Barbara of Cilli or Barbara of Celje, was the Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. She was actively involved in politics and economy of her times, independently administering large feudal fiefdoms and taxes, and was instrumental in creating the famous royal Order of the Dragon. She served as the regent of Hungarian kingdom in the absence of her husband four times: in 1412, 1414, 1416, and 1418.

Sigismund of Luxembourg was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437. He was elected King of Germany in 1410, and was also King of Bohemia from 1419, as well as prince-elector of Brandenburg. As the husband of Mary, Queen of Hungary, he was also King of Hungary and Croatia from 1387. He was the last male member of the House of Luxembourg.