1.
Coffeehouse
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A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages, tea, and other hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced tea, many cafés also serve some type of food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to multinational corporations. A coffeehouse may share some of the characteristics of a bar or restaurant. Many coffee houses in the Middle East and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world offer shisha, espresso bars are a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. Since the development of Wi-Fi, coffeehouses with this capability have also become places for patrons to access the Internet on their laptops, a coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members. As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern as places for political gatherings to the imams, who banned them, as well as the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530, the first coffeehouse was opened in Damascus and not long there were many coffeehouses in Cairo. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city, they opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale. Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a Kiva Han in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose, the narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. It often happens that two or three people talk at the time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher. The most common English spelling, café, is the French, Portuguese and Spanish spelling, thus the spelling cafe has become very common in English-language usage throughout the world, especially for the less formal, i. e. greasy spoon variety. The Italian spelling, caffè, is sometimes used in English. In southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often altered to /ˈkæf/. The English words coffee and café both descend from the Italian word for coffee, caffè—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570— and in turn derived from the Arabic qahuwa. The Arabic term qahuwa originally referred to a type of wine but after the ban by Mohammed
2.
Espresso
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Espresso is coffee brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Espresso is generally thicker than coffee brewed by other methods, has a concentration of suspended and dissolved solids. As a result of the brewing process, the flavors. Espresso is also the base for drinks such as a caffè latte, cappuccino, caffè macchiato, caffè mocha, flat white. The spelling expresso is sometimes used, while some state that this spelling is incorrect. Espresso is made by forcing hot water under high pressure through finely ground. Tamping down the coffee promotes the waters even penetration of the grounds and this process produces an almost syrupy beverage by extracting both solid and dissolved components. The crema is produced by emulsifying the oils in the coffee into a colloid. Generally, one uses a machine to make espresso. Today, however, it is common for the pressure to be generated by an electric pump. The technical parameters outlined by the Italian Espresso National Institute for making a certified Italian espresso are and it is not a specific bean, bean blend, or roast level. Any bean or roasting level can be used to produce authentic espresso, for example, in southern Italy, a darker roast is generally preferred. Farther north, the moves toward slightly lighter roasts, while outside Italy. Espresso has risen in popularity worldwide since the 1980s, in the United States, cafés serve many variations by adding syrup, whipped cream, flavor extracts, soy milk, and spices to their drinks. The American Pacific Northwest has been viewed as the driver behind this trend, the popularity later spread to shops in other regions and into homes as kitchen-friendly machines became available at moderate cost. In other parts of the world, espresso has long been the method of coffee preparation in restaurants, bars. Angelo Moriondo’s Italian patent for a steam-driven instantaneous coffee beverage making device, author Ian Bersten, whose history of coffee brewers is cited below, claims to have been the first to discover Moriondo’s patent. Bersten describes the device as “… almost certainly the first Italian bar machine that controlled the supply of steam and water separately through the coffee” and Moriondo as “
3.
Coffee
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Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant. The genus Coffea is native to tropical Africa, and Madagascar, the two most commonly grown are the highly regarded arabica, and the less sophisticated but stronger and more hardy robusta. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried, dried coffee seeds are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. Roasted beans are ground and brewed with boiling water to produce coffee as a beverage. Coffee is slightly acidic and can have an effect on humans because of its caffeine content. Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world and it can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. It is usually served hot, although iced coffee is also served, the earliest credible evidence of coffee-drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a way to how it is now prepared. Coffee seeds were first exported from East Africa to Yemen, as the coffea arabica plant is thought to have been indigenous to the former, yemeni traders took coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed. By the 16th century, it had reached Persia, Turkey, from there, it spread to Europe and the rest of the world. Coffee is an export commodity, it is the top agricultural export for numerous countries and is among the worlds largest legal agricultural exports. It is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries, green coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Consequently, the markets for fair trade coffee and organic coffee are expanding. The first reference to coffee in the English language is in the form chaona, dated to 1598 and understood to be a misprint of chaoua, equivalent, in the orthography of the time, to chaova. This term and coffee both derive from the Ottoman Turkish kahve, by way of the Italian caffè and it has also been proposed that the source may be the Proto-Central Semitic root q-h-h meaning dark. Alternatively, the word Khat, a plant widely used as stimulant in Yemen and Ethiopia before being supplanted by coffee has been suggested as a possible origin, the expression coffee break was first attested in 1952. The term coffee pot dates from 1705, other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheikh Omar. According to the ancient chronicle, Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer, was exiled from Mocha in Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab
4.
Bartender
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A bartender is a person who formulates and serves alcoholic beverages behind the bar, usually in a licensed establishment. Bartenders also usually maintain the supplies and inventory for the bar, a bartender can generally mix classic cocktails such as a Cosmopolitan, Manhattan, Old Fashioned, and Mojito. The bartending profession was generally a second occupation, used as work for students to gain customer experience or to save money for university fees. This however is changing around the world and bartending has become a profession by choice rather than necessity, in America, where tipping is a local custom, bartenders depend on tips for most of their income. Bartenders are also responsible for confirming that customers meet the legal drinking age requirements before serving them alcoholic beverages. In certain countries, such as the United Kingdom and Sweden, as such, it lacks traditional employment protections and therefore has a high turnover. The high turnover of staff due to low wages and poor employee benefits results in a shortage of skilled bartenders, some pubs prefer experienced staff, although pub chains tend to accept inexperienced staff and provide training. Tipping bartenders in the United Kingdom is not considered mandatory but is appreciated by the bartender. Bartenders may attend special schools or learn while on the job, Bartenders in the United States may work in a large variety of bars. These include hotel bars, restaurant bars, sports bars, gay bars, piano bars, also growing in popularity is the portable bar, which can be moved to different venues and special events. Bar-back, a bartenders assistant Hospitality List of bartenders List of public house topics List of restaurant terminology Tavern Media related to Bartenders at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Alcoholic drink
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Long-term use can lead to alcohol abuse, physical dependence, and alcoholism. Drinking alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures, most countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption, some countries ban such activities entirely. However, alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world, the global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2014. Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. For instance, in 2015, among Americans, 89% of adults had consumed alcohol at point, 70% had drunk it in the last year. Alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically contain between 3% and 40% alcohol by volume. Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period, wine is a fermented beverage produced from grapes. Wine involves a longer process than beer and also a long aging process. Sparkling wine can be made by means of a secondary fermentation, fruit wines are made from fruits other than grapes, such as plums, cherries, or apples. Sake is an example of rice wine. Beer is a beverage fermented from grain mash and it is made from barley or a blend of several grains. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink is a spirit, beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Cider or cyder is an alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice, apple juice, peaches. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in some regions, cider may be called apple wine. Mead is a drink created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains. The alcoholic content of mead may range from about 8% ABV to more than 20%, the defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drinks fermentable sugar is derived from honey. A distilled drink or liquor is a drink produced by distilling ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit. Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have a content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits
6.
Latte art
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Latte art is a method of preparing coffee created by pouring steamed milk into a shot of espresso and resulting in a pattern or design on the surface of the latte. It can also be created or embellished by simply drawing in the top layer of foam, Latte art is particularly difficult to create consistently, due to the demanding conditions required of both the espresso shot and milk. This, in turn, is limited by the experience of the barista, the pour itself, then, becomes the last challenge for the latte artist. In the United States, latte art was developed in Seattle in the 1980s and 1990s, Schomer credits the development of microfoam to Jack Kelly of Uptown espresso in 1986, and by 1989 the heart pattern was established and a signature at Schomers Espresso Vivace. The rosette pattern was developed by Schomer in 1992, recreating the technique based on a photograph he saw from Cafe Mateki in Italy. Schomer subsequently popularized latte art in his course Caffe Latte Art, at the same time Luigi Lupi from Italy met Schomer on the internet and they exchanged videos they made on Latteart and Cappuccini Decorati. Latte art is a mixture of two colloids, the crema, which is an emulsion of oil and brewed coffee, and the microfoam. Milk itself is an emulsion of butterfat in water, while coffee is a mixture of coffee solids in water, Latte art requires first producing espresso with crema and microfoam, and then combining these to make latte art. See microfoam, procedure for how microfoam is made, this article concentrates on the latte art once the foam is made, before the milk is added, the espresso shot must have a creamy brown surface, an emulsion known as crema. As the white foam from the milk rises to meet the surface of the shot, a contrast is created. As the milk is poured, the foam separates from the liquid, if the milk and espresso shot are just right, and the pitcher is moved during the pour, the foam will rise to create a pattern on the surface. Alternatively, a pattern may be etched with a stick after the milk has been poured, some controversy exists within the coffee community as to whether or not there is excessive focus on latte art amongst baristas. The argument is that too much focus on the appearance of a drink leads some to ignore more important issues. This is especially relevant with new baristas, there are two main types of latte art, free pouring and etching. Free pouring is far more common in American cafés, and requires additional time in preparing a drink. The two most common forms of poured latte art are a shape and the rosetta or rosette. Of these, hearts are simpler and more common in macchiatos, while rosettes are more complex, for free pouring, the cup is either kept level or tilted in one direction. As the milk is poured straight into the cup, the foam begins to surface on one side
7.
Ystad
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Ystad is a town, and the seat of Ystad Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden, with 18,350 inhabitants in 2010. The settlement dates back to the 11th century and the town has become a busy ferryport, local administrative centre and it is associated with the fictional detective Kurt Wallander whose stories, by Henning Mankell, are set primarily in Ystad and nearby communities. In 1285, the name was written Ystath. Its original meaning is not fully understood, but the y is probably related to an old word for the yew tree, while -stad is town, in Danish times before 1658 the spelling was Ysted. Ystad was not mentioned in documents until 1244, in a record of King Erics visit to the town with his brother, a Franciscan monastery, Gråbrödraklostret, was founded in 1267, and Ystad joined the Hanseatic League in the 14th century. The charter of 1599 gave the town the right to export oxen, Ystad, together with all of Scania, was transferred from Denmark to Sweden following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. By 1866 Ystad had a connection and it was established as a garrison town in the 1890s. After World War II, ferry services to Poland and to the Danish island of Bornholm were opened, in 1658, Ystads population was about 1,600 and, by 1850 it had reached 5,000. The increased importance brought by the railway and the garrison in the 1890s drove the population above 10,000, Ystad is the setting of the Swedish crime drama Wallander. There is a port with ferry and train services. The ferry port has services to the Danish island of Bornholm and to Świnoujście, in Poland, the town is on the railway line between Malmö and Simrishamn and has direct rail services to Copenhagen via the Øresund Bridge. The most popular sport in Ystad is handball, with two big clubs, Ystads IF is in Elitserien whilst IFK Ystad is situated in Division 1. Several famous handball players have played one or other of these clubs, the only newspaper published at present in Ystad is the Ystads Allehanda, which also covers the neighbouring municipalities of Skurup, Tomelilla, Simrishamn and Sjöbo. The newspaper was founded in 1873, one of Swedens most well-preserved medieval monasteries, the Greyfriars Abbey, lies in Ystad. The town also has a large medieval church, the Church of the Virgin Mary. Both are highly influenced by Gothic Hansa architecture and are among the best examples in Sweden of Brick Gothic, in addition, there are areas of surviving medieval town architecture, like the Latin school and several town houses. The city is included in the European Route of Brick Gothic. Nilsson, Swedish born American actress Sara Li born Sara Linnea Larsson, Swedish singer Frans Jeppsson-Wall, the Municipality´s official site Ystads Allehandas site
8.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
9.
Bikini barista
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A bikini barista is a person who prepares and serves coffee drinks while dressed in scanty attire such as a bikini or lingerie. In the United States, this marketing trend originated in the Seattle, similar phenomena have appeared in countries such as Chile and Japan since at least the 1980s. Espresso drive-through stands and coffee outlets are numerous in the greater Seattle area, the Natte Latte chains first location was opened in November 1999 by Mary Keller, and its employees began sporting pink leather hotpants in 2001. Next, in 2003, Cowgirls Espresso opened its first location in Tukwila, a few months after opening, as summer heat invaded the small 70-square-foot shop, owner Lori Bowden adopted employee suggestions that they start a Bikini Wednesday promotion. Sales took off, and other theme days soon followed. The concept of bikini baristas spread quickly, featuring young women dressed in attire such as bikinis, lingerie, stockings. The first round of international attention to the trend occurred in early 2007. Competitors that have not followed suit have complained about the trend, the phenomenon of bikini baristas has sometimes caused controversy and complaints from local residents. As a result of complaints and incidents, some local jurisdictions have considered adopting local ordinances to regulate. These statements have been retracted by the Everett, WA police department, as the police officer undercover was a known customer, the Everett, WA police department was accused of entrapment. In September 2009, five baristas at a Grab n Go in Everett, other complaints included the stands proximity to preschools and daycare centers. In July 2011, the owner and three employees of Java Juggs in Edmonds, Washington were charged with prostitution, with the police later releasing some footage obtained, in another incident, Espresso Gone Wild in Belfair, Washington was temporarily shut down by Mason County in August 2008. It drew the ire of Belfair residents, Mason County officials responded to complaints on the July 30,2008 meeting, by ruling the espresso stand is erotic entertainment and off limits in the Belfair area. The owners of Espresso Gone Wild in Belfair were being told that their baristas are violating an erotic entertainment ordinance and they were also told that their baristas need to cover up and clean up their act or the stand will be shut down permanently. Mason County Commissioner Tim Sheldon says the owners of Espresso Gone Wild are welcome to open a coffee shop, Sheldon also says the owners wont be able to sell sex and coffee on the side. Espresso Gone Wild in Belfair, Washington was prohibited from allowing employees to wear pasties, residents in another community have surveilled a local stand and called for boycotts of companies whose employees patronize the establishments. A city ordinance bans bikini baristas from wearing G-strings and see-through clothing, the barista was charged but acquitted by the jury in the indecent exposure case. Baristas has been dubbed the Hooters of coffee due to its size, a Los Angeles area store called Bikini Espresso only lasted four months in the Los Angeles area in 2009, and closed with complaints of over-regulation
10.
History of coffee
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The history of coffee goes at least as far back as the 10th century, with a number of reports and legends surrounding its first use. The native origin of coffee is thought to have been Ethiopia, the earliest substantiated evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, South India, Persia, Turkey, Horn of Africa, Coffee then spread to the Balkans, Italy and to the rest of Europe, to South East Asia and then to America. The word coffee entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie, borrowed from the Turkish kahve, in turn borrowed from the Arabic qahwah. The word qahwah originally referred to a type of wine, whose etymology is given by Arab lexicographers as deriving from the verb qahā in reference to the reputation as an appetite suppressant. The word qahwah is sometimes traced to the Arabic quwwa, or to Kaffa. These etymologies for qahwah have all been disputed, however, the name qahwah is not used for the berry or plant, which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Oromo as būn. Semitic had a root qhh dark color, which became a natural designation for the beverage, according to this analysis, the feminine form qahwah was likely chosen to parallel the feminine khamr, and originally meant the dark one. The Ethiopian ancestors of todays Oromo ethnic group were the first to have recognized the effect of the native coffee plant. The original domesticated coffee plant is said to have been from Harar, Coffee was primarily consumed in the Islamic world where it originated and was directly related to religious practices. There are several accounts of the origin of the drink itself. One account involves the Yemenite Sufi mystic Ghothul Akbar Nooruddin Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili, when traveling in Ethiopia, the legend goes, he observed birds of unusual vitality, and, upon trying the berries that the birds had been eating, experienced the same vitality. Other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheik Aboul Hasan Schadhelis disciple, according to the ancient chronicle, Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer, was once exiled from Mocha to a desert cave near Ousab. Starving, Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery, but found them to be bitter and he tried roasting the beans to improve the flavor, but they became hard. He then tried boiling them to soften the bean, which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid, upon drinking the liquid Omar was revitalized and sustained for days. As stories of this miracle drug reached Mocha, Omar was asked to return and was made a saint and his exhilaration prompted him to bring the berries to a monk in a nearby monastery. But the monk disapproved of their use and threw them into the fire, from which an enticing aroma billowed, causing other monks to come and investigate. The roasted beans were quickly raked from the embers, ground up, since this story is not known to have appeared in writing before 1671,800 years after it was supposed to have taken place, it is highly likely to be apocryphal
11.
Coffee production
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Coffee production is the industrial process of converting the raw fruit of the coffee plant into the finished coffee. However, it is not what one would call a processed product, the cherry has the fruit or pulp removed leaving the seed or bean which is then dried. While all green coffee is processed, the method that is used varies, coffee production is a major source of income, especially for developing countries where coffee is grown. By adding value, processing the coffee locally, coffee farmers, the cherries ripen around eight months after the emergence of the flower, by changing color from green to red, and it is at this time that they should be harvested. Whether picked by hand or by machine, all coffee is harvested in one of two ways, Strip picked All coffee fruit is removed from the tree, regardless of maturation state and this can either be done by machine or by hand. In the first method, pickers generally place a canvas on the ground and they then grab the branch next to the trunk with their hands and pull outward, knocking all of the fruit onto the ground. After doing this with all branches and trees for the length of the canvas and this process can be facilitated through the use of mechanical strippers. Selectively picked Only the ripe cherries are harvested and they are picked individually by hand, pickers rotate among the trees every eight to ten days, choosing only the cherries, which are at the peak of ripeness. It usually takes two to four years after planting for a plant to produce coffee beans that are ripe enough to harvest. The plant eventually grows small white blossoms that drop and are replaced by green berries and these green berries will become a deep red color as they ripen. It takes about 9 months for the cherries to reach their deepest red color. Because this kind of harvest is labor-intensive, and thus more costly, the laborers who pick coffee by hand receive payment by the basketful. As of 2003, payment per basket is between US$2.00 to $10 with the majority of the laborers receiving payment at the lower end. An experienced coffee picker can collect up to six or seven baskets a day, depending on the grower, coffee pickers are sometimes specifically instructed to not pick green coffee berries since the seeds in the berries are not fully formed or mature. This discernment typically only occurs with growers who harvest for higher end/specialty coffee where the pickers are paid better for their labor, lots comprising unripe coffee fruit are often used to produce cheaper mass consumer coffee beans, which are characterized by a displeasingly bitter/astringent flavor and a sharp odor. Red berries, with their higher aromatic oil and lower organic acid content, are fragrant, smooth. As such, coffee picking is one of the most important stages in coffee production, in the wet process, the fruit covering the seeds/beans is removed before they are dried. Coffee processed by the wet method is called wet processed or washed coffee, the wet method requires the use of specific equipment and substantial quantities of water
12.
Coffea
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Coffea is a genus of flowering plants whose seeds, called coffee beans, are used to make various coffee beverages and products. It is a member of the family Rubiaceae and they are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. Several species of Coffea may be grown for the seeds, Coffea arabica accounts for 75-80 percent of the worlds coffee production, while Coffea canephora accounts for about 20 percent. The trees produce edible red or purple fruits called cherries that are described either as epigynous berries or as indehiscent drupes, the cherries contain two seeds, the so-called coffee beans, which—despite their name—are not true beans. In about 5-10% of any crop of coffee cherries, only a single bean and this is called a peaberry, which is smaller and rounder than a normal coffee bean. It is often removed from the yield and either sold separately, when grown in the tropics, coffee is a vigorous bush or small tree that usually grows to a height of 3–3.5 m. Most commonly cultivated coffee species grow best at high elevations, the tree of Coffea arabica will grow fruits after three to five years, and will produce for about 50 to 60 years. The white flowers are highly scented, the fruit takes about 9 months to ripen. The caffeine in coffee beans is a plant defense against herbivory. Fruits and leaves are sources of caffeine as well and a tea can be made of the leaves. Several insect pests affect coffee production, including the coffee borer beetle, Coffee is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, Dalcera abrasa, turnip moth and some members of the genus Endoclita, including E. damor and E. malabaricus. In 2008, two new species of plants were discovered in Cameroon, Coffea charrieriana, which is caffeine-free. By crossing the new species with other known coffees, two new features might be introduced to cultivated plants, beans without caffeine and self-pollination. In 2014, the genome was published, with more than 25,000 genes identified. This revealed that coffee plants make caffeine using a different set of genes from those found in tea, cacao, world Checklist of Rubiaceae Coffee & Conservation
