1.
Atlantic Avenue (New York City)
–
Atlantic Avenue is an important street in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. It stretches from the Brooklyn waterfront on the East River all the way to Jamaica, Atlantic Avenue is the sole east–west through truck route across Brooklyn, mostly serving the purpose of the canceled Bushwick Expressway and the Brooklyn portion of the Cross Brooklyn Expressway. The street connects to the segment of NY878 via Conduit Boulevard. As it stretches east toward Flatbush Avenue, Atlantic separates the neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights and Cobble Hill and this section of Atlantic Avenue is the site of the Atlantic Antic, an annual street fair involving local and visiting merchants and artists, held in early October. At Flatbush Avenue and Fourth Avenue the crossing of the three major thoroughfares form a triangular intersection historically known as Times Plaza. Here the smaller shops, restaurants, churches and boutiques give way to the Atlantic Terminal, the area is dominated by massive buildings, formerly factories, now used by storage companies, and by the Atlantic Center Mall, Atlantic Terminal Mall and Barclays Center. All three are products of developer Forest City Ratner, the Atlantic Avenue Railroad originally ran along Atlantic Avenue as streetcars pulled by horses. With electrification, other traffic was eliminated from the roadway and Atlantic Avenue became discontinuous, when railway sections west of Jamaica station were put underground in the early 1940s, that portion of Atlantic Avenue became continuous again. East of Jamaica, the railway is still at ground level, just east of the Van Wyck Expressway, the roadway narrows to two lanes and becomes 94th Avenue, after which the roadway soon diverges into side-streets, ending as 157th Street at Liberty Avenue. Atlantic Avenue from the Brooklyn Docks to the Van Wyck Expressway is 10.3 miles long, with 7.4 miles in Brooklyn, pre-electrification maps from 1909 and 1910 show Atlantic Avenue, at that time, continued to the city line. Short roadways still named Atlantic Avenue exist further east adjacent to the LIRR Main Line within Nassau County, a stretch of road still named Atlantic Avenue, just under one mile long, runs just south of the Main Line from the Bellerose station to the Floral Park station. Just north of the Merillon Avenue train station in Garden City is another short roadway called Atlantic Avenue, the Q24 New York City Bus route runs on Atlantic Avenue from Broadway Junction to Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer. The B63 runs on it between its end and Fourth Avenue. The B61, B65 buses run on this street for short sections, Long Island Rail Road stations on the Atlantic Branch are located at Flatbush Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, and Van Sinderen Avenue. A four-block-long Atlantic Avenue exists in Sea Gate, Brooklyn
Atlantic Avenue (New York City)
–
Disused
headhouse of
Atlantic Avenue subway station. The
Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower is shown in the background.
Atlantic Avenue (New York City)
–
Descending Cobble Hill
2.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
Brooklyn
–
Clockwise from top left:
Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones,
Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch,
Brooklyn Borough Hall,
Coney Island
Brooklyn
–
Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn
Brooklyn
–
A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from
The Brooklyn Museum.
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Long Island Rail Road
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With an average weekday ridership of 337,800 passengers in 2014, it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America. It is also one of the worlds few commuter systems that runs 24 hours a day,7 days a week and it is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which refers to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road. The LIRR logo combines the circular MTA logo with the text Long Island Rail Road, the LIRR is one of two commuter rail systems owned by the MTA, the other being the Metro-North Railroad. Established in 1834 and having operated continuously since then, it is the second-oldest US railroad still operating under its original name and charter. There are 124 stations, and more than 700 miles of track and this service was superseded in 1849 by the land route through Connecticut that became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The LIRR refocused its attentions towards serving Long Island, in competition with railroads on the island. In the 1870s, railroad president Conrad Poppenhusen and his successor Austin Corbin acquired all the railroads, the LIRR was unprofitable for much of its history. In 1900, the Pennsylvania Railroad bought a controlling interest as part of its plan for access to Manhattan which began on September 8,1910. The wealthy PRR subsidized the LIRR during the first half of the new century, after the Second World War, the railroad industrys downturn and dwindling profits caused the PRR to stop subsidizing the LIRR, and the LIRR went into receivership in 1949. The State of New York, realizing how important the railroad was to Long Islands future, in 1966, New York State bought the railroads controlling stock from the PRR and put it under the newly formed Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority. With MTA subsidies the LIRR modernized further, continuing to be the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, the LIRR is one of the few railroads that has survived as an intact company from its original charter to the present. The LIRR operates out of three terminals, in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. Jamaica Station in central Queens is the hub of all railroad activities, expansion of the system into Grand Central Terminal is expected over the next few years. Major stations include, Pennsylvania Station, in Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest of the western terminals and it is reached via the Amtrak-owned East River Tunnels from the Main Line in Long Island City. The New York City Subways 34th Street–Penn Station and 34th Street–Penn Station stations are next to the terminal and it also connects LIRR with Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. Atlantic Terminal, formerly Flatbush Avenue, in Downtown Brooklyn serves most other trains and it is next to the New York City Subways Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station complex, providing easy access to Lower Manhattan. A handful of trains run to Hunterspoint Avenue or onward to the Long Island City station on the East River in Long Island City. From Hunterspoint Avenue, the Hunters Point Avenue subway station can be reached for Midtown Manhattan access, the same subway trains can also be reached from Long Island City station at the Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue subway station
Long Island Rail Road
–
The Long Island Rail Road provides electric and diesel rail service east-west throughout Long Island, New York.
Long Island Rail Road
–
LIRR Map
Long Island Rail Road
–
George Bradford Brainerd (American, 1845-1887). Station, Bay Shore, Long Island, September 1879. Collodion silver glass wet plate negative.
Brooklyn Museum
Long Island Rail Road
–
LIRR (Montauk & NY)
RPO cover (TR27) for the road's 100th anniversary in 1934
5.
Atlantic Terminal
–
Atlantic Terminal, formerly called Flatbush Avenue, is the westernmost stop on the Long Island Rail Roads Atlantic Branch, located at Flatbush Avenue and Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, New York City. It is the terminal for the Far Rockaway, Hempstead. The terminal is located in the City Terminal Zone, the LIRRs Zone 1, the LIRR announced that extra service from Babylon and Hicksville will go directly to Atlantic Terminal during New York Islanders games at Barclays Center. Passengers would normally have to transfer at Jamaica to go to Babylon or Hicksville, the station was originally built as Brooklyn in 1852, twenty years after the line was established as the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad, and wasnt originally a terminus. The original terminus was South Ferry, West of East New York, the tracks were taken over by horse car lines. The Brooklyn station was replaced by the Flatbush Avenue station on July 2,1877 and that same summer local Atlantic Avenue rapid transit trains began to stop here on August 13. The old depot was renovated between July–August 1878, when it began serving the Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railroad. It was rebuilt again in June 1880, the headquarters for the Long Island Express Company was installed there in 1882, and gave the station a series of tracks that would later be known as the EX Yard. In 1888, the Union Elevated Railway built a railway line and station that connected to the LIRR station. The Union Elevated eventually became part of the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation, further rebuilding took place again in 1893. Between 1904 and 1906, the Carlton Avenue Freight Yards were replaced by the Vanderbilt Avenue Freight Yards and this was just a portion of a major improvement project that included the complete reconstruction of the station. The second depot opened on April 1,1907 with the depot at street level, the station had a lobby that was larger than most LIRR stations, and contained subway type entrances to the tracks. The Interborough Rapid Transit Company built a line called the Eastern Parkway Line and a station on Atlantic Avenue. The BMT also built two more lines on Pacific Street along the Fourth Avenue Line on June 22,1915. The connection to the BMT Fifth Avenue Line was lost on May 31,1940, the station was refurbished and the exterior was sandblasted in the early-1940s. The decline of service after World War II led to the stations gradual demise. Track #1 was out of service on April 10,1959, former express tracks numbers 9-14 were taken out of service on March 3,1971. At some point, the buildings became a parking garage
Atlantic Terminal
–
The terminal's
entrance pavilion, opened 2010
Atlantic Terminal
–
Interior of the station, c. 1893
Atlantic Terminal
–
1910 photo of the former LIRR Atlantic Terminal (demolished 1988)
Atlantic Terminal
–
Looking down Platform B. A train to
Far Rockaway is on the right
6.
Atlantic Branch
–
The Atlantic Branch is an electrified rail line owned and operated by the Long Island Rail Road in the U. S. state of New York. It is the only LIRR line that runs in the borough of Brooklyn, the section between Atlantic Terminal and Bedford Avenue is underground along Atlantic Avenue. From there the line is elevated above the median of Atlantic Avenue to Dewey Place before returning underground, at East New York the line rises to street level to cross above the north-south, freight only Bay Ridge Branch, then descends once more to Jamaica. Between East New York and Jamaica, the intact but closed station at Woodhaven Junction is visible, at 121st Street in Richmond Hill, Queens, the line rises to street level and passes the Morris Park Facility before joining the elevated Main Line at Jamaica. It turns southeast immediately east of Jamaica, ducking beneath the eastward Main Line tracks and it curves parallel to the Montauk Branch after a few miles and continues next to it to Valley Interlocking in Valley Stream. Atlantic Terminal saw completion in 2010 of $93 million in renovations, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad opened the line from South Ferry to what is now 151st Street in Jamaica on April 18,1836. Initially the line turned halfway between Classon and Franklin Avenues, running halfway between Herkimer Street and Schuyler Street along the line of the present Herkimer Place. It turned slightly to the southeast near Howard Avenue, crossing the centerline of Schuyler Street about one-third of the way between Hopkinson Avenue and Paca Avenue and it crossed into the town of New Lots just beyond Stone Avenue. The Atlantic Branch was one of the first lines in the LIRR system slated to be electrified, in anticipation of this the entire line to Jamaica was to be grade separated. At East New York the line returned to grade level then rose onto another elevated viaduct until Atkins Ave, additionally a new terminal and yard was built at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues. Electric service commenced in 1905 with the line consisting of two tracks between Flatbush Avenue and Woodhaven Junction and four tracks beyond that point to Jamaica. At this time the line from Jamaica to East New York had many stations along Atlantic Avenue spaced at closer intervals. The four tracks between Jamaica and Woodhaven Junction lent itself to service with rapid transit trains using the outer two tracks while commuter trains used the inner two tracks. In November 192525 local trains left Brooklyn each weekday for Queens Village,12 more ran to Hillside, all trains made all stops,15 of them west of Queens Village. Fare was probably 10 cents for 13 miles Queens Village to Brooklyn and this allowed BRT trains to access the Rockaways and Manhattan Beach, while affording the LIRR a connection into Manhattan to the BRT terminal located at Park Row over the Brooklyn Bridge. By the late 1930s it was clear that the rest of the line needed to be grade separated, the City of New York along with the LIRR thus allocated the funds to depress the rest of the line from Morris Park to East New York in a tunnel. Building of the tunnel commenced in 1939 with two of the four tracks being pulled out of service and the rapid transit service being discontinued. On December 28,1942 the tunnel was completed and opened with the two remaining at-grade tracks pulled out of service, around this time Atlantic Avenue was raised over the East New York station via a viaduct that separated the road and the railroad
Atlantic Branch
–
Woodhaven Junction power substation
Atlantic Branch
–
Atlantic Branch
Atlantic Branch
–
Replacement of the Atlantic Avenue Viaduct at Nostrand Avenue in July 2011.
Atlantic Branch
–
Main routes
7.
City Terminal Zone
–
The City Terminal Zone, also known as the City Zone Branch, is the name given to a collection of rail lines of the Long Island Rail Road in New York City. Specifically, it refers to all stations that lie in fare zone 1, there are three routes that are considered part of the City Terminal Zone, ML = Main Line HP = Hunterspoint Avenue - Trains that serve Hunterspoint Avenue and Long Island City in Queens. This route is served only during rush hours in the peak direction. NYP = Trains to Penn Station in Manhattan via the East River Tunnels AT = Atlantic Branch – Trains that terminate at Atlantic Terminal in Brooklyn, until November 2012, the City Terminal Zone also included the Lower Montauk Branch from Long Island City to Jamaica. This line served Penny Bridge, Haberman, Fresh Pond, Glendale, in the near future, the City Terminal Zone will include a branch to Grand Central Terminal as a part of the East Side Access project. A new station in Sunnyside, Queens will be once the remainder of the project is complete
City Terminal Zone
–
Eastbound from Long Island City
City Terminal Zone
–
Main routes
City Terminal Zone
8.
New York City Subway
–
Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson and the AirTrain JFK, in Manhattan and Queens respectively, accept the subways MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers. Another mass transit service that is not operated by the MTA, the system is also one of the worlds longest. Overall, the system contains 236 miles of routes, translating into 665 miles of track. In 2015, the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend. Of the systems 25 services,22 of them pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, in total, 40% of track is not underground despite the subway moniker. Many lines and stations have both express and local services and these lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations, alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery, the Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, the first underground line of the subway opened on October 27,1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers, the oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. This required it to be run at cost, necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time, in 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after, integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, these now operate as one division called the B Division
New York City Subway
New York City Subway
–
Top: A
6 train made up of
R142A cars enters the
Parkchester station. Bottom: An
E train made up of
R160A cars waits for passengers at the
42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal station.
New York City Subway
–
The
City Hall station of the
IRT Lexington Avenue Line opened on October 27, 1904.
New York City Subway
–
Graffiti became a notable symbol of declining service during the 1970s.
9.
2 (New York City Subway service)
–
The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan. The 2 operates at all times between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, daytime 2 service runs express in Manhattan, late night service operates local. The service operates via White Plains Road in the Bronx, Lenox Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and Eastern Parkway, limited rush hour service also operates between the Bronx and New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn due to capacity issues at Flatbush Avenue. The first section of what became the current 2 entered service on November 26,1904 from the temporary 180th Street–Bronx Park terminal via the West Farms El to 149th Street–3rd Avenue. On July 10,1905, the connection between the IRT Lenox Avenue Line and IRT White Plains Road Line opened, allowing subway service from Manhattan to the Bronx. On January 9,1908, the Joralemon Street Tunnel opened, at this time, trains ran from East 180th Street to Borough Hall. On May 1,1908, trains were extended to Nevins Street, on March 3,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 219th Street. On March 31,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 238th Street–Nereid Avenue, on August 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. On April 15,1919, the Clark Street Tunnel, connecting the line to Brooklyn, beginning on December 19,1919, trains ran to South Ferry with some rush hour trains to Atlantic Avenue. In 1923, during rush hours,2 trains alternated between South Ferry and Utica Avenue, beginning December 1,1924,2 trains that ended at South Ferry were extended to New Lots Avenue. As of 1934,2 trains ran from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Flatbush Avenue weekdays and Saturday during daytime and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays, late-night service was from 241st St to South Ferry, making all stops. There were occasional lay-up/put-ins from New Lots, four weekday evening trains turned at Atlantic. On September 5,1937, some evening rush hour trains started running to Flatbush Avenue, as of July 1,1938, weekday and Saturday evening service was extended to Flatbush Avenue from South Ferry. Sunday service was extended to Flatbush Avenue on March 5,1950, beginning on December 26,1950, alternate weekday rush trains were extended to 241st Street in the peak direction, but PM rush service to 241st Street was discontinued on June 26,1952. Beginning on August 4,1952, the 180th Street - Bronx Park station was closed, morning rush hour service to 241st Street, on October 2,1953, was cut back to Gun Hill Road. On March 19,1954, weekend service was rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights, on May 4,1957, a track connection to the IRT Dyre Avenue Line was completed and daytime 2 trains were rerouted to Dyre Avenue. Evening service remained a shuttle between Dyre Avenue to East 180th Street, and morning service from Gun Hill Road was discontinued
2 (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R142 cars in 2 service, entering
174th Street in
the Bronx.
2 (New York City Subway service)
–
Note: Dashed pink line shows limited rush hour service to/from
New Lots Avenue
2 (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
2 (New York City Subway service)
10.
3 (New York City Subway service)
–
The 3 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan, on November 23,1904, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened between 96th Street and 145th Street. 3 trains ran between 145th Street and City Hall, making all stops, on July 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. 3 trains were rerouted south of 42nd Street from the IRT Lexington Avenue Line to this new line and they now made all stops to South Ferry. As of 1934,3 service operated between 145th Street and South Ferry except late nights, when operated between 145th Street and 96th Street, making local stops. Beginning on January 4,1955, some 3 trains ran express in Manhattan during rush hours and were extended to Flatbush Avenue, late night service was discontinued between 145th Street and 96th Street. Beginning on December 20,1957,3 trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue during rush hours, on February 6,1959, all trains except late nights made express stops in Manhattan as part of the West Side Improvement and ran to Flatbush Avenue. Beginning on April 8,1960,3 trains rerouted to New Lots, weekday evening service was cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street only. Beginning on April 18,1965,3 service ran to Flatbush Avenue again, beginning on October 17,1965, weekend evening service was also cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street. On May 13,1968, trains were extended to the newly completed 148th Street – Lenox Terminal, beginning on December 15,1968, all-night shuttle service between 145th Street and 135th Street were brought back, this was the first time since 1955. Beginning on May 23,1976, the current practice of starting Sunday service late began. Beginning on July 10,1983, the 2 and 3 trains swapped Brooklyn Terminals, beginning on August 5,1990, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were discontinued and replaced by shuttle buses. Beginning on September 4,1994, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were resumed, but were discontinued again on September 10,1995, from March 2 to October 12,1998, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line was rehabilitated. Most 3 service was rerouted to 137th Street–City College, after September 11,2001, the 3 service became a local in Manhattan. After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed on September 19,2001 and it ran in Manhattan as an express between Harlem–148th Street and 14th Street and was replaced by 1 service in Brooklyn. It returned to New Lots Avenue on September 15,2002, on July 27,2008, late night 3 service was restored, operating as an express between 148th Street and Times Square–42nd Street. The following table shows the lines used by the 3, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the times, For a more detailed station listing. MTA NYC Transit –3 Seventh Avenue Express 3 Subway Timetable, Effective November 7,2016
3 (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R62 cars in 3 service enters
Sutter Avenue – Rutland Road in
Brooklyn, bound for
Manhattan.
3 (New York City Subway service)
–
Seventh Avenue Express
3 (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
3 (New York City Subway service)
11.
4 (New York City Subway service)
–
The 4 Lexington Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored apple green since it uses the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. 4 trains operate between Woodlawn in the Bronx and Utica Avenue in Crown Heights, Brooklyn via Jerome Avenue Local in the Bronx and Eastern Parkway Express in Brooklyn at all times except nights. During nights, they serve all stops except Hoyt Street and are extended to/from New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn via Livonia Avenue as a replacement for the 3. During the extension of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line north of 42nd Street–Grand Central Terminal, on April 15,1918, shuttles were extended to Woodlawn. A second shuttle, using cars, from 149th Street–Grand Concourse to Grand Central started on July 17,1918. On August 1,1918, the entire Jerome and Lexington Avenue Lines were completed, trains began running between Woodlawn and Bowling Green. Beginning on November 4,1925, rush hour 4 trains were extended from Atlantic Avenue to Crown Heights–Utica Avenue, two years later, on December 5,1927, weekday evening service was extended to Utica Avenue. The following year, midday 4 service also went to Utica Avenue, trains ran express in Manhattan except late nights, and in Brooklyn. This was the first time the 6 became the Pelham Shuttle between Pelham Bay Park and 125th Street–Lexington Avenue, on August 20,1938, Saturday morning after the peak service was extended to Utica Avenue. Beginning on May 10,1946, all 4 trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways as the 6 went back to Brooklyn Bridge during that time, previously 4 trains ran local from 12,30 to 5, 30am. At this time 4 trains terminated at Atlantic Avenue, beginning on December 16,1946, trains were extended from Atlantic Avenue to New Lots Avenue during late nights, running express between Atlantic and Franklin Avenues. When the Board of Transportation began to replace the older subway cars starting with the R12 cars in 1948, with these cars, numbers were assigned to the IRT lines. The Lexington Avenue–Jerome Line trains were given the number 4, by 1964, all cars had the route numbers on them. During 1950, Saturday morning service was cut back to South Ferry, starting on December 15,1950, four 4 trains began operating during rush hours to Flatbush Avenue on the Nostrand Avenue Line. Also on that day, weekday service was cut back from Atlantic Avenue to South Ferry. Additionally, on January 18,1952,4 service to Atlantic Avenue during weekday middays was restored, on March 19,1954, late-night service in Brooklyn began making all stops, but resumed operating express between Atlantic Avenue and Franklin Avenue on June 29,1956. Starting on March 1,1960, late-night 4 trains resumed making all stops in Manhattan and this arrangement ended on October 17,1965 when the 4 went back express in Manhattan late nights
4 (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R142 cars in 4 service, enters
161st Street – Yankee Stadium, bound for
Manhattan and
Brooklyn.
4 (New York City Subway service)
–
Note: dashed line shows limited rush hour and late night service to/from
New Lots Avenue
4 (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R142A cars in 4 service, enters 161st Street – Yankee Stadium, bound for Manhattan and Brooklyn.
4 (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
12.
5 (New York City Subway service)
–
The 5 Lexington Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored apple green since it uses the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. The 5 operates between Dyre Avenue in Eastchester, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, the 5 short turns at Bowling Green in Financial District, Manhattan on evenings and weekends, and at East 180th Street during late nights. Limited rush hour service also terminates at Wakefield–241st Street instead of Dyre Avenue in the Bronx, upon its closure in 1937, the entire property was put up for sale. Beginning on April 28,1930, Saturday 5 service to Crown Heights–Utica Avenue began, as of 1934, trains normally ran from Wakefield–241st Street or East 180th Street to Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center. During weekday rush hours and weekend afternoons they were extended to Utica Avenue, from July 24,1938 to September 18,1938 there was Sunday daytime 5 service to New Lots Avenue. Beginning on July 10,1939, Sunday afternoon 5 service to New Lots began, on December 22,1946, alternate Sunday morning 5 service to New Lots began. However, on March 5,1950,5 service was cut back to Utica Avenue all day on Sundays, starting on April 23,1953,5 trains began using the middle express track between East 180th Street and 149th Street weekday rush in the peak direction. Starting on October 2,1953, the track was used by peak trains south of Gun Hill Road. Beginning on May 3,1957, limited rush hour 5 service ran to Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College replacing the 4 service, evening, Saturday afternoon, and Sunday trains were cut back to South Ferry. Beginning on March 1,1960 evening trains making all stops in Manhattan. Beginning on April 8,1960, weekday evening service was discontinued, starting on April 18,1965, most daytime service was rerouted to Dyre Avenue, replacing Dyre Shuttle except evenings and late nights. Some weekday rush service to 241st Street was retained, while Saturday and Sunday evening trains were cut back from 241st Street to East 180th Street. Also, Saturday morning trains were cut back from Atlantic Avenue to South Ferry, starting on May 3,1965, trains to or from 241st Street began making all stops between Gun Hill Road and East 180th Street. Beginning on May 23,1976,5 service began starting late on Sunday mornings, as of May 24,1976, weekday midday 5 service was cut back to Bowling Green from Atlantic Avenue. In 1979, with the coding of subway routes based on their trunk line in Manhattan. 5 service was re-extended May 15,1980 to Atlantic Avenue, on July 10,1983, all rush hour service ran to Flatbush Avenue, with limited service to/from Utica or New Lots Avenue. Beginning on January 18,1988, all midday 5 service was cut back to Bowling Green, in 1995, rush hour service to 241st Street was cut back to Nereid Avenue
5 (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
5 (New York City Subway service)
–
Note: Dark dotted line indicates rush hour service to
Nereid Avenue and weekday service to
Flatbush Avenue. Dashed pink line shows limited rush hour service to
Utica Avenue or
New Lots Avenue
5 (New York City Subway service)
5 (New York City Subway service)
13.
B (New York City Subway service)
–
The B Sixth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the B only operates on weekdays from approximately 6,00 a. m. to 11,00 p. m. During rush hours, the B is extended to and from Bedford Park Boulevard in the Bronx via Concourse Local, the designation B was originally intended to designate express trains originating in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan and operating in Midtown Manhattan on the IND Sixth Avenue Line. This service was designated BB as the Independent Subway System used double letters to local services. The Chrystie Street Connection and the tracks of the Sixth Avenue Line opened on November 26,1967. BB trains were combined with the former T service, which ran on the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn and this created a through service from 168th Street to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue via the Sixth Avenue Line express tracks and the Manhattan Bridge. This service was initially to have been signed BT but was simply signed B instead, however, during late night hours and Sundays B service did not operate, and TT shuttles continued to operate on the West End Line. B service began running between 57th Street and Coney Island during all times on August 30,1976, also on this date, during rush hours, alternate B trains began to operate between 168th Street and Coney Island. Beginning on August 27,1977, during late nights, B service only ran between 36th Street and Coney Island via the West End Line, a B shuttle also operated during late nights, running between 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center and 57th Street. The reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 affected B service as the Bridges north side tracks, leading to the Sixth Avenue Line, were closed multiple times and these closures severed the connection between the northern and southern portions of the route. On April 13,1986, the B was split into two different services, the northern B service ran via Sixth Avenue, using an orange bullet, between 34th Street-Herald Square and 168th Street, rush hours only. The southern B service ran via the Bridge and BMT Broadway Line, through B service on the Sixth Avenue Line resumed December 11,1988, when the Manhattan Bridges north side tracks reopened. B trains now terminated at 168th Street on middays and evenings to partially replace the discontinued K service. During late nights, the B continued to operate as the West End Shuttle, B service operated to 57th Street during weekends. N service was increased to replace B service to Ditmars Boulevard, on October 29,1989, the IND 63rd Street Line opened, B service was extended along the new line from 57th Street to 21st Street–Queensbridge on weekends. Also on this date, because of N trains running via the Manhattan Bridge, on April 30,1995, the north side of the Manhattan Bridge closed on middays and weekends until the following November. During this time, B trains ran only between Pacific Street and Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, running local on the BMT West End Line, to let the B terminate there, midday N express trains in Brooklyn ran local for the duration of the closure. On February 22,1998, B service was cut to 57th Street on evenings
B (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R68 cars in B service at
Kings Highway, bound for
Manhattan.
B (New York City Subway service)
–
Note: dashed line shows rush hour only service
B (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R68A cars in B service at Kings Highway, bound for Manhattan.
B (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
14.
Q (New York City Subway service)
–
The Q Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the former designation for the service was the number 1, itself introduced in 1924, a designation shared by all Brighton Line mainline services. The letter designations did not appear on equipment that carried the former route numbers. Therefore, older equipment that carried the number 1 continued to be signed 1 until they were withdrawn from service in 1965, also with the introduction of the R27 fleet, the mainline local services on the Brighton Line were given double letters in conformance with IND practice. Ordinarily this would have produced a QQ service, but this designation was never used, the so-called Bankers Special express, which operated a few trains in the morning and evening rush hours to the Wall Street financial district was not given a separate designation. As this service continued to use equipment for years after the letters were introduced. With the advent of the Chrystie Street services, the Q designation was suspended as Brighton Line express service was provided by the D service via 6th Avenue in Manhattan. The QT and QB designations were both to be dropped as the Brighton Locals were rerouted to the Nassau Street Loop in lower Manhattan and through routed to Jamaica via the BMT Jamaica Line. The QB designation was retained as it was decided to run a few local trains up the BMT Broadway Line to answer complaints that the new services provided no access to the Broadway Line. The service history below includes predecessor services that became the Q service before the identifier was introduced, passengers could make connections with the horsecars of the Brooklyn City Railroad at the Prospect Park terminal. A physical connection was made there both east and west to the LIRR as Bedford Junction, by mutual agreement trains of the BB&CI operated on the LIRR to its terminal at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues, provided a much better connection to Downtown Brooklyn and ferries to Manhattan. LIRR trains also operated to Brighton Beach from Flatbush and Atlantic and from its own terminal in Long Island City, initially, service operated during the summer season only. In 1900, elevated trains were through-routed to Park Row without need to change trains, Brighton Beach local and express service was extended to a new West End terminal at Stillwell and Surf Avenues, the location of the terminal for the BMT Southern Division, in May 1919. During late nights, all used the tunnel. During the 1930s, limited morning rush hour service ran via the side of the Manhattan Bridge to Chambers Street. On June 29,1950, trains running there during the evening rush as well. On October 17,1949, the IRT Astoria Line was converted to BMT operation, Local trains were extended via this line to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. Number 2 Fourth Avenue Locals ran here at all times, on April 27,1950, Brighton Locals operated through to Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria all day on weekdays and Saturdays
Q (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R160 cars in Q service leaving
Cortelyou Road, bound for
Manhattan.
Q (New York City Subway service)
–
Note: Dashed pink line shows planned future
Second Avenue Subway service to
96th Street
Q (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
Q (New York City Subway service)
15.
D (New York City Subway service)
–
The D Sixth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the D runs express in Manhattan and makes all stops on the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn at all times. The D also makes all stops in the Bronx except when it runs express in the peak direction during rush hours, the D runs express on Fourth Avenue at all times except nights when it serves all stops. D service began on December 15,1940 when the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened, D service was increased on October 24,1949 in order to offset the loss off CC service. On December 29,1951, peak direction express service in the Bronx was discontinued, on October 30,1954, a connection between the IND South Brooklyn Line and BMT Culver Line opened. D service was rerouted via these two lines to Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue with limited rush hour trains to Church Avenue, between 1957 and 1959, limited rush hour trains ran express and/or local to Euclid Avenue. From December 4 to 27,1962, a special service labeled DD was provided due to a main break. On November 26,1967, the Chrystie Street Connection opened, adding express service on the Sixth Avenue Line, D service was switched over to BMT Brighton Line via this new connector. It became the express service weekdays to Brighton Beach and the local to Stillwell Avenue at other times, in Manhattan, it ran express from West 4th Street to 34th Street rush hours only. It would become the full-time Sixth Avenue Express when non-rush hours B service was extended to 57th Street – Sixth Avenue, at this time, D/Q skip-stop service ran in Brooklyn on weekdays. On December 11,1988, the tracks of the Manhattan Bridge reopened. The D now ran as the full-time Brighton Local to Stillwell Avenue, in May 1995, the north tracks were closed during midday and weekends and D service was cut south of 34th Street-Herald Square. On July 22,2001, it was closed at all times, in Brooklyn, it was replaced by Q local service. After September 11,2001, C service was suspended, on weekends, the D ran local on the Eighth Avenue Line north of 59th Street to fill in the gap in service caused by the suspension. The D was moved to the West End Line instead of returning to the Brighton Line, moving the D to the West End Line meant it could now provide 24-hour service to both the Concourse Line in the Bronx and West End Line in Brooklyn. This eliminated the need to run late-night and/or weekend shuttles on either the West End or Concourse lines, from May 24,2004 to Fall 2004, construction on the IND Concourse Line, required the suspension of D express service in the Bronx. At the time, the D used the IND Culver Line to Coney Island, biz Markies song Pickin Boogers from his debut album Goin Off features the line I was chillin one day/with my partner Kane/headed up to the rooftop/ridin the D train. The opening track on Yoko Onos 2009 album Between My Head And The Sky is titled Waiting For The D Train, the D passes through 72nd Street but never stops there, as it is a local station
D (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R68 cars in D service at
20th Avenue, bound for
Manhattan and
the Bronx.
D (New York City Subway service)
–
Sixth Avenue Express
D (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
D (New York City Subway service)
16.
N (New York City Subway service)
–
The N Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow, during rush hours, some N trains operate to 96th Street due to capacity issues at Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. On weekends, it all stops in Manhattan. Daytime service runs over the side of the Manhattan Bridge. During late nights, the N serves all stops along its entire route, the route that is now the N was originally BMT service 4, known as the Sea Beach Line or Sea Beach Express. On June 22,1915, the current BMT Sea Beach Line opened, originally, it used the south tracks of the Manhattan Bridge, which at that time connected to the BMT Nassau Street Line. On September 4,1917, the first part of the BMT Broadway Line, trains ran from 14th Street–Union Square to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, now using the bridges northern tracks. On January 15,1918, service was extended to Times Square–42nd Street, on May 2,1957, service was extended north via the express tracks to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. In 1959, trains stopping at DeKalb Avenue during midday hours. Previously, they bypassed DeKalb Avenue at all times except late nights, beginning on January 1,1961, trains bypassed DeKalb Avenue during rush hours only. In addition, on evenings, late nights, and all day Sundays. The N designation begins to appear when R27 subway cars are moved to the line in April 1961 and this short-lived service began on November 27,1967 and ended April 12,1968 due to low ridership. Starting on Monday, April 15,1968, the five NX trips instead ran as N trips, on August 30,1976, N service was extended north over the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection to Forest Hills–71st Avenue to replace the discontinued EE. On August 27,1977, N service was cut back during late nights, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 disrupted N service, usually removing it from the bridge. On April 26,1986, the M, which was rerouted from the BMT Brighton Line to the BMT West End Line, on May 24,1987, the N swapped northern terminals with the R. The N was switched to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard, while the R went to Forest Hills–71st Avenue, on September 30,1990, full service on the Manhattan Bridge was briefly restored. Express service on Broadway ran all times except nights and this very short service was halted by the discovery of a cracked beam under the south side tracks on the bridge. In 1994, the N switched back to express in Brooklyn only, from Atlantic Avenue–Pacific Street to 59th Street, from 1994 to 1996, the southern terminal of the N was 86th Street due to rehabilitation work at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
N (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R160 cars in N service, approaching
39th Avenue.
N (New York City Subway service)
–
Note: Dashed pink line shows late night service via the
Montague Street Tunnel
N (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
N (New York City Subway service)
17.
R (New York City Subway service)
–
The R Broadway Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the service that later became the R was the BMT2. When it entered service on January 15,1916, it ran between Chambers Street on the BMT Nassau Street Line and 86th Street, using the Manhattan Bridge to cross the East River, service on the BMT Broadway Line began exactly two years later on January 15,1918. On July 10,1919 service may have extended to 57th Street. The Montague Street Tunnel opened on October 1,1920, and at time it took its current shape. Bay Ridge–95th Street station opened on October 31,1925, during this time, rush-hour specials to Chambers Street were added and later removed, only to be added again. At one time, including 1931, additional midday service operated local between 57th Street and Whitehall Street–South Ferry, the 2 also used the Nassau Street Loop during rush hours, entering Manhattan via the Manhattan Bridge or Montague Street Tunnel and leaving via the other. On June 29,1950, special rush hour trains began running between Bay Ridge–95th Street and Chambers Street via the side of the Manhattan Bridge and/or the Montague Street Tunnel. This was discontinued two years later, on January 1,1961, the northern terminal was relocated to its current location at Forest Hills–71st Avenue, via the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection, which is also known as the 11th Street Cut. Night and weekend RR trains still terminated at 57th Street in Manhattan, in the winter of 1960–1961, letters started to appear on the RR with the introduction of the R27s, which featured it on roll signs. The route was known as the Fourth Avenue Local via Tunnel, on November 27,1967, the day after the IND Chrystie Street Connection opened, the RR was moved back to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard on the BMT Astoria Line. The Nassau Street specials were through-routed from Bay Ridge – 95th Street to 168th Street in Jamaica as RJ, under the first color scheme, RR was colored green and RJ was red. In the original Chrystie Street routing plans, the TA planned to eliminate the RR service. The RJ service only lasted from November 1967 until July 1,1968 when it was cut back to Chambers Street and renamed as additional RR rush-hour peak-direction service. With track connections between the Nassau Street Loop and the tracks of the Manhattan Bridge severed as part of the November 1967 realignment. On May 6,1985, when letters were eliminated. Proposed on October 15,1986 but put in effect on May 24,1987, the change was made to give the R direct access to the Jamaica Yard, and previously, R trains had to run light to/from the Coney Island Yard. Starting on April 28,1986, the Nassau Street Line R service was extended to Metropolitan Avenue for layups, after the N/R swap, the Nassau R used East New York Yard equipment
R (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R46 cars in R service at
Bay Ridge Avenue, bound for
Manhattan and
Queens.
R (New York City Subway service)
–
Broadway Local
R (New York City Subway service)
–
Services
R (New York City Subway service)
18.
W (New York City Subway service)
–
The W Broadway Local is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subways B Division. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the W operates only on weekdays. Some W trains operate to/from Gravesend-86th Street due to capacity issues on the lower level at City Hall. The W is internally staffed and scheduled as part of the N, introduced on July 22,2001, the W initially ran until June 25,2010, when it was eliminated due to the Metropolitan Transportation Authoritys financial crisis. The MTA restored the route on November 7,2016, using its original emblem and 2004–2010 routing, the W was originally conceived as an extra Broadway Line local service running on the Astoria and Broadway lines to Whitehall Street. This service was essentially a variant of the N route, which in the 1970s and 1980s ran express between Queens and Brooklyn, with trains running local between Queens and Whitehall Street. However, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 forced the N, which normally ran express on the Broadway Line and on the Bridge and this service change precluded W local service from running as envisioned. The W bullet appeared on signs as a yellow diamond bullet. The W also appeared on the signs of the R44s and R46s with any route. The W was introduced on July 22,2001 when the Manhattan Bridge north tracks closed for reconstruction, the Bridges south side tracks, which led to the Broadway Line, reopened after being closed since 1988. This split had already made from 1986 to 1988, when a part-time orange B only ran north of 34th Street–Herald Square on the Sixth Avenue Line. At the same time, a full-time yellow B ran from Coney Island in Brooklyn across the side of the bridge. This old pattern was restored in 2001, but instead of having two B services, the yellow B was instead named the W. This route began at Coney Island and ran up the West End Line, BMT Fourth Avenue Line, Manhattan Bridge south tracks, Broadway Line, and BMT Astoria Line to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. Evening service ended at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, late night service at 36th Street in Brooklyn, and weekend service at Atlantic Avenue–Pacific Street in Brooklyn. After September 11,2001, Broadway Line service in Lower Manhattan was suspended and it made all stops except in Brooklyn north of 36th Street. During late nights, it ran in two sections, between Ditmars Boulevard and 34th Street, skipping 49th Street in the direction, and in Brooklyn between 36th Street and Coney Island. Normal service on both routes resumed on October 28,2001, the Astoria express service, being unpopular with residents, was discontinued on January 15,2002
W (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R160 cars in W service at
36th Avenue in Queens.
W (New York City Subway service)
–
Note: This map shows the final W service pattern from February 22, 2004 until June 25, 2010.
W (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R40 cars in W service at
34th Street – Herald Square.
W (New York City Subway service)
–
A train made of
R68A cars in W service at
28th Street.
19.
MTA Regional Bus Operations
–
Both NYCT and MaBSTOA operate service pursuant to a lease agreement with the City of New York. MTABC operates service pursuant to an agreement with the City of New York under which all expenses of MTABC and this brought almost all bus transportation in New York City under its control. After the bus mergers were completed in 2006, the MTA then moved to streamline its operations through consolidation of management function, MTA Regional Bus also included the MTA Long Island Bus division until January 2012, when its services were transferred to a private operator by Nassau County. Other changes have included eliminating the MTA Bus call center, folding it into that of MTA New York City Transit, Regional Bus Operations is currently only used in official documentation, and not publicly as a brand. The seven former companies were, Command Bus Company, Inc. Green Bus Lines, Queens Surface Corp. and Triboro Coach Corp. The most common scheme is a blue stripe across the sides of the bus against a white base, with no colors on the front or back. From 1977 until late 2007, the livery was a full all-around stripe with a rear, and until late 2010. Buses operated in Select Bus Service bus rapid transit service are wrapped with a light blue-and-white wrap below the windows. In spring 2016, a new livery was introduced based on blue, light blue, and gold, with a mostly blue front and sides, a light blue and gold wave. Access-A-Ride paratransit services are provided by independent contractors, using vehicles owned by the MTA. In addition, MTA Regional Bus Operations operated bus and paratransit service in Nassau County under the name Long Island Bus until December 31,2011 and this service was operated by the MTA under an agreement with Nassau County, who owned its facilities and equipment. In 2011, the MTA asked Nassau County to provide funding for Long Island Bus than they were at the time. The county refused to provide funding, and the MTA voted to end operation of the system at the end of 2011. The county then decided to hire Veolia Transportation, a transportation company. Eventually all of these routes were transferred to private management, another city acquisition was the Bridge Operating Company, which ran the Williamsburg Bridge Local trolley, acquired in 1921 by the DP&S. Unlike the other lines, this one remained city-operated, and was replaced by the B39 bus route on December 5,1948, on February 23,1947, the Board of Transportation took over the Staten Island bus network of the Isle Transportation Company. The final Brooklyn trolleys were the Church Avenue Line and McDonald Avenue Line, discontinued on October 31,1956, though the privately operated Queensboro Bridge Local remained until 1957. Thus, in the late 1950s, the city operated all local service in Staten Island and Brooklyn, about half the service in Queens
MTA Regional Bus Operations
–
An early livery for the NYC Transit Authority.
MTA Regional Bus Operations
–
The early 1970s livery, using a blue base. This bus is operating in special holiday service in 2008.
MTA Regional Bus Operations
–
A typical vehicle, an
MCI cruiser, used in express bus service.
MTA Regional Bus Operations
–
Select Bus Service fare payment center.
20.
B37 (New York City bus)
–
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in Brooklyn, New York, United States, one minor route is privately operated under a city franchise. Only the eastern section of the B82, the B83, and the B84 were created by New York City Transit from scratch, in 1978,1966, and 2013, respectively. This table gives details for the routes prefixed with B - in other words, all routes in this section are local service except routes B35, B38, B41, B49 which have local and limited-stop services. Also, the B44 and B46 route have local and Select Bus Service, all routes in this section are local service except route B82 which has local and limited-stop services. These routes were operated by the Command Bus Company until MTA takeover in December 2005. The routes are operated under MTA Bus. This route is operated by Private Transportation Corporation under a franchise with the City of New York, metroCard is not accepted for payment of fare on this line, which has a one-way exact change fare of US$3.25. Currently, Private Transportation Corp. no longer enforces the Hasidic custom that men and women sit apart in social situations, but still most Hasidic men and women riders choose to sit apart each other and do not complain about segregation. When the MTA discontinued some routes on June 27,2010, operators of commuter vans, in Brooklyn, these routes were the B23, B39, and B71. There are also dollar vans that operate to areas with mass transit service, or provide an alternative mode of transportation to certain bus routes such as the B41. Note that the B prefix was not added until the mid-1970s, Brooklyn Bus Map and Service Guide 1969 Brooklyn and Staten Island bus map
B37 (New York City bus)
–
#8053 on the B6 in Bensonhurst.
B37 (New York City bus)
–
B110 bus in Borough Park.
B37 (New York City bus)
–
B1
21.
B41 (New York City bus)
–
The Flatbush Avenue Line is a public transit line in Brooklyn, New York City, United States, running along Flatbush Avenue between Downtown Brooklyn and Marine Park. Originally a streetcar line, it is now the B41 bus route, the B41 service begins at Downtown Brooklyn at Cadman Plaza West by the Borough Hall station. This terminus is shared by the B26, B38, B52, the bus then runs via Adams Street to Livingston Street, meeting up with the B45, and B67. Buses then run via that street stopping at locations nearest to the stores along that street, until Flatbush Avenue. Here, buses take Flatbush, making no stops until 4th Avenue, also at this location is the Barclays Center, the Atlantic Terminal, and the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station, as well as the Atlantic Terminal Long Island Railroad station. After this point, the B41 and B67 continue down Flatbush Avenue until the Seventh Avenue station, where the B67 splits off, the whole portion from Downtown Brooklyn and Grand Army Plaza is parallel to the IRT Eastern Parkway Line. After Grand Army Plaza, buses make a stop at Eastern Pkwy and this portion is parallel to the BMT Brighton Line. At Empire Blvd, the route meets up with the B16, B43, after Empire Boulevard, the Brighton Line splits off and the B41 runs straight down Flatbush Avenue through the neighborhood of Flatbush. Once it reaches Nostrand Avenue, it meets up with several bus lines. Also at this location is the Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College station of the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line, once out of the area, the route continues down Flatbush through the neighborhood of Flatlands until Avenue L, where the B9 joins the B41 and Q35. During the day, the B41 employs Limited Stop service between Atlantic Avenue and Avenue P, and local elsewhere, during weekdays, limited stop service operates between Downtown Booklyn and both of its southern terminals. There is usually more service operating to Kings Plaza than Bergen Beach, during weekends, all Bergen Beach service is local, with Limited service going to Kings Plaza. During overnight service, the Limited does not run, and the B41 Local serves each southern terminal alternately. The Brooklyn City Railroad opened the line, a branch of their Fulton Street Line, to the city line on July 14,1860, the Vernon Avenue Depot was built on the east side of the line at the terminal. Buses were substituted for streetcars on March 4,1951, limited-stop service was added in 1993
B41 (New York City bus)
–
A B41 Flatbush Avenue bus in Limited-Stop service.
B41 (New York City bus)
–
B1
22.
B65 (New York City bus)
–
Originally a streetcar line, it is now the B65 bus route, operated by the New York City Transit Authority. It was the line to Canarsie, arriving a year after the Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad. The original portion, west of the stables at Bergen Street and Classon Avenue, was sold on February 14,1868, none of the extension to Canarsie was ever used again. The South Brooklyn and Park Railroad acquired the line to Classon Avenue on June 1,1870, the Atlantic Avenue Railroad leased the South Brooklyn Central, then extending to Bergen Street and Albany Avenue, on February 2,1885. The Atlantic Avenue Railroad laid tracks in Boerum Place from Atlantic Avenue south to Bergen Street to connect the lines, as an extension of its Adams Street, the line reached Rochester Avenue by 1897. At some point, the west end was truncated to the intersection of Smith Street, buses were substituted for streetcars on July 20,1947, and were replaced again by trolley buses between October 17,1948 and July 27,1960. In the 1990s, the B65 was reroute from Cobble Hill north to Downtown Brooklyn, media related to B65 at Wikimedia Commons
B65 (New York City bus)
–
A B65 bus lays over at the eastern terminus in
Ocean Hill.
B65 (New York City bus)
–
B1
23.
B67 (New York City bus)
–
The Seventh Avenue Line is a public transit line in Brooklyn, New York City, United States. The B67 route starts at McDonald Avenue and Cortelyou Road in Kensington and this terminus is shared with the B69. The two routes then continue up McDonald Avenue passing the Church Avenue station, and connecting with the B35, north of Albemarle Road, the Culver Line turns away from McDonald Avenue and runs to 20th Street, where it runs northwest on 20th Street to 7th Avenue. Here, buses run up the corridor, serving a commercial street in Park Slope, at Ninth Street is the Culver Lines Seventh Avenue station. Both route continue up Seventh Avenue until Seventh Avenue meets Flatbush Avenue, at this location, the B69 turns south towards the Grand Army Plaza to head north via Vanderbilt Avenue to Downtown Brooklyn. The B67 continues up Flatbush Avenue with the B41, providing local service on that street. The line then heads into Downtown Brooklyn, meeting up with the B45 at the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station by the Atlantic Terminal mall and adjacent LIRR Station. All routes then head past the Barclays Center, making no stops, once in the Downtown Core, the B67 splits up with the B41 and B45 at Jay Street, serving the Jay Street–MetroTech station. This stop is shared by the B57 and B62 buses, which split off from Jay Street at Tillary Street, the B67 then continues along Jay Street, parallel the IND Sixth Avenue Line to the York Street station, where it enters Dumbo. Once in DUMBO, buses uses several streets in the neighborhood to provide service to the areas residents and business until it turns south onto Gold Street. The line the continues via Sands Street until it reaches the Brooklyn Navy Yard, on weekends, the northern terminal of the line is at Jay Street and Sands Street, and does not continue into Williamsburg. Seventh Avenue horse cars were replaced with electric trolleys on July 17,1893, the route was a streetcar line until February 11,1951, when the line was replaced with a bus route, designated B-67. In June 2010, late night service was discontinued, and the B69 bus was rerouted along Seventh Avenue south of the Brighton Line, service was also reduced on both routes so the service on Seventh Avenue was similar to before. On September 9,2013, the route was extended into South Williamsburg via the Brooklyn Navy Yard, along with Downtown Brooklyn, both Dumbo and the Brooklyn Navy Yard are part of the Brooklyn Tech Triangle, a cluster of economic activity occurring in Brooklyn
B67 (New York City bus)
–
B1
24.
B103 (New York City bus)
–
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in Brooklyn, New York, United States, one minor route is privately operated under a city franchise. Only the eastern section of the B82, the B83, and the B84 were created by New York City Transit from scratch, in 1978,1966, and 2013, respectively. This table gives details for the routes prefixed with B - in other words, all routes in this section are local service except routes B35, B38, B41, B49 which have local and limited-stop services. Also, the B44 and B46 route have local and Select Bus Service, all routes in this section are local service except route B82 which has local and limited-stop services. These routes were operated by the Command Bus Company until MTA takeover in December 2005. The routes are operated under MTA Bus. This route is operated by Private Transportation Corporation under a franchise with the City of New York, metroCard is not accepted for payment of fare on this line, which has a one-way exact change fare of US$3.25. Currently, Private Transportation Corp. no longer enforces the Hasidic custom that men and women sit apart in social situations, but still most Hasidic men and women riders choose to sit apart each other and do not complain about segregation. When the MTA discontinued some routes on June 27,2010, operators of commuter vans, in Brooklyn, these routes were the B23, B39, and B71. There are also dollar vans that operate to areas with mass transit service, or provide an alternative mode of transportation to certain bus routes such as the B41. Note that the B prefix was not added until the mid-1970s, Brooklyn Bus Map and Service Guide 1969 Brooklyn and Staten Island bus map
B103 (New York City bus)
–
#8053 on the B6 in Bensonhurst.
B103 (New York City bus)
–
B110 bus in Borough Park.
B103 (New York City bus)
–
B1
25.
Mikhail Prokhorov
–
Mikhail Dmitrievitch Prokhorov is a Russian billionaire, politician, and owner of the American basketball team the Brooklyn Nets. While he was running Norilsk Nickel, the became the worlds largest producer of nickel. He is the chairman of Polyus Gold, Russias largest gold producer. He resigned both positions to enter politics in June 2011 and he was third in the voting, amassing 7. 94% of the total vote. In June 2012 he declared the establishment of the new Russian political party called the “Party of Civic Platform”, as of 2017, Forbes estimates his wealth at $8.9 billion. Prokhorov was born in Moscow to Tamara and Dmitri Prokhorov and he has one sibling, an elder sister, Irina. His maternal grandmother, Anna Belkina, was a Jewish microbiologist who remained in Moscow during World War II to make vaccines while her daughter Tamara was moved east to safety. His paternal grandparents were relatively wealthy peasant farmers who were persecuted as class enemies under the Bolsheviks and his father, one of eight children, grew up poor, after his family lost everything and was forced to flee from one part of Siberia and restart life in another. Dmitri Prokhorov was trained as a lawyer and handled international relations for the Soviet Committee of Physical Culture, Tamara Prokhorova was a materials engineer at the Institute for Chemical Machine-Building. As part of his job, Dmitri Prokhorov had the opportunity to travel abroad and his wife worked as an engineer for a research group at the institute specializing in plastics. They died within a year of other, both from heart disease when they were in their late 50s. Prokhorov remained in their flat, which he shared with his sister and her daughter. He has never married and his sister, who runs his philanthropic organizations, a literary magazine. In 1989, Prokhorov graduated from the Moscow Finance Institute, from 1989–92, he worked in a management position at the International Bank for Economic Cooperation. When he departed in 2007, Prokhorovs share of the company was worth US $7.5 billion, Prokhorovs first major financial success came at MFK, which became a depository institution for the government. The bank acquired Soviet assets in the amount of US$300 to US$400 million, Prokhorov held the post of Chairman of the Board from 1992 until 1993. In 1994, Onexim became the depository and paying agent for Russian Treasury obligations, banks holding government funds earned handsome fees and paid minimal interest at a time when inflation was in the triple digits. In the 1990s, the Russian government needed loans to operate and their Onexim bank ran auctions for the government, in which bidders won the right to loan the Russian government money
Mikhail Prokhorov
–
Prokhorov in September 2013
Mikhail Prokhorov
–
Mikhail Prokhorov (right-center, wearing red tie)
26.
Forest City Enterprises
–
Forest City Realty Trust is an American diversified real estate management and development company based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In the 1930s, the company made its first foray into real estate, purchasing lots for commercial development, during World War II, the company made pre-fabricated houses for government housing and began building strip malls. In 1955, Forest City began converting its lumberyards, Forest City Lumber, in 1960, Forest City became a publicly traded company. In the 1980s, the company began divesting of its real estate holdings. The company sold its retail business to Handy Andy Home Improvement Center in 1987. In 2016, Forest City sold its military housing business unit to Hunt Companies, projects developed or under development by Forest City include,8 Spruce Street, also known as New York by Gehry, is named for its designer, world-renowned architect Frank Gehry. Pacific Park, Brooklyn, a development in Brooklyn, New York. This project includes Barclays Center, a new home for the Brooklyn Nets, central Station, a primarily residential development on the site of a former railroad terminal in Chicago, Illinois. Mercantile Place on Main, an urban redevelopment project of a historical office complex in Dallas, Texas. Mesa del Sol, planned for 100,000 inhabitants in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is Forest Citys largest mixed-use development, New York Times Building, a 52-story building designed by architect Renzo Piano. Northfield Stapleton is an open-air,1,200, 000-square-foot retail town center located at the companys Stapleton International Airport mixed-use redevelopment project in Denver, public Health Service Hospital District in San Franciscos Presidio. Radian, a 26-story, elegantly curved residential tower in the Financial District of Boston, showcase Mall, a shopping center on the Las Vegas Strip. Short Pump Town Center, an outdoor mall in Richmond. Station Square, a 52-acre indoor and outdoor shopping, dining and entertainment complex located in Pittsburgh, tower City Center, a mixed-use urban redevelopment project that transformed the mostly-vacant Union Terminal building in Downtown Cleveland into a mall, transit, office, and hotel structure. University Park at MIT, an urban redevelopment project located on an abandoned industrial site near the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. Victoria Gardens, a shopping center development in Rancho Cucamonga. Westfield San Francisco Centre, an upscale, urban shopping center located in San Francisco, California,2005 Honor Award from the National Building Museum for revitalization efforts and creation of affordable housing. 2005 ULI Award for Excellence for the University Park at MIT project Forest City is a member of REBNY
Forest City Enterprises
–
Forest City Enterprises, Inc.
Forest City Enterprises
–
Forest City Enterprises developed
The New York Times Building in New York City in 2008. The building is one of many Forest City assets.
27.
Anschutz Entertainment Group
–
The Anschutz Entertainment Group is an American worldwide sporting and music entertainment presenter and a subsidiary of The Anschutz Corporation. It is the worlds largest owner of sports teams and sports events, under the AEG Live brand, it is the worlds second largest presenter of live music and entertainment events after Live Nation. AEG Live was started in 2002, AEG owns and operates a variety of venues, sport teams and entertainment concerns. For venues, AEG owns and operates the Staples Center and the StubHub Center, in England, it owns the Manchester Arena, and currently operates The O2 which includes a 20,000 capacity arena. In Turkey, AEG operates 13,800 capacity Ulker Sports Arena, as part of the development of the O2, Anschutz also purchased the London river service company Thames Clipper, and supported the development of the nearby David Beckham Academy. The company has its headquarters in Downtown Los Angeles, AEG also owned Hamburg Freezers before ceasing its existence in 2016. The company also purchased the Champions on Ice figure skating tour in 2006 and it is now the second-largest event promoter in the United States. AEG Live came to public attention in 2009 when it acted as the promoter for Michael Jacksons This Is It concerts. Jackson died just three weeks before the series of 50 concerts were due to begin, on September 18,2012, The Anschutz Corporation announced its intent to sell Anschutz Entertainment Group and its holdings. The company has retained financial advisors Blackstone Advisory Partners to assist in AEGs sale process, approval to begin construction of Farmers Field in 2013 for a 2016 completion was in the process of being finalized at the time that AEGs sale was announced. On March 14,2013, Anschutz announced AEG is no longer for sale, AEG operates the Sprint Center for the city of Kansas City, Missouri, and Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Anschutz knows Prescott personally, having had him as a guest for a stay at Anschutzs ranch in 2005 and footing the bill for hospitality. In January 2007, the Super Casino license was awarded to a group in Manchester, rather than to Blackpool or London, Anschutz spent £50m on the Manchester Arena and the winner of the casino licence is a close ally of Anschutz, Sol Kerzner. The informal partnership was dissolved the following year, in October 2011, it was announced an agreement with Palmeiras and WTorre for managing the Allianz Parque, one of the most modern multipurpose spaces in the world, located in São Paulo, Brazil. With construction starting in 2010, was completed in November 2014, in September 2013, it was announced that AEG Facilities, a stand-alone affiliate of AEG, had signed a 15-year contract to operate Wembley Arena in London, UK. In 2014, the partnership of AEG Live with MGM Resorts International began construction of Las Vegas Arena located west of the Las Vegas Strip between Frank Sinatra Drive and New York-New York, the venue has been open since April 6,2016. Anschutz was one of the co-founders and one of the investors of Major League Soccer. In 1996, he became the investor/operator of the Colorado Rapids, the Rapids were then a subsidiary of the Anschutz Corporation
Anschutz Entertainment Group
–
Anschutz Entertainment Group
28.
Seating capacity
–
Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
Seating capacity
–
The
Indianapolis Motor Speedway has the largest seating capacity of any venue in the world.
Seating capacity
–
An aerial view of the
Melbourne Cricket Ground during the 1992
Cricket World Cup final packed with 90,000 people.
29.
Basketball
–
Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
Basketball
–
Michael Jordan goes for a
slam dunk
Basketball
–
The first basketball court:
Springfield College
Basketball
–
The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Naismith at the back, right.
Basketball
–
A basketball game between the
Heart Mountain and Powell High School girls teams, Wyoming, March 1944
30.
Ice hockey
–
Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
Ice hockey
–
The
San Jose Sharks (teal) attempt to prevent the
Anaheim Ducks (white) from scoring a goal during the
2007–08 NHL season.
Ice hockey
–
Winter landscape, with skaters playing Golf (
Hendrick Avercamp, 17th-century Dutch painter)
Ice hockey
–
The early Quebec Skating Rink, representative of early rinks
Ice hockey
–
Hockey at McGill University, Montreal, 1901
31.
Concert
–
A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. A recital is a concert by a soloist or small group which follows a program, a recitalist is a musician who gives frequent recitals. The invention of the piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt. The performance may be by a musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir. Indoor concerts held in the largest venues are sometimes called arena concerts or amphitheatre concerts, informal names for a concert include show and gig. Regardless of the venue, musicians perform on a stage. Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment, before recorded music, concerts provided the main opportunity to hear musicians play. The nature of a concert varies by musical genre, individual performers, concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume—but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle. For example, concert goers in the 1960s often had hair, sandals. Regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a style that comprises that venues scene. Other Types of concerts, To plan or arrange by mutual agreement, some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive shows. To create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, some singers, especially popular music, augment concert sound with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singers own voice. Activities during these concerts can include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing, concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for multiple days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music. Due to their size, festivals are almost exclusively held outdoors, new platforms for festivals are becoming increasingly popular such as Jam Cruise, which is a festival held on a cruise ship, as well as Mayan Holidaze, which is a destination festival held in Tulum. Often concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist, different segments of longer concert tours are known as legs. In the largest concert tours it is becoming common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment
Concert
–
A
classical music concert in the
Rod Laver Arena,
Melbourne,
Australia, 2005
Concert
–
Concert of Joler Gan Band, Bangabndhu International Conference Centre (BICC)
Concert
–
Concert, by Italian
baroque artist
Bernardo Strozzi
Concert
–
A
Girl Scout passing out printed programs at a Municipal Band concert in
Eau Claire, Wisconsin
32.
National Basketball Association
–
The National Basketball Association is the major mens professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier mens professional basketball league in the world. It has 30 teams, and is a member of USA Basketball. The NBA is one of the four professional sports leagues in the United States. NBA players are the worlds best paid athletes by average annual salary per player, the league was founded in New York City on June 6,1946, as the Basketball Association of America. The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3,1949, the leagues several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, the Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1,1946, in Toronto, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, the first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that leagues 1948 title, Following the 1948–49 season, the BAA took in the remainder of the NBL, Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo. The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities, as well as arenas and smaller gymnasiums. The process of contraction saw the leagues smaller-city franchises move to larger cities, the Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and then to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957, japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947–48 season when he played for the New York Knicks. He remained the only player in league history prior to the first African-American, Harold Hunter. During this period, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships, to encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954. If a team does not attempt to score a goal within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped. In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, who already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons. Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s, russells rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports. The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics, led by Russell, Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966
National Basketball Association
–
The
headquarters of the National Basketball Association in the
Olympic Tower at 645
Fifth Avenue,
Midtown Manhattan,
New York City,
USA.
National Basketball Association
–
Cities that hosted teams that played for more than one season in the NBA and/or
BAA from 1947–1959. Only
New York,
Boston, and
Detroit still have the same franchise.
National Basketball Association
–
Bill Russell defending
Wilt Chamberlain in 1966.
National Basketball Association
–
Los Angeles Lakers'
Magic Johnson and Boston Celtics'
Larry Bird in Game Two of the
1985 NBA Finals at Boston Garden.
33.
National Hockey League
–
Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the playoff champion at the end of each season. At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, the league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, in 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. The league draws many highly skilled players from all over the world, canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association, founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943. The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the first games were played on December 19,1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, the NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHAs Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic. Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, the Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1925 Stanley Cup and it was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation. The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons, the Bruins were the first American team in the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, the New York Rangers were added in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL, a group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs. The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, the second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenzs family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game
National Hockey League
–
National Hockey League Ligue nationale de hockey (
French)
National Hockey League
–
Montreal Canadiens in 1942
National Hockey League
–
Los Angeles Kings '
Mike Weaver battling for the puck against
Calgary Flames '
Daymond Langkow, December 21, 2005.
34.
AECOM
–
AECOM is an American multinational engineering firm that provides design, consulting, construction, and management services to a wide range of clients. AECOM has approximately 95,000 employees, and is number 156 on the 2016 Fortune 500 list, Fortune named AECOM as one of 2015 Worlds Most Admired Companies, and again in 2016 &2017. Engineering News-Record ranked AECOM as Number 1 Global Design Firm, the companys official name from 1990 to early January 2015 was AECOM Technology Corporation. Today, it is simply as AECOM. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ACM and he gained control of some 200,000 acres and formed Swiss Oil Company in Lexington. In 1924 Miles launched an operation called Ashland Refining Company. In 1966 Ashland acquired Warren Brothers and became involved in the construction and construction materials business. The company was now able to take advantage of refinery byproducts used to produce asphalt. Ashland grew into one of the nations major road-construction firms and laid a foundation for AECOM. In the 1970s Ashland Oil & Refining became Ashland Oil, Inc, five years later the company consolidated its construction assets into a construction division and also formed a coal subsidiary, indicative of a changing focus at Ashland. Although it generated more than $1 billion a year in sales, by 1980 Ashland sold off its production assets, and a year later was reorganized as a modified holding company. A new corporate strategy was implemented as Ashland now focused on refining and marketing, in 1984 Ashland acquired Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenall, a global provider of transportation-related engineering services. Originally focused on projects, after World War II it had become one of the first integrated engineering. The acquisition of DMJM also included its president, Richard G. Newman, AECOMs future chief executive, in 1985 DMJM became part of a new subsidiary, Ashland Technology Corporation. Two years later Newman was named its new president, architects Ellerbe Becket and Davis Langdon, the quantity surveyors and construction consultants. AECOM went public during May 2007 with a public offering on the NYSE. On January 8,2008 AECOM acquired The Services Group, Inc. a provider of consulting services to the US Agency for International Development and other multi-lateral donor organizations. On July 28,2008, AECOM completed its purchase of Earth Tech Inc. a consulting and engineering firm, from Tyco International for $510 million
AECOM
–
Global Reach, Local Knowledge, Innovation and Technical Excellence
35.
Ellerbe Becket
–
Ellerbe Becket was an independent Minneapolis, Minnesota-based architectural, engineering, interior design and construction firm until 2009, when it was acquired by AECOM. As of May 2011 the company is doing business under the AECOM name. AECOM is ranked as one of the worlds largest architectural firms, with offices in Dallas, TX, Kansas City, MO, San Francisco, CA, Washington, DC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates and Doha, Qatar. The firm currently employs 475 people in seven locations and three countries, and has designed buildings in all of the 50 states and in 20 countries, the company originally called Ellerbe & Co. was founded by Franklin Ellerbe in 1909 in St. Paul, Minnesota. Its first clients included the Mayo Clinic and 3M, thomas Ellerbe took over the company in 1921 upon his fathers death. When he retired in 1966 it became an employee-owned company, in 1987 it merged with Welton Becket and Associates of Los Angeles and became Ellerbe Becket. In 1988 it opened a sports division in Kansas City. On October 26,2009 Ellerbe Becket joined the architecture, planning, Ellerbe Becket’s professional expertise and practice strengths in the design of healthcare, sports, government, corporate and higher education facilities complement the global AECOM platform
Ellerbe Becket
–
CenturyLink Field
Ellerbe Becket
–
Wells Fargo Center
Ellerbe Becket
–
First Niagara Center,
Buffalo, New York
36.
Thornton Tomasetti
–
Thornton Tomasetti is an American 1, 200+ person structural engineering consulting firm headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1956 as Lev Zetlin & Associates, the 50-year-old company has locations throughout the world. The engineering firm provided the design for several of the worlds tallest building structures, including the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Other structures designed by the firm include Soldier Field in Chicago, Petco Park in San Diego, among other architects of note, Thornton Tomasetti has collaborated with Cesar Pelli, Santiago Calatrava, Renzo Piano, and Rafael Vinoly. Thornton Tomasetti works to advance design and construction practices. About one-fifth of its staff are LEED accredited professionals, Thornton Tomasetti was the first structural engineering company to sign the AIA2030 Commitment. Thornton Tomasetti immediately began to branch out and enter the market with several innovative designs. The New York City office essentially began in 1956 as Lev Zetlin & Associates, Lev Zetlin also embraced the creative use of materials, most notably demonstrated in a bridge design made entirely of paper products for an International Paper ad. In 1993, Thornton Tomasetti acquired Cohen-Barreto-Marchertas and created a Chicago office, founded in 1965 by Eli Cohen, CBM pioneered the use of the now-common composite steel structural system, which combines a reinforced concrete core wall with a light steel floor framing. In the early 1960s, Cohens adaptation of the cooling tower design to high-rise offices required a change in the way the unions worked. Ironworker contracts forbid members of trades to work at higher elevations at job sites. But the proposed system was reviewed with them and they agreed to let concrete workers work above them, on September 8,2015, Thornton Tomasetti announced that it had merged with structural engineering firm Weidlinger Associates. The combined firm will have 1,200 employees operating in 34 cities internationally, in 2008 Thornton was awarded the Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum for his work with this program. Thornton Tomasetti Corporate Website ACE Mentor Program
Thornton Tomasetti
–
Eli Cohen
Thornton Tomasetti
–
One Liberty Place, Philadelphia
Thornton Tomasetti
–
Leo Burnett Building, Chicago
Thornton Tomasetti
–
181 West Madison, Chicago
37.
WSP Group
–
WSP Global Inc. is a Canadian-based business providing management and consultancy services to the built and natural environment. It is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, ltd and Les Consultants Dupuis, Côté Inc. began operating in Quebec City in 1959. In 1969 in England, WSP was established by Chris Cole, in 1976, it was a founder member of the Building Services Research and Information Association. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1987, after acquiring three firms and geographical expansion in 1993, the name of the Canadian firm GBGM was changed to GENIVAR. On 7 June 2012, Genivar Inc. announced that it made a friendly takeover offer of £278 million for WSP Group plc. The offer was backed by WSPs board of directors as well as investors holding 37% of the companys shares and this merger created a professional services firm with approximately 15,000 employees, working in over 300 offices worldwide. The company reorganised its structure on 1 January 2014, to create a parent company named WSP Global Inc. On 31 October 2014, WSP Global announced that it had completed the purchase of New York-headquartered professional services firm Parsons Brinckerhoff from Balfour Beatty plc for USD$1.24 billion. The company has a network of approximately 170 offices and nearly 13,500 employees on five continents, together, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff is one the largest professional services firms in the world with approximately 32,000 employees in 500 offices serving 39 countries. In early 2015, WSP Global announced the engineering consultancy firms plans to expand to 45,000 employees by 2020, in October 2016, WSP purchased Mouchel Consulting from Kier for approximately £75 million. In January 2017, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff announced that it will assume the name WSP, the company is organised into the following main service areas, Buildings, Energy, Environment, Industry, Mining, and Transport and Infrastructure. Notable projects in progress Centre hospitalier de lUniversité de Montréal, WSP is providing management services. Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport, WSP CBP is providing management services. The City Line in Sweden, WSP is providing management services. MGM MIRAGE CityCenter in Las Vegas, Nevada Notable completed projects One World Trade Center in New York, NY. The Shard in London, UK.7 World Trade Center in New York, NY.8 Spruce Street in New York, NY.30 The Bond in Sydney, Australia. 60 Wall Street in New York, NY.277 Park Avenue in New York, NY.383 Madison Avenue in New York, NY.1585 Broadway in New York, arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, NY. Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Headquarters, in Melbourne, Australia, the largest single-tenanted commercial office building in the Southern Hemisphere
WSP Group
–
WSP Global Inc.
38.
Brooklyn Nets
–
The Brooklyn Nets are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The Nets compete in the National Basketball Association as a club of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The team plays its games at Barclays Center. They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City, the other are the New York Knicks, the team was established in 1967 as a charter franchise of the NBAs rival league, the American Basketball Association. They played in New Jersey as the New Jersey Americans during their first season, before moving to Long Island in 1968, during this time, the Nets won two ABA championships. In 1976, the ABA merged with the NBA, and the Nets were absorbed into the NBA along with three other ABA teams, in 1977, the team returned to New Jersey and played as the New Jersey Nets from 1977 to 2012. During this time, the Nets won two consecutive Eastern Conference championships, but failed to win a league title, in the summer of 2012, the team moved to Barclays Center, and took its current geographic name. The Brooklyn Nets were founded in 1967 and initially played in Teaneck, New Jersey, in its early years, the team led a nomadic existence, moving to Long Island in 1968 and playing in various arenas there as the New York Nets. Led by Hall of Famer Julius Dr. J Erving, the Nets won two ABA championships in New York before becoming one of four ABA teams to be admitted into the NBA as part of the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The team then moved back to New Jersey in 1977 and became the New Jersey Nets, the Boston Celtics were once rivals of the Nets during the early 2000s because of their respective locations and their burgeoning stars. The Nets were led by Jason Kidd and Kenyon Martin, while the Celtics were experiencing newfound success behind Paul Pierce, the rivalry began to heat up in the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals, which was preceded by trash-talking from the Celtics who claimed Martin was a fake tough guy. Things progressed as the series started, and on-court tensions seemed to spill into the stands, celtic fans berated Kidd and his family with chants of Wife Beater. in response to Kidds 2001 domestic abuse charge. When the series returned to New Jersey, Nets fans responded, referring to a night club incident in 2000 in which Pierce was stabbed 11 times. When asked about the fan barbs being traded, Kenyon Martin stated, Our fans hate them, rondo was suspended for two games in the aftermath, while Wallace and Kevin Garnett were fined. The story was revisited on December 25, when Wallace grabbed Garnetts shorts and this move was billed as a merger of the two Atlantic Division teams. Celtics announcer Sean Grande said Its almost as if you found a home for these guys. You couldnt have found a better place and these guys will be in the New York market, theyll be on a competitive team, theyll stay on national TV. Its funny, because the enemy of my enemy is my friend, so with Celtics fans feeling the way they do about the Heat, feeling the way they do about the Knicks, the Nets are going to become almost the second team now
Brooklyn Nets
–
Cover to BrooklyKnight #1, distributed at the Brooklyn Nets home opener. Art by
Mike Deodato.
Brooklyn Nets
Brooklyn Nets
–
Mikhail Prokhorov, a Russian billionaire and current owner of the Nets
Brooklyn Nets
–
Baseball
39.
National Collegiate Athletics Association
–
The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
National Collegiate Athletics Association
–
The current NCAA headquarters office in
Indianapolis
National Collegiate Athletics Association
–
National Collegiate Athletic Association
National Collegiate Athletics Association
–
NCAA National Championship
trophies, rings, and watches won by
UCLA teams
National Collegiate Athletics Association
–
2006 NCAA championship banners hang from the ceiling of the NCAA Hall of Champions in Indianapolis.
40.
New York Islanders
–
The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the team plays its home games at Barclays Center, located in the borough of Brooklyn. The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area, along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers, and their primary geographic fan base resides on Long Island. After two years of building up the roster, they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season. The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983, the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history and their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports. Following the teams dynasty era, the franchise ran into problems with money, ownership and management, an aging arena, and low attendance. Their woes were reflected on the ice, as the team has not won a title since 1987–88. After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island, Pat LaFontaine is the most recent inductee, having been honored in 2003. County officials did not consider the WHA a major league and wanted to keep the Raiders out, however, they discovered that they couldnt legally lock out the Raiders until they persuaded an NHL team to play there. William Shea, who had helped bring the Major League Baseballs New York Mets to the area a decade earlier, was pressed into service once again. Shea found a receptive ear in NHL president Clarence Campbell but faced opposition from the New York Rangers, eventually, Campbell and Shea persuaded the Rangers owners, Madison Square Garden, to reconsider. Eventually, Rangers president Bill Jennings realized that he had two choices, If he allowed another New York-based NHL team, he would at least be able to extract compensation from it for sharing the Rangers NHL territory. In contrast, a WHA rival would not be obligated to pay the Rangers anything, the terms of the franchise included a $5 million territorial fee to the Rangers. An expansion franchise was given to Atlanta to keep the schedule balanced. The franchise chose New York Islanders as its name, although many expected it to choose the Long Island Ducks, the team was soon nicknamed the Isles by the local newspapers. On February 14,1972, Bill Torrey, executive Vice President of the NHLs California Golden Seals, was named as the teams General Manager. Soon after the draft, Phil Goyette was named as the teams first head coach, however he was fired halfway through the season and replaced with Earl Ingarfield, wed have to develop our own stars. Before the season began, Westfall was named the teams first captain and their first win came on October 12,1972 in a 3-2 game against the Los Angeles Kings
New York Islanders
–
William Shea played a major role in bringing a hockey team to Long Island.
New York Islanders
–
New York Islanders
New York Islanders
–
Hall of Fame defenseman
Denis Potvin led the Islanders to their postseason success in the '70s and '80s.
New York Islanders
–
Mike Bossy was selected with the 15th overall pick in
1977 and became the third Islander to win the
Calder Trophy in his first season.
41.
NBA Development League
–
The NBA Development League, or NBA D-League, is the National Basketball Associations official minor league basketball organization. Known until the summer of 2005 as the National Basketball Development League, at the conclusion of the 2013–14 NBA season, 33% of NBA players had spent time in the NBA D-League, up from 23% in 2011. Beginning in the 2016–17 season, the league consists of 22 teams, in the 2017–18 season, the league will rebrand to become the NBA Gatorade League as part of multiyear partnership with Gatorade and its parent company, PepsiCo. The league began its play as the NBDL in the 2001–02 season, in 2005, some of these teams were purchased by private owners and relocated—at the same time the leagues name was changed—in a bid to appeal to more fans nationwide. As a result, franchises were established in or moved to Texas, New Mexico, Arkansas, Florida, in February 2006, the D-League expanded to California for the first time with the addition of the Bakersfield Jam. Shortly after, the league announced expansion teams in the Anaheim Arsenal, the D-Fenders became the first D-League team to be directly owned by an NBA parent team, the Los Angeles Lakers. However, the westward expansion contributed to the contraction of the NBA-owned Roanoke Dazzle and Fayetteville Patriots for that season, the Florida Flame suspended operations due to arena scheduling difficulties. After the 2006–07 season, there would be no more teams in the southeastern United States until the 2016 expansion team, after the 2006 to 2009 expansions, the league membership was fairly consistent with only a few relocations and suspensions. In 2009, the Houston Rockets entered into the first single-affiliation partnership, called the hybrid model and this began a wave of NBA and D-League teams entering into single-affiliation agreements of both the hybrid and parent-team owned varieties. With more NBA involvement, the once again began to expand. By 2015, the last multiple-affiliate team, the Fort Wayne Mad Ants, was purchased by the Indiana Pacers leading to the first season where all D-League teams were affiliated with only one NBA team. As there were no longer any unaffiliated D-League teams left, the remaining NBA teams began purchasing expansion franchises or hybrid partnership teams, in 2015, the Toronto Raptors placed their own team, Raptors 905, in the Greater Toronto Area in Mississauga, Ontario. In 2016, the D-League expanded by three more NBA parent club owned teams for the largest D-League expansion since 2007, the Charlotte Hornets created the Greensboro Swarm, the Brooklyn Nets created the Long Island Nets, and the Chicago Bulls created the Windy City Bulls. In the 2017–18 season, the D-League is set to enter into a partnership with Gatorade. Currently the league is split into two Conferences, Eastern and Western, in the Eastern Conference there are there are two divisions, Atlantic and Central. The Atlantic Division includes, the Delaware 87ers, the Erie BayHawks, the Greensboro Swarm, the Long Island Nets, the Maine Red Claws, and the Westchester Knicks. The Central Division includes, the Canton Charge, the Fort Wayne Mad Ants, the Grand Rapids Drive, Raptors 905, in the Western Conference there are two divisions, Southwest and Pacific. The Southwest Division includes, the Austin Spurs, the Iowa Energy, the Oklahoma City Blue, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers, the Sioux Falls Skyforce, and the Texas Legends
NBA Development League
–
NBA Development League logo
42.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
43.
Borough (New York City)
–
New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
Borough (New York City)
–
The five boroughs of New York City: 1: Manhattan, 2: Brooklyn, 3: Queens, 4: The Bronx, 5: Staten Island
44.
Commerce
–
Commerce is the activity of buying and selling of goods and services, especially on a large scale. The system includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that are in operation in any country or internationally, commerce is derived from the Latin commercium, from cum, together, and merx, merchandise. Some commentators trace the origins of commerce to the start of transaction in prehistoric times. Apart from traditional self-sufficiency, trading became a facility of prehistoric people. Historian Peter Watson and Ramesh Manickam dates the history of commerce from circa 150,000 years ago. In historic times, the introduction of currency as a money, facilitated a wider exchange of goods. Numismatists have collections of these tokens, which include coins from some Ancient World large-scale societies. For example, if a man who makes pots for a living needs a new house, he/she may wish to hire someone to build it for him/her. But he/she cannot make an equivalent number of pots to equal this service done for him/her, because if the builder could build the house. During the Middle Ages, commerce developed in Europe by trading luxury goods at trade fairs, wealth became converted into movable wealth or capital. Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries, hand to hand markets became a feature of town life, and were regulated by town authorities. Today commerce includes as a subset a complex system of companies which try to maximize their profits by offering products and services to the market at the lowest production cost
Commerce
–
The
caduceus has been used today as the symbol of commerce with which
Mercury has traditionally been associated.
45.
Residential area
–
A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas and these include single-family housing, multi-family residential, or mobile homes. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and it may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses. Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning, the area may be large or small. Development patterns may be regulated by restrictive covenants contained in the deeds to the properties in the development, restrictive covenants are not easily changed when the agreement of all property owners is required. The area so restricted may be large or small, residential areas may be subcategorized in the concentric zone model and other schemes of urban geography. Residential development is real estate development for residential purposes, some such developments are called a subdivision, when the land is divided into lots with houses constructed on each lot. Such developments became common during the nineteenth century, particularly in the form of streetcar suburbs. In previous centuries, residential development was mainly of two kinds, rich people bought a townlot, hired an architect and/or contractor, and built a bespoke / customized house or mansion for their family. Poor urban people lived in shantytowns or in tenements built for rental, single-family houses were seldom built on speculation, that is for future sale to residents not yet identified. When cities and the class expanded greatly and mortgage loans became commonplace. Its large-scale practitioners disliked the term property speculator and coined the new residential development for their activity. Entire farms and ranches were subdivided and developed, often one individual or company controlling all aspects of entitlement, land development, infrastructure. Communities like Levittown, Long Island or Lakewood south of Los Angeles saw new homes sold at unprecedented rates—more than one a day. Many techniques which had made the automobile affordable made housing affordable, standardization of design and small, repetitive tasks, advertising. Mass production resulted in a similar uniformity of product, and a comfortable lifestyle than cramped apartments in the cities. With the advent of government-backed mortgages, it could actually be cheaper to own a house in a new residential development than to rent, as with other products, continual refinements appeared. Curving streets, greenbelt parks, neighborhood pools, and community entry monumentation appeared, diverse floor plans with differing room counts, and multiple elevations appeared
Residential area
–
Residential area in
Helena,
Montana,
USA
Residential area
–
Suburban slum in
Bhutan
Residential area
–
New inner city residences in
Manhattan
Residential area
–
Residential area in
Brooklyn about a century after it was developed
46.
Pacific Park, Brooklyn
–
The project overlaps part of the Atlantic Terminal Urban Renewal Area, but also extends toward the adjacent brownstone neighborhood. Of the 22-acre project,8.4 acres is located over a Long Island Rail Road train yard, a major component of the project is the Barclays Center sports arena, which opened on September 21,2012. Formerly named Atlantic Yards, the renamed the project in August 2014 as part of a rebranding. Ongoing construction on the part of the project has yet to commence. Development is overseen by the Empire State Development Corporation, since the mid-20th century there have been many proposals to develop the area around Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues, known as Times Plaza, but plans for the area emerged only piecemeal. In the mid-1950s, Brooklyn Dodgers owner Walter OMalley proposed that the city condemn site where he could then have built a new stadium for the club to replace Ebbets Field. It was dismissed by Robert Moses for creating a Great Wall of traffic, in 1958, OMalley relocated the Dodgers to Los Angeles. In 1968, Long Island University eyed the site, but was opposed by Mayor John V. Lindsay, a 1968 New York Times article described the $250 million plan for the Atlantic Terminal Urban Renewal Area, also known as ATURA. The 1970s also saw plans for ambitious projects in the area, baruch College also considered moving but was stymied by the Citys fiscal crisis. The seeds of gentrification were planted with the establishment of the Fort Greene Historic District in 1978, then an economic downturn compounded community opposition. The Times reported that the market collapse had deterred office construction. A lot of people are reassessing their expansion plans, James Stuckey, president of the citys Public Development Corporation, the projects name, devised by developer Forest City Ratner, relates to the rail yard located between Atlantic Avenue and Pacific Street. Officially, the Long Island Rail Road yard is called the Vanderbilt Yard by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the LIRRs nearby Atlantic Terminal station is the westernmost stop of the Atlantic Branch. Easy access by rapid transit and suburban rail, and the desirable brownstone housing stock nearby made it a target for speculative development, gehry was removed from the project in June 2009. Since September 2009, the new design has been a collaboration between Ellerbe Becket and the Manhattan architectural firm SHoP Architects. Pacific Park, overseen by the Empire State Development Corporation, is supposed to be a public-private project, in March 2008, principal developer Bruce Ratner acknowledged that the slowing economy may delay construction of both the office and residential components of the project for several years. On June 23,2008, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear an appeal of the eminent domain case. Further challenges to the implementation of eminent domain ensued, and were dismissed in March 2010
Pacific Park, Brooklyn
–
Under construction in summer 2011
Pacific Park, Brooklyn
–
The completed
Barclays Center, a large part of Pacific Park/Atlantic Yards, in September 2012
Pacific Park, Brooklyn
–
Abandoned plan of 2008
Pacific Park, Brooklyn
–
Looking down Platform B of Atlantic Terminal.
LIRR train is on the right.
47.
Madison Square Garden
–
Madison Square Garden, often called MSG or simply The Garden, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets, it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station. The Garden is used for basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, professional wrestling and other forms of sports. It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks, including the Empire State Building, Koreatown and it is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter Billy Joel. The Garden opened on February 11,1968, and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area and it is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the second-oldest arena in the National Basketball Association. MSG is the fourth-busiest music arena in the world in terms of sales, behind The O2 Arena. At a total construction cost of approximately $1.1 billion and it is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex. Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name, Madison Square is formed by the intersection of 5th Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in Manhattan. It was named after James Madison, fourth President of the United States, two venues called Madison Square Garden were located just northeast of the square, the first from 1879 to 1890, and the second from 1890 to 1925. The first Garden, leased to P. T. Barnum, had no roof and was inconvenient to use during inclement weather, Madison Square Garden II was designed by noted architect Stanford White. The new building was built by a syndicate which included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, P. T. Barnum, Darius Mills, James Stillman and W. W. Astor. It was 200 feet by 485 feet, and the main hall and it had a 1, 200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1,500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret. A third Madison Square Garden opened in a new location, on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, from 1925 to 1968, groundbreaking on the third Madison Square Garden took place on January 9,1925. Designed by the theater architect Thomas W. Lamb, it was built at the cost of $4.75 million in 249 days by boxing promoter Tex Rickard. The arena was 200 feet by 375 feet, with seating on three levels, and a capacity of 18,496 spectators for boxing. Demolition commenced in 1968 after the opening of the current Garden and it finished up in early 1969, and the site is now where One Worldwide Plaza is located. The new structure was one of the first of its kind to be built above the platforms of a railroad station. It was an engineering feat constructed by Robert E. McKee of El Paso, public outcry over the demolition of the Pennsylvania Station structure—an outstanding example of Beaux-Arts architecture—led to the creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
Madison Square Garden
–
The
Eighth Avenue facade of Madison Square Garden in August 2009
Madison Square Garden
–
A basketball game at Madison Square Garden circa 1968
Madison Square Garden
–
Madison Square Garden's upper bowl concourse, seen in January 2014 during a Rangers game.
Madison Square Garden
–
The completely transformed Madison Square Garden in January 2014 (with a new HD scoreboard), as the
New York Rangers play against the
St. Louis Blues.
48.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
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View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
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Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
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The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
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J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
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