding him. Anchors of the program during the early 1960s included Alex Dreier, John Secondari, Fendall Winston Yerxa, Al Mann, Bill Shadel, John Cameron Swayze, Bill Laurence, in 1962, Ron Cochran was appointed as full-time anchor, staying with the program until 1965. After Cochran left the program, Peter Jennings, a Canadian journalist who was 26 years old at the time, was named anchor of the retitled Peter Jennings with the News. In 1967, the inexperienced Jennings left the chair and was reassigned by the news division as an international correspondent for the news program. The newly renamed ABC News was hosted, in succession, by Bob Young, and then by Frank Reynolds, the program expanded from 15 to 30 minutes in January 1967, nearly 3½ years after both CBS and NBC had expanded their evening news programs to a half-hour. Harry Reasoner, formerly of CBS News and 60 Minutes, joined ABC News in 1970 to co-anchor the relaunched ABC Evening News with Smith, beginning that December, replacing Reynolds. Ratings for the news broadcast declined shortly thereafter, possibly due in part to the lack of chemistry between Reasoner and Walters. Reasoner would eventually return to CBS and 60 Minutes, while Walters became a regular on the newsmagazine 20/20, the practice continued until 1982, when real-time closed captioning was first introduced in the United States by the National Captioning Institute. Always the perennial third in the ratings, ABC News president Roone Arledge reformatted the program. Reynolds, who was demoted when the network hired Reasoner, returned as anchor, reporting from ABC News Washington. Max Robinson – who became the first African American network news anchor upon his appointment on the program – anchored national news from the news divisions Chicago bureau, Peter Jennings, who also returned for a second stint, reported international headlines from the divisions London bureau. The programs distinct and easily identifiable theme was written by Bob Israel, a rotation of anchors hosted the program until August 9,1983, when Jennings became the sole anchor and senior editor of World News Tonight
ABC World News
–
The title card for ABC World News Tonight with David Muir
ABC World News
–
Elizabeth Vargas and
Bob Woodruff,
co-anchors of World News Tonight.
ABC World News
–
Charles Gibson, anchor of World News with Charles Gibson.
6.
20/20 (U.S. TV series)
–
20/20 is an American television newsmagazine that has been broadcast on ABC since June 6,1978. The programs name derives from the 20/20 measurement of visual acuity, the anchors on the premiere telecast of 20/20 were renowned Esquire magazine editor Harold Hayes, who also served as the programs senior producer, and famed Time art critic Robert Hughes. The shows debut received largely harsh reviews, The New York Times described it as dizzyingly absurd and The Washington Post denounced it as the trashiest stab at candycane journalism yet. Also featured in the premiere telecast of 20/20, the sequence consisted of a pair of eyeglasses, whose lenses showed colored bars. The eyeglasses were keyed over a background, and rotated to its rear position to reveal the 20/20 studio. Under Downs as host, 20/20 changed into a standard yet unique newsmagazine. Eastern Time beginning May 31,1979, ratings were generally very good during the summer months during its eight years on Thursday nights despite competition from Knots Landing on CBS and Hill Street Blues on NBC. It was around this time that the program started using the Brock Brower-written signoff line Were in touch, so you be in touch to end each program, which continues to be used to now. Barbara Walters joined the program in 1979 in a role something less than a co-anchor, in 1984, she became Hugh Downss equal, thus reuniting a duo which had already anchored together on NBCs Today from 1964 to 1971. The team would remain together on-air for the next 15 years. In the fall of 1987, 20/20 was moved to Fridays at 10,00 p. m. Eastern, while in that timeslot, it ranked at 21st place in the annual Nielsen ratings by the 1991–92 season. While the series moved to the 8,00 p. m. timeslot on October 12,2007. In 1997, a weekly edition of 20/20 made its debut on Thursday evenings. In 2000, ABC reinstated Primetime under the title Primetime Thursday, by early 2002, 20/20 once again was airing only in its original Friday timeslot. After Downss retirement in 1999, Walters became the anchor of 20/20. For a few months in early 2003, Barbara Walters temporarily anchored solo again, as one of the first veteran anchors, Barbara Walters chose to go into semi-retirement as a broadcast journalist in 2004. However, she remained with 20/20 as a frequent contributor to the show, ABC News correspondent Elizabeth Vargas was promoted to the co-anchor position. In September 2009, before the start of its 31st season, Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer also contribute reports
20/20 (U.S. TV series)
–
20/20
20/20 (U.S. TV series)
–
The anchors of 20/20 from 1998 to 2000. From left to right,
Charles Gibson,
Sam Donaldson,
Diane Sawyer,
Barbara Walters,
Hugh Downs, and
Connie Chung.
7.
The View (U.S. TV series)
–
The View is an American talk show that has aired since August 11,1997 on ABC as part of its daytime programming block. The shows concept was conceived by Barbara Walters and Bill Geddie, the show has won thirty Daytime Emmy Awards since its inception. The View is co-hosted by a panel of women who discuss a variety of social, political, entertainment, the original panel consisted of Walters, moderator Meredith Vieira, Joy Behar, Star Jones, and Debbie Matenopoulos. In addition to Behar, the current panel consists of moderator Whoopi Goldberg, Paula Faris, Sara Haines, Jedediah Bila, and in a perfect world, Id get to join the group whenever I wanted. Every show is ended by one of the co-hosts, primarily the person moderating, simply saying Have a great day everyone, or if short on time simply, Enjoy The View. Since season 10, politics and taboo subjects have been readily explored and this has moved the show into a newsworthy spectrum from traditional daytime talk fare. The format of full-hour Hot Topics was introduced in season 11, allowing more in-depth conversations and they closely followed Senator Hillary Clintons campaign in the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination race. Likewise, attention was focused when Senator John McCain chose Sarah Palin as his Republican vice-presidential running mate in August 2008, several of the discussions on The View became heated and many were also subsequently reported in other major media outlets. Season 13 was the first season in which men served as guest co-hosts and they included Joe Scarborough, Bryant Gumbel, Tom Bergeron, and D. L. Hughley. Beginning in season 15, every Friday when Walters took off, The View has Guy Day Friday, Walters, a co-owner and co-executive producer of the show, likely has final decisions as to the casting of the co-hosts. Rosie ODonnell has stated that Walters and other show hosts wear IFB earpieces through which backstage producers instruct them what to say. On October 30,2014, The View was transferred into Lincoln Square Productions, an ABC News subsidiary, from ABC Entertainment after struggling in ratings, international versions of the program are aired in several countries. Bill Geddie, who served as co-executive producer, was the lone recurring male persona. In an interview with Broadcasting & Cable he stated, Im not an on-air personality, the original set for the first four seasons was a leftover set from a cancelled soap opera, The City. The show received a new set for its season, located within the ABC Television Center in New York City. Season 10 saw a new set design in blue and new glass table. For seasons 11 and 12, the set changed colors from blue to yellow. Seasons 13 and 14 premiered with new set colors of teal green and light blue
The View (U.S. TV series)
–
The View's panel interview
United States President Barack Obama on July 29, 2010.
The View (U.S. TV series)
–
The View
The View (U.S. TV series)
–
U.S. Navy Adm.
Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his wife, Deborah, appear on The View on Nov 24, 2010.
8.
ABC News
–
ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company, owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company. Television broadcasting was suspended, however, during World War II, regular television news broadcasts on ABC began soon after the network signed on its initial owned-and-operated television station and production center in New York City in August 1948. ABC news broadcasts have continued as the network expanded nationwide. However, from the 1950s through the early 1970s, ABC News programs consistently ranked third in viewership behind news programs on CBS and NBC. Arledge, known for experimenting with the broadcast model, created many of ABC News most popular and enduring programs, including 20/20, World News Tonight, This Week, Nightline and Primetime Live. In June 1998, ABC News, Nine Network and ITN sold their interests in Worldwide Television News to the Associated Press. 20/20 ABC World News Tonight America This Morning Good Morning America Nightline This Week What Would You Do, formerly known as ABC Radio News, ABC News Radio feeds, through Skyview Networks with newscasts on the hour to its affiliates. ABC News Radio is the largest commercial radio news organization in the US, Satellite News Channel was a joint venture between ABC News and Group W that started on June 21,1982 as a satellite-delivered cable television network. SNC used footage from ABC News and 7 Washington, D. C. -based crews, however, this channel had difficulty getting clearance from cable systems, so ABC News and Group W decided to sell it to its competitor, CNN. CNN ceased Satellite News Channels operations on October 27,1983, SNC was either replaced by CNN or CNN2 on most cable systems. Group W would eventually shut down 7 years later, in 1999 and it was offered via digital television, broadband and streaming video at ABCNews. com and on mobile phones. It delivered breaking news, headline news each hour, and wide range of entertainment. The channel was available in the United States and Europe and its Talk Back feature allowed viewers to voice their own input through the submission of videos and personal thoughts on controversial issues and current topics. It was shut down as a digital subchannel when Live Well Network was launched, ABC News Now was replaced on cable providers with Fusion on October 28,2013. Fusion is a cable and satellite network that is owned & operated by Fusion Media Network, LLC. ABC and Univision formally announced its launch on May 2,2012, Fusion was ABC News third attempt in the 24-hour cable news world after Satellite News Channel in 1982 and ABC News Now in 2004. In December 2015, it was reported that Disney was in talks to sell its stake in Fusion to Univision, the split was complete on April 21,2016. Several ABC News programs are broadcast daily on OSN News in MENA countries
ABC News
–
ABC News
9.
NBC News
–
NBC News is a division of the American broadcast network NBC. The division operates under NBCUniversal News Group, a subsidiary of NBCUniversal, the groups various operations report to the president of NBC News, Noah Oppenheim. NBC News aired the first news program in American broadcast television history on February 21,1940, the groups broadcasts are produced and aired from 30 Rockefeller Center, NBCs headquarters in New York City. The division presides over Americas number-one-rated newscast, NBC Nightly News, NBC News also offers 70 years of rare historic footage from the NBCUniversal Archives online. NBC News operates a 24-hour cable news network known as MSNBC, the cable network shares staff and editorial control with NBC News. The first American television newscast in history was made by NBC News on February 21,1940, anchored by Lowell Thomas, due to wartime restrictions, there were no live telecasts of the 1944 conventions, although films of the events were reportedly shown over WNBT the next day. In 1948, NBC teamed up with Life magazine to provide election night coverage of President Harry S. Trumans surprising victory over New York governor Thomas E. Dewey, the television audience was small, but NBCs share in New York was double that of any other outlet. The following year, the Camel News Caravan, anchored by John Cameron Swayze, lacking the graphics and technology of later years, it nonetheless contained many of the elements of modern newscasts. NBC hired its own crews and in the programs early years, it dominated CBSs competing program. In 1950, David Brinkley began serving as the programs Washington correspondent, in 1955, the Camel News Caravan fell behind CBSs Douglas Edwards with the News, and Swayze lost the already tepid support of NBC executives. The following year, NBC replaced the program with the Huntley-Brinkley Report, beginning in 1951, NBC News was managed by director of news Bill McAndrew, who reported to vice president of news and public affairs J. Davidson Taylor. Television assumed a prominent role in American family life in the late 1950s. NBC president Robert Kintner provided the division with ample amounts of both financial resources and air time. Created by producer Reuven Frank, NBCs Huntley-Brinkley Report had its debut on October 29,1956, during much of its 14-year run, it exceeded the viewership levels of its CBS News competition, anchored initially by Douglas Edwards and, beginning in April 1962, by Walter Cronkite. Senator to observe later, When I think of Little Rock, in an era when space missions rated continuous coverage, NBC configured its largest studio, Studio 8H, for space coverage. NBCs coverage of the first moon landing in 1969 earned the network an Emmy Award, in the late 1950s, Kintner reorganized the chain of command at the network, making Bill McAndrew president of NBC News, reporting directly to Kintner. McAndrew served in that position until his death in 1968, McAndrew was succeeded by his executive vice president, producer Reuven Frank, who held the position until 1973. On November 22,1963, NBC interrupted various programs on its stations at 1,45 p. m. to announce that President John F. Kennedy had been shot in Dallas, Texas
NBC News
–
1959–72 logo
NBC News
–
NBC News
NBC News
–
NBC News had close to 700 correspondents and cameramen in 1961 who were stationed throughout the world. Film was received in the United States by plane or by the jointly operated NBC-
BBC transatlantic film cable.
NBC News
–
NBC Nightly News broadcast, March 2008
10.
The Today Show
–
Today, also called The Today Show, is an American news and talk morning television show that airs on NBC. The program debuted on January 14,1952 and it was the first of its genre on American television and in the world, and is the fifth-longest-running American television series. Originally a two-hour program on weekdays, it expanded to Sundays in 1987, the weekday broadcast expanded to three hours in 2000, and to four hours in 2007. Todays dominance was virtually unchallenged by the other networks until the late 1980s, Today has maintained its No.2 status since the summer of 2012 each year behind GMA. In 2002, Today was ranked No.17 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the shows first broadcast aired on January 14,1952. It was the brainchild of Sylvester B, Pat Weaver, Jr. who was then vice president of NBC. Weaver was president of the company from 1953 to 1955, during which time Todays late-night companion The Tonight Show premiered, in pre-production, the shows proposed title was The Rise and Shine Revue. Today was the first program of its genre when it premiered with original host Dave Garroway, the program blended national news headlines, interviews with newsmakers, lifestyle features, other light news and gimmicks, and local news updates from the networks stations. It has spawned several other shows of a type, including ABCs Good Morning America. In other countries, the format was copied – most notably in the United Kingdom with the BBCs Breakfast Time and TV-ams Good Morning Britain, and in Canada with Canada AM on CTV. When Today debuted, it was seen only in the Eastern and Central time zones. Since 1958, Today has been tape-delayed for the five other U. S. time zones, partly to accommodate host Dave Garroways declining health, the program ceased live broadcasts in the summer of 1958, opting instead to broadcast an edition taped the previous afternoon. The experiment, which drew criticism from many sides, ended when John Chancellor replaced Garroway in July 1961, a fourth hour was eventually added on September 10,2007. NBC stations in some markets air the third and fourth hours of Today on tape delay, WHDH in Boston, Massachusetts was an NBC station that would follow this practice to accommodate an hour of local news at 9,00 am. On January 1,2017, the NBC affiliation in Boston moved to a new owned-and-operated station, WBTS, which airs the third and fourth hours of Today at its regular 9,00 am and 10,00 am timeslots. Generally, the program live in the Eastern Time Zone. When breaking news stories warrant, Today will broadcast a live West Coast edition, the live updates typically do not last longer than the 7,00 a. m. hour and once completed, will return to the taped East Coast feed. When the anchors welcome the viewers to the show, they note the current time as being Pacific Time
The Today Show
–
Dave Garroway, the program's first host, on the air
The Today Show
–
Today
The Today Show
–
Mascot J. Fred Muggs and companion with Garroway, 1954
The Today Show
–
The set in January 1952
11.
Hugh Downs
–
Hugh Malcolm Downs is a long-time American broadcaster, television host, news anchor, TV producer, author, game show host, and music composer. He is perhaps best known for his roles as co-host of the NBC News program Today from 1962-71, host of the Concentration game show from 1958-69, and anchor of the ABC News magazine 20/20 from 1978-99. He also served as announcer/sidekick for Tonight Starring Jack Paar, host of the PBS talk show Over Easy, Downs was born in 1921 in Akron, Ohio to Edith and Milton Howard Downs, who worked in business. He was educated at Lima Shawnee High School in Lima, Ohio, Bluffton College, a Mennonite school in Bluffton, Ohio and he worked as a radio announcer and program director at WLOK in Lima, Ohio, after his first year of college. In 1940 he moved on to WWJ in Detroit, Downs served in the United States Army during World War II in 1943 and then joined the NBC radio network at WMAQ as an announcer in Chicago, Illinois, where he lived until 1954. He married a coworker, Ruth Shaheen in 1944, three days after his 23rd birthday and he also attended Columbia University in New York City during 1955–56. Downs made his first television news broadcast in September 1945 from the still experimental studio of WBKB-TV and he became a television regular, announcing for Hawkins Falls in 1950, the first successful television soap opera, which was sponsored by Lever Brothers Surf detergent. He also announced the Burr Tillstrom childrens show Kukla, Fran, in March 1954, Downs moved to New York City to accept a position as announcer for Pat Weavers The Home Show starring Arlene Francis. That program lasted until August 1957 and he was the announcer for Sid Caesars Caesars Hour for the 1956–57 season, and one of NBC Radios Monitor Communicators from 1955–1959. Herlihy held that post until October 1,1962, when Johnny Carson took over the show, on August 25,1958, Downs concurrently began a more than ten-year run hosting the original version of the game show Concentration. Also, he hosted NBCs Today Show for nine years from September 1962 to October 1971, plus co-hosting the syndicated television program Not for Women Only with Barbara Walters in 1975-76. Downs also appeared as a panelist on the game show To Tell the Truth and in an episode, cast as himself, on the NBC police sitcom, Car 54. Downs earned a degree in gerontology from Hunter College while he was hosting Over Easy. A published composer, Downs hosted the PBS showcase for classical music, Downs made a cameo appearance on Family Guy in addition to other TV shows. Downs has been seen in infomercials for Bottom Line Publications, including their Worlds Greatest Treasury of Health Secrets and he did an infomercial for Where Theres a Will Theres an A in 2003. His infomercial work since then has aroused controversy, with many arguing the products are scams. On October 13,2007, Downs was one of the first inductees into the American TV Game Show Hall of Fame in Las Vegas, Nevada. Downs was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois, Ruth Shaheen Downs, Hughs wife, died on 28 March 2017 at age 95
Hugh Downs
–
(1972)
Hugh Downs
–
Downs and daughter, Deirdre (1960)
Hugh Downs
–
With
Darren McGavin on the
set of the TV series
Riverboat
12.
Frank McGee (journalist)
–
Frank McGee was an American television journalist, best known for his work with NBC from the late 1950s into the early 1970s. Born in Monroe in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, and raised in Norman, Oklahoma and he joined the Oklahoma National Guard in 1940, and served in the U. S. Army in World War II, then attended the University of California and the University of Oklahoma. He began his broadcast news career at KGFF in Shawnee, Oklahoma, in 1955, the owners of WKY purchased WSFA-TV in Montgomery, Alabama, and sent McGee there as news director. WSFA was an affiliate of NBC, as the Civil Rights Movement gained national coverage, McGees work came to the notice of NBC, which offered him a position with the network. He went on to one of televisions most prominent newsmen. In 1960, he narrated the second debate between presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon on October 7 in Washington, D. C. At that time, the debates were considered by the media to have swung the election in favor of Kennedy among voters who watched them on television. For those who listened on radio, the influence was mixed, McGee had a great talent for descriptive language, often giving viewers a vivid word picture of the days events. When NBC News colleague Chet Huntley broke the news of the assassination of President Kennedy, McGee appeared in the studio with Huntley, correspondent Robert MacNeil reported by telephone from Dallas, but the flash studio in New York was not equipped to put telephone calls on the air. This was eventually accomplished, but for the first hour, MacNeil spoke to McGee over the telephone, during MacNeils report that the president had died, his comments were finally heard over the air, but McGee, unaware of the change, repeated them anyway. The veteran journalist remained on duty for 45 hours with little rest, in the early 1960s, he also served as a news reporter and host on the NBC Radio weekend show Monitor. He is most noted for his interview on that program with Martin Luther King, Jr. King calmly told McGee he had given serious thought to the possibility. McGee also was an anchor during NBCs coverage of the early U. S. manned space program. In 1967, McGee lived with members of the 101st Airborne Division in Vietnam for almost a month to report a well-received documentary, Same Mud, Same Blood, about black soldiers in Vietnam. McGee was perhaps best known in the middle and late 1960s for hosting The Frank McGee Report, the half-hour program generally gave more attention to one or more topics than a regular newscast, sometimes employing a full documentary format. In 1969, NBC began a traditional Saturday evening newscast, and in 1970, McGee, however, often anchored those weekend newscasts. For several months in 1970, McGee also anchored WNBC-TVs local 6 p. m. newscast. In 1970, after Huntleys retirement ended the Huntley-Brinkley Report, McGee became one of a platoon of three anchors on the newly renamed NBC Nightly News, along with Chancellor and David Brinkley
Frank McGee (journalist)
–
McGee at
Rockefeller Center in
New York on February 20, 1962 anchoring
NBC coverage of
John Glenn's Mercury launch
Frank McGee (journalist)
–
From left: Gene Shalit, Barbara Walters, and Frank McGee in The Today Show, 1973.
13.
Harry Reasoner
–
Harry Truman Reasoner was an American journalist for ABC and CBS News, known for his inventive use of language as a television commentator, and as a founder of the 60 Minutes program. Over the course of his career, Reasoner won three Emmy Awards and a George Foster Peabody Award in 1967. Reasoner was born at First Street North in Dakota City, Iowa, he and his sister, Esther, were the children of Eunice and Harry Ray Reasoner. Reasoner was taught to read by his parents before entering school, Reasoner attended West High School in Minneapolis. During his time at the school, Reasoner developed his interest in journalism, Reasoner graduated in January 1940, having missed the 1939 class graduation ceremony. Before graduating, Reasoner went on to journalism at Stanford University. He served in World War II and then resumed his career with The Minneapolis Times. His novel Tell Me About Women, about a marriage, was written partly during his war service and was first published in 1946. After going into radio with CBS in 1948, Reasoner worked for the United States Information Agency in the Philippines, when he returned to the US, he went into television and worked at station KEYD in Minneapolis. He ran for Minneapolis city council as a Republican in 1949, Reasoner took part in covering the John F. Kennedy assassination on Friday, November 22,1963. Walter Cronkite and Charles Collingwood had been switching back and forth to report on the incident for about four hours after Cronkite initially broke the news at 1,40 p. m. EST. Reasoner took over the chair after Collingwood tossed it to him at 5,49 p. m. C. Reasoner left the desk when Cronkite returned to anchor CBS Evening News at 6,35 p. m. EST. Reasoners next appearance came two days later, Sunday, and as Reasoner was at the desk, Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby while being moved in the Dallas City Jail. At that very moment, Roger Mudd was filing a report from Washington, at this point, CBS abruptly cut back to Reasoner at the newsroom anchor desk with breaking news. At the time CBS picked up KRLDs live feed of the city jail basement, Oswald was lying on the floor, KRLDs reporter on the scene, Bob Huffaker, was heard to say, Oswald has been shot, Oswald has been shot. Several minutes later, he reported that the Dallas Police had released Rubys name, in 1968, Reasoner teamed up with Mike Wallace to launch 60 Minutes, a new newsmagazine series. On 60 Minutes and elsewhere, he worked with producer and writer Andy Rooney
Harry Reasoner
–
Harry Reasoner, 1974
Harry Reasoner
–
Reasoner as an employee of the
United States Information Agency
Harry Reasoner
–
Reasoner and
Mike Wallace on the 60 Minutes premiere, 1968.
Harry Reasoner
–
Reasoner with fellow newsanchors
Barbara Walters and
Howard K. Smith in 1976
14.
Documentary
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
Documentary
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
Documentary
–
Frame from one of
Marinescu's science films (1899).
Documentary
–
Nanook of the North poster.
Documentary
–
In this shot from
Man with the Movie Camera,
Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot
15.
Investigation Discovery
–
As of February 2015, approximately 86,062,000 American households receive Investigation Discovery. The channel launched in 1996 under the name Discovery Civilization Network, The World History and it was one of four digital networks rolled out by Discovery Communications simultaneously in October 1996. Plans for the channel had surfaced in November 1994, when its name was Time Traveler. In April 2002, New York Times Television and Discovery Communications announced a joint venture to run the Discovery Civilization Channel, by then, it was available in 14 million households. The partnership aimed to complement the shows, with programming about current events. The previous name was described as is a little off-message by executives, in April 2006, The New York Times sold its stake in Discovery Times back to Discovery Communications, ending its ownership in the channel. Also in 2006, the networks on-air identity was re-branded by creative studio Trollbäck + Company, on January 27,2008, Discovery Times was renamed Investigation Discovery. In addition to the network, an Investigation Discovery website was also launched. Contributors to the website include crime writers David Lohr, Corey Mitchell, in 2016 Investigation Discovery Channel covered the murder of Malika Wiloughby on the Unraveled series co-starring actor and recording artist Tavion Tate Guice aka Tavion Millioune as Willie. The channels high definition simulcast is available on all major cable, most of IDs programs are original productions, but it also airs re-titled off-network reruns, including ABCs 20/20, CBS48 Hours, and NBCs Dateline. On June 7,2015, ID aired its first ever scripted mini-series, Serial Thriller, a third installment, Serial Thriller, The Headhunter, about serial killer Edmund Kemper, premiered on February 20,2016. Investigation Discovery Investigation Discovery Investigation Discovery USA Investigation Discovery UK Investigation Discovery Official website
Investigation Discovery
–
Investigation Discovery
16.
TV Guide
–
In 1948, he printed New York City area listings magazine The TeleVision Guide. Silent film star Gloria Swanson, who then starred of the variety series The Gloria Swanson Hour. Wagner later began publishing regional editions of The TeleVision Guide for New England, five years later, he sold the editions to Walter Annenberg, who folded it into his publishing and broadcasting company Triangle Publications, but remained as a consultant for the magazine until 1963. The national TV Guides first issue was released on April 3,1953. The inaugural cover featured a photograph of Lucille Balls newborn son Desi Arnaz, Jr. with a photo of Ball placed in the top corner under the issues headline. The magazine was published in digest size, which remained its printed format for 52 years. The launch as a magazine with local listings in April 1953 became an almost instant success, with TV Guide becoming the most read. The initial cost of issue was 15¢ per copy. In addition to subscriptions, TV Guide was sold at the counters of grocery stores nationwide. Until the 1980s, the pieces included in each issue were promoted in a television commercial. Over the decades, the shape of the TV Guide logo has changed to reflect the modernization of the television screen, at first, the logo had various colored backgrounds until the familiar red background became the standard in the 1960s with occasional changes used for special editions. The magazine was first based in an office in downtown Philadelphia, before moving to more spacious national headquarters in Radnor. The color section was sent to regional printers to be wrapped around the local listing sections. It was under Triangles ownership of WFIL-TV that Dick Clark and American Bandstand came to popularity, most listing entries in the log included program genres after the programs title, while its running time was listed in the synopses. Originally, the majority of programs listed in the log each issue featured brief synopses, except for local and national newscasts, in addition, black-and-white ads for programs scheduled to air on broadcast stations – and later, cable channels – during prime time were included within the listings. A regular feature of the section was Close-Up, which provided expanded reviews of select programs airing each day. The advent of television would become hard on TV Guide. Channels that were listed also differed, depending on the edition, as the years went on, more cable channels were added into the listings of each edition
TV Guide
–
TV Guide
17.
Russian Empire
–
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short-lived February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring powers, the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia. It played a role in 1812–14 in defeating Napoleons ambitions to control Europe. The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, with 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, there were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts, they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia. Economically, the empire had an agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs. The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways, the land was ruled by a nobility from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged and he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power, Catherine the Great presided over a golden age. She expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Greats policy of modernisation along West European lines, Tsar Alexander II promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and that connection by 1914 led to Russias entry into the First World War on the side of France, Britain, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. The Russian Empire functioned as a monarchy until the Revolution of 1905. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely as a result of failures in its participation in the First World War. Perhaps the latter was done to make Europe recognize Russia as more of a European country, Poland was divided in the 1790-1815 era, with much of the land and population going to Russia. Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia, Peter I the Great introduced autocracy in Russia and played a major role in introducing his country to the European state system. However, this vast land had a population of 14 million, grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West, compelling nearly the entire population to farm. Only a small percentage lived in towns, the class of kholops, close to the one of slavery, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter I converted household kholops into house serfs, thus including them in poll taxation
Russian Empire
–
Peter the Great officially renamed the Tsardom of Russia the Russian Empire in 1721, and himself its first emperor. He instituted the
sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power.
Russian Empire
–
Flag
Russian Empire
–
Empress
Catherine the Great, who reigned from 1762 to 1796, continued the empire's expansion and modernization. Considering herself an
enlightened absolutist, she played a key role in the
Russian Enlightenment.
Russian Empire
–
Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble (1771) is made of solid copper measuring 77 millimetres (3 3 ⁄ 100 in) (diameter), 26 millimetres (1 1 ⁄ 50 in) (thickness), and weighs 1.022 kg (2.25 lb). It is the largest copper coin ever issued.
18.
Latin Quarter (nightclub)
–
Latin Quarter is a nightclub in New York City. The club which opened in 1942 featured big name acts. In recent years it has been a focus of hip hop, reggaeton and its history is similar to that of its competitor the Copacabana. Its most famous sign was the neon Coca-Cola sign, prior to Walters, the building was home to the Palais Royale with the Moulin Rouge in the basement in the 1920s. Norman Bel Geddes had designed the interior, following this it was occupied by the Cotton Club after it left Harlem from 1936 to 1940. Walters opened branches of the nightclub in other cities and was to sell the Boston club to Michael Redstone, Walters left the business in the 1950s. Earl Wilson described the club under its new management in 1964 as more expensive than the Copacabana -, in 1969, during a strike by the chorus girls, the club was padlocked for not paying rent. From 1969 to 1978, the room was a 575-seat Cine Lido that initially started showing upscale soft pornography opening with the film Camille 2000. On July 25,1973, Cine Lido, along with 10 other New York art houses, was raided, Cine Lido closed in May 1978 and was replaced by the 22 Steps disco. In 1979, it opened as a Broadway theatre called 22 Steps with performances of Coquelico, My Old Friends, The Madwoman of Central Park West, from 1984 to 1985, it was renamed Latin Quarter and had performances of André DeShields Harlem Nocturne and Mayor. After 1985, it opened again as a nightclub of the same name, boogie Down Productions referenced the club in their 1987 song Super Ho. In 1987, three patrons were shot as they left the club after a performance by Roxanne Shante, later, the club was renamed the Penguin Club and became infamous for stabbings and fights. The building was torn down in 1989 and replaced by a 22-story Ramada Renaissance Hotel. 48th Street between Broadway and Seventh Avenue is now named Lou Walters Way, the club opened again in the Upper West Side, at 2551 Broadway at 96th Street. In 2003, Producer Ralph Mercado reopened the club at 511 Lexington, at 48th Street, although still known as the Latin Quarter, signage at the club referred to it as LQ. Burress pleaded guilty to charges and received a 2-year prison sentence, the recent events led to a Manhattan Community Board 6 recommendation not to renew the clubs liquor license. Lqny. com LQ on nocheLatina The History of the Latin Quarter-Hip Hops Legendary Nite Club
Latin Quarter (nightclub)
–
LQ in January 2009
19.
Ziegfeld Follies
–
The Ziegfeld Follies was a series of elaborate theatrical revue productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. They became a program in 1932 and 1936 as The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air. Inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris, the Ziegfeld Follies were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld, reportedly at the suggestion of his then-wife, the shows producers were turn-of-the-twentieth-century producing titans Klaw & Erlanger. The Follies were a series of revues, something between later Broadway shows and the more elaborate high class Vaudeville variety show. The first Follies was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre Jardin de Paris, during the Follies era, many of the top entertainers, including W. C. They usually wore elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon, the Tableau vivants were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the designer for the Follies shows starting in 1915. After Ziegfelds death his widow, Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the Follies. The name was used by other promoters in New York City, Philadelphia. Featuring numbers by Ray Bolger, Dennis Morgan, Virginia Bruce, and Harriet Hoctor, the MGM blockbusters show-stopper was the Irving Berlin-composed, A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody, which, by itself, cost more to produce than one of Ziegfelds entire stage shows. In 1941 MGM released Ziegfeld Girl, starring Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr, James Stewart, celebrated numbers from Ziegfeld Revues were recreated, including the famed Wedding Cake set which had been used for Metros earlier film, The Great Ziegfeld. According to modern sources, Turners character was modeled after Ziegfeld Girl Lillian Lorraine, Brice appeared in the Follies for more than ten years. The 1964 musical, Funny Girl, starring Barbra Streisand as Fanny Brice, the 1968 Columbia film of the musical also starred Barbra Streisand as Brice and Walter Pidgeon as Florenz Ziegfeld. Esthers Follies The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies Alfred Cheney Johnston The Passing Show Joseph Urban Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld on Musicals101. com Ziegfeld Follies at Internet Broadway Database
Ziegfeld Follies
–
Promotional artwork for 1912 Ziegfeld Follies
Ziegfeld Follies
–
Mlle. Dazie 1908
Ziegfeld Follies
–
New Amsterdam Theatre, New York
Ziegfeld Follies
–
This article is about the Ziegfeld Follies Broadway shows. For the film, see
Ziegfeld Follies (film).
20.
Tropicana Resort and Casino
–
Tropicana Las Vegas is a hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It is owned and operated by Penn National Gaming and is a franchise of Hiltons DoubleTree chain and it offers 1,467 rooms and a 50, 000-square-foot gaming floor. Tropicana Las Vegas also has 72,000 sq ft of convention and this location, Tropicana – Las Vegas Boulevard intersection, has the most hotel rooms of any intersection in the world and is extremely busy. Pedestrians are not allowed to cross at street level, in 1955, Ben Jaffe, an executive of the Fontainebleau Miami Beach, came to Las Vegas and bought a 40-acre parcel at the corner of Las Vegas Boulevard and Bond Road. Jaffe aimed to build the finest hotel in Las Vegas, featuring a Cuban ambience, with four room themes for guests to choose from, French Provincial, Far East, Italian Renaissance, and Drexel. Construction ran over schedule and over budget, due in part to competition for labor with the under-construction Stardust down the road, Jaffe had to sell his interest in the Fontainebleau to complete the project, which finally opened in April 1957. Jaffe first leased the property to his associate, Phil Kastel, Jaffe next turned to J. Kell Housells, owner of the Las Vegas Club. By 1959, Housells bought out Jaffes interest, gaining a majority share in the Tropicana, in the 1960s, the Tropicana fared poorly from competition with larger hotels like Caesars Palace and the Las Vegas Hilton. Houssels sold out in 1968 to Trans-Texas Airways, deil Gustafson took control in 1971, but sold a 51% share to chemical heiress Mitzi Stauffer Briggs in 1975. Briggs began construction of the 22-floor Tiffany Tower in 1977, a skimming operation by Kansas City organized crime members was discovered, and the owners were forced to sell out. Ramada Inns, Inc. bought the Tropicana in December 1979, a 21-story Island Tower was constructed in 1986. Ramada spun off its properties, including the Tropicana, in 1989 as Aztar Corporation. Aztar was acquired by Columbia Sussex in January 2007, but Columbias gaming businesses went into bankruptcy in May 2008. The remainder of Columbia Sussexs gaming arm, reorganized under new ownership as Tropicana Entertainment Inc. promptly sued the Las Vegas property, in August 2015, Penn National Gaming purchased the Tropicana for $360 million. In December 2016, as part of Penns Interactive Division, Tropicana created an online experience for customers to play, a scene from Folies Bergere is featured in the 1964 Elvis Presley film Viva Las Vegas. In the 7th James Bond film, Diamonds Are Forever,007 stays at the hotel Tropicana, the Las Vegas sequence of The Godfather was filmed in the Tropicana. The hotel is also referred briefly in The Godfather Part II, to avoid copyright issues, the name of the hotel was changed to Tropigala during filming, although the original name remained in the final draft of the script. The TV series Vega$ was also filmed at the Tropicana Hotel during the 1970s and it was featured on the TV Show Charlies Angels in the episode Angels In Vegas in 1978 with Dean Martin guest starring
Tropicana Resort and Casino
Tropicana Resort and Casino
–
Tropicana Las Vegas
Tropicana Resort and Casino
–
The leaded-glass ceiling of the Tropicana casino before the 2011 renovation.
Tropicana Resort and Casino
–
Las Vegas Strip
21.
Penthouse apartment
–
A penthouse apartment or a penthouse is an apartment on the highest floor of an apartment building or a hotel. It can also be located on the floor with a built in garage. Penthouses are typically differentiated from other apartments by luxury features, the term penthouse originally referred to, and sometimes still does refer to, a separate smaller house that was constructed on the roof of an apartment building. The idea of an apartment was born in the 1920s, called “The Roaring Twenties”, when economic growth brought a construction boom to New York City. The high demand for living in areas and the wealth of Americans led to luxury apartments on the top floor or floors of buildings. One of the earliest penthouse apartments in the city was publisher Conde Nast’s duplex penthouse at 1040 Park Avenue, connected by a staircase to the rooftop entertaining salons, the corner unit at the top floor was redesigned to be private family quarters. The whole unit was decorated in the French manner by Elsie de Wolfe, completed in 1925, Conde Nast’s duplex penthouse was used for many lavish parties, which were made famous as much by guest lists as by the entertainment. In architecture, the penthouse is used to refer to a structure on the roof of a building that is set back from the outer walls. These structures do not occupy the roof deck. High-rise buildings often have penthouse structures called mechanical penthouses that enclose mechanisms such as elevator equipment, when used as private outdoor terrace spaces, setbacks can allow for significantly larger and more protected spaces than cantilevered balconies. Due to the desirability of this space, buildings may be designed with such setbacks on more than one of its uppermost levels. Not all penthouses have such terraces, but they are a desired feature, one such space may be divided among several apartments, or one apartment may occupy an entire floor. A penthouse apartment/condominium may also provide occupants with private access to the space above the apartment, instead of, or in addition to. Penthouse apartments have not only the advantages of a regular apartment such as security and convenient location but also all those of a such as size. Similar to apartments, penthouses are usually located in the heart of busy cities yet offer a sense of being situated far away from or above noisy, such locations provide easy access to hotels, restaurants, malls, and schools. On the basis of their larger size, penthouses also generally overcome the issue of small space in regular apartments. Penthouses also differentiate themselves by luxurious amenities such as appliances, finest materials fitting, luxurious flooring system. Features not found in the majority of apartments in the building may include an entrance or elevator, or higher/vaulted ceilings
Penthouse apartment
–
Penthouse apartments at the top of a building in the
Alto de Santana region of
São Paulo
Penthouse apartment
–
Penthouse apartment at the top of a building on the
Upper West Side,
New York City.
Penthouse apartment
–
Trump Plaza Penthouse View Jersey City
Penthouse apartment
–
A Manhattan penthouse with swimming pool, as viewed from the
Empire State Building observation deck
22.
Central Park West
–
Eighth Avenue is a north-south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. While the avenue has different names at different points in Manhattan, north of Frederick Douglass Circle, it resumes its Eighth Avenue designation, but is also known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard. The avenue ends north of 155th Street, and merges into the Harlem River Drive, the New York City Subway IND Eighth Avenue Line runs under Eighth Avenue. MTA Regional Bus Operations primarily operates two bus routes on the avenue, the northbound M20 serves Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle, while the M10 serves the length of Eighth Avenue north of 59th Street in its entirety. The southernmost section is solely as Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle. This portion of Eighth Avenue has carried traffic one-way northbound since June 6,1954, in fact, New York Citys annual gay pride parade takes place along the Greenwich Village section of Eighth Avenue. As its name indicates, CPW forms the edge of Central Park. It also forms the boundary of the Upper West Side. It runs 51 blocks from Columbus Circle to Frederick Douglass Circle, Central Park Wests expensive housing rivals that of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side. Most of these housing cooperatives were built around 1930, replacing late 19th century hotels with the same names, some, including The Century, The San Remo, and The Majestic, are twin towers. Other landmarks and institutions along its length include the New-York Historical Society, the area from 61st to 97th Streets is included in the Central Park West Historic District. The building located at 55 Central Park West is the infamous Spook Central from the movie Ghostbusters, the famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located off of Central Park West, at 66th Street, within the grounds of Central Park. In 1899, while exiting a streetcar, Henry Bliss was run over by a taxi at CPW and West 74th Street, becoming the first person to be run down and killed by a motor car in the Americas. North of Frederick Douglass Circle at 110th Street in Harlem, it is Frederick Douglass Boulevard, Frederick Douglass Boulevard eventually terminates near the Harlem River at the Harlem River Drive around West 159th Street. While Central Park West has its own system, address numbers on Frederick Douglass Boulevard continue from where they would be if Central Park West used the Eighth Avenue numbering system. Formerly described as being like Detroit in its urban blight, it is now gentrified, especially in the restaurants along its route and this gentrification is partly due to massive city investment. The share of whites jumped to 12.4 percent from 2.3 percent, median household income rose 28 percent, to $34,694. Notes New York Songlines, Eighth Avenue, a walking tour
Central Park West
–
Facing north from 32nd Street
Central Park West
–
The
Hearst Tower at West 57th Street and Eighth Avenue
Central Park West
–
The
American Museum of Natural History
Central Park West
–
Housing cooperatives on CPW.
The San Remo on the right,
The Langham right from center,
The Dakota left from center, and
The Majestic on the far left.
23.
Ethical Culture Fieldston School
–
Ethical Culture Fieldston School, known as just Fieldston, is a private, highly selective independent school in New York City. The school is a member of the Ivy Preparatory School League, the school serves approximately 1700 students and 325 faculty and staff. Jessica L. Bagby has been the Head of School since June 2016, the school consists of four divisions, Ethical Culture, Fieldston Lower, Fieldston Middle, and Fieldston Upper. Ethical Culture, located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, the two lower schools feed into Fieldston Middle and Fieldston Upper —also located on the Fieldston campus in Riverdale. Ethical Culture is headed by Rob Cousins, Fieldston Lower is headed by George Burns, Fieldston Middle is headed by Chia Chee-Chiu, tuition and fees for ECFS were $43,265 for the 2014–15 school year. The school opened in 1878 as a kindergarten, founded by Felix Adler at the age of 24. In 1880, elementary grades were added, and the school was called the Workingmans School. At that time, the idea that the children of the poor should be educated was innovative, the economic diversity which was important then is threatened by an annual tuition that exceeded $43,000 in 2016. To help continue the original mission, Fieldston awards over $13 million in financial aid to 22% of the student body. The school moved into its landmark Manhattan building at 33 Central Park West in 1904, in 2007, a new middle school was opened on the same Riverdale campus, for the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Ethical Culture was said to pursue social justice, racial equality, the school and the affiliated Ethical Culture Society were havens for secular Jews who rejected the mysticism and rituals of Judaism, but accepted many of its ethical teachings. Ethical was the one that did not discriminate because of race. This tolerant spirit, and the founding philosophy overall, continues to draw families today although they might now be welcome anywhere, the school ended its formal ties with the Society in the 1990s, although retaining its name and striving to maintain the ethical tradition of its roots. One of the faculty members was the famous documentary photographer Lewis Hine. ECF is not the only Ethical Culture School in the New York City area, in 1922, an Ethical Culture School was founded in Brooklyn, near Prospect Park, by Julie Wurtzberger Neuman. However, this school is unrelated to the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, each year the number of students enrolled in the school system grows. In 2002, talk of expansion began, plans were out the following year. A new middle school as well as new gym facilities were planned, the design of the two new buildings as well as significant renovations to the dining hall and classrooms was done by the New York architecture firm Cooper, Robertson & Partners
Ethical Culture Fieldston School
–
Ethical Culture, 33 Central Park West, New York, NY 10023
Ethical Culture Fieldston School
–
Fiat lux (Let there be light)
Ethical Culture Fieldston School
–
Felix Adler, circa 1913
Ethical Culture Fieldston School
–
Fieldston Middle
24.
Sarah Lawrence College
–
Sarah Lawrence College is a private liberal arts college in the United States. It is located in southern Westchester County, New York, in the city of Yonkers,15 miles north of Manhattan, the college is known for low student-to-faculty ratio, and highly individualized course of study. The school models its approach to education after the Oxford/Cambridge system of one-on-one student-faculty tutorials, Sarah Lawrence emphasizes scholarship, particularly in the humanities, performing arts, and writing, and places high value on independent study. Sarah Lawrence College is ranked 59th in the National Liberal Arts Colleges category in 2017 by U. S. News & World Report, Sarah Lawrence was also named the higher education institution with the best classroom experience in all of America by Princeton Review in 2013. Sarah Lawrence College was established by real-estate mogul William Van Duzer Lawrence on the grounds of his estate in Westchester County and was named in honor of his wife, the College was originally intended to provide instruction in the arts and humanities for women. In addition to founding Sarah Lawrence College, William Lawrence played a role in the development of the neighboring community of Bronxville. Harold Taylor, President of Sarah Lawrence College from 1945 to 1959, Taylor, elected president at age 30, maintained a friendship with educational philosopher John Dewey, and worked to employ the Dewey method at Sarah Lawrence. Sarah Lawrence became an institution in 1968. Prior to this transition, there were discussions about relocating the school and merging with Princeton University, at the undergraduate level, Sarah Lawrence offers an alternative to traditional majors. Students pursue a variety of courses in four different curricular distributions, the Creative Arts, history and the social sciences, the humanities. Classes are structured around a system through which students learn in small, highly interactive seminars. Each student is assigned to a faculty advisor, known as a don, to plan a course of study and provide ongoing academic guidance. Most courses, apart from those in the arts, consist of two parts, the seminar, limited to 15 students, and the conference, a meeting with a seminar professor. In these conferences, students develop projects that extend the course material. Sarah Lawrence has no required courses and traditional examinations have largely replaced with research papers. Additionally, grades are recorded only for transcript purposes—narrative evaluations are given in lieu of grades, the College sponsors international programs in Florence, at Wadham College, Oxford, at Reid Hall in Paris, and at the British American Drama Academy in London. Sarah Lawrence is one of the only American colleges operating an international program in Cuba, Sarah Lawrence offers a program for people wishing to seek a B. A. or a Masters and have been out of school for any period of time. Eugene Lang College Exchange Program, In 1996 the college began its program with Eugene Lang College
Sarah Lawrence College
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Sarah Lawrence College
Sarah Lawrence College
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William Van Duzer Lawrence
Sarah Lawrence College
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Sarah Lawrence
Sarah Lawrence College
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Westlands House
25.
WNBC
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WNBC is the East Coast and main flagship station of the NBC Television Network, located in New York City. WNBCs studios are co-located with NBCs corporate headquarters at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown, Manhattan, WNBC also currently rents space on the 90th floor of One World Trade Center. The station is the oldest fully–licensed television station in operation in the United States. It is also carried on cable providers in markets where an NBC affiliate is not available, on LiveTV. DirecTV also allows subscribers in the Los Angeles market to receive WNBC for a monthly fee. What is now WNBC traces its history to experimental station W2XBS, founded by the Radio Corporation of America, in 1928, GE was the parent company of both RCA and NBC, and technical research was done at the Schenectady plant. The station originally broadcast on the frequencies of 2.0 to 2.1 megahertz. In 1929, W2XBS upgraded its transmitter and broadcast facilities to handle transmissions of sixty vertical lines at twenty frames per second, on the frequencies of 2.75 to 2.85 megahertz. In 1928, Felix the Cat was one of the first images ever broadcast by television when RCA chose a papier-mâché Felix doll for an experimental broadcast on W2XBS. The doll remained on the turntable for nearly a decade as RCA fine-tuned the pictures definition, in 1935, the all-electronic CRT system was authorized as a field test project and NBC converted a radio studio in the RCA Building in New York Citys Rockefeller Center for television use. The viewing room often hosted visiting organizations or corporate guests, who saw a live program produced in the many floors below. Viewership of early NBC broadcasts was tightly restricted to those authorized by the company, technical standards for television broadcasting were in flux as well. The sound signal also was changed from AM to FM, in response, NBC ceased all TV broadcasting for several weeks until RCA sets went on sale and regular NBC telecasts commenced the day the fair opened. But in August 1940, W2XBS transmissions were temporarily put on hold, as Channel 1 was reassigned by the FCC to 50-56 MHz and technical adjustments needed to be made for the conversion. The NBC and CBS stations were licensed and instructed to sign on simultaneously on July 1 so that neither of the major broadcast companies could claim exclusively to be first. However, WCBW did not manage to sign on the air until 2,30 p. m. one full hour after WNBT, WNBT originally broadcast on channel 1. On its first day on the air, WNBT broadcast the worlds first official television advertisement before a game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00, displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time
WNBC
–
Schedule for the first day of commercial broadcasting for WNBT (now WNBC) July 1, 1941.
WNBC
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WNBC
WNBC
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The
Felix the Cat doll used by NBC in early television experiments.
WNBC
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Eddie Albert and Grace Brandt apply makeup for the first television broadcast of a play (November 1936).
26.
CBS
–
CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
CBS
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Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.
CBS
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Wholesome
Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth
CBS
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When
Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.
CBS
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CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.
27.
Gene Shalit
–
Eugene Gene Shalit is an American film and book critic. He filled those roles on NBCs The Today Show from January 15,1973, after starting part-time in 1970 and he is known for his frequent use of puns, his oversized moustache, and for wearing colorful bowties. From 1970 to 1982 he had an essay on NBC Radio Man About Anything. In 1987, he published Laughing Matters, A Treasury of American Humor, Shalits children include the artist and entrepreneur Willa Shalit. According to his official MSNBC bio, Shalit was born in a New York on March 25,1926, in 1932 he accompanied his family when they moved to Morristown, New Jersey. In Morristown High School he wrote the school paper’s humor column, born of Jewish parents, Shalit attended Morristown High School, where he wrote a humor column for the school newspaper. Gene Shalit wrote for The Daily Illini for six years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Shalit, according to a New York Times Magazine interview of Dick Clark, was Clarks press agent in the early 1960s. Shalit reportedly stopped representing Clark during a Congressional investigation of payola, Clark never spoke to Shalit again, and referred to him as a jellyfish, an informal term for a person without strong resolve or stamina. In 1986, Shalit hosted a collection from MCA Home Video. Four images of Shalit appeared in a filmstrip on the front of the box with his reviews on the back, titles included, Touch of Evil, Destry Rides Again, Double Indemnity and The Ipcress File. Shalit announced that he would leave The Today Show after 40 years, of his decision, he was quoted as saying, Its enough already. His gay son, Peter Shalit, wrote a letter to GLAAD defending his father, Shalit guest-starred as the voice, and was portrayed in the form, of a fish food critic named Gene Scallop in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode The Krusty Sponge. Shalit told Entertainment Tonight that he enjoys the show and was amused seeing the episode and he has been parodied in several episodes of Family Guy in cutaway gags. In Brian Sings and Swings, Shalit mugs Peter in a cutaway and makes threats using several movie title puns, in The Book of Joe, Peter haunts Shalit and his fictional wife Joanne by pretending to be the ghost of Roger Ebert. In Big Man on Hippocampus, Peter reads aloud a review that was written by Shalit. Shalit also voiced his own likeness in three episodes of the animated series The Critic, Shalit was featured on Sesame Street in the 1970s. A Muppet character based on him appeared in The Muppet Show, Sex, Shalit was occasionally portrayed on Saturday Night Live by Horatio Sanz in sketches and Weekend Update sequences. Shalit was referenced on the TV show The Nanny, episode 2X10 The Whine Cellar, Gene Shalit at the Internet Movie Database Biography on MSNBC
Gene Shalit
–
Shalit on Today, 1973
28.
Tex McCrary
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Born in Calvert, Texas, McCrary graduated from the Phillips Exeter Academy in 1928 and from Yale University in 1932, where he served as chairman of campus humor magazine The Yale Record. He was a member of both Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and Skull and Bones, where his nickname was Sancho Panza. McCrary was interviewed by newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane while McCrary was editor of the Yale Record, Brisbane hired McCrary for the New York Daily Mirror after his graduation in 1932. In 1934, McCrary married Brisbanes daughter Sarah, during their honeymoon in the Bahamas, McCrary designed the format of the Daily Mirror tabloid, which he was to edit until he joined the US Army Air Corps in a PR capacity. He flew many sorties with the 8th Air Force until involvement in the invasion of Sicily. McCrary was then tasked with putting together a team of war correspondents to cover the Twentieth Air Force. The press corps toured Europe in the weeks after V-E Day in a custom B-17 fitted with high-powered shortwave radio equipment and they started with Paris and moved on to examine first-hand the destruction from the Allied bombing campaigns on Hamburg and Dresden. That September, they were among the first Americans to enter Hiroshima after the atomic bombing, over the following few months the group toured Asia, making stops in China, French Indochina, Thailand, Burma, the Malay States, and Java. A staunch Republican, McCrary played a role in convincing Dwight Eisenhower to run for the U. S. presidency in 1952. According to Richard Klugers The Paper, McCrary was responsible for John Hay Whitneys purchase of the former The New York Herald Tribune and he died in New York City. Charles J. Kelly, Tex McCrary, Wars, Women, Politics, An Adventurous Life Across the Twentieth Century Tex McCrary at the Internet Movie Database Tex McCrary at Find a Grave
Tex McCrary
–
Tex & Jinx
29.
Redbook
–
Redbook is an American womens magazine published by the Hearst Corporation. It is one of the Seven Sisters, a group of womens service magazines, the magazine was first published in May 1903 as The Red Book Illustrated by Stumer, Rosenthal and Eckstein, a firm of Chicago retail merchants. The name was changed to The Red Book Magazine shortly thereafter and its first editor, from 1903 to 1906, was Trumbull White, who wrote that the name was appropriate because, Red is the color of cheerfulness, of brightness, of gayety. In its early years, the published short fiction by well-known authors, including many women writers, along with photographs of popular actresses. Within two years the magazine was a success, climbing to a circulation of 300,000. When White left to edit Appletons Magazine, he was replaced by Karl Edwin Harriman, under Harriman the magazine was promoted as the largest illustrated fiction magazine in the world and increased its price from 10 cents to 15 cents. According to Endres and Lueck, Red Book was trying to convey the message that it offered something for everyone, there was short fiction by talented writers such as Jack London, Sinclair Lewis, Edith Wharton and Hamlin Garland. Stories were about love, crime, mystery, politics, animals, adventure, Harriman was succeeded by Ray Long. When Long went on to edit Hearsts Cosmopolitan in January 1918, Harriman returned as editor, during this period the cover price was raised to 25 cents. He published stories by writers as Booth Tarkington and F. Dashiell Hammetts The Thin Man was published in Redbook. Balmer made it a general-interest magazine for men and women. On May 26,1932, the publisher launched its own series, Redbook Magazine Radio Dramas. Stories were selected by Balmer, who served as the programs host. Circulation hit a million in 1937, and success continued until the late 1940s, when the rise of television began to drain readers, in 1948 it lost $400,000, and the next year Balmer was replaced by Wade Hampton Nichols, who had edited various movie magazines. Phillips Wyman took over as publisher, Nichols decided to concentrate on young adults between 18 and 34 and turned the magazine around. By 1950 circulation reached two million, and the year the cover price was raised to 35 cents. It published articles on racial prejudice, the dangers of weapons. In 1954, Redbook received the Benjamin Franklin Award for public service, the next year, as the magazine was beginning to steer towards a female audience, Wyman died, and in 1958 Nichols left to edit Good Housekeeping
Redbook
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Redbook in 1913
Redbook
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Cover of the February 2015 edition featuring
Kaley Cuoco
30.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
NBC
–
The
Comcast Building in
New York City (or the GE Building, originally the
RCA Building) serves as the headquarters of NBC.
NBC
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National Broadcasting Company
NBC
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Radio City West was located at
Sunset Boulevard and
Vine Street in Los Angeles until it was replaced by a bank in the mid-1960s.
NBC
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Entrance at the GE Building.
31.
Today (NBC program)
–
Today, also called The Today Show, is an American news and talk morning television show that airs on NBC. The program debuted on January 14,1952 and it was the first of its genre on American television and in the world, and is the fifth-longest-running American television series. Originally a two-hour program on weekdays, it expanded to Sundays in 1987, the weekday broadcast expanded to three hours in 2000, and to four hours in 2007. Todays dominance was virtually unchallenged by the other networks until the late 1980s, Today has maintained its No.2 status since the summer of 2012 each year behind GMA. In 2002, Today was ranked No.17 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the shows first broadcast aired on January 14,1952. It was the brainchild of Sylvester B, Pat Weaver, Jr. who was then vice president of NBC. Weaver was president of the company from 1953 to 1955, during which time Todays late-night companion The Tonight Show premiered, in pre-production, the shows proposed title was The Rise and Shine Revue. Today was the first program of its genre when it premiered with original host Dave Garroway, the program blended national news headlines, interviews with newsmakers, lifestyle features, other light news and gimmicks, and local news updates from the networks stations. It has spawned several other shows of a type, including ABCs Good Morning America. In other countries, the format was copied – most notably in the United Kingdom with the BBCs Breakfast Time and TV-ams Good Morning Britain, and in Canada with Canada AM on CTV. When Today debuted, it was seen only in the Eastern and Central time zones. Since 1958, Today has been tape-delayed for the five other U. S. time zones, partly to accommodate host Dave Garroways declining health, the program ceased live broadcasts in the summer of 1958, opting instead to broadcast an edition taped the previous afternoon. The experiment, which drew criticism from many sides, ended when John Chancellor replaced Garroway in July 1961, a fourth hour was eventually added on September 10,2007. NBC stations in some markets air the third and fourth hours of Today on tape delay, WHDH in Boston, Massachusetts was an NBC station that would follow this practice to accommodate an hour of local news at 9,00 am. On January 1,2017, the NBC affiliation in Boston moved to a new owned-and-operated station, WBTS, which airs the third and fourth hours of Today at its regular 9,00 am and 10,00 am timeslots. Generally, the program live in the Eastern Time Zone. When breaking news stories warrant, Today will broadcast a live West Coast edition, the live updates typically do not last longer than the 7,00 a. m. hour and once completed, will return to the taped East Coast feed. When the anchors welcome the viewers to the show, they note the current time as being Pacific Time
Today (NBC program)
–
Dave Garroway, the program's first host, on the air
Today (NBC program)
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Today
Today (NBC program)
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Mascot J. Fred Muggs and companion with Garroway, 1954
Today (NBC program)
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The set in January 1952
32.
Feminism
–
Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal, to define and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish opportunities for women in education. Feminists have also worked to promote autonomy and integrity, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment. Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints, some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism. Charles Fourier, a Utopian Socialist and French philosopher, is credited with having coined the word féminisme in 1837, depending on the historical moment, culture and country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feminist historians assert that all working to obtain womens rights should be considered feminist movements. Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern feminist movement and those historians use the label protofeminist to describe earlier movements. The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three waves, each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The first wave comprised womens suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the womens liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women, the third wave is a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s. First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the 19th century, in the UK and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. This was followed by Australia granting female suffrage in 1902, in 1928 this was extended to all women over 21. In the U. S. notable leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing womens right to vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, in the United States, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote in all states. During the late Qing period and reform movements such as the Hundred Days Reform, Chinese feminists called for womens liberation from traditional roles, later, the Chinese Communist Party created projects aimed at integrating women into the workforce, and claimed that the revolution had successfully achieved womens liberation. According to Nawar al-Hassan Golley, Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab nationalism, in 1899, Qasim Amin, considered the father of Arab feminism, wrote The Liberation of Women, which argued for legal and social reforms for women. He drew links between womens position in Egyptian society and nationalism, leading to the development of Cairo University, in 1923 Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian Feminist Union, became its president and a symbol of the Arab womens rights movement
Feminism
–
International Women's Day rally in
Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 8 March 2005, organized by the National Women Workers Trade Union Centre
Feminism
–
Feminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, 6 May 1912
Feminism
–
After selling her home,
Emmeline Pankhurst, pictured in New York City in 1913, travelled constantly, giving speeches throughout Britain and the United States.
Feminism
–
Louise Weiss along with other Parisian
suffragettes in 1935. The newspaper headline reads "The Frenchwoman Must Vote."
33.
Florence Henderson
–
Florence Agnes Henderson was an American actress and singer with a career spanning six decades. She is best remembered for her role as matriarch Carol Brady on the ABC sitcom The Brady Bunch from 1969 to 1974. Henderson also appeared in film, as well as on stage and she appeared as a guest on many scripted and unscripted television programs and as a panelist on numerous game shows. She was a contestant on Dancing with the Stars in 2010, Henderson, the youngest of 10 children, was born on Valentines Day,1934, in Dale, Indiana, a small town in the southwestern part of the state. She was a daughter of Elizabeth, a homemaker, and Joseph Henderson, during the Great Depression, she was taught to sing at the age of two by her mother, who had a repertoire of 50 songs. By the time she was eight, her family called her Florency, Henderson graduated from St. Francis Academy in Owensboro, Kentucky, in 1951, and shortly thereafter, went to New York City, enrolling in the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She was an Alumna Initiate of the Alpha Chi chapter of Delta Zeta sorority, Henderson started her career on the stage performing in musicals, such as the touring production of Oklahoma. And South Pacific at Lincoln Center and she debuted on Broadway in the musical Wish You Were Here in 1952, and later starred on Broadway in the long-running 1954 musical, Fanny in which she originated the title role. Henderson appeared with Gordon MacRae in the Oklahoma, segment of the 90-minute television special, General Foods 25th Anniversary Show, A Salute to Rodgers and Hammerstein. She later appeared in The Abbe and the Nymph, an episode of the 1950s TV series I Spy and she also portrayed Meg March in a CBS-TV musical adaptation of Little Women, which aired October 16,1958. Henderson appeared in two episodes of The United States Steel Hour and she portrayed Mary Jane in an episodic adaptation of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which aired on November 20,1957. She also appeared in A Family Alliance, an adaptation of a short story from A Harvest of Stories by Dorothy Canfield Fisher. Henderson, along with Bill Hayes, appeared in the Oldsmobile commercials from 1958 through 1961 on The Patti Page Show for which Oldsmobile was the sponsor, Hayes and she also made a musical performance in the January 13,1960, broadcast of Tonight Starring Jack Paar. Henderson also appeared on Broadway in The Girl Who Came to Supper and she also joined the ranks of what was then called The Today Girl on NBCs long-running morning show, doing weather and light news, a position also once held by Barbara Walters. She made later musical performances in Paars subsequent talk show in 1963, including the January 25 and she performed in the May 19,1963, broadcast of The Voice of Firestone, alongside baritone Mario Sereni. She also released her albums under RCA Victor as part of her music career and her most widely recognized role was as Carol Brady in The Brady Bunch which aired on ABC from 1969 until 1974. Primarily owing to her role on The Brady Bunch, Henderson was ranked by TV Land, an avid game-show fan, Henderson was a frequent panelist on the original version of Hollywood Squares and made occasional appearances on The $25,000 Pyramid. Henderson was the spokeswoman for Wesson cooking oil from 1974 to 1996, during that time, she hosted a cooking show on TNN, Country Kitchen, and did ads for Pranges, a former Wisconsin department store chain
Florence Henderson
–
Henderson at the 1989 Emmy Awards
Florence Henderson
–
Henderson's handprints in front of
Hollywood Hills Amphitheater at
Walt Disney World 's
Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park
Florence Henderson
–
Florence Henderson at the
2015 Indianapolis 500 Festival
34.
Estelle Parsons
–
Estelle Margaret Parsons is an American actress, singer and stage director. After studying law, Parsons became a singer before deciding to pursue a career in acting and she worked for the television program Today and made her stage debut in 1961. During the 1960s, Parsons established her career on Broadway before progressing to film and she received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde, and was also nominated for her work in Rachel, Rachel. She worked extensively in film and theatre during the 1970s and later directed several Broadway productions, more recently her television work included playing Beverly Harris, mother of the eponymous title character, on the sitcom Roseanne. She has been nominated five times for the Tony Award, in 2004, Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Parsons was born in Lynn Hospital, Lynn, Massachusetts and her mother, Elinor Ingeborg, was a native of Sweden, and her father, Eben Parsons, was of English descent. She attended Oak Grove School for Girls in Maine, after graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, Parsons initially studied law at Boston University, and then worked as a singer with a band before settling on an acting career in the early 1950s. Moving to New York City, Parsons worked as a writer, producer and she made her Broadway debut in 1956 in the ensemble of the Ethel Merman musical Happy Hunting. She began performing Off-Broadway in 1961, and received a Theatre World Award in 1963 for her performance in Whisper into My Good Ear/Mrs. In 1964, Parsons won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance in two Off-Broadway plays, Next Time Ill Sing to You and In the Summer House. In 1967, she starred with Stacey Keach in the premiere of Joseph Hellers play We Bombed in New Haven at the Yale Repertory Theater. Parsons has received Tony Award nominations for her work in The Seven Descents of Myrtle, And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little, Miss Margaridas Way, in 1978 she played Lady MacBeth in the Kauai Community Players production. She also played Ruth in Gilbert & Sullivans The Pirates of Penzance on Broadway in 1981, from June 17,2008 through May 17,2009, she played the role of Violet Weston in August, Osage County. She continued playing the role during the national tour beginning July 24,2009. As a director, Parsons has a number of Broadway credits, including a production of Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Off-Broadway, she directed Dario Fos Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo. She also served as the Artistic Director of the Actors Studio for five years, in 2016, she starred in Israel Horovitzs new play Out Of The Mouths Of Babes along with Judith Ivey directed by Barnet Kellman at The Cherry Lane Theater in New York City. In 2004, Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame and her film career includes an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde, and a nomination for Rachel, Rachel. She received a BAFTA Award nomination for her role in Watermelon Man, on television, Parsons played the recurring role of Beverly, on Roseanne
Estelle Parsons
–
Parsons in a
Love, American Style episode in 1973.
35.
Lee Meriwether
–
Lee Ann Meriwether is an American actress, former model, and the winner of the 1955 Miss America pageant. She is perhaps best known for her role as Betty Jones, Buddy Ebsens secretary, the role earned her two Golden Globe Award nominations in 1975 and 1976, and an Emmy Award nomination in 1977. Meriwether had a role as Ruth Martin on the daytime soap opera All My Children until the end of the series in September 2011. Meriwether was born in Los Angeles, California to Claudius Gregg Meriwether and she has one brother, Don Brett Meriwether. She grew up in San Francisco after the family moved there from Phoenix and she attended George Washington High School, where one of her classmates was Johnny Mathis. She later attended City College of San Francisco, where one of her classmates was fellow actor Bill Bixby, after winning Miss San Francisco, Meriwether won Miss California 1954, then crowned Miss America in 1955 with her recital of a John Millington Synge monologue. Following her reign as Miss America, she joined the Today show, an August 1,1956 international news wirephoto of Meriwether and Joe DiMaggio announced their engagement. According to DiMaggio biographer Richard Ben Cramer, however, it was a rumor started by Walter Winchell, Meriwether was a Today Girl on NBCs The Today Show in 1955-1956. Her feature film came in 1959 as Linda Davis in 4D Man. She appears in The Phil Silvers Show episode, Cyrano de Bilko, in 1961, Meriwether guest starred once as Gloria in the episode Buddy and the Amazon on her first husbands one-season CBS sitcom, Bringing Up Buddy. She also appeared in Leave It To Beaver episode Community Chest in season four, in 1962, she was cast as Martha Elweiss in the episode My Child Is Yet a Stranger on the CBS anthology series, The Lloyd Bridges Show. She played Nurse Dickens in a 1962 episode of the ABC sitcom, Im Dickens, from 1963 to 1965, she was cast in different roles in eight episodes of the NBC medical drama, Dr. Kildare. In 1964, she played the character Jeanelle in This Is Going to Hurt Me More Than It Hurts You on the CBS adventure series, in 1965 she appeared in an episode on The Jack Benny Program as The Secretary. In a 1965 episode of 12 OClock High, Mutiny at Ten Thousand Feet, she played Lieutenant Amy Patterson, and in The Idolator, guest star in Twelve O Clock high episode Season 2 Big Brother. Meriwether appeared as Dr. Egert on the NBC series, Man from U. N. C. L. E. and in an episode of Hazel she played Miss Wilson and she also co-starred as scientist Dr. Ann MacGregor in the 1966–1967 television series The Time Tunnel. In films, she joined John Wayne and Rock Hudson for The Undefeated, in the same year as those two films, she played IMF spy Tracey in six Mission, Impossible episodes during season four after Barbara Bains departure. Meriwether began her best-known, award-nominated role as secretary and daughter-in-law Betty Jones in the 1973–1980 CBS series Barnaby Jones, during the shows eight-year run she enjoyed an on- and off-screen chemistry with the elder Ebsen. During the shows run, she was reunited with her former classmate, after her stint on Barnaby Jones, Meriwether became best friends with Ebsen, keeping in touch for many years until his death on July 6,2003
Lee Meriwether
–
Lee Meriwether at Chiller Theatre convention in 2005
Lee Meriwether
–
Lee Meriwether acted as Catwoman in the film (pictured) Batman, replacing
Julie Newmar, the usual actress for Catwoman in the television series.
Lee Meriwether
–
Publicity photo with
Andy Griffith and Lee Meriwether, as wife Lee, for
The New Andy Griffith Show (1971). The series was short-lived.
36.
Frank McGee (journalism)
–
Frank McGee was an American television journalist, best known for his work with NBC from the late 1950s into the early 1970s. Born in Monroe in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, and raised in Norman, Oklahoma and he joined the Oklahoma National Guard in 1940, and served in the U. S. Army in World War II, then attended the University of California and the University of Oklahoma. He began his broadcast news career at KGFF in Shawnee, Oklahoma, in 1955, the owners of WKY purchased WSFA-TV in Montgomery, Alabama, and sent McGee there as news director. WSFA was an affiliate of NBC, as the Civil Rights Movement gained national coverage, McGees work came to the notice of NBC, which offered him a position with the network. He went on to one of televisions most prominent newsmen. In 1960, he narrated the second debate between presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon on October 7 in Washington, D. C. At that time, the debates were considered by the media to have swung the election in favor of Kennedy among voters who watched them on television. For those who listened on radio, the influence was mixed, McGee had a great talent for descriptive language, often giving viewers a vivid word picture of the days events. When NBC News colleague Chet Huntley broke the news of the assassination of President Kennedy, McGee appeared in the studio with Huntley, correspondent Robert MacNeil reported by telephone from Dallas, but the flash studio in New York was not equipped to put telephone calls on the air. This was eventually accomplished, but for the first hour, MacNeil spoke to McGee over the telephone, during MacNeils report that the president had died, his comments were finally heard over the air, but McGee, unaware of the change, repeated them anyway. The veteran journalist remained on duty for 45 hours with little rest, in the early 1960s, he also served as a news reporter and host on the NBC Radio weekend show Monitor. He is most noted for his interview on that program with Martin Luther King, Jr. King calmly told McGee he had given serious thought to the possibility. McGee also was an anchor during NBCs coverage of the early U. S. manned space program. In 1967, McGee lived with members of the 101st Airborne Division in Vietnam for almost a month to report a well-received documentary, Same Mud, Same Blood, about black soldiers in Vietnam. McGee was perhaps best known in the middle and late 1960s for hosting The Frank McGee Report, the half-hour program generally gave more attention to one or more topics than a regular newscast, sometimes employing a full documentary format. In 1969, NBC began a traditional Saturday evening newscast, and in 1970, McGee, however, often anchored those weekend newscasts. For several months in 1970, McGee also anchored WNBC-TVs local 6 p. m. newscast. In 1970, after Huntleys retirement ended the Huntley-Brinkley Report, McGee became one of a platoon of three anchors on the newly renamed NBC Nightly News, along with Chancellor and David Brinkley
Frank McGee (journalism)
–
McGee at
Rockefeller Center in
New York on February 20, 1962 anchoring
NBC coverage of
John Glenn's Mercury launch
Frank McGee (journalism)
–
From left: Gene Shalit, Barbara Walters, and Frank McGee in The Today Show, 1973.
37.
ABC Evening News
–
ABC World News Tonight is the flagship daily evening television news program of ABC News, the news division of the American Broadcasting Company television network in the United States. Since 2014, the weekday broadcasts have been anchored by David Muir. Cecilia Vega and Tom Llamas rotated as anchors of the Saturday editions, the program has been anchored at various times by a number of other presenters since its debut in 1953. It also has used various titles, including ABC Evening News from 1970 to 1978, World News Tonight from 1978 to 2006, World News from 2006 to 2009 and it is the second-most watched network newscast in the United States, trailing behind NBC Nightly News in the ratings. ABC began a nightly newscast in the summer of 1948, when H. R. Baukhage and this was succeeded by After The Deadlines in 1951 and All Star News in 1952. In the fall of 1953, John Charles Daly began anchoring the then-15-minute John Charles Daly, Daly, who had served as host of the CBS game show Whats My Line. Contemporaneously, anchored the newscast until 1960, with hosts and formats succeeding him. Anchors of the program during the early 1960s included Alex Dreier, John Secondari, Fendall Winston Yerxa, Al Mann, Bill Shadel, John Cameron Swayze, Bill Laurence, in 1962, Ron Cochran was appointed as full-time anchor, staying with the program until 1965. After Cochran left the program, Peter Jennings, a Canadian journalist who was 26 years old at the time, was named anchor of the retitled Peter Jennings with the News. In 1967, the inexperienced Jennings left the chair and was reassigned by the news division as an international correspondent for the news program. The newly renamed ABC News was hosted, in succession, by Bob Young, and then by Frank Reynolds, the program expanded from 15 to 30 minutes in January 1967, nearly 3½ years after both CBS and NBC had expanded their evening news programs to a half-hour. Harry Reasoner, formerly of CBS News and 60 Minutes, joined ABC News in 1970 to co-anchor the relaunched ABC Evening News with Smith, beginning that December, replacing Reynolds. Ratings for the news broadcast declined shortly thereafter, possibly due in part to the lack of chemistry between Reasoner and Walters. Reasoner would eventually return to CBS and 60 Minutes, while Walters became a regular on the newsmagazine 20/20, the practice continued until 1982, when real-time closed captioning was first introduced in the United States by the National Captioning Institute. Always the perennial third in the ratings, ABC News president Roone Arledge reformatted the program. Reynolds, who was demoted when the network hired Reasoner, returned as anchor, reporting from ABC News Washington. Max Robinson – who became the first African American network news anchor upon his appointment on the program – anchored national news from the news divisions Chicago bureau, Peter Jennings, who also returned for a second stint, reported international headlines from the divisions London bureau. The programs distinct and easily identifiable theme was written by Bob Israel, a rotation of anchors hosted the program until August 9,1983, when Jennings became the sole anchor and senior editor of World News Tonight
ABC Evening News
–
The title card for ABC World News Tonight with David Muir
ABC Evening News
–
Elizabeth Vargas and
Bob Woodruff,
co-anchors of World News Tonight.
ABC Evening News
–
Charles Gibson, anchor of World News with Charles Gibson.
38.
Howard K. Smith
–
Howard Kingsbury Smith was an American journalist, radio reporter, television anchorman, political commentator, and film actor. He was one of the original Edward R. Murrow boys, after his graduation in 1936, with both Bachelor of Arts degrees, he signed on as a deckhand with a ship bound for Germany, where he briefly studied at Heidelberg University. In 1936, he spent a year as a reporter in New Orleans before securing a Rhodes Scholarship to Merton College, Oxford, Smith became active in student politics, mostly protesting Prime Minister Neville Chamberlains seemingly soft attitude toward Nazism. While at Oxford, he was the first American ever to chair the Oxford University Labour Club, upon graduating, Smith worked for the New Orleans Item, with United Press in London, and with The New York Times. In January 1940, Smith was sent to Berlin, where he joined the Columbia Broadcasting System under Edward R. Murrow and he visited Hitlers mountain retreat at Berchtesgaden and interviewed many leading Nazis, including Hitler himself, Schutzstaffel or SS leader Heinrich Himmler and Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. When Smith refused to include Nazi propaganda in his reports, the Gestapo seized his notebooks and he left for Switzerland on December 6,1941, the day before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. He was one of the last American reporters to leave Berlin before Germany, Last Train from Berlin became an American best-seller and was reprinted in 2001, shortly before Smiths death. Unable to leave Switzerland, where he and his wife spent most of the war. After the liberation of France, he began reporting on Germany, Smith became a significant member of the Murrow Boys that made CBS the dominant broadcast news organization of the era. In May 1945, he returned to Berlin to recount the German surrender, in 1946, Smith went to London for CBS with the title of chief European correspondent. In 1947, he made a long broadcasting tour of most of the nations of Europe, in 1959, Smith hosted a 21-week public affairs series entitled Behind the News with Howard K. Smith. Broadcasts included a program on Nikita Khrushchev, the St. Lawrence Seaway, Fidel Castro in Cuba. In 1960, having established residence earlier in Bethesda, Maryland, Smith chaired the first-ever televised presidential debates, senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts and Vice President Richard M. Nixon. In late 1961, Smith left his job at CBS when a dispute erupted over a documentary called Who Speaks for Birmingham and this in-depth investigation concerned the battle between civil rights forces and the police of Birmingham, Alabama. Smith was told to remove the Burke quote from the end of the broadcast, Network president and founder William S. Paley declined to support Smith over the matter, and Smith promptly left the network after twenty years of service. Smith declared that his hatred of discrimination stemmed from living in the racially segregated American South, Smith moved to ABC at a time when that networks news division was a distant third among the Big Three networks. After the 1962 mid-term elections, Smith presented a documentary entitled, The Political Obituary of Richard Nixon as part of his Howard K. Smith, News and Comment television series. Smith referred to Nixons last press conference after his disastrous losing campaign against Democrat Edmund G. Pat Brown, in that exchange, the former vice president famously told reporters that they would not have Nixon to kick around any more
Howard K. Smith
–
Howard K. Smith (left) and William Lawrence, 1968.
Howard K. Smith
–
ABC News commentator Howard K. Smith with
Richard Nixon in 1971.
39.
Jimmy Carter
–
James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland
Jimmy Carter
–
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter
–
Carter and President
Gerald Ford debating at the
Walnut Street Theatre in
Philadelphia
Jimmy Carter
–
Robert Templeton's portrait of President Carter, displayed in the National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC
Jimmy Carter
–
Jimmy Carter and
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in formal dinner in the
Niavaran Palace in
Tehran,
Iran. December 31, 1978.
40.
Gerald Ford
–
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King
Gerald Ford
–
Ford in August 1974
Gerald Ford
–
Eagle Scout Gerald Ford (circled in red) in 1929;
Michigan Governor Fred W. Green at far left, holding hat
Gerald Ford
–
Ford as a center on the University of Michigan
football team, 1933
Gerald Ford
–
The Gunnery officers of the
USS Monterey. Ford is second from the right, in the front row.
41.
Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall
–
Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall is a multi-use building at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It contains the largest auditorium on the campus, containing two floors of seating, the building is home to art shows, musical acts, theatre, assemblies and guest speakers. In 1957, Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall opened its doors, PBK Hall was originally in a different building on campus but had burned down in a fire in 1953. The name comes from the Phi Beta Kappa Society, which was the first academic honor society created in the United States and it was founded at the College in 1776. Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall was the site of the third, the debate occurred on October 22 and was moderated by Barbara Walters. Panelists included journalist Joseph Kraft, Los Angeles Times reporter Jack Nelson, the College of William & Mary Overview of 1976 Presidential Debates
Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall
–
Present day Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall entrance at
The College of William & Mary.
42.
Williamsburg, Virginia
–
Williamsburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,068, in 2014, the population was estimated to be 14,691. Located on the Virginia Peninsula, Williamsburg is in the part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It is bordered by James City County and York County, Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation, a fortified settlement on high ground between the James and York rivers. The city served as the capital of the Colony of Virginia from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. S. Presidents as well as other important figures in the nations early history. The citys tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city, along with nearby Jamestown and Yorktown, Williamsburg forms part of the Historic Triangle, which attracts more than four million tourists each year. Modern Williamsburg is also a town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary students. Prior to the arrival of the English colonists at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia in 1607, by the 1630s, English settlements had grown to dominate the lower portion of the Virginia Peninsula, and the Powhatan tribes had abandoned their nearby villages. Jamestown was the capital of Virginia Colony, but was burned down during the events of Bacons Rebellion in 1676. The members of the House of Burgesses discovered that the location was both safer and more pleasant environmentally than Jamestown, which was humid and plagued with mosquitoes. A school of education had long been an aspiration of the colonists. An early attempt at Henricus failed after the Indian Massacre of 1622, the location at the outskirts of the developed part of the colony had left it more vulnerable to the attack. In the 1690s, the colonists tried again to establish a school and they commissioned Reverend James Blair, who spent several years in England lobbying, and finally obtained a royal charter for the desired new school. It was to be named the College of William & Mary in honor of the monarchs of the time, when Reverend Blair returned to Virginia, the new school was founded in a safe place, Middle Plantation in 1693. Classes began in temporary quarters in 1694, and the College Building, four years later, in 1698, the rebuilt Statehouse in Jamestown burned down again, this time accidentally. The government again relocated temporarily to Middle Plantation, and in addition to the better climate now also enjoyed use of the Colleges facilities. The College students made a presentation to the House of Burgesses, a village was laid out and Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III of England, befitting the towns newly elevated status
Williamsburg, Virginia
–
The Williamsburg's Governors Palace in 2000.
Williamsburg, Virginia
–
Capitol Building, from a silver gelatin photograph, c. 1934–1950
Williamsburg, Virginia
–
Williamsburg Transportation Center is an intermodal facility located in a restored
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway station located within walking distance of
Colonial Williamsburg 's Historic Area, the
College of William and Mary, and the downtown area.
Williamsburg, Virginia
–
Colonial Williamsburg
43.
1976 Presidential Election
–
The United States presidential election of 1976 was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2,1976. The winner was the relatively unknown Jimmy Carter, a former Governor from Georgia with his mate, Walter Mondale. Senator from Minnesota, the Democratic candidates, over the incumbent President Gerald Ford from Michigan and his mate, Bob Dole. Senator from Kansas, the Republican candidates, Ford was thus the only sitting President who had never been elected to national office. The race was so close that Ford was unable to secure the nomination until the Party Convention, Carter, who was less well known than other Democratic hopefuls, ran as a Washington outsider and reformer. He narrowly won the election, becoming the president to date ever elected from Georgia. It was an election as all four presidential and vice-presidential candidates would ultimately lose a presidential election. This would be the election in which the Democratic party would win in a 28 year period. Democratic candidates Jimmy Carter, former Governor of Georgia Morris Udall, representative from Arizona Jerry Brown, Governor of California George Wallace, Governor of Alabama Ellen McCormack, housewife from New York Frank Church, U. S. Senator from Idaho Henry M. Jackson, U. S, Senator from Washington Fred R. Harris, former U. S. Senator from Oklahoma Robert Byrd, U. S, Senator from West Virginia Milton Shapp, Governor of Pennsylvania Sargent Shriver, former U. S. Ambassador to France, from Maryland Birch Bayh, U. S. Senator from Indiana Lloyd Bentsen, U. S, Senator from Texas Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina Walter Fauntroy, U. S. The surprise winner of the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination was Jimmy Carter, Carter also took advantage of the record number of state primaries and caucuses in 1976 to eliminate his better-known rivals one-by-one. Senator Jackson made a decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary. Though Jackson went on to win the Massachusetts and New York primaries, Carter then defeated Governor Wallace, his main conservative challenger, by a wide margin in the North Carolina primary, thus forcing Wallace to end his campaign. Representative Udall, a liberal, then became Carters main challenger, however, the fact that Udall finished second to Carter in most of these races meant that Carter steadily accumulated more delegates for the nomination than he did. However, their campaigns started too late to prevent Carter from gathering the remaining delegates he needed to capture the nomination, by June 1976, Carter had captured more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot, Carter then chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a liberal and political protégé of Hubert Humphrey, as his running mate
1976 Presidential Election
–
All 538 electoral votes of the
Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
1976 Presidential Election
1976 Presidential Election
–
Governor George Wallace of
Alabama
1976 Presidential Election
–
Representative
Morris Udall from
Arizona
44.
Saint Anselm College
–
Saint Anselm College is a nationally ranked, Catholic, Benedictine, liberal arts college in Goffstown, New Hampshire, United States. Named for Saint Anselm of Canterbury, the continues to have a fully functioning and independent Benedictine abbey attached to it. As of 2015, its enrollment is approximately 2,000, according to the college, the student body is selected not only for their academic abilities but also for their personal character. The colleges academic curriculum requires several philosophy and theology courses, as well as the new Conversatio program, in 2015, Saint Anselm was recognized by Time magazine as one of the 50 Best Liberal Arts Colleges in the nation. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon each delivered important policy speeches there, the college has been home to several national presidential debates which have attracted extensive media attention. The Washington Post recently referred to Saint Anselm College as the Benedictine college with a box seat on Americas most riveting political theater, in 2013, Dr. Steven DiSalvo, the former president of Marian University was named the 10th president of Saint Anselm. DiSalvo replaced Father Jonathan DeFelice, O. S. B. after 24 years of service to the college, Father DeFelice was the longest serving college president in the state of New Hampshire. In 2015, Dr. DiSalvo announced that the Saint Anselm had applied to enter the exploratory phase of NCAA Division III membership for all athletic programs. The first bishop of Manchester, Denis Mary Bradley, invited the Benedictine monks of St. Marys Abbey in Newark, New Jersey, to form a college, the monks that came to Manchester from Saint Marys were primarily of German descent. The German monks accepted, and founded the third Catholic college in New England. ”This historic date marked the founding of Saint Anselm College, a six-year curriculum in philosophy and theology was developed. In 1892, as Alumni Hall neared completion, a fire destroyed the college on a winter night in February. The fire was most likely caused from an ember from the heating stoves gate as it was not closed properly, thankfully, no one was seriously hurt because of the fire. The monks were forced to rebuild the college, spending less money on the construction. To save money, many bricks were salvaged from the previous structure, in 1893, the current building that remains the center of campus was completed, the fire delayed the first academic semester by one year. The monks rebuilt the college, and on October 11,1893 the college was officially rededicated, to avoid the possibility of another fire, a power house, which today serves as the college print shop, was constructed separately from the building. Two years later, in 1895, the New Hampshire legislature granted Saint Anselm College the right to bestow standard academic degrees upon its graduates. In 1912, the tower and ivy were added to the building, in 1923. The second chapel serves today as the Alva deMars Megan Chapel Arts Center, the Abbey Shield was designed by Pierre de Chaignon la Rose of Harvard University
Saint Anselm College
–
Alumni Hall in 1892, before the fire
Saint Anselm College
–
Saint Anselm College
Saint Anselm College
–
Alumni Hall after the fire of 1892
Saint Anselm College
–
Alumni Hall - Present Day
45.
Goffstown, New Hampshire
–
Goffstown is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 17,651 at the 2010 census, Goffstown also includes the villages of Grasmere and Pinardville. The town is home to Saint Anselm College and the New Hampshire State Prison for Women, prior to the arrival of English colonists, the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of Native Americans, its waterways had numerous fish and the area had game. The town was first granted as Narragansett No.4 in 1734 by New Hampshire and it was one of seven townships intended for soldiers who had fought in the Narragansett War of 1675, also known as King Philips War. In 1735, however, some found it so poor and barren as to be altogether incapable of making settlements. The community would be called Piscataquog Village and Shovestown before being regranted by Masonian proprietor Governor Benning Wentworth in 1748 to new settlers and these included Rev. Thomas Parker of Dracut and Colonel John Goffe, for whom the town was named. He was for years a resident of Bedford, and the first judge of probate in the county of Hillsborough. Goffstown was incorporated June 16,1761, a large part of the town was originally covered with valuable timber. Lumbering and fishing were the occupations of the early settlers. The village of Grasmere was named for Grasmere, England, home of the poets William Wordsworth, a Congregational church was organized about October 30,1771, and the town made annual small appropriations for preaching. The majority of residents were Congregationalists, residents in the part were of Scots-Irish descent and were Presbyterian. A meeting-house was erected in 1768, but it was not completed for several years, the first minister was Rev. Joseph Currier, appointed in 1771, he was dismissed August 29,1774 for intemperance, according to the town records. In 1781, the Congregationalists and the Presbyterians organized separately, the former called Rev. Cornelius Waters, who became their pastor, the next minister was Rev. David L. Morril, who began March 3,1802. He was supported by both congregations under the name of the Congregational Presbyterian church, Morril was elected as a representative of the town to the state house, as a US Senator for the state, and in 1824, as governor of the state, serving until 1827. The Piscataquog River, which bisects the village of Goffstown and was spanned by a covered bridge. In 1817, Goffstown had 20 sawmills, seven grain mills and its textile industry was an example of the economic ties between New England and the American South, which was dependent on slave labor for production of its lucrative cotton commodity crop. The town was described in 1859 by the following, The surface is comparatively level, there are considerable tracts of valuable interval, as well as extensive plains, which are generally productive. Piscataquog river is the stream, which furnishes quite a number of valuable mill privileges
Goffstown, New Hampshire
–
Main Street in 1887
Goffstown, New Hampshire
–
Location in
Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Goffstown, New Hampshire
–
The Uncanoonuc Hotel in 1910
Goffstown, New Hampshire
–
Incline Railway c. 1914
46.
Betty Ford
–
Elizabeth Ann Betty Ford was First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977, as the wife of the 38th President of the United States, Gerald Ford. As First Lady, she was active in policy and created precedents as a politically active presidential wife. Ford was noted for raising breast cancer awareness following her 1974 mastectomy, in addition, she was a passionate supporter of, and activist for, the Equal Rights Amendment. She also raised awareness of addiction when in the 1970s, she announced her battle with alcoholism and substance abuse. Following her White House years, she continued to lobby for the ERA and she was the founder, and served as the first chair of the board of directors, of the Betty Ford Center for substance abuse and addiction. She was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom and she was born Elizabeth Ann Bloomer in 1918 in Chicago, Illinois, the third child and only daughter of Hortense and William Stephenson Bloomer, Sr. who was a traveling salesman for Royal Rubber Co. She was called Betty as a child, Hortense and William married on Nov 9,1904 in Chicago. Bettys two older brothers were Robert and William Jr, after the family lived briefly in Denver, Colorado, she grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where she graduated from Central High School. After the 1929 stock market crash, when Bloomer was aged 11, she began to earn money by modeling clothes and teaching children popular dances, such as the foxtrot, waltz, and big apple. She also entertained and worked with children with disabilities at the Mary Free Bed Home for Crippled Children and she studied dance at the Calla Travis Dance Studio, graduating in 1935. When Betty Bloomer was age 16, her father died of carbon monoxide poisoning in the garage while working under their car. He died the day before his 60th birthday, in 1936, after Bloomer graduated from high school, she proposed continuing her study of dance in New York City, but her mother refused. Instead, she attended the Bennington School of Dance in Bennington, Vermont and she joined Grahams auxiliary troupe and eventually performed with the company at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Her mother opposed her daughters choice of a career and insisted that she move home, but Bloomer resisted. They finally came to a compromise, Bloomer had to return home for six months, Bloomer became immersed in her life in Grand Rapids and did not return to New York. Her mother remarried, to family friend and neighbor Arthur Meigs Goodwin and she got a job as assistant to the fashion coordinator for Herpolsheimers, a local department store. She also organized her own group and taught dance at various sites in Grand Rapids. In 1942, Elizabeth Bloomer married William G. Warren, who worked for his father in insurance sales, William Warren began selling insurance for another company shortly after their marriage
Betty Ford
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Official
White House photograph, 1974
Betty Ford
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Betty Bloomer at age 18, 1936
Betty Ford
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Gerald and Betty Ford on their wedding day, 1948
Betty Ford
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Betty Ford (third from left) and her family in the White House in 1974.
47.
Anwar Al Sadat
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Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989, the peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination. Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu El Kom, Monufia, Egypt to a poor Nubian family, one of his brothers, Atef Sadat, later became a pilot and was killed in action during the October War of 1973. His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat was an Upper Egyptian, thus, they said his mother did not look Egyptian enough and some called him Nassers black poodle. He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo in 1938 and was appointed to the Signal Corps and he entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to Sudan. During the Second World War he was imprisoned by the British for his efforts to help from the Axis Powers in expelling the occupying British forces. Along with his fellow Free Officers, Sadat participated in the coup that launched the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Sadat was assigned to announce the news of the revolution to the Egyptian people over the radio networks, during the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily Al Gomhuria, in 1959, he assumed the position of Secretary to the National Union. Sadat was the President of the National Assembly and then vice president and he was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969. Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the death in October 1970. Sadats presidency was widely expected to be short-lived, viewing him as having been little more than a puppet of the former president, Nassers supporters in government settled on Sadat as someone they could manipulate easily. Sadat surprised everyone with a series of political moves by which he was able to retain the presidency. On 15 May 1971, Sadat announced his Corrective Revolution, purging the government, political, Sadat encouraged the emergence of an Islamist movement, which had been suppressed by Nasser. Believing Islamists to be socially conservative he gave them considerable cultural and ideological autonomy in exchange for political support and this peace initiative failed as neither Israel nor the United States of America accepted the terms as discussed then. The Egyptian and Syrian performance in the stages of the war astonished both Israel, and the Arab World. The most striking achievement was the Egyptian militarys advance approximately 15 km into the occupied Sinai Peninsula after penetrating and this line was popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive chain. As the war progressed, three divisions of the Israeli army led by General Ariel Sharon had crossed the Suez Canal, although agreed upon, the ceasefire was immediately broken
Anwar Al Sadat
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Muhammad Anwar El-Sadat
Anwar Al Sadat
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Top Egyptian leaders in
Alexandria, 1968. From left to right:
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat,
Ali Sabri and
Hussein el-Shafei
Anwar Al Sadat
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President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister
Menachem Begin acknowledge applause during joint session of Congress in Washington, D.C., during which President
Jimmy Carter announced the results of the Camp David Accords, 18 September 1978
Anwar Al Sadat
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President Jimmy Carter shaking hands with Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister
Menachem Begin at the signing of the
Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty on the grounds of the
White House, 1979
48.
Menachem Begin
–
Menachem Begin was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun and he proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency. As head of the Irgun, he targeted the British in Palestine, later, the Irgun fought the Arabs during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. He remained in opposition in the eight elections, but became more acceptable to the political center. His 1977 electoral victory and premiership ended three decades of Labor Party political dominance, Begin’s most significant achievement as Prime Minister was the signing of a peace treaty with Egypt in 1979, for which he and Anwar Sadat shared the Nobel Prize for Peace. In the wake of the Camp David Accords, the Israel Defense Forces withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, later, Begin’s government promoted the construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Begin authorized the bombing of the Osirak nuclear plant in Iraq, as IDF forces remained mired in Lebanon and the economy suffered from hyperinflation, the public pressure on Begin mounted. Depressed by the death of his wife Aliza in November 1982, he withdrew from public life. He was the youngest of three children, on his mothers side he was descended from distinguished rabbis. His father, a merchant, was a community leader, a passionate Zionist. The midwife who attended his birth was the grandmother of Ariel Sharon, after a year of a traditional cheder education Begin started studying at a Tachkemoni school, associated with the religious Zionist movement. In his childhood, Begin, like most Jewish children in his town, was a member of the Zionist scouts movement Hashomer Hatzair and he was a member of Hashomer Hatzair until the age of 13, and at 16, he joined Betar. At 14, he was sent to a Polish government school, Begin studied law at the University of Warsaw, where he learned the oratory and rhetoric skills that became his trademark as a politician, and viewed as demagogy by his critics. During his studies, he organized a group of Jewish students to counter harassment by anti-Semites on campus. He graduated in 1935, but never practiced law, at this time, he became a disciple of Vladimir Zeev Jabotinsky, the founder of the nationalist Revisionist Zionism movement and its Betar youth wing. His rise within Betar was rapid, At 22, he shared the dais with his mentor at the Betar World Congress in Kraków, the pre-war Polish government actively supported Zionist youth and paramilitary movements. Begins leadership qualities were quickly recognised, in 1937 he was the active head of Betar in Czechoslovakia and became head of the largest branch, that of Poland. As head of Betars Polish branch, Begin traveled among regional branches to encourage supporters, to save money, he stayed at the homes of Betar members
Menachem Begin
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Menachem Begin
Menachem Begin
Menachem Begin
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Begin reviews a
Betar lineup in Poland in 1939. Next to Begin is Moshe (Munya) Cohen
Menachem Begin
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NKVD mugshots of Menachem Begin, 1940
49.
Farah Pahlavi
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Farah Pahlavi is the widow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the former Shahbanu of Iran. Farah Diba was born on 14 October 1938 in the Iranian capital Tehran, born as Farah Diba, she was the only child of Captain Sohrab Diba and his wife, Farideh Ghotbi. Pahlavis fathers family is of Iranian Azerbaijani origin, in her memoir, the former Shahbanu writes that her fathers family were natives of Iranian Azerbaijan while her mothers family were from Lahijan on the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. Through her father, Farah came from an affluent background. In the late 19th century her grandfather had been a diplomat, serving as the Iranian Ambassador to the Romanov Court in St. Petersburg. Her own father was an officer in the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces, Farah enjoyed an extremely close bond with her father and his unexpected death in 1948 deeply affected her. This situation furthermore left the family in a difficult financial state. In these reduced circumstances, they were forced to move from their family villa in northern Tehran into a shared apartment with one of Farideh Ghotbis brothers. The young Farah Diba began her education at Tehrans Italian School, then moved to the French Jeanne dArc School until to age of sixteen and she was an accomplished athlete in her youth and became captain of her schools basketball team. Upon finishing her studies at the Lycée Razi, she pursued an interest in architecture at the École Spéciale dArchitecture in Paris, many Iranian students who were studying abroad at this time were dependent on State sponsorship. Therefore, when the Shah, as head of state, made visits to foreign countries. It was during such a meeting in 1959 at the Iranian Embassy in Paris that Farah Diba was first presented to Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. After returning to Tehran in the summer of 1959, the Shah and Farah Diba began a carefully choreographed courtship, the couple announced their engagement on 23 November 1959. Farah Diba married Shah Mohammed Reza on 20 December 1959, aged 21, the young Queen of Iran was the object of much curiosity and her wedding received worldwide press attention. Her gown was by Yves Saint Laurent, then a designer at the house of Dior, after the pomp and celebrations associated with the Imperial wedding, the success of this union became contingent upon the Queen’s ability to produce a male heir. Although he had married twice before, the Shah’s previous marriages had given him only a daughter who, under agnatic primogeniture. The pressure for the young Queen was acute, the Shah himself was deeply anxious to have a male heir as were the members of his government. Furthermore, it was known that the dissolution of the Shahs previous marriage to Queen Soraya had been due to her infertility, within the Imperial Household, her public function was secondary to the far more pressing matter of assuring the succession
Farah Pahlavi
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The
Queen in 1973
Farah Pahlavi
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Coronation of the Shah of Iran in 1967, official photograph. Princess
Ashraf, Princess
Shahnaz, the
Shah, Princess
Farahnaz and Crown Prince Reza, Queen Farah and Princess
Shams.
Farah Pahlavi
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Farah Pahlavi at work in her office in
Tehran, 1970s.
Farah Pahlavi
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The Shah and Shahbanu Farah shortly before leaving Iran in 1979.
50.
Boris Yeltsin
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Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the reforms as one of Gorbachevs most powerful political opponents. During the late 1980s, Yeltsin had been a member of the Politburo, no one had resigned from the Politburo before. This act branded Yeltsin as a rebel and led to his rise in popularity as an anti-establishment figure, on 29 May 1990 he was elected the chairman of the Russian Supreme Soviet. However, Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after a series of economic. He vowed to transform Russias socialist economy into a capitalist market economy and implemented economic shock therapy, price liberalization, due to the sudden total economic shift, a majority of the national property and wealth fell into the hands of a small number of oligarchs. The well-off millionaire and billionaire oligarchs likened themselves to 19th century robber barons, in October 1993, troops loyal to Yeltsin stopped an armed uprising outside of the parliament building, leading to a number of deaths. Yeltsin then scrapped the existing Russian constitution, banned political opposition, on 31 December 1999, under enormous internal pressure, Yeltsin announced his resignation, leaving the presidency in the hands of his chosen successor, then-Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Yeltsin left office widely unpopular with the Russian population, Yeltsin kept a low profile after his resignation, though he did occasionally publicly criticise his successor. Yeltsin died of heart failure on 23 April 2007. Boris Yeltsin was born in the village of Butka, Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk, USSR, growing up in rural Sverdlovsk, he studied at the Ural State Technical University, and began his career in the construction industry. In 1934 Nikolai Yeltsin was convicted of anti-Soviet agitation and sentenced to hard labour in a gulag for three years, Nikolai remained unemployed for a period of time and then worked again in construction. His mother, Klavdiya Vasilyevna Yeltsina, worked as a seamstress, Boris studied at Pushkin High School in Berezniki. In 1949 he was admitted to the Ural Polytechnic Institute in Sverdlovsk, majoring in construction, the subject of his degree paper was Construction of a Mine Shaft. From 1955 to 1957 he worked as a foreman with the building trust Uraltyazhtrubstroy, from 1957 to 1963 he worked in Sverdlovsk, and was promoted from construction site superintendent to chief of the Construction Directorate with the Yuzhgorstroy Trust. In 1963 he became chief engineer, and in 1965 head of the Sverdlovsk House-Building Combine, responsible for sewerage and he joined the ranks of the CPSU nomenklatura in 1968 when he was appointed head of construction with the Sverdlovsk Regional Party Committee. In 1975 he became secretary of the committee in charge of the regions industrial development. In 1976 the Politburo of the CPSU promoted him to the post of the first secretary of the CPSU Committee of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Yeltsin was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 17 March 1961 to 13 July 1990, and a nomenklatura member from 1968
Boris Yeltsin
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Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
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Boris Yeltsin (second from left) with childhood friends
Boris Yeltsin
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Boris Yeltsin with
Raisa Gorbacheva.
Boris Yeltsin
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Yeltsin on 21 February 1989
